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Born-Haber Cycle

Presentation · November 2015

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3020.4242

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Dr. Pedro Julio Villegas Aguilar
pjva00@hotmail.com
 OBJECTIVES

• To become familiar with problems

about thermo-chemistry
(Born-Haber cycle).
TEXTBOOK
Brown, Lemay & Bursten, Chemistry:
The Central Science, 10th Ed. (Chapter 5)
 QUESTION 1:
What Born-Haber cycle is?
 QUESTION 1: What Born-Haber cycle is?

• The Born-Haber cycle consists of

several steps of measurable enthalpy
values e.g. enthalpy of ionization,
enthalpy of atomization, etc. from
which the lattice enthalpy Hlatt can be
calculated.
 BORN-HABER CYCLE
Example: Sodium Bromide
 BORN-HABER CYCLE
Example: Sodium Bromide: Breaking down each of the stages.
Example: Lithium Fluoride: step by step.

Reactant coordinates
 QUESTION 2:
The Born-Haber cycle for sodium chloride is represented below:

Which one of the following statements is correct?

A The electron affinity of chlorine is z.
B The first ionization energy of sodium is w.
C The lattice energy of sodium chloride is v.
 QUESTION 2: The Born-Haber cycle for sodium chloride is
represented below:

Which one of the following statements is correct?

A The electron affinity of chlorine is z.
B The first ionization energy of sodium is w.
C The lattice energy of sodium chloride is v.
A The electron affinity of chlorine is z.
(We are going from Cl(g) to Cl-(g))
 PROBLEM 1:
LiCl is formed from Li (Nu. 3) and Cl (Nu. 17). Its lattice energy
may be calculated from a Born-Haber cycle using the following
experimental data:
Ionization energy of Li = +520 kJ mol
Heat to convert Li(s) to Li(g) = +159 kJ mol
Heat of formation of LiCl = -409 kJ mol
Heat to convert Cl2(g) to Cl(g) = +122 kJ mol
Electron affinity of chlorine atoms = -349 kJ mol
a) Using the usual chemical symbols, the state symbols (s), (l), (g)
and the symbol for an electron, e-, write an equation in each case to
define the following terms:
(i) The first ionization energy of lithium.
(ii) The heat of formation of lithium chloride.
(iii) The electron affinity of chlorine.
(iv) The lattice energy of lithium chloride.
b) Construct a labeled Born-Haber cycle for the formation of LiCl.
c) Calculate the lattice energy of LiCl.
 PROBLEM 1: LiCl is formed from Li (Nu. 3) and Cl (Nu. 17). Its
lattice energy may be calculated from a Born-Haber cycle using
the following experimental data:
Ionization energy of Li = +520 kJ mol Heat to convert Li(s) to Li(g) = +159 kJ mol
Heat of formation of LiCl = -409 kJ mol Heat to convert Cl2(g) to Cl(g) = +122 kJ mol
Electron affinity of chlorine atoms = -349 kJ mol
a) Using the usual chemical symbols, the state symbols (s),
(l), (g) and the symbol for an electron, e-, write an
equation in each case to define the following terms:
(i) The first ionization energy of lithium:
Li(g) → Li+ + 1e- DH = +520 kJ mol
(ii) The heat of formation of lithium chloride:
Li(s) + ½Cl2(g) → LiCl(s) DHf = -409 kJ/mol
(iii) The electron affinity of chlorine:
Cl(g) + 1e- → Cl-(g) DH = -349 kJ/mol
(iv) The lattice energy of lithium chloride:
LiCl(s) → Li+(g) + Cl-(g) DH = ???
 PROBLEM 1: LiCl is formed from Li (Nu. 3) and Cl (Nu. 17). Its lattice energy
may be calculated from a Born-Haber cycle using the following data:
Ionization energy of Li = +520 kJ mol Heat to convert Li(s) to Li(g) = +159 kJ mol
Heat of formation of LiCl = -409 kJ mol Heat to convert Cl2(g) to Cl(g) = +122 kJ mol
Electron affinity of chlorine atoms = -349 kJ mol
b) Construct a labeled Born-Haber cycle for the formation of LiCl.

