Wow2018 Rgvrebvaerb

Proceedings of the 6th Seminar Workshop on
the Utilization of Waste Materials

In conjunction with
1st International Symposium on Sustainable Concrete and Structures using

Alternative Materials
September 13, 2018 De La Salle University

Manila, Philippines
Editor:
Jason Maximino C. Ongpeng
Published by: Association of Tokyo Tech Alumni and Research Scholars (ATTARS) and De La Salle
University Manila
ISSN 2345-8968
© Copyright 2018
No part of this publication may be reproduced without the consent from the editor of
Proceedings of the 6th Seminar Workshop on the Utilization of Waste Materials
i
Proceedings of the 6th Seminar Workshop on the Utilization of Waste
Materials
In conjunction with
1st International Symposium on Sustainable Concrete and Structures using Alternative Materials
Manila, Philippines
Editor:
All rights reserved

© Copyright 2018 by the Association of Tokyo Tech Alumni and Research Scholars (ATTARS) and
De La Salle University Manila
No part of this publication may be reproduced without the consent from the editors of
Proceedings of the 6th Seminar Workshop on the Utilization of Waste Materials
CONFERENCE COMMITTEE:
Scientific committee:
Dr. Carl Renan E. Estrellan
Dr. Eden G. Mariquit
Engr. Rajiv Eldon Abdullah
Dr. Bernardo A. Lejano
Engr. Cheryl Lyne C. Roxas
Organizing committee:
Dr. Maria Antonia N. Tanchuling
Dr. Leslie Joy L. Diaz
Dr. Lessandro Estelito O. Garciano
Dr. Maria Cecilia R. Paringit
Dr. Marla M. Redillas
Engr. Joenel G. Galupino
Engr. Maria Emilia P. Sevilla - Miguel
Dr. Erica Elice S. Uy
Dr. Krister Ian Daniel Z. Roquel
Engr. Donovan E. Catindoy
Advisers:
Dr. Susan M. Gallardo

Engr. Ronaldo S. Gallardo
ii
Published by: Association of Tokyo Tech Alumni and Research Scholars (ATTARS)
and De La Salle University Manila
6th Seminar Workshop on the Utilization of Waste Materials
In conjunction with
1st International Symposium on Sustainable Concrete and Structures using Alternative Materials
Manila, Philippines
Continuous development of infrastructure leads to more utilization of resources and produces

significant waste materials. To solve these problems, sustainable development needs to be
addressed on the level of industry and together with the academe.
The 6th Seminar Workshop on the Utilization of Waste Materials aims to promote discussions and
development of solutions on the management and utilization of resources and waste. In addition,
the seminar aims to consider sustainable concrete and structures using alternative materials. This
aims to promote continuous professional development through an innovative collaboration for
researchers and engineers from the region. Ideas and experiences from different disciplines are
exchanged to promote waste utilization technology and practices towards a sustainable
environment. The theme of the lecture series is “Multidisciplinary Approach on Waste Utilization
Technology and Practices towards a Sustainable Environment”.
The WoW conference has been hosted by De La Salle University (DLSU) – Manila, Philippines for
four years since 2013. This conference has been organized together with the Association of Tokyo
Tech Alumni and Research Scholars (ATTARS), and the Civil Engineering Department of the De La
Salle University- Manila, Philippines.
iii
This seminar was made possible by:
In partnership with our media sponsors:
The organizers would also like to thank the following:
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Messages
Prof. Raymond Girard R. Tan
Vice-Chancellor for Research and Innovation 1
De La Salle University
Prof. Jonathan R. Dungca
2
Dean, Gokongwei College of Engineering, De La Salle University
Prof. Lessandro Estelito O. Garciano
Chair, Department of Civil Engineering, Gokongwei College of Engineering, 3
Prof. Shin-ya Nishizaki
4
Director, Tokyo Tech Philippine Office
Dr. Jason Maximino C. Ongpeng
5
President, ATTARS
Abstract of Keynote Lectures 6

A review of electro-chemical repair/reuse methods
Nobuaki Otsuki, D.Eng.
7
Professor Emeritus
Tokyo Tech, Tokyo, Japan
Sustainable solid waste management in Japan and Southeast Asian countries
Jiro Takemura, D.Eng.
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Graduate School of Science 8
and Engineering,
Tokyo Tech, Tokyo, Japan
Greening of future concrete
Michael Angelo B. Promentilla, Ph.D.
9
Professor, Chemical Engineering Department
De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
Waste utilization techniques towards sustainable wastes management
Susan M. Gallardo, D.Eng.
10
University Fellow, Chemical Engineering Department
De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
Addressing the challenges of solid waste management in the Philippines
Maria Antonia N. Tanchuling, Ph.D.
11
Professor and Director, Institute of Civil Engineering
University of the Philippines- Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
Utilization of Waste From and In Construction Materials
Leslie Joy L. Diaz, D.Eng
Associate Professor, Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials 12
Engineering
University of the Philippines- Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
v
Abstract of Professional Lectures 13
Mechanical Properties of Concrete Mixed with Soda-Lime Glass
1A 14
and Fly Ash
Optimization of Compressive Strength of Concrete with Pig-hair
1B Fibers as Fiber Reinforcement and Green Mussels Shells as Partial 15
Cement Substitute
Pervious Fly ash based Concrete for Pavement Applications:
1C 16
Characterization of the Strength and Permeability Properties
1D Citizen Participation in Local Waste Management 17
1E Assessment of PET Bottles as an Alternative Construction Material 18
1F Modular Design – the New Trend in Structural Design 19
1G Graphite Nanoplatelets from waste chicken feathers 20
Relationship between the microscopic structure and strength
1H 21
development of concrete mixed with waste ceramics and fly ash
Evaluation of the compressive and shear strength of brick masonry
1I 22
walls retrofitted with recycled PET strips
1J Design and Development of Straw Bale House 23
Potentiality of Boehmeria Nivea (Ramie) as Alternative Material in
1K 24
the Production of Geotextile
The Potentiality of Imperata Cylindrica (Cogon Grass) as an
1L 25
Alternative Raw Material for Fiberboard Production
Abstract of Student Presentations 26

A Study on Microcell and Macrocell Corrosion of Seawater-Fly
2A 27
Ash Concrete Columns with Cold Joints
An Investigation on the Structural Properties of Concrete with
2B 28
Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) and Fly ash
2C Nitrogen Oxides Removal using Waste Red Mud 29
Utilization of processed PET bottles as partial replacement of
2D 30
coarse aggregates in conventional concrete mixtures
2E Production and testing of HDPE Reinforced with coconut fibers 31
Evaluation of Dolomitic Limestone Sand as Backfill Material for
2F 32
MSE Retaining Walls
Strength Characteristic of Recycled Concrete Aggregate as an
2G 33
Alternative Material for Rammed Aggregate Pier
Effect of Geopolymerization to Gold-Copper mine tailings and its
2H 34
potential as an alternative embankment material
vi
Conference Program
8:00 - 8:40 Registration
Opening
a.) Philippine National Anthem
b.) Japan National Anthem
c.) Opening Prayer – Ms. Isabel Nicole C. Lecciones
d.) Welcoming Remarks –
Prof. Raymond Girard R. Tan
8:40 - 9:10 Vice-Chancellor for Research and Innovation, DLSU
e.) Opening Remarks –
Dean, Gokongwei College of Engineering, DLSU
f.) Opening of Activities –
Chair, Department of Civil Engineering, DLSU
Nobuaki Otsuki, D.Eng.
9:10 - 9:50 Keynote Lecture A review of electro-chemical
Session Chair: repair/reuse methods
Prof. Andres Winston C. Jiro Takemura, D.Eng.
9:50 - 10:30 Oreta Sustainable solid waste management in
Japan and Southeast Asian countries
10:30 - 10:40 Coffee break
Keynote Lecture Michael Angelo B. Promentilla , Ph.D.
10:40 - 11:20
Session Chair: Greening of future concrete
Engr. Rajiv Eldon Abdullah Susan M. Gallardo, D.Eng.
11:20 - 12:00 Waste utilization techniques towards
sustainable wastes management
12:00 - 13:00 Lunch Break
Maria Antonia N. Tanchuling, Ph.D.
13:00 - 13:40 Keynote Lecture Addressing the challenges of solid
Session Chair: waste management in the Philippines
Dr. Maria Cecilia R. Leslie Joy L. Diaz, D.Eng.
13:40 - 14:30 Paringit Utilization of Waste From and In
Construction Materials
14:30 - 17:00 Parallel Sessions (see breakdown below)
vii
Professional Lecture Professional Lecture Student Presentation
(Room 1) (Plenary Room) (Room 2)
Session Chair: Dr. Lessandro Session Chair: Dr. Eden G. Mariquit Session Chair: Engr. Maria Emilia
Estelito O. Garciano P. Sevilla - Miguel
Tokyo
14:30 - 14:55 1A 14:30 - 14:55 1G 14:30 - 15:00 Tech
Promotion
14:55 - 15:20 1B 14:55 - 15:20 1H 15:00 - 15:15 2A
15:15 - 15:30 2B
15:20 - 15:45 1C 15:20 - 15:45 1I
15:30 - 15:45 2C
15:45 - 16:00 2D
15:45 - 16:10 1D 15:45 - 16:10 1J
16:00 - 16:15 2E
16:10 - 16:35 1E 16:10 - 16:35 1K 16:15 - 16:30 2F
16:30 - 16:45 2G
16:35 - 17:00 1F 16:35 - 17:00 1L 16:45 - 17:00 2H
Closing Remarks
a.) Dr. Jason Maximino C. Ongpeng
17:00 - 17:15 President, ATTARS
b.) Mr. Ogura Yasutsugu
Executive Director, Tokyo Tech Alumni Association
17:15 - 21:00 Fellowship Dinner (by Invitation)
Parallel Session Room Guide:
Projector Projector
Screen STAGE Screen
Room 1 Room 2
Plenary
BUFFET TABLE
viii
De La Salle University – Manila
Office of the Vice-Chancellor for Research and
Innovation
MESSAGE
Modern megacities such as Manila and Tokyo present major environmental
challenges on the handling of massive quantities of solid waste generated by their
inhabitants. Pressure to reduce natural resource consumption and waste
generation has led to increasing research interest on the reuse and recycling of
urban residues. From a policy standpoint, emphasis on loop-closing strategies is
evident in the emergence of the term “Circular Economy.”
De La Salle University is pleased to host two joint events, the 6th Seminar
Workshop on the Utilization of Waste Materials and the 1st International
Symposium on Sustainable Concrete and Structures using Alternative Materials.
This event features six distinguished researchers from the Philippines and Japan,
who will share their insights and expertise on current technologies for waste
recycling and novel materials for construction. Many of these research trends will
eventually penetrate commercial markets and become part of future engineering
practice, thus contributing to the solution of some issues that face large urban
centers.
I wish to congratulate the organizing committee for organizing this important

event, and wish the delegates a productive, fruitful experience during the
workshop.
Thank you.
Prof. Raymond R. Tan, Ph.D.

