RESOURCE GEOLOGY, vol. 52, no.

4, xxx–xxx, 2002

Geology and Alteration-Mineralization Characteristics

of the Cibaliung Epithermal Gold Deposit, Banten, Indonesia

Ciceron A. ANGELES, Sukmandaru PRIHATMOKO and James S. WALKER

PT Austindo Nusantara Jaya, Graha Irama, 3rd Floor, Jl. HR Rasuna Said, Kav. 1-2, Jakarta 12950, Indonesia
[e-mail(SP):sukmandaru@austindo.co.id]
Received on January 28, 2002; accepted on July 5, 2002

Abstract: The Cibaliung gold project is located at the central portion of the Neogene Sunda-Banda magmatic arc. Gold-sil-
ver mineralization in the area is hosted in a thick sequence of sub-aqueous basaltic andesite volcanics with intercalated sedi-
ments intruded by sub-volcanic andesite to diorite plugs and dykes, and subsequently cut by a cluster of diatreme breccias.
These host rocks are unconformably overlain by dacitic tuffs, younger sediments and basalt flows.
The gold prospects in Cibaliung occur within a NW-trending structural corridor that is 3.5 km wide by at least 6 km long.
It is fault-bounded and is considered to be a graben. Two aligned NNW-trending sub-vertical shoots, Cikoneng and Cibitung,
host the currently defined resource within the steeply dipping vein system with a minimum strike length of 1,300 m. As of July
2001, exploration has defined an inferred + indicated mineral resource of approximately 1.3 million tonnes at 10.42 g/t gold and
60.7 g/t silver at a 3 g/t Au cut-off. This equates to approximately 435,000 ounces of gold and 2.54 million ounces of silver.
Gold-silver mineralization occurs as quartz veins characteristic of the low-sulphidation epithermal adularia-sericite
type. Progressive dilation with a general increase in gold grade has produced multi-stage veining and brecciation that grades
from early to late stages as: pre-mineral fluidized breccia, quartz vein stockwork, massive vein, crustiform vein, colloform-
crustiform vein with progressive increase in chloritic clay bands, clay-quartz milled matrix breccias with a progressive
increase in clay content, and syn- to post-mineral fault gouge with vein clasts. Wall rock alteration is characterized by pro-
grade chlorite+adularia flooding that is locally overprinted by a low temperature argillic alteration (smectite, illite and mixed
layered clays). Generally, the argillic alteration becomes weak with depth. The major mineral constituents of the veins are
quartz, adularia and clay. In the early gold-poor hydrothermal stages, quartz and adularia dominate with minor calcite and
clay (smectite, poorly crystalline chlorite, interlayered chlorite-smectite and illite-smectite). In the later gold-rich hydrother-
mal stages, clay with variable amounts of carbonate increases whereas the abundance of quartz and adularia decreases. Gold
occurs mainly as electrum while silver occurs as argentite-aguilarite-naumannite and electrum, and rarely as native silver,
sulphosalts and tellurides. Sulphides generally comprise <1 vol % of the vein, with pyrite as the most common species.
Together with pyrite, traces of very fine-grained base metal sulphides dominated by chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena are in
most cases intimately associated with electrum and silver minerals. Partial supergene oxidation generally extends down to
about 200 m below the surface at Cikoneng and further down to more than 300 m at Cibitung.
The hydrothermal system responsible for the gold-silver mineralization in the area may be related to rhyolitic magmatism
focused on a volcanic intrusive center during back arc rifting that formed a graben or pull-apart basin. The dominant mechanism
for the higher grade gold deposition is fluid mixing of up welling metal-bearing hydrothermal solutions with relatively near sur-
face cool, oxygenated condensate and/or steam-heated meteoric fluids, as opposed to retrograde boiling. The strongly focused
dilational structural environment is thought to have been the mechanism for focusing fluid flows, both up welling and descend-
ing, forming pipe-like mineralized bodies in the rhomboidal dilation zones. It is interpreted that mineralization took place under
low temperature conditions (<150-220°C) at a minimum depth of around 200-250 m below the palaeo-water table.
Keywords: epithermal gold, low sulphidation, Cibaliung, Indonesia, Cikoneng, Cibitung, vein, dilation

PT Austindo Nusantara Jaya; and 30 % held by PT Aneka

1. Introduction
The Cibaliung gold project is located at the regency of
Pandeglang, Banten Province, about 150 km southwest of
Jakarta (Figs. 1A and 1B). The project is the westernmost
known gold deposit in the island of Java near the south-
western tip of the island. The project is currently 70 %
held by Austindo Resources Corporation NL (“ARX”), a
publicly listed Australian affiliate of the Indonesia-based
Tambang (Persero) Tbk. companies (“Antam”). The min-
eral title at the Cibaliung gold project is a Kuasa Pertam-
bangan (“KP”) or Mining Authority KW96PP0019 held
by Antam for the exclusive benefit of the joint venture.
The KP encompasses an area of 15,710 hectares and is in
the exploration stage.
The western Java area of Indonesia is a well-known
epithermal gold-silver metallogenic province, mainly cen-
tered on the Bayah Dome (Basuki et al., 1994; Marcoux

1
2 C. A. ANGELES, S. PRIHATMOKO and J. S. WALKER RESOURCE GEOLOGY :

A INDONESIA 2. Regional Geology

Kelian The Cibaliung area (Fig.