Electron affinity of Cl
Atomization energy of Cl

Ionization energy of Li
Lattice energy of LiCl

Atomization energy of Li

Heat of formation of LiCl

 PROBLEM 1: LiCl is formed from Li (Nu. 3) and Cl (Nu. 17). Its lattice energy
may be calculated from a Born-Haber cycle using the following data:
Ionization energy of Li = +520 kJ mol Heat to convert Li(s) to Li(g) = +159 kJ mol
Heat of formation of LiCl = -409 kJ mol Heat to convert Cl2(g) to Cl(g) = +122 kJ mol
Electron affinity of chlorine atoms = -349 kJ mol
c) Calculate the lattice energy of LiCl.

Li(s) → Li(g) ΔH° = 159 kJ

Li(g) → Li+(g) + 1e- ΔH° = 520 kJ
½Cl2(g) → Cl(g) ΔH°=122kJ/mol*0.5mol=61.0kJ
Cl(g) + 1e- → Cl-(g) ΔH° = -349 kJ
Li+(g) + Cl-(g) → LiCl(s) ΔH° = ? (-LE)
Li(s) + ½Cl2(g) → LiCl(s) ΔH°f = -409 kJ
-409kJ = 159kJ + 520kJ + 61.0kJ + -349 kJ + (-LE)
LE = 800 kJ
 QUESTION 3:

The lattice energies for sodium

chloride, potassium chloride and
potassium bromide are + 780, +710
and +680 kJ/mol, respectively.
Comment on these results and that
for lithium chloride.
 QUESTION 3: The lattice energies for sodium chloride,
potassium chloride and potassium bromide are + 780, +710
and +680 kJ/mol, respectively. Comment on these results
and that for lithium chloride.
Lattice energies (kJ/mol):
LiCl = 800 NaCl = +780 KCl = +710 KBr = 680
•The lattice energy is proportional to the charge/distance.
•The charges are the same in all cases.
•The sizes of the ions change and hence the distance
between the ions change.
•Li+ and Cl- are the smallest ions, so the distance is the
smallest and LE the biggest.
•K+ and Br- are the biggest ions and so the distance is
biggest and LE smallest.
•The same reasoning tells us that NaCl has a larger LE
than KCl (Na+ is smaller than K+).
 PROBLEM 2:
Answer the questions below regarding the following Born-Haber Cycle.

a) Which step corresponds to ionization energy?

A B C D E F
b) Which step corresponds to electron affinity?
A B C D E F
c) What is the value of the lattice energy for LiF(s)?
d) Would you expect MgO(s) to have a larger or smaller lattice energy? Explain.
PROBLEM 2: Answer the questions regarding the following Born-Haber Cycle.

a) Which step corresponds to ionization energy?

A B C D E F
b) Which step corresponds to electron affinity?
A B C D E F
PROBLEM 2: Answer the questions regarding the following Born-Haber Cycle.
c) What is the value of the lattice energy for LiF(s)?
-618 = 161 + 79.5 + 520v + -328 + LEv

LE = + 1050 kJ

v v

v v

v
 PROBLEM 2: Answer the questions regarding the following Born-Haber Cycle.
d) Would you expect MgO(s) to have a larger or smaller lattice energy? Explain.
I would expect MgO to have a larger lattice energy. Lattice
energy is proportional to the charge/size of the ions. The
charges on the ions are larger for MgO and the sizes are
comparable.

DH = -1050 kJ
 PROBLEM 3:
Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction:
Na(s) + ½Br2(g) → NaBr(s)
DΗatomization(Na) = +107 kJ/mol 1
DΗatomization(Br) = +97 kJ/mol 2
DΗionization energy(Na) = +496 kJ/mol 3
DΗelectron affinity(Br) = -325 kJ/mol 4
DΗlattice energy(NaBr) = -742 kJ/mol 5

DΗ = 107 + 496 +97 -325 -742 = -367 kJ/mol

1 2 3 4 5
Lets do it using a graph a Born-Haber Cycle:
DΗ = 107 + 496 +97 -325 -742 = -367 kJ/mol
 CONCLUSIONS

• We practice different way to solve

problems about Born-Haber cycle
associated with first Law of
Thermodynamic.
• Is very important be careful with the
units that we use.

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