Vice-Chancellor for Research and Innovation
1
Gokongwei College of Engineering
Office of the Dean
MESSAGE
A warm welcome to everyone.
First of all, I would like to congratulate the Civil Engineering Department of De La

Salle University, Association of Tokyo Tech Alumni and Research Scholars
(ATTARS), Tokyo Tech and the Department of International Development
Engineering Alumni Association (IDEAA-TIT) for organizing and hosting this
seminar workshop entitled “2018 Seminar-Workshop on the Utilization of Waste
Materials”.
With this year’s theme “Multidisciplinary Approach on Waste Utilization Technology

and Practices towards a Sustainable Environment”, I hope that this workshop will
open opportunities to better understand various approaches and processes in
utilizing our wastes in a more sustainable manner. May this workshop be also a
venue for intellectual discourse among academia, industry and government to
solve problems related to waste management.
Thank you.

Dean
2
Civil Engineering Department
MESSAGE
Welcome speakers, guests and participants to the 6th Seminar Workshop on the
Utilization of Waste Materials in conjunction with the 1st International Symposium
on Sustainable Concrete and Structures using Alternative Materials.
Kudos to the organizers, the Association of Tokyo Tech Alumni and Research
Scholars (ATTARS) and the Civil Engineering Departments of the University of the
Philippines and De La Salle University for successfully organizing once again these
twin events.
As we continue to build the next-generation structures for an ever-increasing

population using scarce resources, there is mounting pressure to use alternative
or utilize waste materials that meet prescriptive or performance-based design
requirements.
Hopefully through this Workshop / Symposium, we help create a good

environment for innovation that will lead to sustainable and environmentally-
friendly building materials.
A warm welcome once again to all of you and I pray that the exchange of ideas
will be fruitful and will lead to new ways to utilize waste and alternative materials
for a sustainable future.
Thank you.

Chair, Department of Civil Engineering,
3
Tokyo Tech Philippine Office
MESSAGE
I am very pleased to address the 6th Seminar Workshop on the Utilization of

Waste materials and the 1st international Symposium on Sustainable Concrete
and Structures using Alternative Materials.
One of the key roles of the Tokyo Tech Philippine Office is to promote the
academic exchange between the universities in the Philippines and Tokyo
Institute of Technology.
Materials science and engineering and civil engineering are strong research
fields in Japan, especially in Tokyo Tech. Especially, there is a need for effective
and efficient utilization of waste materials. Moreover, the sustainable concrete
and structures has occupied an important position from ancient to modern
times. These two conferences offer a valuable opportunity for such researchers
in the two important academic fields to convene in one place.
I hope you find this conference full of new information.
Thank you.
Prof. Shin-ya Nishizaki

Director, Tokyo Tech Philippine Office
4
Association of Tokyo Tech Alumni and
Research Scholars (ATTARS)
MESSAGE
It is an honor to welcome you all to the 6th Seminar Workshop on the Utilization
of Waste Materials and the 1st International Symposium on Sustainable Concrete
and Structures using Alternative Materials here in De La Salle University Manila,
Philippines.
In the pursuit of strengthening industry-academe linkages, this seminar binds the

practitioners and researchers in the process of continuous professional
development lecture series. Discussions on the utilization of waste materials and
development of solutions on the management and utilization of resources and
waste is addressed. Additional discussions on sustainable concrete and structures
using alternative materials is elaborated in the construction industry.
I would like to thank this opportunity to the organizations and individuals that
have contributed greatly in bringing this yearly event: Tokyo Tech TSE, Chiyoda
Philippines Corporation, JV Angeles Construction Corporation, Monocrete
Construction Philippines Inc., Newbig Four J Construction Inc., STEAG State Power
inc., and Struct1 Specialist Inc.
In behalf of the event organizers, I wish everyone an exciting continuing

professional development lecture series.

President, ATTARS
5
ABSTRACT OF KEYNOTE LECTURES
6
KEYNOTE LECTURE
A Review of Electrochemical Repair/Reuse Methods

Nobuaki Otsuki1, Atsushi Saito2,
Tokyo Tech, 2-12-1 Ookayana, Meguro Tokyo, Japan

Tel. +(81) 090-3439-1771
E-mail: otsuki@ide .titech.ac.jp
ABSTRACT: Despite many efforts to eliminate cracks/deterioration in concrete structures,

structures are getting older and showing many cracks/deterioration.
In this presentation, the author presents;
• Examples of cracks/deterioration
• Examples of repair/reuse methods
• Electrochemical methods- including de-salination, re-alkalization and electro-
deposition methods
• Water supplying method
• Example of applying re-alkalization method to existing wall as shown in Fig.1. The left
one is before re-alkalization, and the others are after the treatment.
Finally, a recent review of electrochemical repair/recycle methods is presented.
Fig. 1: The effect of re-alkalization method (the left one: before treatment, the others: after
treatment)
REFERENCES:
Otsuki,N etc., 2013,Practical Guideline for Investigation, Repair and Strengthening of Cracked Concrete
Structures
Saito,A., Otsuki,N., Nishida,T., Fukudome, K.,2015, EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF WET CURING
CONDITION DURING CONCTRUCTION ON MECHANICAL AND DURABILITY PERFORMANCE
OF THE CONCRETE BASED ON INDOOR EXPOSURE TEST, Our world in Concrete, Singapore
7
KEYNOTE LECTURE
Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Japan

and Southeast Asian countries
Jiro Takemura1 and Phetyasone Xaypanya2, Chart Chiemchaisri3, Hul Seingheng4
1,2
Dept of Civil and Environmental Eng, Tokyo Tech, Japan, Tel. +(813)5734-2592, E-
mail:jtakemur@cv.titech.ac.jp
3
Dept of Environmental Engineering, Kasetsart University, Thailand
4
Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Cambodia
ABSTRACT: Solid waste is one of the major environmental concerns in modern society.
Since the solid waste has caused various environmental problems in the urbanization process,
the solid waste processing and final disposal facilities are typical NIMBYs in not only
developed countries but also developing countries. In this lecture, generation and processing
of solid waste in Japan is firstly introduced with case studies focusing on how to make a new
waste disposal facility and make long-life use of the landfill facility. Secondly, results of
collaborative research are presented on three solid waste landfills in three major cities of
Indochina Peninsula, namely, Nontaburi province, Thailand, Phnom Penh city, Cambodia and
Vientiane city, Laos. In the collaborative research, the focus was put on landfill leachate
characterization, as the landfill leachate normally contains a various harmful chemical, which
could contaminate the surface water and ground water. However, due to lack of good practise
of waste management, the landfill leachate could be one of the typical contaminant source. The
risk of contamination of the water environment depends on many factors, not only the quality
and quantities of leachate, but also the geographical and geological conditions of landfill, and
landfill management. In the research various site investigations have been done, such as site
characterization, and on-site measurements and laboratory chemical analyses for the various
samples, i.e., leachate, ground water, surface water and sediments. As for the heavy metal in
the leachate, liquid part concentration and total concentration were separately measured
(Fig.1). From the data obtained at different time and sites with common and different site
conditions, characteristics of leachate and factors affecting the properties are discussed, such
as contaminant partitioning behavior, landfill pit depth, waste thickness, cover soils,
precipitation. Furthermore, the long term risk of the groundwater contamination is discussed
from the observation and numerical simulation to identify the critical conditions for preventing
the future risk.
10.000
1.000
CL & CT-LC (mg/l)
0.100
0.010 Nonthaburi_DL Nonthaburi_LDP

Dangkor_DL.B Dangkor_DL.C
KM-32_DL KM-32_WL
Thai_Ef_std Thai_GW std
0.001
Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry
Liq T otal Liq Total Liq Total Liq Total Liq Total
As Pb Cd Cr Zn
Fig. 1 Heavy metal concentrations of total (Total) and liquid part (Liq) of the leachate.
8
KEYNOTE LECTURE
Greening of Future Concrete

Michael Angelo B. Promentilla
De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines

Tel. +(632) 536-0223
E-mail: michael.promentilla@dlsu .edu.ph
ABSTRACT: The country’s demand for construction materials in built environment

remains high and increasing with urbanization and industrialization. However, conventional
materials used today such as Portland cement is one of the major contributors to global
greenhouse gas emissions. The manufacture of conventional construction materials such as
cement and ceramic incurs large energy consumption. This is aggravated by the fact that these
commodities are also produced in very high volumes. Meanwhile, trends in research and
innovation are also shifting towards a low-carbon circular economy and sustainability wherein
industries need to redefine their products and services to design the waste out and minimize
the negative environmental impact. For example, greening the future concrete should
encourage sustainable and innovative use of waste materials and other unconventional
alternative material that would reduce natural resource and energy consumption, and the
product life-cycle’s environmental impact. Green concrete could be in various forms such as
high-volume fly ash concrete, ultrahigh performance concrete, geopolymer concrete, among
others. This keynote lecture thus focuses on presenting our findings from our research on
geopolymer. To our knowledge, our research group, the Geopolymers and Advanced Materials
Engineering Research for Sustainability (G.A.M.E.R.S.) Lab at De La Salle University, is the
first R&D group since year 2014 that is extensively working on geopolymer and alkali
activated materials using raw materials from industrial by-product such as coal ash, red mud,
rice hull ash; and also from indigenous resources such as red clay. Geopolymer Institute
(https://www.geopolymer.org/about/scientific-institutes-and-fellows/) recognizes us as the
research laboratory in the Philippines with R&D projects on geopolymer science and
technology. We study the potential of our locally available materials and develop our capacity
to design geopolymer products with desired properties as proof of concept. Our works are
presented in international conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals. For example,
three emerging applications of geopolymer using locally available coal fly ash as the main
geopolymer precursor are presented. First is the synthesis of fire-resistant building material
with a two-part geopolymer system using coal fly ash, coal bottom ash and rice hull ash as raw
materials. The second is the synthesis of acid-resistant material with a one-part geopolymer
system (just add water) using coal fly ash mixed with soil or water treatment sludge. The third
is the synthesis of chemically-treated abaca fiber-reinforced fly-ash based geopolymer
composite.
REFERENCES:
Kalaw, M., Culaba, A., Hinode, H., Kurniawan, W., Gallardo, S., & Promentilla, M. (2016). Optimizing and
Characterizing Geopolymers from Ternary Blend of Philippine Coal Fly Ash, Coal Bottom Ash and Rice Hull
Ash. Materials, 9(7), 580.
Malenab, R., Ngo, J., & Promentilla, M. (2017). Chemical Treatment of Waste Abaca for Natural Fiber-
Reinforced Geopolymer Composite. Materials, 10(6), 579.
Promentilla, M. A., Thang, N., Trung Kien, P., Hinode, H., Bacani, F., & Gallardo, S. (2016). Optimizing Ternary-
blended Geopolymers with Multi-response Surface Analysis. Waste and Biomass Valorization, (4) 929–939.
Tigue, A., Dungca, J., Hinode, H., Kurniawan W., Promentilla, M. (2017). Synthesis of a one-part geopolymer
system for soil stabilizer using fly ash and volcanic ash. Proceedings of the 24th Regional Symposium on
Chemical Engineering.
9
KEYNOTE LECTURE
Wastes Utilization Techniques Towards

Sustainable Wastes Management
Susan M. Gallardo, Dr. Eng'g. 1

E-mail: susan.gallardo@dlsu.edu.ph
ABSTRACT: Reduce, reuse, recycle, recovery, treatment and disposal make up the wastes
management hierarchy. Today, wastes utilization is becoming a way towards sustainable
wastes management. Recycling represents a promising alternative to use wastes in order to
recover valuable resource and energy.
For a textile dyeing industry, water is an important resource because of the huge volume of
water used in the process. At the same time, huge amount of wastewater is also generated. The
main problem of this industry is the persistent color in water specifically that from Torquoise
blue dye (TBD). A photocatalyst of treating TBD had been developed by our research team in
the laboratory and in a pilot plant. The 3-year research program was funded by PCIERD of
DOST under the ERDT-DRINK. A registration of this catalyst as Utility Model was granted
by the Philippine Patent Office in 2016. The water after the photocatalytic treatment can be
reused in the process making a big savings in the water consumption by the industry.
For coal fired power plants, fly ash and bottom ash are generated in huge quantities. These are
characterized in order to investigate if they are toxic or hazardous. Today, fly ash is used by
manufacturer of Portland cement. Bottom ash is also utilized as a good substitute of sand in the
making of bricks. Both fly ash and bottom ash are utilized in the making of many construction
materials and structures. A recent development is the utilization of ash is the recovery of
valuable metals. The primary sources of metals called ores are dwindling and many are in
search of secondary sources. One of these sources is the ash. In order to recover these metals
by precipitation or membrane separation, there is need to separate them from the solid ash.
What our research group used was Biological Leaching process. Bioleaching is economical
and does not use chemicals that may be hazardous. Strategic metals like Zinc, Manganese, Iron,
Chromium, and Copper were obtained by using Acidithiobacillus albertensis and local isolates
from the ash pond. This research program was funded by DLSU URCO, JICA and University
of Paris-EST under the SDCC/Asia-France Network.
REFERENCES
Gallo,J.C., Mariano, M.B., Lucanas, A.D., Ko, M. B., Borja, J. Q., Hinode, H., & Gallardo, S.M.(2014)
Photocalytic Degradation of Turquoise Blue Dye using Immobilized AC/TIO2: OPTIMIZATION OF
PROCESS PARAMETERS AND PILOT PLANT INVESTIGATION, Journal of Engineering Science and
Technology Special Issue on SOMCHE 2014 & RSCE 2014 Conference, 64 - 73
Gallo, J., Borja, J. S. Gallardo, J. Salim, C. Ngatrakanwiwat, P. And Hinode, H., (2012) "Optimization for the
Photocatalytic Color Removal of TBD C.I. 199 in Immobilized AC/TiO2 and UV system using RSM
Methodology", ASEAN Eng'g. Journal Part B, vol 1, no. 1, 14-27
Gallo, J., Borja, J. S. Gallardo, J. Salim, C. Ngatrakanwiwat, P. And Hinode, H. (2011) "Nanatitania-AC with
enhanced Photocatalytic Activity: A comparison between Suspended and Immobilized Catalyst for TBD
Removal ", ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol 11, no. 2, 59-69
Gallardo, S.M., van Hullebusch, E. D., Pangayao, D., Salido, B. M. and Ronquillo, R. (2015) " Chemical, leaching
and toxicity characteristics of Circulating Fluidized Bed ashes from a Philippine coal-fired power plant",
Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 226:312
Pangayao, D.C. , van Hullebusch, E.D. & Gallardo S. M.(2016) BIOLEACHING OF Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn AND Fe
FROM COAL ASH USING Acidithiobacillus albertensis, ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering
10
KEYNOTE LECTURE
Addressing the Challenges of Solid Waste

Management in the Philippines
Maria Antonia N. Tanchuling1
Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines
Tel. +(632) 9818500 Loc 3182/3186
E-mail: mntanchuling@up.edu.ph
ABSTRACT: One of the major environmental challenges that is facing the Philippines and
many other countries in the world today is the management of solid wastes in a sustainable
manner. With a growing population, rise in industrialization and urbanization, the amount of
wastes that is generated is increasing. Despite the country having a national regulation on the
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act or the Republic Act 9003 which was passed in 2000
yet, enforcement by Local Government Units (LGUs) is weak and solid waste management
infrastructure is sorely lacking. This has resulted to what we can call a crisis in solid waste
management. This presentation discusses the current situation in terms of wastes generation,
composition, collection efficiency, utilization techniques and disposal processes that are being
practiced. The issues that are associated with each of these waste management aspects are
discussed. The framework of the hierarchy of waste management options is used to evaluate
the options and draft recommendations. With waste reduction as the most preferred option and
landfill disposal as the least preferred, the specific issues that are associated with each of the
options from reduction, recycling, recovery and disposal are tackled, and specific
recommendations are given. It is proposed that the way to manage wastes sustainably is to
address the entire chain of waste management, from collection to utilization, including the
marketability of recovered components of wastes.
11
KEYNOTE LECTURE
Utilization of Waste From and In Construction

Materials
Leslie Joy L. Diaz1, Ria Daguio1, Maria Francheza Villareal1, Jude Krisson Toledo1
Rubber and Composite Materials Laboratories, Department of Mining, Metallurgical, and Materials
Engineering
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City
Tel. +(632) 981-8500 Local 3173, 3132, or 3164
E-mail: lldiaz@up.edu.ph
ABSTRACT: Infrastructure is certainly one of the major indicators and drivers of economic
development and growth. Along with this is the requirement to make available and accessible
materials for use in the construction of these needs. In countries where planning for urban
development is not yet systematic and often affected by politics, which is the case in the
Philippines, this infrastructure development is also accompanied by various demolition
activities, which, unfortunately, produces voluminous waste materials that could have been still
useful and in good condition when left undisturbed. One could consider such activity as
unscrupulously wasteful especially that these were made from materials that are considered
non-renewable. Accumulation of demolition waste also poses risk to safety since many of
them end-up in landfills, bodies of water, or in dumpsites. It should be high time for
interventions to be made so that useful life of these materials can be extended in one form or
another. Construction industry could take the lead in the practice of utilizing materials from
secondary resources, i.e. waste materials, considering the volume of materials needed per
project wherein technical specifications and performance requirements not as stringent as those
in other industry sectors, e.g. food industry, packaging industry, medical industry, among
others. Various researches have been done all over the world, including in the Philippines, to
utilize different kinds of waste for fabrication of various construction materials, however,
adoption of these technologies is yet to be realized. Collaborative work between materials
scientists and engineers and civil engineers could pave way to realizing this faster. Take the
case of asphalt pavement as an example, bitumen waste from petroleum refining became a
valuable component for the construction of a road system that provided for an easier drive and
ride. Several other materials that have exhibited potential in the laboratory will be presented
for consideration by civil engineering researchers and industry practitioners and for other
researchers to address performance gaps or issues.
REFERENCES:
Sapuay, S.E. (2016). Construction Waste – Potentials and Constraints, Procedia Environmental Sciences, 35,
714-722.
Yeheyis, M., Hewage, K., Shahria Alam, M., Eskicioglu C., Sadiq R. (2013). An overview of construction and
demolition waste in Canada: A lifecycle analysis approach to sustainability, Clean Technologies
Environmental Policy, 15, 81-91.
Hall, C. (2009) Fundamentals of materials. ICE Manual of Construction Materials, www.icemanuals.com.
Oyenuga, A.A., Bhamidiarri, R. (2015) Sustainable Approach to Managing Construction and Demolition Waste:
Opportunity or a New Challenge?, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and
Technology, 4(11), 10368-10378.
Senate Economic Planning Office (2017). Philippine Solid Waste At A Glance.
12
ABSTRACT OF PROFESSIONAL
LECTURES
13
PROFESSIONAL LECTURES
1A
Mechanical Properties of Concrete Mixed with Soda-Lime Glass