Mesel
Mt.Muro Tombulilato Gosowong 1B) is located in the central
portion of the Neogene
Rawas Sunda-Banda magmatic arc
Lebong Tandai Grasberg (Carlile and Mitchell, 1994).
Jakarta It is situated within the zone
Lebong Donok
Batu Hijau of transition from northwest-
oriented right-lateral strike-
Location slip dominated fault move-
ment along the Sumatra por-
B tion of the arc, to the more
105°E 107°E
9°S
east-west oriented compres-
Jakarta sional faulting in Java.
CIBALIUNG Regionally, the igneous
PROJECT complex in this area, the
Cibugis
WEST JAVA “Honje Igneous Complex”, is
BANTEM G.Limbang G.Pongkor located 15 km west and sepa-
Bogor
rate from the well-known
Ciawitali
Bayah Dome where the
Cirotan
Cikidang Gunung Pongkor and the
7°S N Cikotok Bandung Cikotok mineral districts are
located. The rock units of the
0 50
Honje Igneous Complex seem
km
to be quite similar to those in
the Bayah Dome; where
Epithermal gold deposit
Honje igneous complex Oligocene to Quaternary calc-
Porphyry copper deposit
. . .
Vein-type base-metal deposit . . . Bayah dome
alkaline rhyolitic to andesitic
Active epithermal gold mine Pliocene-Quaternary
rocks and small intrusive
volcanic stocks are exposed (Marcoux
Fig. 1 (A) Major gold deposits of Indonesia. (B) Location of Cibaliung and other gold and Milesi, 1994). The pres-
deposits in Banten-West Java area (Modified after Marcoux and Milesi, 1994). ence of co-eval basic and
acidic igneous rocks indica-
tive of bimodal volcanism
and Milesi, 1994; Milesi et al., 1999). Two operating suggests that the Honje Igneous Complex was developed
underground gold mines, Cikidang (Cikotok) and Gunung in a back arc-rifting environment comparable to that of
Pongkor, are located 70 km and 90 km east and east- the Bayah Dome.
northeast respectively from the Cibaliung gold project. The oldest rock unit is the Honje Formation of proba-
The mines are based on gold veins of a similar geological ble Late Miocene age (Marjoribanks, 2000). It is equiv-
character to those found at Cibaliung. The reserves for alent to the similarly named unit shown on the govern-
Gunung Pongkor as of November 2000 are 2.14 million ment geological map of the area (Sudana and Santosa,
ounces of gold and 26.0 million ounces of silver. The 1992). The Formation is composed of a thick sequence
Cibaliung area, although less well known, is probably of basaltic andesite to andesite flows and volcanic brec-
another mineral district separate from the Bayah Dome. cias with some intercalated sediments. They are exten-
This paper describes the geology and alteration-mineral- sively folded and faulted, and exposed in a north-trend-
ization characteristics of the Cibaliung gold project area. ing horst (structural high) bounded by west-dipping nor-
As of July 2001, exploration has defined an inferred + mal faults along the Java coast to the west, and east dip-
indicated mineral resource of approximately 1.3 million ping normal faults below the sedimentary basin to the
tonnes at 10.42 g/t gold and 60.7 g/t silver at a 3 g/t Au east. Overlying unconformably the Honje Formation is
cut-off. This equates to approximately 435,000 ounces of a massive flat lying sheet of dacitic tuffs, called the
gold and 2.54 million ounces of silver. Cibaliung Tuff (Marjoribanks, 2000).
A sequence of younger easterly dipping sedimentary
vol. 52, no. 4, 2002 Cibaliung Epithermal Gold Deposit, Indonesia 3

rocks overlies the above rock

units (Marjoribanks, 2000).

9260000mN
They are more or less equivalent
to the sedimentary units shown
on the existing geological map,
0 2 km
namely the Late Miocene SCALE
Bojongmanik Formation and the
Pliocene Cipacar Formation Basalt flows
(Sudana and Santosa, 1992). CIKONENG Sediments Post-Mineral
The lower unit is composed of CIBITUNG ...
...... Dacitic tuff (Cibaliung tuff)
conglomerate, calcareous sand- Honje volcanics Pre-Mineral
stone and claystone, and lime- Vein
stone with some lignite interca- Fault
lations. Bedding dips are steep-
9250000mN

Circular pattern
est, around 20-30°, in the
extreme west, and are sub-hori- Favorable
Structural Corridor
zontal in the east. The upper unit
sits upon the lower unit with a 580000mE
570000mE
pronounced scarp consisting of
various tuffaceous sediments Fig. 2 Local geology of the Cibaliung project area (Modified after Marjoribank,
and tuffs. 2000).
There are isolated thin sheets
and erosional remnants of basalt flows of EPITHERMAL
probable Quaternary age in the north and VEINS NE
northeast of the KP area (Marjoribanks, SW V V V V V V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V

+
2000). The flows thicken towards the east + +
+ +
and were probably derived from volcanic + +
+

centers located east of the KP area. The + + +

+
+
+
+

+
+ + + + +
basalts unconformably overlie all of the + + ++
+ +
+ +
above rock units. +
+ + ++
+ + +