and Fly Ash
Mary Ann Q. Adajar1, Carl Joshua De Mesa, Mario Dizon, Kirven Molas and Alberto Joseph Quintana
1
Tel. +(632) 524-4611 Local 226
E-mail: mary.ann.adajar@dlsu .edu.ph
ABSTRACT: The disposal of solid wastes is becoming more difficult through time due to
limited availability of space for sanitary landfill. The use of solid wastes as an alternative
component in concrete production is one possible innovative effort to alleviate disposal
problem, reduce environmental degradation and reduce the production cost of concrete
products. This study investigates the effect of combined mixture of waste soda-lime glass and
fly ash to the compressive and flexural strengths of concrete. In concrete mixture, coarse
aggregates were replaced by soda-lime glass using the percentage replacement by volume of
10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. Class-F fly ash was added in the mix as supplementary cementitious
material replacing 30% of cement by volume. The potential alkali-silica reactivity (ASR) of
soda-lime glass was determined and the effectiveness of fly ash as mitigating agent of ASR
was evaluated. Test results from compressive strength test showed that the replacement of
soda-lime glass to coarse aggregates produced an increase in strength up to 30% replacement
(Figure 1). Empirical model through regression analysis was formulated to predict the
compressive strength at percentage substitution of soda-lime glass to coarse aggregates. From
flexural strength test, results showed that there is minimal reduction in the flexural strength as
the percentage replacement of soda-lime glass was increased but the reduction can be
considered as insignificant. Beam specimens with soda-lime glass experienced reduction in
ductility as manifested by the stress-strain behavior (Figure 2). With the use of 30% class F
fly-ash as supplementary cementitious material, the utilization of glass can be maximized up
to 20% substitution for coarse aggregate without deleterious expansion. It can be concluded
that waste soda-lime glass is a viable replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete production
up to 20% substitution with class F fly-ash in moderate level as supplementary cementitious
materials without compromising the structural integrity and quality of the finished concrete
products
FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2
REFERENCES:
Bennagen, E. (2011). Confronting the garbage problem with economic solutions, Philippines Institute for
Development Studies – Development Research News, Vol. XIX No. 4, ISSN 0115-9097.
Batayneh, M, et.al (2007). Use of selected waste materials in concrete mixes. Elsevier, Waste Management, Vol.
27, pp. 1870-1876.
Adajar MQ, De Guzman E, Ho R, Palma C, and Sindico D. (2017). “Utilization of Aggregate Quarry Waste in
Construction Industry”, Int. J. of GEOMATE, Vol. 12, Issue 31, Japan, pp. 16-22.
14
1B
Optimization of Compressive Strength of Concrete with Pig-Hair

Fibers as Fiber Reinforcement and Green Mussel Shells as Partial
Cement Substitute
Jayvee L. Gagan1, Bernardo A. Lejano2
Engineering Department, Program Management Division, Maynilad Water Services Incorporated

Tel. +632 981-3433
E-mail: jlgagan@mayniladwater.com.ph
ABSTRACT: The feasibility of different waste materials as substitute to the main

components of concrete is attracting attention nowadays. In relation to that, this study focuses
on determining the effects of combining two waste materials namely, pig-hair fibers (PHF) as
fiber reinforcement and crushed green mussel shells (GMS) as partial cement substitute to the
properties of concrete. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to model the
relationship between the response and the factors considered. Using central composite design
(CCD) shown in Figure 1 to establish the design of experiment, the researchers was able to
reduce the required number of experimental runs to 20 from a total of 27 runs for 3 level full
factorial experiment that is common for responses with nonlinear behavior. Optimization was
conducted to determine the optimum amount of PHF and GMS in concrete that could yield
maximum compressive strength while keeping the workability at an acceptable level. As for
the results, an increase in compressive strength of concrete was recorded with the incorporation
of PHF and GMS to concrete. However, decrease in workability was experienced due to the
amount of fiber reinforcement present in the mix. Results of RSM suggested an optimum
combination of 0.70% PHF content and 7.81% GMS partial cement substitute at 0.47 w/c ratio
to achieve 27.40 MPa and 2.78 MPa compressive and tensile strength respectively with an
acceptable slump of 25 mm. These results were plotted using a 3-dimensional response surface
as shown in Figure 2. Based on these results, PHF-GMS concrete could be used in structures
not requiring compressive strength above 28 MPa and with the use of GMS as a partial cement
substitute, it could reduce the overall cement requirement for a project thus incurring savings
and most importantly promotes the use of environment friendly materials.

FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2
REFERENCES:
Mehta PK and Montiero PJM, “The future challenges in concrete technology”, Concrete: Microstructure,
Properties and Materials, 3rd ed. 2014, pp 636.
Talagtag R, Sarao III E, Ngo K and Lejano B, “Utilization of perna viridis as partial substitute to cement in
concrete mix”, Proceedings of the 2014 Seminar Workshop on Utilization of Waste Materials, Philippines,
Philippines, Sep. 5, 2014 (In CD).
Lejano B, Templonuevo J, Young CJ and Zotomayor RL, “Properties of fresh and hardened concrete reinforced
with hair from sus scrofa domestica”, Proceedings of the Seminar Workshop on Utilization of Waste Materials
2013, Philippines, Sep. 5-6, 2013 (In CD).
15
1C
Pervious Fly ash-based Concrete for Pavement Applications:

Characterization of the Strength and Permeability Properties
Dr. Ernesto J. Guades, Dr. Romeo B. Santos and Engr. Otilia G. Taduyo
Northwest Samar State University (NwSSU), Calbayog City

Phone: +63 55 2093272
Mobile: +63 9567260568
Email: nestorjguades@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT: Rainwater ends up falling on impermeable surfaces such as streets, parking

lots, driveways and sidewalks causing it to flood. A simple solution to avoid these problems is
to stop constructing impervious surfaces and switch to pervious concrete or porous pavement.
On the other hand, the utilization of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) not only consumes
significant amount of natural sources but also causes pollution to the environment due to
Carbon emission. As a result, an alternative material including the use of fly ash that will
replace cement as binder in concrete becomes significantly important. This research project
characterized the experimental behavior of pervious fly ash-based (also known as geopolymer)
concrete under compressive and tensile loading. Specifically, the effect of the particle size of
coarse aggregate, permeability and density on the compressive strength has been investigated.
Compressive and tensile tests have been carried out on a 100 mm x 200 mm specimen using a
compression testing machine. Moreover, falling head method was conducted to determine the
permeability characteristics of the pervious fly ash-based concrete. The results showed that the
fly ash-based and cement based concrete specimens exhibited brittle failure mode characterized
by abrupt separation of particle aggregates after which is the total collapse. It was found that
the compressive and tensile strength of pervious geopolymer decreases with increase of the
size of the coarse aggregates used. Furthermore, the compressive and tensile strength of
pervious geopolymer decreases with decrease of density and permeability coefficient of the
specimen
16
1D
Citizen Participation in Local Waste Management
Angelique C. Blasa1, Ma. C. P. Assumpta C. Marasigan2, Eden G. Mariquit3, Earl Ryan S. Cheng4

Tel. +(632) 536-0267
E-mail: angelique.blasa@dlsu.edu.ph
ABSTRACT: Flooding in Metro Manila is a common scenario after a short, heavy

downpour, and the major cause is solid waste clogging drainage systems. Metro Manila
generates the most waste in the Philippines at an average of 8,910 tons per day from 2012 to
2016. Ideally, Republic Act No. 9003, also known as the “Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000,” should address this growing problem at the local government unit
(LGU) level. However, after seventeen years into passing, its implementation still remains a
challenge.
LGUs should provide durable steel trash bins that can be bolted onto sidewalks to prevent their
theft. Private establishments, and local vendors should be required to provide trash bins within
their vicinities. People will not litter if they have easy access to trash bins. Restaurants,
convenience stores, and small eateries can also implement the “Clean as You Go” or CLAYGO
system.
Aside from these efforts, changing mindsets and behaviors of individuals at all levels of the
community will establish more sustainable waste management system. A survey will be
conducted to explore the behavior of people towards their community waste management in
Manila. It is hypothesized that the current attitudes of the residents towards waste generation
and handling are leading to increasing solid waste in the Metro. The study will include: level
of understanding of the society towards waste generation and management, common practices
leading to large amounts of solid wastes, willingness of the people of change such practices,
and motivating factors to reduce waste generation.
Engaging people to participate increases effectiveness of the programs. Citizen participation

can be more effective when LGUs develop knowledge and skills of the community, residents
recognize their roles and responsibilities, and motivation and interaction exist among
stakeholders.
REFERENCES:
Senate of the Philippines (2017). Philippine solid wastes at a glance (AG-17-01). Retrieved from
https://www.senate.gov.ph/publications/SEPO/AAG_Philippine%20Solid%20Wastes_Nov2017.pdf
Minn, Z., Srisontisuk S., Laohasiriwong, W. (2010). Promoting people’s participation in solid waste
management in Myanmar. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, 4(3), pp. 209-222.
doi: 10.3923/rjes.2010.209.222
Khair, H., Putri, C. N., Dalimunthe, R. A., & Matsumoto, T. (2018). Examining of solid waste generation and
community awareness between city center and suburban area in Medan City, Indonesia. IOP Conference
Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 309, 012050. doi:10.1088/1757-899x/309/1/012050
Iveroth, E., & Bengtsson, F. (2014). Changing behavior towards sustainable practices using Information
Technology. Journal of Environmental Management, 139, 59-68. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.11.054
17
1E
Assessment of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottles

as an Alternative Construction Material
Ma. Brida Lea D. Diola1, Angelica Joy A. Dameg1, Allyssa Mae A. Suallo1
Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, NCR Philippines 1101
Tel. +(632) 981-8500 Local 3182
E-mail: mddiola@up.edu.ph
ABSTRACT: The increasing trend of reusing plastic wastes as an alternative construction