Sub-volcanic andesite plugs and dykes Intrusive Intrusive

complex
intrude the Honje Formation. In the
northern part of the Honje Igneous Post - Mineral Sequence
Complex, a rhyolite dome is observed to
be associated with polymictic diatreme ~~~~~
~~~~~
breccias (Prihatmoko, 2000).
Unconformity ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3. Local Geology
Fig. 3 Schematic geological section (Modified after Marjoribank, 2000).
The rock units at the KP area are divided
into pre- and post-mineral rock sequences (Figs. 2 and 3).
Although there are no available radiometric age data, it is
speculated that the pre-mineral rocks are probably
Miocene to Pliocene age, correlated to the Honje
Formation. They are exposed as erosional windows along
river valleys and low-lying areas in the southwestern por-
tion of the KP.
The oldest pre-mineral rock unit is a volcanic pile con-
sisting of a thick sequence of basaltic andesite volcanic
flows and volcanic breccias with occasional intercalated
tuffaceous sediments, which is a part of the Honje Vol-
canics. The volcanic flows are massive while the volcanic
breccias are autobrecciated flows and hyaloclastites, the
latter showing chilled/quenched textures. The presence of
complex
NOT TO SCALE
Pre - Mineral Sequence
Basalt flows
V
V
V Honje volcanics
Sediments + ++ Intrusives
Dacitic tuff Milled matrix breccia
Fault
hyaloclastites as well as pepperites in the intercalated sed-
iments is indicative of extrusion of lavas into a sub-aque-
ous environment, which results to “quench shattering”
(Applied Petrological Service (APS), 2000a). Minor inter-
calations of dacitic tuff, some ignimbritic or welded, have
also been noted within the basaltic andesitic rocks.
Several sub-volcanic andesite plugs and dykes
intrude the Honje Formation in the vicinity of Cibitung.
The intrusive rocks are commonly porphyro-aphanitic
with dominant plagioclase and pyroxene phenocrysts.
Heterolithic milled matrix breccias (HMMB) with
diatreme affinities have been recognized intruding the
andesite intrusions. They occur in several clusters of
plug-like to dyke-like bodies generally 1 to 120 m wide,
4 C. A. ANGELES, S. PRIHATMOKO and J. S. WALKER RESOURCE GEOLOGY :

20 to >300 m long with depth extensions

539400nE
9254600 mN
N
from 20 to >200 m. They are more preva-
lent in the northern part of the drilled area,
e.g., Cikoneng (Figs. 4 and 5). The brec- Cikoneng
0 200m

cias consist of angular to rounded clasts of 2 1 Vein Vein zone

pre-mineral rocks set in rock flour or detri- 7
3 Drill Hole Location
12 4
tal volcanic matrix. The clasts are mainly 5 Drill hole location mentioned
basaltic andesite, fine volcaniclastics, por- in the text
1. AC.04
phyritic andesite, diorite and rare granodi- Cit 6 2. AC.05
oritic rocks (e.g., drill holes AC- 9253800mN
elu 11 Cibitung 3. CDDH.09
kR 4. AC.03
04/277.45-279.45 m, AC-05/314.5-316.0 ive 13 Vein
r 5. AC.36
8,10
m and CDDH-09/344-350.0 m). The brec- 9
6. AC.39
7. AC.01
cias vary from mosaic to slab breccias, to 8. AC.18A
rotational breccias and to fluidized-milled 14 9. AC.06
Cibeber 10. AC.13
matrix breccias. Carbonized wood clasts Vein 11. CDDH.35

570200mE
12. AC.02
are identified in some of the breccias (e.g., 13. AC.07
Melinjo
drill holes AC-03/ 45.3m, AC-04/291.5- Vein 14. CDDH.23 & CDDH.48
295.5m, AC-05/ 314.5-316 m, AC- Fig. 4 Cikoneng-Cibitung vein zone and drill hole locations.
36/10.75-12.25 m and AC-39/246.35-
247.65 m). This indicates that the breccias Early Hydrothermal Stages 2 Late Hydrothermal Stages
1
have vented to the surface incorporating
wood fragments into the interior of the
breccia bodies after the eruptive phase of Cikoneng Shoot
Cikoneng Vein
the diatreme formation. (Cymoid Bend)
The HMMB’s are spatially and geneti-
cally associated with the andesitic intru- Dominant Left-
sions. They are emplaced right after the Lateral NNE
Dominant Right- Faults
intrusives but before the development of Lateral WNW &
Extensional
epithermal veining. They are definitely (Right-Lateral) Cibitung Shoot
pre-mineral but some later ones are possi- NNW Faults Fi .
ble precursors of epithermal vein mineral-
ization as evidenced by the presence of N N
Cibitung Vein
fluidized milled pyrite-rich breccias cut by
the veins, e.g., drill hole AC-01/225 m
(Leach, 2000) and breccias with a 4
hydrothermal matrix of quartz and sul- Fig. 5 Schematic model of Cikoneng-Cibitung shoot development.
phides, e.g., drill hole AC-18A/308 m.
EARLY Increasing Dilation LATE
All of the above pre-mineral rocks are Increasing Gold
unconformably overlain by a thin veneer
Pre-Min Stockwork→Massive Crustiform Crustiform→Colloform
Clay - Matrix Post-MIn
of the post-mineral Cibaliung Tuff, gen- Veins Vein Veins Breccias Fault
Fluidished Mosaic → Milled
erally covering the NW-trending graben Brecias Q±Ad±Cb Q+Ad+Sul
Geouge
Vein Types

Q+Ad±BlCb Q+Cy Cy+Q+Sul

area except along the dissected drainages Chl+Cy
(Marjoribanks, 2000). The tuff is gener-
ally a few meters thick at the drilled area,
but may reach up to 30 m. A thin layer of
unconsolidated colluvium/alluvium con-
sisting of pre-mineral rocks and quartz
vein material is common at the base of
the tuff. This is indicative of erosion of 100
Au g/t

the pre-mineral rocks including the veins 10

prior to the deposition of the tuff. 1
Circular patterns within the Cibaliung 0

Tuff as interpreted from aerial photos are Abbreviation : Q: quartz, Ad: adularia, Cb: carbonate, Chl: chlorite, Cy: clay, Sul: sulfide,
Bl: bladed
located northeast and northwest of the Fig. 6 Sequence of hydrothermal stages (Modified after Leach, 2000).
vol. 52, no. 4, 2002 Cibaliung Epithermal Gold Deposit, Indonesia
drilled area (Fig. 2). These patterns can be interpreted as
evidence for volcanic cauldron collapse structures, and
may be the vents from which the tuff was derived
(Marjoribanks, 2000). It is also probable that the
Cibaliung Tuff is co-genetic and co-eval with the latest
stage of diatreme formation.