material can be attributed to the world’s rising problem in solid waste management. Different
methods of incorporating plastic wastes into construction have been suggested and are
currently being practiced. One of these methods is the utilization of EcoBricks or Polyethylene
Terephthalate (PET) bottles filled with non-biodegradable waste materials as alternative to
concrete hollow blocks in the construction of non-loadbearing walls. This method of
construction is already being practiced in the Philippines, but no investigations were done to
characterize its mechanical properties and test its safety. This study addresses this issue by
conducting compression test and fire test to a model of the EcoBrick wall shown in Figure 1.
Materials cost analysis and waste analysis were also carried out to investigate the benefits of
such construction. Results showed that the compressive strength of the EcoBrick wall is
directly proportional to the density of EcoBricks used. The low-density and high-density
EcoBrick blocks have an average compressive strength of 196.29 psi and 380.04 psi,
respectively. It was also observed that PET bottle walls have a 1-hour fire resistance rating
which satisfies the standards set by the Fire Code of the Philippines. EcoBricks also reduce the
materials cost by 72% and have a potential in solving the problem in plastic waste disposal and
management.
FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2
REFERENCES:
De La Cruz, C. (2017). This Canadian Accidentally Discovered How to Solve Our Plastic Problem. SPOT.PH.
Manisha & Singh, N. (2017) Investigating Strength and Properties of Ecoladrillo: Eco Bricks. International
Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology. 8(7).
Mokhtar, M., Sahat, S., Hamid, B., Kaamin, M., Kesot, M.J., Wen, L.C., Xin, L.Y., Ling, N.P. & Lei, V.S.J.
(2016) Application of Plastic Bottle as a Wall Structure for Green House. ARPN Journal of Engineering and
Applied Sciences. 11 (12), 7617-7621.
Ohlmacher, C. (2011) Incorporation of Plastics and Other Recyclables into Building Materials in Nicaragua.
BSME thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Ravikumar, S. (2016) Replacement of the Brick by PET Bottle with M-Sand. International Journal of Advanced
Engineering Technology. 7 (4), 23-25.
Taaffe, J., O'Sullivan, S., Rahman, M.E., &Pakrashi, V. (2014) Experimental characterisation of Polyethylene
Terephthalate (PET) bottle EcoBricks. Materials and Design. 60, 50-56.
18
1F
Modular Design – the New Trend in Structural Design

Jerico B. Cadileña
Chiyoda Philippines - Civil Engineering Center
ABSTRACT: Modularization defined. It is a type of construction in an Oil & Gas Industry

wherein the structure is pre-assembled in a fabrication shop far away from the project site and
delivered to the site through Land (by SPMT) & Sea Transportation (by Vessel), installed at
site through Lifting (by Crane) or Set-down (SPMT*). *SPMT – Self Propelled Modular
Transporter
Modularization is selected over the conventional type of construction due to some critical
conditions at site notably the high labor cost, shortage of general skills, extreme weather
conditions, limitation of transportation and laydown area, etc.
The analysis and design of module structures is notably different from that of the conventional
“stick-built” structures which is CPh’s expertise. Module Design requires three special pre-
service condition analysis associated with its modularization philosophy such as Sea
Transportation, Load-out/in and Lift analysis in addition to the normal In-place analysis.
As Modular design is becoming the trend in Oil and Gas Industry due to its superior advantages
over its difficulties, the availability of Engineers with know-how in this type of design is very
limited. This maybe the right time to introduce in the universities and colleges the Modular
Design as a diversity to its students who are interested to build their career in this unique
structural design – the Modular Design.
19
1G
Graphite Nanoplatelets from Waste Chicken Feathers
Bryan B. Pajarito1, Amelia Jane B. Belarmino1, Rizza Mae R. Calimbas1, Jillian Rae B. Gonzales1, and Menandro N. Acda2
1
University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines
Tel. +(632) 981-8500 Local 3113
E-mail: bryan.pajarito@gmail.com; bbpajarito@up.edu.ph
2
University of the Philippines, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
ABSTRACT: The unique properties of 2D carbon nanomaterials such as graphene have

resulted in various potential applications in field effect transistors, sensors, transparent
conductive films, clean energy devices, and polymer nanocomposites. However, the fabrication
of these thin carbon nanomaterials by chemical exfoliation has several drawbacks such as the
use of corrosive, explosive, and toxic reducing agent and expensive graphite as starting
material. To overcome these drawbacks, we synthesized graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) from
carbonaceous waste such as chicken feathers. This work presents our procedure for converting
waste chicken feathers (WCFs) into GNPs and its material characteristics.
We first carbonized WCF and graphitized it using an iron salt. We then employed liquid-
phase exfoliation of the graphitized chicken feather (GCF) to produce GNPs. Carbonyl
functional groups are found present in GNP which are retained from the chemical structure of
WCF. The exfoliation of GCF into GNP results in graphitic peak broadening as observed in
the X-ray diffraction spectra. The Raman spectrum of GNP confirms the presence of graphite
with defects and a high number of graphene layers. The scanning electron micrograph of GCF
(see Figure 1) displays growth of graphitic hollow tubes on the surface of carbonized chicken
feather flakes. We believe that these graphitic tubes in GCF are exfoliated into 2D GNPs as
shown by atomic force microscopy (see Figure 2). In conclusion, 2D carbon materials such as
GNPs can be prepared from WCFs. For future studies, these low-cost nanomaterials derived
from waste will need to be considered for different potential applications similar to graphene
and its known derivatives.
FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2
REFERENCES:
Zhu, Y., Murali, S., Cai, W., Li, X., Suk, J.W., Potts, J.R. and Ruoff, R.S. (2010) Graphene and graphene oxide:
synthesis, properties, and applications. Advanced Materials 22(35), 3906-3924.
Akhavan, O., Bijanzad, K. and Mirsepah, A. (2014) Synthesis of graphene from natural and industrial
carbonaceous wastes. RSC Advances 4(39), 20441-20448
20
1H
Relationship Between the Microscopic Structure and Strength

Development of Concrete Mixed with Waste Ceramics and Fly Ash
Ronaldo S. Gallardo1, Kenneth Jae T. Elevado2, Joenel G. Galupino3

Tel. +(632) 524-4611 Local 226
E-mail: ronaldo.gallardo@dlsu.edu.ph
ABSTRACT: One of the major dilemmas experienced by developing countries such as

Philippines is waste generation. This study focuses on the usability of waste ceramic tiles and
fly ash as partial replacements to the aggregates of concrete –specifically gravel and Portland
cement, respectively. The said waste materials were considered since several researches were
already conducted and have claimed that these waste materials have similar properties to the
conventional aggregates of concrete. Ceramic tiles substantially contribute to construction and
demolition wastes worldwide. On the other hand, fly ash is considered as an industrial by-
product produced in countries that mainly rely on coal-based electricity generation. In this
study, the compressive strengths of the concrete samples mixed with waste ceramics and fly
ash were tested following ASTM standards. Compressive strength tests were conducted after
seven (7), twenty-eight (28) and fifty-six (56) days of curing periods. Moreover, Scanning
Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to assess the development of the bonding of the
aggregates. Figures 1 and 2 are presented to show some of the captured SEM images. These
images refer to the of the nominal condition of the conventional mix and the modified mix with
25% fly ash and 75% waste ceramics, respectively. The latter mix yielded the highest
compressive strength among the modified mixes with at least 34% increase relative to the
conventional mix. As seen on the figures, it was observed that the particles of the waste
ceramics were more tortuous than gravel. This only suggests that the former is more angular
than the latter. As a result, it allowed the waste ceramics to fill more air voids and to better
bond with the aggregates than gravel, which was observed to have a smoother surface.
Consequently, the angularity of the waste ceramics has aided in the increase of the compressive
strength of concrete. Furthermore, fibrillation was clearly visible on all specimens, which could
have allowed the cement paste particles to be more adhesive with the other aggregates.
Similarly, fibrillation strengthened the bonding between the aggregates and, in turn, increased
the strength of concrete.
FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2
REFERENCES:
Ay, N., & Unal, M. (2000). The use of waste ceramic tile in cement production. Cement and Concrete Research,
30, 497-499.
Bakri, A. M., Norazian, M. N., Kamarudin, H., Salleh, M. A., & Alida, A. (2013). Strength of concrete based
cement using recycle ceramic waste as aggregate. Advanced Materials Research, 740, 734-738.
Malik, P., Malhotra, J., Verma, A., Bhardwaj, P., Dhoundiyal, A., & Yadav, N. (2014). Mix design for concrete
with crushed ceramic tiles as coarse aggregate. International Journal of Civil Engineering Research, 5, 151-
154.
Snellings, R., Mertens, G. & Elsen, J. (2012, May). Supplementary cementitous materials. Reviews in Mineralogy
and Geochemistry, 74(1), 211-27
21
1I
Evaluation of the Compressive and Shear Strength of Brick Masonry

Walls Retrofitted with Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
Strips
Engr. Emerson O. Gapuz1, Dr. Jason Maximino C. Ongpeng1 Jannor P. Cabinto2, Bethanie V. Cabrera2, Jack Reylord A. Haduca2, Kristine
Gayle U. Lacerna2, Paul Francis D. Martin2, Regina A. Medrano2
ABSTRACT: Retrofitting of historical structures not only requires in-depth engineering

studies but also amount to millions of pesos or hundreds of dollars. Most historical structures
are of masonry material such as bricks or stones. These structures are mostly designed by
considering gravity loads and minimal to no consideration of lateral or earthquake loads. Thus,
most priceless historical structures fail during earthquakes. The use of polyethylene
terephthalate (PET) bottles is an alternative retrofitting material promoting sustainable
development. PET is known for its high tensile strength, toughness, lightness, and its ability to
act as barrier to liquid and gas. The use of recycled materials such as PET bottles will decrease
the overall cost of retrofitting projects as compared to those typically practiced today. In
addition, this method contributes to the reduction of plastic waste which is a prominent problem
of today. 18 pieces of brick wallettes (400x400x100mm) were fabricated and cured at a
minimum of 28 days. Bricks with dimensions of 200x100x50mm were used in the fabrication.
Three (3) wallettes were tested as compression control samples and another three (3) for
diagonal shear control samples. Two (2) different pitches (center to center distance of one strip
to another) were used in retrofitting: 25mm and 50mm as based on the dimensions of the
individual bricks used in the fabrication. Six (6) samples were retrofitted with 25mm pitch and
six (6) were retrofitted with 50mm pitch. ASTM E519M-15 was followed for the shear strength
determination of three (3) 25mm pitch samples and three (3) 50mm pitch samples. Whereas,
ASTM C1314-16 was used for compressive strength determination of three (3) 25mm
retrofitted samples and three (3) 50mm. A compressive strength increase of 58% for both the
25mm pitch retrofit and 50mm pitch was computed. The shear strength of the samples were
computed to have a 94% increase for the 25mm pitch and 75% increase for the 50mm pitch.
The mesh arrangement was also able to hold together the falling pieces even after failure of the
sample.
22
1J
Design and Development of Straw Bale House