4. Local Structure
The gold prospects in Cibaliung occur within a NW-
trending structural corridor that is 3.5 km wide by at
least 6 km long (Fig. 2). It is fault-bounded and is con-
sidered to be a graben (Marjoribanks, 2000) or pull-
apart basin that was subsequently filled up by post-min-
eral dacitic tuffs (Leach, 2000). The two aligned sub-
vertical shoots, Cikoneng and Cibitung, are located on
the southwestern edge of the graben as dilational jogs
on a NNW-trending, steep dipping oblique-slip fault
zone, hosting the currently defined resource.
Ore shoots in the Cikoneng-Cibitung area occur in
complex dilational jogs and cymoid bends formed at
intersections between NW, NNW and NNE fault systems
(Walker, 2001). Mineralized zones are of considerably
greater vertical than lateral extent. The unusual geometry
is thought to result from the combined dilation effects of
the three major fault sets. During the early relatively gold-
poor hydrothermal stages, the right-lateral arc-parallel
NW fault sets were dominant, thereby creating large-scale
NNW dilational vein jogs (Fig. 5).
During the later gold-rich hydrothermal stages, the
left-lateral NNE set predominated, creating the two
high-grade shoots where the NNE set forms jogs on the
early relatively gold-poor NNW vein structures. Syn- to
post-mineral fault movement offsets mineralization.
These offsets occur along sub-vertical causative jog
structures cutting the Cikoneng and Cibitung shoots.
5. Alteration and Mineralization
A successive sequence of hydrothermal stages has
been defined (Leach, 2000; Leach and Corlett, 2000).
As illustrated in Figure 6, the stages are as follows:
1) Pre-mineral fluidized breccia - this event is occa-
sionally present near the veins (e.g., drill holes AC-
01/222.3 m, AC-06/154.35 m and AC-13/324.75 m).
This style of polyphasal crackle to fluidized brecciation,
that grades from early clay to later quartz/silica/pyrite-
rich breccias, is a common precursor to many epither-
mal vein systems (Corbett and Leach, 1998). These flu-
idized breccias, usually narrow and discontinuous, are
perceived to be later than the bigger bodies of
HMMB’s, which are generally weakly altered to chlo-
rite±epidote±carbonate.
2) Polyphasal vein development - the fluidized brec-
5
cias are cut by a later epithermal vein system that
grades from early stockwork/sheeted veins, through
massive, crustiform and crustiform-colloform (early
dominated by quartz-adularia to later dominated by
quartz-clay) veins, to late stage clay matrix breccias.
During the later stages, the abundance of clay minerals
and carbonates increases whereas the abundance of
quartz and adularia decreases. This sequence of events
reflects a change from a hydrothermal system dominat-
ed by up welling hot hydrothermal fluids, to one domi-
nated by cool condensate or surficial steam heated
waters (Leach and Corlett, 2000). It is to be noted that
not all vein zones have all of the stages shown below.
2a) Stockwork to sheeted quartz-calcite-adularia vein
(<0.5 g/t Au) - occurs along the margins of the main
epithermal vein system. In addition, the later formed
quartz veins grade downward into sheeted/stockwork
veins at deeper levels (e.g., at –140 m RL in drill hole
CDDH 09), and laterally flare into sheeted /stockwork
veins at shallow levels between Cikoneng and Cibitung
shoots (e.g., drill hole CDDH 35) and south of Cibitung.
The sheeted to stockwork veins generally consist of mas-
sive quartz-adularia±calcite veins that locally grade into
crustiform banded textures in the central portions of some
veins. These veins are typically barren of significant gold
mineralization.
2b) Massive vein (<2 g/t Au) - consists of coarse-
grained intergrowths of quartz, adularia and varying
abundance of calcite, with negligible sulphides. The
coarse-grained nature of the vein is indicative of slow
crystal growth within a relatively passive, and relatively
high temperature, hydrothermal environment. Wall rock
vein breccias consisting of wall rock clasts set in mas-
sive to crudely banded quartz-adularia matrix are genet-
ically associated with these veins and are found at the
edges of the vein zones near its contact with the wall
rocks. Both the massive and wallrock vein breccias
rarely contain significant gold mineralization.
2c) Crustiform banded vein (<3 g/t Au) - consists of
rhythmic bands of coarse quartz and/or adularia that
alternate with bands of finer grained quartz-adularia.
The crustiform textures are indicative of more rapidly
changing conditions as the up welling hydrothermal
fluid fluctuates between cooling quickly (depositing
fine-grained bands), possibly through boiling, and slow-
ly, thereby depositing coarser grained bands. The local
occurrence of quartz after bladed carbonate indicates
sporadic boiling conditions in response to sudden pres-
sure releases. Sulphides occur in only trace amounts and
only minimal gold mineralization is encountered.
2d) Crustiform–colloform banded vein (~1 - >30 g/t
Au) - grades from early crustiform-colloform bands of
quartz and adularia, to later ones in which there is pro-
gressive increase in the abundance of bands that contain
6 C. A. ANGELES, S. PRIHATMOKO and J. S. WALKER RESOURCE GEOLOGY :

clay (smectite and/or chloritic clay, SSE 4500mN 5000mN NNW

i.e., either chlorite-smectite or poor-
ly crystalline chlorite), calcite and Cibitung Shoot Cikoneng Shoot
locally kaolinite. The colloform 200mRL
bands are indicative of deposition 12.93 38.67 0.00 43.65 46.20
24.588.16 0.00
0.00
8.53 6.87
of amorphous material, and subse- 25.31
42.37 112.34 2.87
12.76
51.40
106.53 0.00
0.00 34.48 93.75
quent re-crystallization, and form in 30.05 0.00 104.73
41.24 102.8014.61 2.27
0.00 51.11 8.59 0.00 14.55 206.84 47.47
0.00 12.01
response to very rapidly changing 145.27
134.19 100.42 35.35
0 mRL 37.06
conditions (either boiling or 16.39 0.00
4.43
16.86
3.29
32.96 0.00
157.75 25.47 0.00 1.65
quenching). Although adularia can 0.00
31.46
70.90
11.66 33.57
be deposited either through boiling 64.44
30.14 5.88 0.00
or cooling, smectite and kaolinite

Axis
9.01

ot

5200N
4490N
clays, especially with carbonate

Sho
Axist
-200mRL

o
Sho
minerals are strongly suggestive of
deposition by mixing with cool sur-
<3 30 to 50
ficial waters. In places, very fine- 0 10m
HOLE LOCATION 3 to 10 50 to 100
grained sulphides are associated 45.27 m × g/t Au > 100
10 to 30
with thin dark quartz–adularia
bands and locally grade to >10-20 Fig. 7 Cikoneng-Cibitung connolly diagram (true width in meter x Au grade at 3
g/t Au. Some of the later clay-rich g/t cut-off).
bands are also sulphide-rich and are
associated with grades of >10 g/t Au. Relatively abundant considerably longer lateral dimensions than the mineral-
visible gold (up to 1-2 mm) was noted in dark kaolinite- ized shoots (retrograde stages 2d, 2e and 3) contained
sulphide-rich (especially chalcopyrite and sphalerite) within them (Walker, 2001). The early, massive to
bands in drill hole AC-01/223 – 224 m. banded quartz veins are effective host rocks for the min-
2e) Clay matrix breccia (~5 - 30 g/t Au) - occurs as eralized shoots, readily fracturing in response to cross-
hydraulically emplaced breccias in which quartz-adular- cutting NNE right-lateral strike-slip faulting. Shoots
ia vein clasts are set in a fine-grained clay (mainly formed when movement on the NNE faults became
smectite or chloritic clay)-calcite-quartz-sulphide dominant and jogs formed where they crossed the NNW
matrix. These breccias consist of crackle, rotational, faults (Cikoneng) and WNW faults (Cibitung).
mosaic and fluidized breccias that indicate progressive- Potential ore-grade material is almost invariably carried
ly increasing degrees of fracturing, clast rotation and in the retrograde stages 2d, 2e and 3, with the bulk hosted
transportation. These breccias are typically high grade, by stage 2e materials. In general, the highest grades are
with the grade increasing with the increase in matrix to hosted in the vein-breccias where the matrix is quartz
clast ratios. In later more clay-rich breccias, there is a dominated. Significant gold grades are occasionally host-
progressive decrease in quartz content that is inferred to ed by stockwork directly in the hanging wall contact of
represent a decrease in the input of the up welling fluids the shoots, and in stockworked wall rocks within the
and this is accompanied by a corresponding decrease in shoots. Both the Cikoneng and Cibitung shoots display a
gold grades. central core of maximum dilation, defined by grade multi-
3) Post-mineral fault gouge (<1 - 10 g/t Au) - this cuts plied by thickness contours (Connolly diagram), with a
many of the earlier vein stages as either sizeable gougy steep southerly rake within the mineralized structure
highly fractured zones or clay (smectite)/pyrite-filled (Fig. 7). Both the Cibitung and Cikoneng shoots appear
fractures extending into the adjacent mineralized veins. on deposit scale to contain continuously mineralized
When adjacent to a mineralized vein intercept, the fault zones consistent with the shoot-scale nature of the
gouge may contain vein material, thereby termed fault- deposit-controlling dilational jogs.
vein. Locally, fault-veins can carry significant mineral- Syn- to post-mineral fault movement offsets mineral-
ization. Although mostly post-mineral, fault-vein com- ization. Offset occurs along sub-vertical causative jog
monly grades into smectite/chloritic clay-matrix domi- structures cutting the Cikoneng and Cibitung shoots,
nated vein breccia and is therefore partly syn-mineral and also along conjugate, sub-vertical NNW faults cut-
also. Faulting along the edge and interior of the shoots ting the Cikoneng shoot at high-angles (Fig. 5).
is common, as would be expected because the mineral- 5.1. Shoot geometry
ized structure facilitated transfer of fault movement
across the jog. Cikoneng and Cibitung that host the currently defined
The early stages 2a, 2b and 2c quartz veins display resource occur as sub-vertical shoots within a NNW-strik-
vol. 52, no. 4, 2002 Cibaliung Epithermal Gold Deposit, Indonesia 7

5000mE 5200mE 5100mE 5300mE

A B AC-030 AC-027A
160mRL
AC-001

024

A
018
DH_

AC-
CD
AC-020
AC-040

18A
AC--0
CD

160mRL
CD

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LITHOLOGY Andesite Breccia ALTERATION

Vein
Soil Porphyritic Andesite Shoot: grade ≥ 3.0 g/t Au
Dacitic Tuff Dacitic Ignimbrite Chlorite Fault
Smectite ± Illite Mineralised Intercept
Volcaniclastic Sediments Diatreme Cut-off grade ≥ 3.0 g/t Au

Fig. 8 Geology and alteration of the representative cross-sections. (A) Cikoneng (5200N) and (B) Cibitung (4490N).

ing vein system of considerable width, i.e., <5 to 18 m, of the Cikoneng shoot, the vein structure appears to
steeply dipping to the east (Fig. 7). The Cikoneng shoot is split into several lower grade veins and pinch out at
located at the northern end while Cibitung shoot is at the depth. South of Cibitung, the vein flares into a zone of
southern end, about 400 m away (Figs. 4 and 7). Most of stockworking at surface consolidating into several gold-
the gold is confined at +120 to 0 m RL at Cikoneng and at poor fault/vein zones at depth.
+120 to –140 m RL at Cibitung (Fig. 7). Silver generally Discontinuous gold-silver mineralization is also rec-
increases at depth, reaching >80 g/t at +40 to 0 m RL at ognized in two other vein systems, the NE-striking
Cikoneng and 0 to –40 m RL at Cibitung. Cibeber and N-S-striking Melinjo, located about 600 m
The widths for both shoots are almost the same. WSW of Cibitung. They comprise several sub-parallel 1
Cikoneng is about 2 to 10 m wide while Cibitung is 1 to to 2 m wide veins with minimum strike lengths of 200
8 m wide. In terms of strike length, Cikoneng is 200 m to 300 m. Both systems have been tested down to about
while Cibitung is 140 m long. Both shoots extends 130 m below the surface.
down to >300 m and are still open at depth. Cibitung is
5.2. Ore mineralogy
relatively simple in geometry, i.e., one main shoot with
no splays and splits. Cikoneng is more complex. It has 5.2.1. Vein: Gold-silver mineralization associated with
one main shoot at the central portion and splays to sev- base metal-bearing sulphides is generally accompanied
eral narrower sub-shoots to the north and south. The with the later hydrothermal stages 2d, 2e and 3.
main shoot also has several hanging wall splits (Fig. Precious metal deposition is mainly associated with
8A). The largest split is about 2-4 m wide and located at clay-rich bands where they alternate with late stage
Section Lines 5120 - 5240N. quartz-adularia bands. Gold and silver also occur in
The two shoots, together with their peripheral vein trace amounts in early quartz-adularia bands and
and stockwork zones define a known vein/stockwork extends into the late stage formation of clay-matrix
system with a minimum strike length of 1,300 m. North breccias (Leach and Corlett, 2000).
8 C. A. ANGELES, S. PRIHATMOKO and J. S. WALKER RESOURCE GEOLOGY :

Sulphides generally comprise <1 vol % of the vein, together with chalcopyrite, tennantite-tetrahedrite and Ag
with pyrite as the earliest and most common species. sulphide/selenide in drill hole AC-01/222.44 m together
Besides pyrite, micron-sized arsenopyrite (S. Williams, with visible electrum (Leach and Corlett, 2000). Hessite
pers. com., 1997) and marcasite were noted (Leach and (Ag2Te) usually occurs as free grains, sometimes contain-
Corlett, 2000; S. Williams, pers. com., 1997). Very fine ing inclusions of electrum. Although they occur in close
grained sulphides, usually only tens of microns in diam- proximity, hessite has not been seen intergrown with chal-
eter, had been identified by ore microscopy and micro- copyrite, sphalerite and galena (APS, 2000c). Stromeye-
probe work to be a mixture of base metal sulphides rite (AgCuS) was noted also in drill hole AC-01/222.44
together with electrum and silver minerals (Leach and m. It is associated with late carbonate fill, locally inti-
Corlett, 2000; APS, 2000c). mately intergrown with aguilarite (Corlett, 2000).
The base metal sulphides are mainly chalcopyrite,
5.2.2. Wall rock: Pyrite is the only sulphide present in
sphalerite and galena, and minor to trace amounts of bor-
the wall rock lithologies. It occurs mainly as dissemina-
nite and tennantite-tetrahedrite. Sphalerite is generally
tions and rarely as fracture fills and stringers. It is abun-
iron-poor and may contain cadmium (to 2.2 wt%). Pyrite,
dant near to the veins and in smectite and illite domi-
chalcopyrite, bornite and sphalerite commonly host inclu-
nant alteration types at the hanging wall side, averaging
sions of electrum. Intergrowths of electrum have been
about 1 to 3 vol %. In chloritic to propylitic alteration,
noted with chalcopyrite, bornite and galena. Intergrowths
pyrite is less, about <1 to 1 vol %.
with Ag sulphide/selenides are noted also with galena,
bornite and sphalerite. Altaite (PbTe) is also suspected as 5.3. Gangue mineralogy
inclusions in bornite in drill hole AC-02/89.8 m.
5.3.1. Vein: The major vein mineral constituents are
Gold occurs mainly as electrum, with a close spatial
quartz and adularia, especially in the early hydrothermal
association with silver minerals (APS, 1999, 2000b,
stages. Minor amounts of carbonate are sometimes pre-
2000c; Leach and Corlett, 2000; Corlett, 2000). It
sent, mainly as calcite and occasionally as
occurs as free grains intergrown with clays and carbon-
rhodochrosite. Rhodonite may also be present with
ate that, in places, fill cavities in quartz-adularia bands;
rhodochrosite (Leach, 2000). In both the later retrograde
as intergrowths and overgrowths on quartz-adularia;
hydrothermal stages and at the deeper portions of the
and as inclusions in, overgrowths on, and intergrowths
vein system, clay (smectite, poorly crystalline chlorite,
with sulphide minerals, especially in the clay-rich bands
interlayered chlorite-smectite and illite-smectite), chlo-
(Leach and Corlett, 2000). Most of the electrum occurs
rite and carbonate are locally significant vein con-
as overgrowths or intergrowths with other sulphide min-
stituents. At Cibitung, paragonite was detected in drill
erals while very little is free in clays or carbonates.
hole AC-07/244.6 m (Leach and Corlett, 2000). The
Rarely, Ag sulphide/selenides and hessite are inter-
occurrence of 10.1 Å illite at 66.7 m in drill hole
grown or host inclusions of electrum (APS, 2000c).
CDDH-23 (at 50 m from the current surface) at
Grain size ranges from <1 to up to 260 mm, but gener-
Cibitung indicates a minimum of 200-250 m erosion
ally average about 25 to 50 mm. It is finer grained,
since mineralization (Leach and Corlett, 2000).
about 7-10 mm, where it occurs as inclusions in sul-
There is no apparent zonation in clays at Cikoneng,
phides and coarsest where it overgrows sulphides and
with smectite and minor interlayered chlorite-smectite
fills cavities in quartz-adularia bands. The mean gold
being the only clay minerals detected, even over depth
fineness ranges from 422 to 670, which is typical of
intervals of 160 m. These clays indicate that precious
epithermal deposits (Corlett, 2000; APS, 2000c).
metal mineralization took place at temperatures of
Silver occurs mainly as Ag sulphide/selenide and elec-
lower than 150 ºC and near neutral pH conditions (pH
trum and rarely as native silver, polybasite, hessite and
5-6) (Leach and Corlett, 2000). On the other hand, min-
stromeyerite. Scout electron microprobe studies (S.
eralization associated with illite and interlayered illite-
Williams, pers. com., 1997; APS, 2000b; Corlett, 2000)
smectite at the upper parts of Cibitung implies higher
had shown that some if not most of the argentite (Ag2S)
mineralization temperatures of around 180-220ºC at
identified microscopically is actually aguilarite (Ag4SeS)
slightly acidic conditions (pH~5).
and naumannite (Ag2Se). Silver sulphide/selenides may
occur as intergrowths with chalcopyrite and sphalerite 5.3.2. Wall rock: Prior to epithermal vein mineraliza-
and rarely pyrite, polybasite and galena. Inclusions of tion, weak thermal metamorphism to metasomatic alter-
electrum in Ag sulphide/selenides are also common. ation has affected the Honje volcanic pile due to the intru-
Native silver has been identified especially in the deep- sions of the andesite plugs and dykes (APS, 2000a). This
er portions of the shoots where Ag grades are very high. It is evidenced by petrography done on drill hole CDDH-
is usually associated with galena and sphalerite. 48/123.3 m at Cibitung. The replacement assemblage
Polybasite [(Ag,Cu)6Sb2S11], a Ag sulphosalt, was noted comprising albite/K-feldspar-quartz-magnetite-garnet-epi-
vol. 52, no. 4, 2002 Cibaliung Epithermal Gold Deposit, Indonesia
dote-clinopyroxene is indicative of conductive heat trans-
fer while an associated quartz-magnetite-albite-epidote
vein mineralogy indicates a metasomatic component dur-
ing this stage of alteration.
During the early hydrothermal stages (2a, 2b and 2c),
alteration of the wall rock lithologies is characterized by
pervasive chlorite and adularia with variable minor
amounts of quartz and zoisite and/or epidote. Minor over-
prints of later smectite-illite and/or smectite is common
including sporadic occurrence of laumontite (zeolite) ±
calcite. From considerations of the crystallinity of the
illitic clay and the presence of zoisite and laumontite,
temperatures of hydrothermal alteration (and mineraliza-
tion) are considered to be in the order of 220 to 250°C
(APS, 1999).
During the later retrograde hydrothermal stages (2d,
2e and 3), pervasive smectite-dominant alteration over-
prints the chlorite+adularia alteration. This alteration
type comprises variable amounts of smectite, interlay-
ered illite-smectite and chlorite-smectite, poorly crys-
talline chlorite, carbonate and rare occurrence of
prehnite and anhydrite.
In terms of zonation, smectite dominant alteration
forms an envelope around the vein zones. At Cikoneng
(Fig. 8A), it is generally wide at near surface (~300 m at
+160 m RL) and narrows down at depth (50 m at –80 m
RL). At Cibitung (Fig. 8B), it is narrower and irregular in
shape, i.e., <5 to 15 m at the hanging wall side and <10 to
40 m at the footwall side. Away from the smectite domi-
nant zone, chlorite+adularia alteration predominates. It
also occurs as remnant patches within the smectitic zones
(Fig. 8A) and may also be in direct contact with the vein
zones (Fig. 8B). Due to insufficient petrographic work, it
is not clear how far laterally the chlorite+adularia zone
extends away from the vein zone. This alteration zone is
quite extensive though, as all rocks at the drilled area are
affected. This may be due to the permeable nature of the
volcanic pile (APS, 1999). It is inferred that further away
from the smectite dominant and chlorite+adularia zones,
the alteration fades away as weakly developed chlorite-
calcite and then to unaltered rocks.
6. Supergene Alteration
Weathering associated with supergene oxidation is
generally shallow, about several meters below the sur-
face. Within the vein zones, however, complete super-
gene oxidation generally reaches down to 40 to 80 m
deep. The base of partial oxidation is deeper in Cibitung
(>300 m) than in Cikoneng (~200 m).
The major change in the depth of oxidation occurs at
the southern end of the Cikoneng shoot (Micromine
Consulting, 2001). The weathering profile follows the
surface topography until it crosses the fault zone where
9
it extends at depth following the structure. Clearly,
weathering has permeated to greater depths exploiting
the fracture zones.
The reason for Cibitung having deeper oxidation is
not yet clear. Possible explanations are that it is nearer
to the main river or the fault zone is more intense com-
pared to Cikoneng, or a combination of both. There is
not much change in the vein mineralogy during oxida-
tion except for the replacement of the minor amounts of
sulphides by limonite and concomitant leaching out of
the base metals and silver. There seems to be no major
supergene re-mobilization and enrichment of gold in the
oxidized portions of the mineralized veins.
7. Discussion and Conclusions
Gold-silver vein mineralization in Cibaliung is charac-
teristic of the low-sulphidation epithermal adularia-
sericite type (Hayba et al., 1985; Bonham, 1986) or the
epithermal quartz gold-silver vein style (Corbett and
Leach, 1998; Leach and Corlett, 2000). Just like all miner-
al deposits, however, Cibaliung has some subtle differ-
ences, which makes it unique. Firstly, the early extensive
quartz-adularia-rich veins do not carry appreciable
amounts of precious metals, whereas precious metals
associated with adularia-quartz stage has been reported
from the Hishikari deposit (Izawa et al., 1990; Nagayama,
1993; Hayashi et al., 2000; Etoh et al., 2002; Imai and
Uto, 2002). It is the later relatively narrower clay-rich
veins and breccias that define the mineralized shoots.
Secondly, the mineralized shoots are of considerably
greater vertical than lateral extent, a feature not commonly
found in epithermal vein deposits. The unusual geometry
is thought to result from the structural and hydrological
complexity in the formation of the veins. Lastly, the pres-
ence of selenides as the main silver minerals is also not
common. Cibaliung is not alone in this respect. Silver
selenides have been documented at similar deposits such
as Gunung Pongkor (Milesi et al., 1999) and Hishikari,
Japan (Izawa et al., 1990; Corlett, 2000).
The probable age of the gold-silver vein mineraliza-
tion at Cibaliung can be constrained to a narrow range.
Since the veins formed during the hiatus between the
folding/uplift of the Late Miocene Honje Formation and
deposition of the Cibaliung Tuff (Marjoribanks, 2000),
the lower age limit of the mineralization is Late
Miocene. The upper age limit is Quaternary since the
Quaternary basalts are definitely post-mineral. A pre-
liminary dating (40Ar/39Ar) of two hydrothermal alter-
ation samples from drill holes AC-13 and AC-15 yielded
11 Ma (Agung Harijoko, written com., 2001). This con-
firmed that Cibaliung vein system has a significant age
difference to the ages of the mineral deposits in the Bayah
Dome, e.g., 2.05 ± 0.05 Ma for Gunung Pongkor (Milesi
10 C. A. ANGELES, S. PRIHATMOKO and J. S. WALKER
et al., 1999), and 2.5 ± 0.6 to 1.5 ± 0.01 Ma for Ciawitali,
Cirotan and Cipangleseran (Marcoux and Milesi, 1994).
So far, the related igneous activity responsible for the
gold-silver mineralization has not been identified.
Although the andesite intrusives and associated heterolith-
ic milled matrix breccias are pre-mineral, some of the
later fluidized breccias (i.e., hydrothermal stage 1) are
suspected to be precursors of epithermal vein systems
(Leach, 2000). These breccias have been noted also at
Pongkor (Milesi et al., 1999). Marjoribanks (2000)
inferred that the gold mineralization is associated with a
volcanic intrusive center. The center, defined by the 3 × 2
km annular potassium radiometric anomaly at the eastern
edge of the vein system, is now largely concealed below
the Cibaliung Tuff. The center, if it exists, formed during
the hiatus between the folding/uplift of the Honje
Formation and deposition of the Cibaliung Tuff.
In other epithermal vein deposits of Java and South
Sumatra, such as at Pongkor or Rawas, gold-bearing
quartz veins are associated with late normal faults which
cut the rim of circular cauldron-collapse structures
(Marjoribanks, 2000; Milesi et al., 1999). Some other
indirect evidences of the volcanic intrusive center are the
circular patterns interpreted from aerial photos and a
coincident positive potassium radiometric anomaly and
aeromagnetic high. The NW-trending structural corridor
through the area of gold mineralization may well have
been focussed by this volcanic intrusive center.
The pervasive adularia replacement of the mafic to
intermediate rocks at the drilled area is a rare phenome-
non. This has to be due to the potassic nature of the up
welling hydrothermal fluid (Leach, 2000). Rhyolite
intrusions and extrusions are common in the back arc
setting of Sumatra and Java (Leach, 2000), and rhyolite
domes crop out approximately 10km north of the
Cibaliung area (Prihatmoko, 2000). It is therefore spec-
ulated that the hydrothermal system at Cibaliung is
related to rhyolitic magmatism at depth in back arc rift-
ing setting (Leach, 2000).
It is postulated that the early quartz-adularia-calcite
vein stages were deposited from a hot, up welling boil-
ing fluid, whereas the later clay-sulphide-carbonate vein
stages were deposited from the mixing of these
upwelling fluids with cool surficial waters. Gold-silver
and base metal mineralization are not associated with
the early quartz-adularia veins, in the similar way that
the quartz-adularia assemblages at Broadlands, New
Zealand are virtually barren of mineralization (Leach
and Corlett, 2000).
It is therefore reasonable to conclude that the dominant
mechanism for gold-silver and base metal sulphide miner-
alization at Cibaliung is the mixing of up welling metal-
bearing solution with cool, relatively oxidized near-sur-
face fluids (Leach, 2000; Leach and Corlett, 2000). The
RESOURCE GEOLOGY :
strongly focused dilational structural environment is
thought to have been the mechanism for focusing fluid
flows, both up welling and descending, forming pipe-like
mineralized bodies in the rhomboidal dilation zones.
Based on hydrothermal clay species, it is interpreted
that the temperatures of the gold-poor hydrothermal
stages (2a, 2b and 2c) are in the order of 220 to 250°C
(APS, 1999), while those of the retrograde gold-rich
hydrothermal stages (2d, 2e and 3) took place under lower
temperatures (<150 to 220°C) at near neutral pH (5-6)
conditions (Leach and Corlett, 2000). The mineralization
temperatures during the retrograde stages at Cibitung
(~180-220°C) are higher than Cikoneng (<150°C), while
the pH at Cibitung is slightly lower, i.e., from about pH 5
to pH 5-6 (Leach and Corlett, 2000). The inferred differ-
ence in mineralization temperatures is caused by different
hydrological regimes rather than any fault displacement
between the two vein systems. The higher temperatures of
mineralization at Cibitung may reflect closer proximity to
the source of mineralized fluids, or less significant input
of surficial waters during mineralization.
Although more laboratory data such as fluid inclusion
and isotopic studies are required, the above models will
certainly help future workers in vectoring towards the
high grade shoots within apparently barren quartz veins
in the area. These models highlight that mineralization
in epithermal quartz Au-Ag systems is not uniform
along the vein structures, and that mineralization is
dependent on unique conditions to precipitate precious
metals from an up welling hydrothermal fluid (Leach,
2000). The absence of gold in an epithermal vein does
not necessarily indicate that the vein is uniformly absent
of mineralization throughout.
Acknowledgements: The authors express their apprecia-
tion to the management of Austindo Resources
Corporation NL and International Antam Resources Ltd.
for allowing us to publish this paper. We are indebted to
all the technical staffs who have helped in the data collec-
tion, discussions and interpretations.
Special mention is extended to Terry Leach, Roger
Marjoribanks, Graeme Corlett and Anthony Coote, our
consultants who formed the core of the ideas presented in
this paper. Constructive reviews by John Carlile, Terry
Leach, Drew Henry and Colin Davies are also gratefully
acknowledged.
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