Oliver C. Celis1, Darwin P. Aquino2, Graciela May B. Macapagal2, Nichols P. Manarang2, Paolo Reynaldo R. Maninang2, Eugene P.
Manliclic2, Maria Isabella G. Peña2, Alfred C. Santos2, Ernesto Q. Villarica2
Our Lady of Fatima University, Marulas, Valenzuela City 1440, Metro Manila, Philippines
Email: occelis@fatima.edu.ph
ABSTRACT: This research aims to design and develop a straw bale house, to enhance the
understanding and develop the acceptance of using rice straw as a construction material. Rice Straw
is a renewable material both from ecological and environmental point of view, construction
sustainability is a theme that is gaining considerable attention since the introduction of Sustainable
Development Goals (SDG) 2030. Most of the researchers are incorporating SDG, such as
sustainable consumption, as an example, responsible consumption of natural resources and
utilization of wastes. The material chosen has the potential to reduce the building’s initial
environmental impact by utilizing agricultural wastes such as rice straw as a replacement to
concrete hollow blocks in the construction of a more affordable, eco-friendly, and sustainable
homes. In this study, the researchers designed and developed the methods of compaction straws
and method of installation of baled rice straw as load-bearing walls of a house. The rice straw-bales
are made up of rice straws which were collected from rice filed, and dried on the concrete
pavements. Manual compaction of straw bale was done using a straw baler made from wooden
plyboard as shown in Figure 1. Plastic twines were used to tighten the straw bales with a dimension
of 0.60m x 0.20m x 0.30m and average weight of 3 – 3.5kg. Before the installation of straw bales,
4 inch nails were installed on top of the wall foundation with 5 inch spaces between nails. The nails
provide locking mechanism and stability of straw bales. Vertical bars connected at the foundation
walls were also installed at 1m interval to provide stability of piled straw bales as shown in Figure
2. After fixing the wall and installing the beam, the welded screen wires were attached to both sides
of straw bale wall-indoor and outdoor, and nailed properly to the framed column. Plastering with
1 inch thickness covered the whole straw bale wall as shown in Figure 3. The plaster will be dried
for about 24hours before the next step. The mock house as was constructed in Barangay San
Nicholas, Pampanga and serves as a proof that innovation and continuous researches on alternative
cheaper construction materials is still possible.
Adedeji, A.A.(2007). Introduction and Design of Straw Bale Masonry. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty
of Engineering University of Ilorin.
Catilo et. al.(2013). Design and Development of an Improvised Permeability and Fluidization Apparatus,
Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Civil Engineering Department, Batangas State University.
The Pros and Cons of Straw Bale Wall Construction in Green Building. Retrieved from:
<http://buildingwithawareness.com/the- pros-and-cons-of-straw-bale-wall-construction-in-green-building/>
Study looks for alternatives to open burning of rice straws by Environews. Retrieved from:
<http://environews.ph/food- agriculture/researchers- encourage-farmers-to-out-open-burning-of-rice-
straws/>
Burning of Rice Straw, agri-waste threatens the environment by Philstar. Retrieved from: <https://www.philstar.
com/business/ agriculture/2006/07/30/350114/burning-rice-straw-agri-waste- threatens-environment>.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Straw Bale Construction. Retrieved from: <https://www.realigro.com/property-
austria/bale- construction.php>.
Top 8 Advantages and Challenges of Straw Bale Construction. Retrieved from:
<http://pajaconstruction.com/advantages- and-challenges-of-straw-bale- construction/>.
Parts of a Rice Plant. Retrieved from: <https://www. hunker.com/13428045/parts-of-a-rice-plant>.
The Rice Plant. Retrieved from: <http://www.rice hub.org / RT/crop-establishment/-the-rice-plant/>.
Straw Bale Construction. Retrieved from: <http://strawbale. sustainablesources.com/>.
Your Home. Retrieved from: <http://www.yourhome.gov.au/ materials/straw-bale>.
Why Live in a House of Straw. Retrieved from: <https://newatlas.com/straw-bale-house-building/51942
23
1K
Potentiality of Boehmeria Nivea (Ramie) as Alternative Material in

the Production of Geotextile
Mary Jane Lusung1, Oliver C. Celis2, Ralph Allen M. Cote2, Jefferson V. Cuellar2, John Mark G. Evangelista2, Christian Ivan L. Magistrado2,
Nichols P. Manarang2, Catalino Mendoza2, Ederick T. Songahid2, Ernesto Q. Villarica2
Abstract: The researchers aim to study the potentiality of Boehmeria Nivea (Ramie) as
alternative material in the production of geotextile. The study used Ramie's outer bark (bast
fiber) as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, in the production of geotextiles and series of tests
were performed to compare ramie geotextiles and the commercially available, coconet
geotextiles. The experimental study was conducted at Philippine Textile Research Institute
(PTRI) under the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) located at Taguig, Metro
Manila. Eight sets of ramie geotextile test specimens were prepared for testing. Samples were
made based on the suggestion given by PTRI, since bast fiber will be used, it was difficult to
produce long strand fiber compared to pineapple or abaca fiber therefore same method for
coconet geotextile were used by the researchers as shown in Figure 3, and Figure 4. Each
specimen was tested for their nominal thickness, mass per unit area, and tensile strength. The
results were analyzed and gave presentable results. After analyzing the results of the
experiments, the researchers reached at acceptable findings. Ramie Geotextile’s average tensile
strength’s on both Machine Direction (MD) and Cross Machine Direction (CMD) were
21.8kN/m and 24.4kN/m respectively, which is higher than the tensile strength of the
commercially available coconet geotextile type 400, 700, and 900 with MD tensile strengths
6.0kN/m, 10.5kN/m, and 10.5kN/m respectively and CMD tensile strengths of 6.0kN/m,
6.0kN/m, and 10.5kN/m respectively. Based Polyfelt Specification, the Ramie geotextile met
the tensile strength requirement of Filtration 58 for non - woven geotextile. Therefore, it can
be concluded that Ramie Geotextile can be an alternative material in the production of
geotextile since it surpass the strength of the commercially available coconet geotextile.
REFERENCES
Department of Public Works and Highway Standard Specification for Highways and Bridge and Airports (2013),
Item 622 Coconet Bio-Engineering Solution, p. 514. Huang, H. and Gao, X., Geotextiles, Viewed January
2018,<http://www.apparelsearch.com/education/research/nonwoven/2001_kermit_duckett/education_researc
h_nonwoven_geotextiles.htm>.
Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. (n.d.). Slope Protection. Retrieved June 28, 2015, <http.ky.gov/Environment
Analysis/Environment%20Resources/3-Slope%20Protection.pdf
Khan, A. J. (2010). Quality Control of Jute Geotextiles & Development of Testing Facilities. Bangladesh:
Bangladesh Jute Research Institut e (BJRI).
Koener, R. M., What is Geosynthetics? Viewed February 2018,
<http://www.acegeosyntheticsecopark.com/Geosynthetics#WHAT%20IS%20GEOSYNTHETIC?>.
Laroza, J.P. et. Al.(2014), Viability of Banana Sheath as Natural Fiber Geotextile, Batangas State University.
Mahuya Ghosh, (2009). Suitability of Natural Fibers in Geotextile Applications. Retrieved June 28, 2015, from
Scientist, Geotech Cell, Indian Jute Industries’ Research Association, Kolkata–700088, India, <http://
gndec. ac.in/~igs/ldh/conf/2009/articles/T07_40.pdf>.
Ministry for the Environment. (2009). Soil intactness of erosion-prone land. Retrieved June 28, 2015,
<http://mfe.goct.nz/environmental-reporting/land/erosion-risk/>.
Parida, P. (2009). A Seminar on Geosynthetics. Viewed January 2018, <https://www.slideshare.net/pparida/ geo
synthetics>.
Selection of Fiber for Geotextiles: Fibers Used in Geotextiles, Viewed January 2018,
<http://textilelearner.blogspot. com/ 2012/12/selection-of-fiber-for-geotextiles.html>.
24
1L
The Potentiality of Imperata Cylindrica as an

Alternative Raw Material for Fiberboard Production
Alfred C. Santos1, Renard S. Calawigan2, Oliver C. Celis2, Mariefai P. Leandicho2, Catalino Mendoza2, Nichols P. Manarang2, Rendell Celna
G. Pineda2, Camille D. Soneja2, Aldrake V. Umlas2, Ernesto Villarica2
ABSTRACT: This study aims to develop an alternative, sustainable and environmentally

friendly source of raw material for the production of fiberboard. The main raw materal used in
this research is imperata cylindrica, widely known as cogon grass, and Isocyanate resin as the
binder. After collecting the cogon grass, it was then cut into smaller pieces and defibration was
conducted as shown in Figure 1 and allowed to dry which is necessary to remove moisture.
Moisture meter will be used to determine the minimum required moisture content of the cogon
grass before weighing the sample to be used in the production. The cogon grass was then mixed
thoroughly with Isocyanate binder, mat-formed and hot pressed. In this research, three different
percentage of resin content are used, 8%, 10% and 12%, and two samples for every percentage
of resin were made with a dimension of 30cm x 30cm x 1.2cm. The samples are then cut into
sizes that are suitable for physical and mechanical testing as shown in Figure 2. The physical
properties consists of moisture content, thickness swelling and water absorption and the
mechanical properties which include modulus of rupture, face screw holding capacity and
internal bond strength were determined according to the procedures specified by the Philippine
National Standards (PNS). The tests were all conducted at the Department of Science and
Technology – Forest Product Research and Development Institute (DOST-FPRDI), in
University of the Philippines Los Banos, Los Banos, Laguna. As specified by the Philippine
National Standard for fiberboard, the mechanical properties were directly proportional to the
density whereas the results of physical property test depends on the change in its density. The
cogon grass fiberboard with 8% resin content did not pass all the physical property tests and
mechanical property tests required for Type 100, Type 150 and Type 200 Standard Fiberboard
specified by Philippine National Standard (PNS). The cogon grass fiberboard with 10% resin
content passed the physical property tests but has failed to pass the required mechanical
properties specified for Type 150 fiberboard. The cogon grass fiberboard with 12% resin
content passed all the standard requirements specified by PNS for Type 150 fiberboard. Based
on the test results, the optimum resin content should be at least 12% in order to meet the
specifications of PNS Type 150 Standard Fiberboard as shown in Table 1.
REFERENCES
Rufa, Tadena, and Villanueva (2014), Potentiality of Cacao Husk as Particleboard Material. Batangas State
University, Batangas City
Hoareau, W. et. al. (2006), Fiberboards Based on Sugarcane Bagasse Lignin and Fiber.France.
Halvarsson Soren. 2010, Manufacture of Straw MDF and Fiberboards. Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall
Sweden.
Ali Jaber, M. (2013), Study and Evaluation of the Medium Density Fiberboard Made From Old Newspaper.
Basrah University, Basrah Iraq
Coconut Fiberboard. PCA-Zamboanga Research Center, San Ramon Zamboanga City.
<http://www.pca.da.gov.ph/pdf/ tech
no/ fiberboard.pdf>.
Espinosa, R. (2008). A Unique Art Using Dried Cogon Grass. <http://news.abscbn.com/lifestyle/05/20/08/pastor-
had-amnesia- yet-discovered-unique-art. May 2008>.
Miller, C. (2010). Cogon Grass Uses,
<http://ecop.pbworks.com/w/page/18520545/Cogon%20grass%20uses%200809>
25
ABSTRACT OF STUDENT
PRESENTATIONS
26
STUDENT PRESENTATIONS
2A
A study on the microcell and macrocell corrosion of

seawater-fly ash concrete column with cold joints
Lance Hencer Go1, Jason Maximino C. Ongpeng2, Cheryl Lyne Roxas2, John Robert L. Teng2, Christine Joy Tan2, Patrick Jerwin Lim2

Tel. +(632) 524-4611 Local 226
E-mail: jason.ongpeng@dlsu.edu.ph
ABSTRACT: Corrosion has been a problem in the construction industry ever since steel
was used in infrastructure works. This problem is especially evident in reinforced concrete, a
material widely used in infrastructure projects for its strength and economical effectiveness.
The overarching goal of this paper is sustainability in the construction industry. Through
recycling fly ash, a byproduct of the combustion process that occurs in coal fired power plants,
and utilizing seawater, an extremely abundant and easily accessible material especially along
the coast, the researchers hope to ease the stress placed on the environment with the use of
traditional construction methods. This study explored the effects of the partial replacement of
cement with the fly ash and the feasibility of employing sea water in the mixing and curing
processes with regards to the corrosion of reinforcing steel bars in concrete. Fly ash was used
to partially replace cement at different percentages (0%, 15%, and 30%) and freshwater and
seawater was utilized in both the mixing and curing of the concrete column samples. The
corrosion levels were measured at the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day of curing using microcell
and macrocell tests. The impressed current technique was employed to accelerate the corrosion
process and simulate the long term effects. The concrete columns contained segmented
reinforcing bars in order to allow the measurement of corrosion at different points of the
column. Findings concluded that seawater alone results in a significant increase in corrosion
levels, however, with the addition of 30% fly ash of the seawater mix, results from the ANOVA
test concluded that the corrosion levels between samples mixed using freshwater compared
with samples mixed with seawater with 30% fly ash were statistically equal and that the
addition of the fly ash significantly reduces the corrosion rate to approximately equal to that of
the control sample’s corrosion rate.
FIGURE 1. Experimental Set-up with CT7 Apparatus

REFERENCES:
Kawahigashi, T., Kobayashi, K., & Miyagawa, T. (2003, May). A Study of Macro-cell and Micro-cell Corrosion
of Steel in Concrete. Retrieved from http://library.jsce.or.jp/jsce/open/00670/No43/CLI-43-0065.pdf
Hansson, C. M., Poursaee, A., & Laurent, A. (2006). Macrocell and microcell corrosion of steel in ordinary
portland cement and high performance concretes. Cement and Concrete Research, 36(11), 2098-210
27
2B
An Investigation on the Structural Properties of Concrete

with Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) and Flyash
Charles Joshua H. Ato1, Jan Rensys D. Domingo2, John Zoilo F. Santiago3, Jose Victor D. Viduya4

Tel. (+63) 905 700 6346
E-mail: charles_ato@dlsu.edu.ph
ABSTRACT: The dead load due to the weight of conventional concrete has always been the
lead cause for high earthquake loads in a structure. As a result, a concrete mixture composing
of expanded polystyrene (EPS) and flyash powder is proposed. EPS is a lightweight material
made from plastic and is bead-shaped while flyash is a byproduct of coal combustion and has
cementitious characteristics. The study utilized EPS as partial substitution to fine aggregates
with varying percentage of 10%, 15%, 25%, 30%, and 50% of the total volume of sand while
flyash will be added as an admixture with a volume of 9% that of the cement. The EPS greatly
lessens the weight while the flyash produces a better bond between the materials by filling up
the voids in the mixture.
The concrete specimens have showed that the average compressive strength ranges
from 20.02 – 31.53 MPa which passes the minimum structural requirements for a residential
building. The results have showed that increasing the amount of EPS will result to decreasing
the weight of concrete. However, EPS-flyash concrete did not achieve the necessary weight
requirements for a lightweight concrete but its weight is reduced by as much as 12.43% and
12.48% for w/c = 0.45 and 0.54, respectively. Moderate strength was achieved for splitting
tensile and flexural strength: the average splitting tensile strength obtained was 2.312 MPa
while the average flexural strength obtained was 3.663 MPa. On the RC beam test results, an
average percentage difference of 24.88% was obtained between the theoretical and actual value of
nominal moment while 1.94% was obtained between the theoretical and actual value of the
cracking moment. Lastly, the price of 1 m3 of 50% EPS flyash-concrete is Php 206.96 lower (which
accounts to approximately 2.76% percentage difference) compared to the price of 1 m 3 of
conventional concrete. Thus, EPS-flyash concrete is a beneficial concrete for residential building
since it has lesser density, lesser cost, and has achieved the minimum compressive strength
requirements for structural concrete.
REFERENCES:
Babu, G., & Babu, S. (2003). Behaviour of lightweight expanded polystyrene concrete containing silica fume.
Cement and Concrete Research. 33. (5). 755-762.
Mohammed, A. A. (2017). Flexural behavior and analysis of reinforced concrete beams made of recycled PET
waste concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 155, 593-604.
NSCP C101-15 National Structural Code of the Philippines Volume 1, Seventh Edition, 2015
Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing. (2000). Residential structural design guide: 2000 edition.
Retrieved from https://www.huduser.gov/portal/publications/residential.pdf
Sayadi, A. A., Tapia, J. V., Neitzert, T. R., & Clifton, G. C. (2016). Effects of expanded polystyrene (EPS)
particles on fire resistance, thermal conductivity and compressive strength of foamed concrete. Construction
and Building Materials, 112, 716-724.
Wongsa, A., Zaetang, Y., Sata, V., & Chindaprasirt, P. (2016). Properties of lightweight fly ash geopolymer
concrete containing bottom ash as aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 111, 637-643.
28
2C
Nitrogen Oxides Removal Using Red Mud
Siqi Wu, Winarto Kurniawan, Hirofumi Hinode
Tokyo Tech, Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan

Tel: +(86)03-5734-3245
E-mail: wu.s.ad@m.titech.ac.jp
ABSTRACT: As one of major air pollutants, nitrogen oxides (NOx) causes acid rain,
ground-level ozone and global warming. Half of NOx emitted to the atmosphere come from
automobiles, and a significant 20% from electric power plants. Selective catalytic reduction
with ammonia (NH3-SCR) or NOx storage-reduction (NSR) is currently the most developed
technology to reduce the emission of NOx in the lean-burn gasoline or diesel engines.
However, NH3-SCR requires large amount of additional reductants, and can easily cause
secondary pollution with ammonia.
Red mud, or bauxite residue is a solid waste generated in the Bayer process in aluminum
industry that contains a mixture of many oxides. Due to the high pH and massive volume, it
has potential impacts on surface and ground water quality.
In this study, red mud was investigated as a potential material for NO removal in the
presence of excess O2.
Samples were prepared by calcining red mud from Indonesia under air flow. The samples
were put into the tube furnace and heated, then pelletized, grounded, and sieved. Using a quartz
glass tube as fixed-bed flow reactor, the activity of red mud was measured by passing a reactant
gas consisted of NO, O2, and He. The reaction temperatures were varied from 150℃ to 550℃
and the NO and NO2 concentrations were measured by NOx analyzer. Characterization of the
samples were done by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
(FT-IR).
From the experimental results, it was found that Al(OH)3, which is a component of the
uncalcined red mud, accelerates the NO removal due to its adsorption capability. The
combination with other metal oxides might generate synergistic effect with Al(OH)3.
Considering performance in NOx removal and the energy consumption during the production
process, uncalcined red mud is more suitable for industrial use.
REFERENCES:
Wahyudi, A., Kurniawan, W., Hinode, H. (2017) Study on Deactivation and Regeneration of Modified Red Mud
Catalyst Used in Biodiesel Production, Green and Sustainable Chemistry 7(4), 247-258.
Wang, Y., Shen,Y., Zhu.S., N-doped graphene as a potential catalyst for the direct catalytic decomposition of NO,
Catalysis Communications 94, 29-32.
US EPA(1999), Technical Bulletin:Nitrogen Oxides (NOX), Why and How They are Controlled
29
2D
Utilization of Processed Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottles as

Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Conventional Concrete
Mixtures
Elisa Marie Boniel1, Dolly Anne de Asis1, Angelo Guansing1, Jack Kenneth Lim1, Mark Alfred Reyes1
Graduate, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to assess whether the modified concrete mixture is stronger,
more workable, and more practical to use instead of the conventional mixtures used in the
industry. Moreover, it was also intended to be a means of improvement in terms of viability,
cost, and strength for a specific structural and/or non-structural member. The study highlighted
the production of a concrete mix with 10%, 20%, and 30% processed PET bottles serving as
partial coarse aggregate replacement and its comparison against the mixture having no
replacement. Physical properties of the natural and plastic coarse aggregates were identified,
compared with each other, and analyzed along with the other parameters mentioned in the
study. The produced modified concrete mixture initially targeted to be a lightweight mixture
meeting the compressive and flexural strength criteria set by the group based on their researches
and assessments about the topic. The obtained results showed that none of the modified mixture
surpassed the control mix in terms of strength and that the partial coarse aggregate replacements
did not result to a lightweight concrete mixture. Despite having to accept most of the
hypotheses mentioned in the research, the modified concrete mixture could still be applied in
the field of construction. The group has identified that the modified concrete mixture could be
applied on non-load bearing structures.
30
2E
Production and Testing of HDPE Reinforced with Coconut Fibers

Dale Vincent de Guzman1, Maritz Presbitero1, Jan Robey Salazar1, Gabriel Torrecampo1, Rjay Yu1, Rajiv Eldon Abdullah2
1
Graduate, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila
2
Instructor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Santo Tomas, España, Manila
ABSTRACT: This study has evaluated the improvement of the mechanical properties of
High – Density Polyethylene (HDPE) with coconut fiber as additive or reinforcement. HDPE
was procured from a plastic manufacturing company, shredded into smaller pieces and
collected for melting. An injection molding machine, which was adapted from a plan prepared
by a non-profit organization named Precious Plastics, was built to aid in melting the plastic and
forming it to the required dimensions of three (3) different specimens which were then used
for testing procedures as specified by the American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM)
to determine the corresponding mechanical properties of the plastic material specifically
compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength. Three (3) mixtures of plastic and
coconut fiber were used for this study: pure HDPE, 12.5% volume replacement, and 25%
volume replacement of coconut fiber to that of HDPE. Based from the tests, the mechanical
properties of the coconut fiber reinforced HDPE decreased as the ratio of coconut fiber
increased. This is due to the coconut fiber being smaller compared to the length of fibers used
in other fiber reinforced plastics. Overall, the coconut fiber decreased the mechanical properties
of HDPE as compared to that of pure HDPE, however, this is only surmised because the fibers
used were ground and were not in strip form and did not have sufficient tensile strength by
itself.
31
2F
Evaluation of Dolomitic Limestone Sand as Backfill Material

for MSE Retaining Walls
Maria Teresa Llera, Lestelle V. Torio-Kaimo
Geotechnical Engineering Group, Institute of Civil Engineering,

University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101
Email: lvtorio@up.edu.ph
ABSTRACT: Dolomitic limestone manufactured sand is very abundant in the Philippines

and is considered as “waste” because it continues to pile up, unused. It is practically unsellable
in the Philippines due to the lack of research on its potential uses and the fact that basaltic sand
has long been a major player in the aggregates industry. This study aims to evaluate the capacity
of dolomitic limestone manufactured sand as backfill material for mechanically stabilized earth
(MSE) retaining walls with the standard specifications found in the DPWH Bluebook.
Preliminary tests were performed to obtain the geotechnical properties of the sand. For the
strength test, a consolidated-drained direct shear test was conducted on a loose sample and
dense sample. Results showed that an increase in the applied normal stress resulted to an
increase in shear stress, and that dense sample exhibited higher peak shear strength than loose
sample. It was observed that the peak shear strength was reached at lower strain in dense
condition. Dilation was also observed for both condition. An increase in the effective normal
stress applied resulted to the decrease of the ability of sand to dilate in both conditions. The
values of the internal angle of friction are 39º and 42.7º for loose and dense samples,
respectively. Both exceed the minimum internal angle of friction value of the select granular
backfill material for MSE retaining walls required by the DPWH. While these values do not
exceed the 46.99º internal angle of friction at peak strength of basaltic sand, the dolomitic
limestone sand’s shear strength is still acceptable and therefore the sand may be used as backfill
material for MSE retaining walls.
32
2G
Strength Characteristic of Recycled Concrete Aggregate as an

Alternative Material for Rammed Aggregate Pier
Aivan Dredd B. Punzalan, Fritz John O. Jarcia, Lestelle V. Torio-Kaimo

ABSTRACT: Rammed Aggregate Piers (RAP) is a cost-efficient ground improvement

method that improves various types of soils. RAPs, as the name suggest, are made up of natural
aggregates densified using vibratory methods. In the Philippine setting, the increasing number
of construction projects around the archipelago increases the volume of produced construction
and demolition (C&D) wastes, with recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) as the leading C&D
waste by volume. In this study, RCA samples were investigated as alternative material for RAPs
in terms of its friction angle at specified densities of 50% and 70% of the maximum dry density.
RCA samples were subjected to stress-controlled Large Direct Shear Tests to determine the
peak shear stresses and corresponding friction angles. Friction angles were computed using the
conventional Mohr-Coulomb Method with and without cohesion, and an alternative Zero
Dilation Angle Method as proposed by the Federal Highway Administration. Using the MC
Method with virtual cohesion, the empirical value of friction angle of RAP is 46 degrees, and
based on the experimental results, at 70% MDD, the RCA friction angle of 36.79 degrees does
not meet the baseline requirement. Alternative values, calculated from MC Method without
cohesion and from Zero Dilation Angle Method, yielded friction angles greater than the
empirical value, however, baseline values using these alternative methods must be calculated
using natural aggregates.
33
2H
Effect of Geopolymerization to Gold-Copper Mine Tailings

and its Potential as an Alternative Embankment Material
Justine Mharzeline G. Guanzon, Lestelle V. Torio-Kaimo

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a study that determines the effect of geopolymerization to
gold-copper mine tailings. Geopolymerization is a process wherein aluminosilicate materials
are transformed into geopolymers. The aim is to apply it to mine tailings in order to improve
its geotechnical characteristics to serve as an alternative material for embankment. The
geotechnical parameters are weighed such that it follows the DPWH Blue Book guidelines.
The variables considered include the alkali reagent-mine tailings (3:10, 4:10, 5:10) and
different drying method (oven-dried vs. air-dried). The microscopic structure of the mine
tailings was also analyzed and compared. Based on the results of tests performed, it is
concluded that there is a significant change in the particle size analysis parameters, liquid limit,
plasticity index, dry unit density, heavy metal content and the microstructure of the
geopolymerized test samples. Among the test samples, it is concluded that the oven-dried
specimen with the concentration of 4:10 alkali reagent-mine tailings is the most suitable
material for embankment purposes.
34
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Proceedings of the 6th Seminar Workshop on

the Utilization of Waste Materials

1st International Symposium on Sustainable Concrete and Structures using

September 13, 2018 De La Salle University

Jason Maximino C. Ongpeng

All rights reserved

Dr. Susan M. Gallardo

6th Seminar Workshop on the Utilization of Waste Materials

September 13, 2018 De La Salle University

Continuous development of infrastructure leads to more utilization of resources and produces

In partnership with our media sponsors:

The organizers would also like to thank the following:

Abstract of Keynote Lectures 6

Abstract of Student Presentations 26

Parallel Session Room Guide:

I wish to congratulate the organizing committee for organizing this important

Prof. Raymond R. Tan, Ph.D.

A warm welcome to everyone.

First of all, I would like to congratulate the Civil Engineering Department of De La

With this year’s theme “Multidisciplinary Approach on Waste Utilization Technology

Prof. Jonathan R. Dungca

As we continue to build the next-generation structures for an ever-increasing

Hopefully through this Workshop / Symposium, we help create a good

Prof. Lessandro Estelito O. Garciano

I am very pleased to address the 6th Seminar Workshop on the Utilization of

I hope you find this conference full of new information.

Prof. Shin-ya Nishizaki

In the pursuit of strengthening industry-academe linkages, this seminar binds the

In behalf of the event organizers, I wish everyone an exciting continuing

Jason Maximino C. Ongpeng

A Review of Electrochemical Repair/Reuse Methods

Tokyo Tech, 2-12-1 Ookayana, Meguro Tokyo, Japan

ABSTRACT: Despite many efforts to eliminate cracks/deterioration in concrete structures,

Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Japan

0.010 Nonthaburi_DL Nonthaburi_LDP

Greening of Future Concrete

De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines

ABSTRACT: The country’s demand for construction materials in built environment

Wastes Utilization Techniques Towards

De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines

Addressing the Challenges of Solid Waste

Utilization of Waste From and In Construction

Mechanical Properties of Concrete Mixed with Soda-Lime Glass

Optimization of Compressive Strength of Concrete with Pig-Hair

Engineering Department, Program Management Division, Maynilad Water Services Incorporated

ABSTRACT: The feasibility of different waste materials as substitute to the main

and most importantly promotes the use of environment friendly materials.

Pervious Fly ash-based Concrete for Pavement Applications:

Northwest Samar State University (NwSSU), Calbayog City

ABSTRACT: Rainwater ends up falling on impermeable surfaces such as streets, parking

Citizen Participation in Local Waste Management

De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines

ABSTRACT: Flooding in Metro Manila is a common scenario after a short, heavy

Engaging people to participate increases effectiveness of the programs. Citizen participation

Assessment of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottles

ABSTRACT: The increasing trend of reusing plastic wastes as an alternative construction

Modular Design – the New Trend in Structural Design

Chiyoda Philippines - Civil Engineering Center

ABSTRACT: Modularization defined. It is a type of construction in an Oil & Gas Industry

Graphite Nanoplatelets from Waste Chicken Feathers

ABSTRACT: The unique properties of 2D carbon nanomaterials such as graphene have

Relationship Between the Microscopic Structure and Strength

De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines