Grammar &

Exercises 2

DESARROLLO

Paula López Moreno

Diseño Creativo

Paula López Moreno

 CONTENTS:

6 R&C SIXTEEN: Plural nouns

13 R&C SEVENTEEN: Countable Nouns
Uncountable Nouns
Much – Many
How much – How many
22 R&C EIGHTEEN: Prepositions
Most common prepositions
31 R&C NINETEEN: Verbs followed by prepositions
38 THIRD JUMP: Prove yourself!
48 R&C TWENTY-ONE: 0RGL¿HUV$GMHFWLYHVDQG$GYHUEV
$GYHUEVRIIUHTXHQF\
  &RPSDUDWLYH6XSHUODWLYH$GMHFWLYHV

4 Grammar & Exercises 2

 59 R&C TWENTY-TWO: Imperatives
66 R&C TWENTY-THREE: Modal Verbs
Modal Verbs Can, Could and Would
75 R&C TWENTY-FOUR: Modal Verbs May and Might
82 R&C TWENTY FIVE: Modal Verbs Must and Should
89 R&C TWENTY-SIX: Coordinating Conjunctions
96 R&C TWENTY-SEVEN: Subordinating Conjunctions
105 R&C TWENTY-EIGHT: The verb TO GET
112 R&C TWENTY-NINE: “Used to”
“Get used to”
“Be used to”
121 FOURTH JUMP: Prove yourself!

life experience 5

Carlos and Joany are on the pho-
ne.
They are talking about their jobs
and Carlos is specially interested
in Joany’s business.
I love children – she explains –
especially girls. $QG,¶YHDOZD\V
loved fashion too. So selling
clothes to little girls is something
that I enjoy very much. Some-
times it feels like playing with
dolls, if you know what I mean.
Do you design the clothes you
sell? – He asks – Not all of it. I
only design the dresses. – She
explains. The rest are prêt-a-por-
ter clothes I buy here and there.
6 Grammar & Exercises 2
sixteen
Then they talk about Carlos’
work.
He decided to study plastic sur-
gery because he thought he
could help people improve their
VHOIFRQ¿GHQFH
Carlos told Joany that his elder
VLVWHU $QWRQLD VXIIHUHG VHULRXV
burnings during a car accident
and he saw how important it was
for her, from the psychological
point of view, to have her hands
back to normal.
So those are the surgeries I like
the most. - he says - But nowa-
days I am usually required for
breast implants.
They laugh out loud.
Writing...

life experience 7
 Writing...

8 Grammar & Exercises 2

 Reading and
comprehension

Plural Nouns

Plural nouns indicate that there is more than one of something.

Rules of formation:

1) Most nouns simply add S in 2) Nouns that end in S, SS, SH,

the plural: CH, X
Add es in the plural:
Examples:
Examples:
computer - computers
dog - dogs Box- boxes
eraser - erasers Brush- brushes
Class- classes

life experience 9
 3) Nouns that end in a conso- 4) If the noun ends in a vowel
nant + y +y
Change the y to i and add es. Just add the S.

Examples: Examples:

baby- babies key- keys

city- cities monkey- monkeys
body- bodies boy- boys

Note: These are some exceptions.

5) Some nouns that end in F in 6) Many nouns are irregular in

the plural change the F to V the plural.
and then add es

Examples: Examples:

wolf- wolves man- men

half- halves person - people
wife- wives child- children

10 Grammar & Exercises 2

1- Write the plural form of the following words.

Knife ____________
Paper ____________
Document ____________
Guy ____________
Foot ____________
Sandwich ____________
Tooth ____________

2- Circle the plural nouns from the following text.

I decided to study plastic surgery because I thought I could help people

LPSURYHWKHLUVHOIFRQ¿GHQFH0\HOGHUVLVWHU$QWRQLDVXIIHUHGVHULRXV
burnings during a car accident and I saw how important it was for her
from the psychological point of view, to have her hands back to normal.

So those are the surgeries I like the most. But what I am usually requi-
red for nowadays is to put breast implants.

life experience 11
 3- Match the following irregular noun with its plu-
ral form.
Curriculum Mice

Mouse Women

Woman Curricula

Goose Geese

4- Reading and comprehension questions.

What are Joany and Carlos talking about on the phone?

________________________________________________________

Why did Carlos decide to study plastic surgery?

________________________________________________________

What is the name of Carlos’ elder sister?

________________________________________________________

:KDWKDSSHQHGWR$QWRQLDGXULQJWKHFDUDFFLGHQW"

________________________________________________________

Nowadays, which is the most required surgery?

________________________________________________________

12 Grammar & Exercises 2

 seventeen
Joany is at work putting in order HGVWR¿JXUHRXW how much she
the new merchandise. could pay and for how many
hours a week she would need
She needs to have the inventory another person in the store.
done because she needs to know
how many new shirts, trousers,
t-shirts, belts, purses, dresses
and skirts arrived in this ship-
ment.

$IWHUWKDWVKHZLOOQHHGWRGRWKH
price list, so she also needs to
know how much each thing is
going to cost her and how much
she is going to charge.

6RRQ VKH ¿QGV RXW VKH GLGQ¶W

get as many skirts as she asked
for, so she will have to call the
supplier. Skirts are selling really
well this summer.

She is a little tired; it’s too much

work for her alone. She knows
she would do much better if she
KDG D KHOSHU EXW ¿UVW VKH QH-

life experience 13
 Writing...

14 Grammar & Exercises 2

Writing...

life experience 15
 Reading and
comprehension

Countable Nouns
Countable nouns are things that
you can count.

We can use LQGH¿QLWHDUWLFOHV with

countable nouns.

Example:

D pencil
D chair
D coin
DQ orange

16 Grammar & Exercises 2

 Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns are the

things that can’t be counted.

They can be substances, abstract

things or elements that cannot
be separated into elements.

For example, we cannot count

“milk” but we can count bottles
of milk or liters of milk.
Example:
Note: Uncountable nouns usua-
OO\QHHGTXDQWL¿HUVEHFDXVHWKH\
don’t have plurals. Containers are
TXDQWL¿HUV

love
Example:
sugar
water
one dollar and not one money.
gas
one kilogram of sugar and not
one sugar.

life experience 17
 Much - Many

Many and much mean “a lot”

We use much with uncounta- We use many with countable

ble nouns. Uncountable nouns nouns. Countable nouns can go
always go in singular. We use in singular and plural. We use
much to replace the TXDQWLW\ many in plural to replace the
QXPEHU

Examples: Examples:

30 kilos of sugar 20 oranges

much sugar many oranges.

180 liters of water 100 people

much water many people

18 Grammar & Exercises 2

 How much - How many

How much and how many

are used to ask the quantity or
amount of something.

How much is used for uncounta- How many is used for countable
ble nouns. nouns.

Examples: Examples:

How much do you love me? How many people did you invi-
te?
How much sugar do you take? How many skirts did you buy?

life experience 19
 1- Write “countable” or “uncountable” next to the
following nouns.

Jelly ___________________________________
Bread ___________________________________
 $OFRKRO BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
Oil ___________________________________
Magazine ___________________________________
Car ___________________________________

2- Formulate the questions using how much and

how many.
I have three chairs.
____________________________________________________?
I missed you a lot.
____________________________________________________?
He needs two radios.
____________________________________________________?
I don’t drink much wine.
____________________________________________________?

20 Grammar & Exercises 2

3- Write if there is “much” or “many” according to
the picture.

There are __________ eggs.

There is __________ wine in the glass.

There are __________ apples.

There are not __________ cookies.

There in not __________ cereal in the plate.

There is not __________ milk in the bottle.

There is __________ butter.

life experience 21

Every time Christina goes from
Sevenland to Capital City, she
travels by plane. She likes to
sit in the aisle seat; she always
puts her purse on her lap and her
briefcase under the seat.
At Capital City Christina visits
her father in the nursing home
and takes him out for a walk.
eighteen
they walk through the City Park
and Papa Brown talks about his
younger years.
Christina stays in Capital City
only for a couple of days, but she
is with her father all the time.

When they’re together, among

RWKHU WKLQJV WKH\ EULQJ ÀRZHUV
to Momma Brown at the ce-
metery and visit as many book
shops as possible, because Papa
Brown loves to read.

After they buy the books, they

sometimes go for an ice-cream
or a hot chocolate – depending
RQ WKH ZHDWKHU $QG before
going back to the nursing home

22 Grammar & Exercises 2

Writing...

life experience 23
 Writing...

24 Grammar & Exercises 2

 Reading and
comprehension

Prepositions
Prepositions describe a relationship between words in a sentence,
such as time, place, purpose, cause, comparison, etc.

at - in - on
Prepositions of time: Prepositions of place:

At – It is used with times (hour) 7KH\DUHXVHGWRVKRZDVSHFL¿F

DQG VRPH ¿[HG H[SUHVVLRQ VXFK place or location.
as: at sunset, at noon, at night.
In is used when a noun ( person,
In – It is used for long periods thing) is inside a place.
of time such as: years, months,
seasons, afternoons, mornings.
At is used to refer to a general
location.
On – It is used with days and da-
tes. On monday, on July 15th.
On is used to express that the
subject is on top of something.

life experience 25
 Most common prepositions

about before by way of

above behind down
according to below during
across beneath for
after beside from
against besides in
around between in addition to
at beyond in front of
because of by in place of

in regard to on till
in spite of on account of to
inside out toward
instead of out of under
into outside until
like over up
near since upon
of through with
off throughout without

26 Grammar & Exercises 2

1- Write the preposition that should be used to
describe the location of the ball.

life experience 27
28 Grammar & Exercises 2
2- Fill in the blanks with the appropriate preposi-
tion of time.

Leo was _____ home when his friends arrived.

I will be waiting for you ______ the restaurant _____ six o’clock.
0\ELUWKGD\LVBBBBBBB$XJXVW
0\IDYRULWHVHDVRQLVVSULQJBBBBBBBBBB6SULQJWKHÀRZHUVEORRPDQG
I love that!
Mary sat ______ the table with her boyfriend.

3- Formulate sentences, use the following prepo-

sitions:

Instead of -______________________________________________
Throughout - ____________________________________________
Since - _________________________________________________
Because of - _____________________________________________

life experience 29
 4- Reading and comprehension questions.

How does Christina travel from Sevenland to Capital city?

_____________________________________________________.

Where does she like to sit?

_____________________________________________________.

In the airplane, where does she put her things?

_____________________________________________________.

Where is Christina’s father?

_____________________________________________________.

For how long does Christina stay in Capital City?

_____________________________________________________.

30 Grammar & Exercises 2

 nineteen
Cindy Diaz wakes up very early
every morning. She sets on the
alarm clock to 5:30, gets up
immediately and starts her day
working out for an hour in her
home-gym.
Then she tidies up her room, and
goes out to prepare breakfast
for her and Christina.
To wake her friend up Cindy turns
on the television. When Chris-
tina comes out of her room,
breakfast is ready. So, they have
breakfast together and have a
short conversation to catch up
on their daily lives. Then Chris-
tina washes the dishes, Cindy
turns off the TV and they go
out to work at 7:30.
$WVFKRROWKH\ERWKKDYHWRput
up with a lot of pressure and res-
ponsibilities. To let out the stress
of the week, they go out almost
every Sunday.
They found out about this very
nice French restaurant, so they’re
planning to go there as soon as
Christina gets back from Capital
City.
life experience 31
 Writing...

32 Grammar & Exercises 2

Writing...

life experience 33
 Reading and
comprehension

Verbs followed
by prepositions

Some expressions in English

require a verb to be followed by
a preposition.

You often do not notice the pre-

position when you speak English,
but you will incorrectly think you
need to provide a Spanish equi-
valent when you translate these
expressions.

34 Grammar & Exercises 2

 Some verbs
followed by prepositions
and their meaning in Spanish

to turn on encender
to turn off apagar
to go down bajar
to go up subir
to get down agacharse
to get up levantarse
to hang up colgar (el telf.)
to look at mirar
to look for buscar
to look after cuidar de
to work out hacer ejercicios
to put up soportar
to take off despegar (avion)

life experience 35
 1- Use the correct preposition:
about, after, with, for, up, in, of, off, on, over, to.

Look ________________ yourself!

He usually wakes _________________ at 7:00 a.m.
I have always dreamed _______________ being a famous actress.
Turn _____________ the radio, please.
I don’t want to argue ___________ Chad ___________ that.
You have to wait ____________ the letter.
I like to listen_________ music.
She needs to concentrate _________ studying.
I am excited ___________ the new aerobic class.
If you work hard you can succeed _________ reaching your goal.

2- Formulate sentences using the following

verbs:

Go back - ___________________________________________
Come out - ___________________________________________
$VNIRU BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
Come in - ___________________________________________

36 Grammar & Exercises 2

3- Match the verb with its synonymous.

stand by adhere to
stick to take care of
look after support in a dispute

4- Reading and comprehension questions.

What time does Cindy wake up?

________________________________________________________
What does Cindy do to wake Christina up?
________________________________________________________
What do they do during breakfast?
________________________________________________________
What do they do to let out the stress?
________________________________________________________

life experience 37
 third
$WWKHYHW
FOOCHI: Hey, Gunther, long time
no see. How is life treating you?
GUNTHER: How are you my
friend? You know how this is, the
body doesn’t work as it used to;
my liver is not quite good, and
my ulcers are back.
FOOCHI: So, what’s the doctor
going to do?
GUNTHER: Well, I came for a
general check up, and I know
they’re going to give me some
drugs. What about you?
FOOCHI: Oh, it’s very embarras-
sing, so please don’t tell anyone.
The other day master pushed me
off the bed and I didn’t fall on my
OHJV , MXVW ÀRSSHG RQ WKH ÀRRU
So, he’s taking me to check my
balance sense.
38 Grammar & Exercises 2
GUNTHER: Ha ha ha, that is very
IXQQ\ $QG \RX NQRZ" ,W PXVW
be funny, because I don’t have a
sense of humor.
FOOCHI: Yeah, go ahead and
laugh. Hey, how’s your wife?
GUNTHER: I don’t know. I don’t
see her since the night our tank
run out of oxygen. That night I
went to sleep, and when I woke
up she was gone.
FOOCHI: That’s sad. Err, alright
Gunther, err, they’re calling me
and my master in now. Err, I’ve
got to go. Nice seeing you.
GUNTHER: Yes, same here.
$XIYLHGHUVHQP\IULHQG
life experience 39
 Every other week
Two months from now
The other day
The day before yesterday
The day after tomorrow
In a minute
Next time
Next week
Next year
On Monday
On Thursday
$WHLJKW
$W¿YH
In the evening
In the morning

40 Grammar & Exercises 2

That’s right, ma’am
Yes, sir
Good morning, ladies!
Come in, gentlemen!
Ladies and gentlemen.

Who are you looking at?

Whom did she come with?
Whose shoes are those?
What am I waiting for?
Where is he going to?
Where are you coming from?
What for?
Have a nice trip! Who are you sending roses to?
Have a safe journey! What is she talking about?
Drive safe! How many ... ... are there ...?
Good luck! How much ... ... is there ...?
Break a leg!
Have fun!
Enjoy yourselves!
Come back soon!
Call me!
Take care!
Keep in touch!
Half an hour
The whole day
$OOQLJKWORQJ

life experience 41
 Writing...

42 Grammar & Exercises 3

Writing...

life experience
life experience 43
43
 third

1- Fill in the blanks with the appropriate Wh ques-

tion.

_____________ you did not come to my party?

_____________ do you plan to travel to Hawai?

_____________ house do you prefer, the green or the blue one?

BBBBBBBBBBBBB LV\RXURI¿FHORFDWHG"

2- Write the plural form of the following nouns:

ÀRZHU BBBBBBBBBB   JD\  BBBBBBBBBB

ring __________ tray __________

light __________ toe __________

SUHWW\ BBBBBBBBBB   ¿VK  BBBBBBBBBB

lion __________ kiss __________

44 Grammar & Exercises 2

3- Formulate 3 questions using how much and 3
using how many.

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

4- Make a drawing according to the preposition :

- In -

life experience 45
 - Next to - - Between -

- On - - Behind -

46 Grammar & Exercises 2

  2YHU      $FURVV  

 )LOOLQWKHEODQNVXVLQJ,1RU$7

There is someone _____ the door.

The Persian rug is _____ the living room.

I will be waiting for you _______ the club.

Thank God the murderer is ______ jail.

life experience 47

Joany Harper is very beauti-
ful. She is tall and slim; she
has long curly red hair and big
green eyes. She’s a sweet and
nice young woman. She smi-
les a lot and speaks gently to
people.
Carlos Smith is a cute guy. His
skin is tan; he has short straight
black hair and brown eyes. He
is tall and ¿W He’s an intelli-
gent and self-assured man. He
is quick with answers and sharp
in his commentaries.
Christina Brown is a very big
woman. She is tall and chubby.
She wears short hair and has
gorgeous green eyes. She is
out-going and talkative. She
speaks loud but politely.
48 Grammar & Exercises 2
twenty-one
Cindy Diaz is very short. She
has long wavy brown hair and
brown eyes. She is thin but
YHU\¿W because she works out
every day. She is shy and quiet,
but when she gets nervous she
talks fast and confusing.
Carlos is taller than Joany and
Christina is taller than Carlos.
Cindy is the shortest of them
all.
Cindy is younger than Christina
and Carlos is younger than Cin-
dy, but Joany is the youngest of
the four.
Carlos and Christina know each
other for twenty years.
Writing...

life experience 49
 Writing...

50 Grammar & Exercises 2

 Reading and
comprehension

0RGL¿HUV
$GMHFWLYHVDQG$GYHUEV

0RGL¿HUVdescribe and provide

more accurate GH¿QLWLRQDO PH-
aning for another element.

$GMHFWLYHV DQG DGYHUEV DUH PR-

GL¿HUV
Adjectives describe QRXQV or
SURQRXQV.

Example:

They are good IULHQGV.

(Good is describing IULHQGV.

)ULHQGV is a noun)

life experience 51
 Adverbs describe verbs, DGMHFWLYHV
or RWKHUDGYHUEV.

Example:

They are very good friends.

(Very is describing JRRG*RRGis

an adjective)

$GYHUEVRIIUHTXHQF\

$OZD\V 100%

Usually 90%

Often 80%

Some times 60%

Seldom 40%

Rarely 30%

Hardly ever 15%

Never 0%

52 Grammar & Exercises 2

Comparative and Superlative
$GMHFWLYHV
Comparatives are the comparison of one person or thing to another
(more, less, or as... as)

Superlatives indicate that one person/thing is the most, best, least, or

worst of all.

Comparatives and superlatives come in three varieties:

D$GMHFWLYHVWKDWKDYHless than
3 syllables:

$GG-er for comparatives

and -est for superlatives

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

fast faster the fastest

thin thinner the thinnest

wide wider the widest

Note: If the adjective ends in a

single vowel + consonant, double
the consonant and add –er or –
est.

life experience 53
 E$GMHFWLYHVWKDWKDYH3 or more
syllables:

Use more for comparatives

and the most for superlatives

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

elegant more elegant the most elegant

expensive more expensive the most expensive

intelligent more intelligent the most intelligent

c) Irregular adjectives
(they change their form)

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

good better the best

bad worse the worst

54 Grammar & Exercises 2

1- Fill in the blanks with the comparative or
superlative form of the verb in parenthesis.

Carlos’ house is __________ than Peter’s. (small)

Joany was the __________ of her class. (tall)

My cell phone is __________ than yours. (cheap)

2- Underline the adjectives and circle the ad-

verbs from the following sentences:

He walked quickly out of the building.

The old car is in the garage.
Where did you buy that beautiful purse?
The president is a very elegant person.
She eats slowly.

life experience 55
 3- Formulate sentences using the comparative
and superlative form of the following adjectives:
Pretty
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Long
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Deep
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Comfortable
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

56 Grammar & Exercises 2

5- Describe four people in your family and compa-
re them using comparatives and superlatives.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
___________________________________
________________________________
_____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
___________________________
_________________________
_________________________

life experience 57
 6- Reading and comprehension questions.

What does Joany Harper look like?

________________________________________________________

What does Carlos Smith look like?

________________________________________________________

What does Christina Brown look like?

________________________________________________________

What does Cindy Diaz look like?

________________________________________________________

58 Grammar & Exercises 2

 twenty-two
Naomi invited some friends to
spend the night at her house.
µ0RP LV EDNLQJ EURZQLHV VR
come early EHIRUH GDG HDWV
WKHPDOO¶ - she told her friends.
The girls arrived at seven sharp,
just when Lewis was taking the
brownies out of the oven. The
girls knocked on the door and
Naomi said, ‘Come in DQG step
right into the kitchen, WKH
EURZQLHVDUHUHDG\’
$IWHUVD\LQJKHOOR/HZLVZDUQHG
them, ‘Don’t eat the brownies
yet, WKH\¶UH WRR KRW¶ $QG WKHQ
she said to Naomi, ‘6ZHHWLH
prepare some chocolate milk
IRUWKHJLUOVDQG\RX¶
Naomi asked one of the girls,
‘3OHDVH pass me the glasses¶
$QG VKH SUHSDUHG D GHOLFLRXV
drink to go with the cakes.
When the girls were enjoying the
cakes and the milk, Lewis came
back and said, ‘Don’t eat them
all, leave two or three IRUGDG.
$QG DIWHU \RX ¿QLVK clean up
the mess iQWKHNLWFKHQEHIRUH
\RXJR’
The girls cleaned up everything
and went to Naomi’s room.
Lewis came in some minutes af-
terwards and said to them, ‘'DG
DQG,DUHJRLQJWRWKHPRYLHVVR
have fun and behave well.’
life experience 59
 Writing...

60 Grammar & Exercises 2

Writing...

life experience 61
 Reading and
comprehension

Imperatives
Imperative sentences are also
called commands.

Imperative sentences usually be-

gin with a verb and end with a
period.

Imperatives are used for different

reasons, such as telling people
Examples:
what to do, giving instructions
and advice, making recommen- Close the door.
dations and suggestions, and for
making offers. Come back soon.

Take care of your mother.

62 Grammar & Exercises 2

 Go and
clean
your room!

life experience 63
 1- Formulate imperative sentences using the fo-
llowing verbs.

Bring- __________________________________________________
Stop- ___________________________________________________
Eat -____________________________________________________
Go- ____________________________________________________
Wash- __________________________________________________

2- Fill in the blanks with the missing verbs.

Return - Worry - Think - Have - Enjoy

__________ the play.

__________ fun.
__________ twice before doing things.
Don’t __________, be happy!
__________ it as soon as possible.

64 Grammar & Exercises 2

3- Reading and comprehension questions.

What was Naomi’s mom baking?

________________________________________________________

What did Naomi’s mom recommend her before she left?

________________________________________________________

What did they drink with the brownies?

________________________________________________________

4- Reading and comprehension. Order the fo-

llowing sentences chronologically.

___ The girls clean up the mess and go to Naomi’s room.

___ Naomi’s mom is baking brownies
___ Naomi prepares chocolate milk to drink with the brownies.
___ The brownies are ready.
___ Lewis says goodbye to the girls, she is going to the movies.

life experience 65

Carlos would do anything to im-
press Joany. He would take her
to the moon if she would ask
him to.
His friends never thought it
would be possible for any girl to
cause such an impact on Carlos,
but the fact that Joany wouldn’t
pay attention to him, made him
crazy; he just couldn’t believe
it.
He thought he could have any
66 Grammar & Exercises 2
twenty-three
girl he wanted, but he can’t get
Joany so easily. Either she is
playing games with him or she is
practically immune to his charm.
It can only be one of those two
options, he thinks.
Joany would love to be more
open with Carlos, but she can’t;
she is afraid of getting hurt again,
so VKH FDQ¶W ÀLUW like she used
to; she takes care of every word
she says and listens with her
heart more than with her ears.
Writing...

life experience 67
 Writing...

68 Grammar & Exercises 2

 Reading and
comprehension

Modal verbs
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that can only be used with main verbs.
They express the probabilities, needs or other conditions of the main
verb.

Note: When a modal verb is being used, the main verb goes without
WKH³WR´LWJRHVLQLWVEDUHLQ¿QLWLYHIRUPH[FHSWZLWKWKHPRGDOYHUE
ought.

The modal verbs are:

Can Could (past tense of can)

Would
May Might
Should
Must

life experience 69
 $I¿UPDWLYH
Subj./Pron. + Modal Verb + Main Verb/Complement.

Negative:
Subj./Pron. + Modal Verb + not + Main Verb/Complement.

Interrogative:
Modal Verb + Subj./ Pron. + Main Verb/Complement?

They could buy that house next month.

70 Grammar & Exercises 2

 Modal verbs
Can, Could and Would
Can to express ability I can ride a bicycle.

Could to request something Could you bring me the menu?

Could SDVWWHQVHRIFDQ  ,FRXOGQ¶W¿QGWKHNH\V

Would to request or offer Would you like a cup of coffee?

Would in if-sentences If I were the president,

I would change many things.

Sentence Structure:

Examples:
$I¿UPDWLYH I can’t help her.

Would you dance with me?

Negative

Interrogative

life experience 71
 1- Complete the following sentences using can,
could or would.

__________ you like to have dinner with me?

I __________ ride horses.

__________ you bring us two glasses of wine, please?

My sister __________ play the piano.

What __________ you do if a snake bites you?

2- Formulate sentences 3 sentences using:

Can- ___________________________________________________

Could- __________________________________________________

Would- __________________________________________________

72 Grammar & Exercises 2

3- If you could choose one of these super powers,
which one would you choose?

to be invisible
    WREHDEOHWRÀ\
to read people’s minds

Now, what would you do with that super power if

you had it for 24 hours?

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

life experience 73
 4- Reading and comprehension questions.

What would Carlos do to impress Joany?

________________________________________________________

What drove Carlos’ attention about Joany?

________________________________________________________

Why Joany can’t be more open with Carlos?

________________________________________________________

74 Grammar & Exercises 2

twenty-four
‘It might rain tomorrow, so I
shall take my new umbrella to
school’ thinks Naomi.
‘Dad! May I take my new um-
brella to school tomorrow?’ she
asks.
‘Yes you may, dear’ says Chad
‘We shall all take out our um-
brellas; it certainly looks like it’s
going to rain tomorrow’
Naomi would love to show her
new umbrella to her classmates;
it is a really nice Japanese um-
brella her uncle brought her from
Japan.
Chad doesn’t really think it might
rain tomorrow, but he unders-
tands Naomi and he will let her
take the umbrella to school. He
would do anything to see his
daughter happy.
‘Dad, would you mind if I turn
on my stereo?’ she asks. ‘No dear,
I wouldn’t’ Chad answers, as he
turns up the volume of the TV.
life experience 75
 Writing...

76 Grammar & Exercises 2

Writing...

life experience 77
 Reading and
comprehension

Modal verbs May and Might

May to express possibility ,PD\EHKRPHODWH
May to request permission 0D\,XVH\RXUSHQSOHDVH"

Might past tense of may to

express possibility <RXPLJKWJHWVLFN

Examples:
$I¿UPDWLYH They might bring presents.

Negative You may not go out tonight.

Interrogative May I have you attention, please?

78 Grammar & Exercises 2

1- Fill in the blanks, use may or might.

__________ I go to the bathroom?

It __________ snow on Wednesday.

__________ I use your car?

__________ I use your computer?

He __________ be at home.

life experience 79
 2- Write a short dialogue using may and might.
________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

3- Match.

May I drive your car? Yes, she might be.

She might be tired after the long journey. No, you may not.

Did you just say you might arrive late? Yes, I did.

May I borrow your cell phone? I would lend it to you,

but it is not working.

80 Grammar & Exercises 2

4- Reading and comprehension questions.

What does Naomi think before going to school?

________________________________________________________

Why does Naomi want to show her umbrella to her friends?

________________________________________________________

What would Chad do to see his daughter happy?

________________________________________________________

Does Chad think it might rain tomorrow?

________________________________________________________

life experience 81

So, dinner is over, and they must
go back home. Carlos knows
now that he has to put more
effort next time. Nothing seems
to impress Joany; she just acts
so naturally to everything!
‘I should think UHDOO\KDUGRXU
QH[W GDWH has to be VRPHWKLQJ
UHDOO\ VSHFLDO¶ He thinks to him-
self.
‘I must be doing VRPHWKLQJ
ULJKW¶ WKLQNV -RDQ\ µKH LV PRUH
QHUYRXVWKDQ,WKRXJKWhe would
be’
On the way to Joany’s place,
Carlos stops at a gas station and
jumps out of the car.
‘He must be crazy’ thinks Joa-
ny, and laughs out loud.
82 Grammar & Exercises 2
WZHQW\ÀYH
Carlos runs into the small sto-
re in the gas station and looks
around like mad; KH PXVW ¿QG
something nice to buy for her;
his instinct tells him she should
be impressed by the time she
gets home, or else he must for-
get about her.
+H¿QGVFKRFRODWHVÀRZHUVDQG
a bottle of wine and buys them.
Then he goes back to the car and
gives it all to Joany saying:
µ7KH URVHV DUH WR WKDQN \RX IRU
WKHORYHO\HYHQLQJWKHFKRFROD-
WHVDUHWRUHPLQG\RXHYHU\WLPH
\RXHDWRQHRIWKHPKRZVZHHW,
WKLQN\RXDUHDQGWKHZLQHLVWR
KDYHDQH[FXVHWRVHH\RXDJDLQ
VRPHRWKHUWLPH¶
Writing...

life experience 83
 Writing...

84 Grammar & Exercises 2

 Reading and
comprehension

Modal verbs Must and Should

Must to express obligation I must do my homework now.
Must to express a strong belief. He must be over 90 years old.
Should to give advice You should stop smoking

Structure

$I¿UPDWLYH
Subject/ Pronoun + Modal Verb + Main Verb/Complement.

Negative:
Subject/ Pronoun + Modal Verb + not + Main Verb/Complement.

Interrogative:
Modal Verb + Subject/ Pronoun + Main Verb /( and ,or) Complement?

life experience 85
 Examples:
$I¿UPDWLYH They must be arriving.

Negative He shouldn’t drive so fast.

Interrogative Should I call you tomorrow?

86 Grammar & Exercises 2

1- Complete the sentences using should or must.
Oh my God! He is unconscious. Don’t move him, he __________ have

internal injuries.

You __________ do your homework before your father arrives.

You _________ present everything before 9:00 a.m.

They __________ come more often to visit me.

You __________ be kidding me! That is not possible!

2- Write 3 things you should do and 3 things you

should not do in order to be the employee of the
month in a company.
________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

3- Circle the correct answer:

Tenants (VKRXOGPXVW) pay their rent.

Pedestrians (VKRXOGPXVW look both ways before they cross the street.

Drivers (VKRXOGPXVW stop for pedestrians at marked crossings.

Telephone callers (VKRXOGPXVW) give their names.

life experience 87
 4- Reading and comprehension. Circle the mo-
dals from the following text:

So, dinner is over, and they must go back home. Carlos knows now that

he has to put more effort next time. Nothing seems to impress Joany;

she just acts so naturally to everything!

I should think really hard, our next date has to be something really

special’ He thinks to himself.

I must be doing something right’ thinks Joany ‘he is more nervous than

I thought he would be.’

On the way to Joany’s place, Carlos stops at a gas station and jumps

out of the car. ‘He must be crazy’ thinks Joany, and laughs out loud.

Carlos runs into the small store in the gas station and looks around like

PDG+HPXVW¿QGVRPHWKLQJQLFHWREX\IRUKHUKLVLQVWLQFWWHOOVKLP

she should be impressed by the time she gets home, or else he must

forget about her.

88 Grammar & Exercises 2

 twenty-six
Naomi and Lewis are out shop-
ping; they went to the shoe store
and they bought new sport shoes
for the girl. Then they went to
Joany’s to buy the pink belt but
Naomi saw this beautiful blue
dress and Lewis bought it too.
So, after only twenty minutes
they had no money left and they
just went window shopping.
Lewis is looking for a birthday
present for Chad; she wants to
get him a nice scarf or a beret,
or maybe a sweater. But Nao-
mi thinks it’s better to get him a
good book or a new wallet.
So they can’t make up their
mind and again they go home
without the present. But that’s
ok; Chad’s birthday is still far in
the calendar.
Naomi is happy with her new
dress, belt and shoes. She will
go to Tamara’s birthday tomo-
rrow and she will wear the dress
for the occasion.
Lewis is still thinking about
Chad’s birthday; she doesn’t
know yet if she will make a sur-
prise party for him or just a pri-
vate romantic dinner.
She loves him very much, but
deep in her heart she knows
Chad doesn’t pay much attention
to details.
life experience 89
 Writing...

90 Grammar & Exercises 2

Writing...

life experience 91
 Reading and
comprehension

Coordinating Conjuctions

$ FRQMXQFWLRQ LV D MRLQHU D ZRUG WKDW FRQQHFWV FRQMRLQV SDUWV RI D

sentence.

The simple, little conjunctions are called coordinating conjunctions.

(less than 4 letters)

Coordinating Conjunctions
for - and - nor - but - or - yet - so

92 Grammar & Exercises 2

Remember...

life experience 93
 1- Fill in the blanks using the appropriate con-
junction.
Christina __________ Carlos are very good friends.

I am hungry, __________ I don’t want to eat pizza.

They haven’t called ___________. I am waiting anxiously.

Either you __________ me have to go.

Neither you __________ have Ferraris.

2- Write a brief paragraph using all the coordina-

ting conjunctions.
________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

94 Grammar & Exercises 2

3- Complete the sentences using NOR or OR.

I don’t like bananas __________ apples.

Choose, its either cats __________ dogs.

It’s a matter of life __________death.

Do you like chocolate ice-creams __________ strawberry ice-creams?

4- Reading and comprehension questions.

:KDWGLG1DRPLDQG/HZLVEX\¿UVW"

________________________________________________________

What is Lewis looking for?

________________________________________________________

Why is Naomi happy?

________________________________________________________

What does Lewis know about Chad?

________________________________________________________

life experience 95

Now that Joany and Carlos are
dating, Carlos has changed his
mind about many things.
Before, he never stayed at home
on Saturday evening or even if
he was sick, he went out at least
to have dinner because at home,
he felt alone, and as long as he
had friends and noise around, he
didn’t have time to think about
himself.
96 Grammar & Exercises 2
twenty-seven
Although he never acted like
this before and even though his
friends are making fun of him, he
doesn’t care about his very well
earned Latin lover reputation.
Ever since they started dating,
Joany has felt more and more
close to Carlos; she feels that
whatever happens she will ne-
ver regret ever knowing him, be-
causeIRUWKH¿UVWWLPHLQKHUOLIH
she really feels she is important
to a man.
Writing...

life experience 97
 Writing...

98 Grammar & Exercises 2

 Reading and
comprehension

Subordinating Conjunctions
$6XERUGLQDWLQJ&RQMXQFWLRQVRPHWLPHVFDOOHGDdependent word or
subordinator) comes at the beginning of a Subordinate (or depen-
dent) Clause and establishes the relationship between the de-
pendent clause and the rest of the sentence.

It also turns the clause into something that depends on the rest
of the sentence for its meaning.

Examples:
Because I hate violence, I don’t
like action movies.

Unless we act now, everything

will be lost.

life experience 99
 Most Common
Subordinating Conjunctions

after if though
although if only till
as in order that unless
as if now that until
as long as once when
as though rather than whenever
because since where
before so that whereas
even if than wherever
even though that while

100 Grammar & Exercises 2

1- Fill in the blanks with the correct subordina-
ting conjunction.

__________ __________ I am not so happy, I am pretending to be.

I was playing __________ he was sleeping.

We have the restaurant __________ 1987.

__________ he gave me a chance I would explain him everything.

Carlos is taller __________ Chad.

I will put up with it __________ __________ __________ she doesn’t

mess with me.

Naomi will go __________ you want.

life experience 101

 2- From the following text, circle the subordina-
ting conjunctions:

One day an ant was strolling beside a river and he was feeling very

thirsty because it was very hot.

He was sure that there was a river nearby as he had been in this place

before.

$OWKRXJKKLVOHJVZHUHYHU\VPDOOKHUDQDVIDVWDVKHFRXOGXQWLOKH

reached the riverbank. He raced up to the edge of the water but in his

haste he went too quickly and fell into the water.

Since his mother had never taught him to swim, he was in great danger

of drowning. While this drama with our friend was taking place, a dove

was sitting on a branch over the river.

102 Grammar & Exercises 2

The dove realized that unless he did something quickly, the ant would

not survive.

Even if he tried, the dove knew he couldn’t dive in and save the ant.

Suddenly, he did something brilliant in order that the ant could escape.

He picked a leaf from the tree and dropped it into the water so that the

DQWFRXOGFOLPERQLWDQGÀRDWWRVDIHW\

3- Write a short story about a bad experience you

have had in your life, use 5 subordinating con-
junctions.
________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

life experience 103

 4- Reading and comprehension. Complete the
sentences according to the story.

Joany and Carlos are dating, Carlos has _________________________.

Before, he didn’t have time to think _________________________.

__________ he never acted like this before and __________

__________ his friends are making fun of him, he doesn’t care about

his very well earned __________ __________ reputation.

__________ __________ they started dating, Joany has felt more and

more close to Carlos.

104 Grammar & Exercises 2

twenty-eight
5HPHPEHU$EGXOODKWKHWD[LGUL-
ver?
+LV IXOO QDPH LV $EGXOODK DO )D-
rah. He got to Sevenland on
December, last year, after get-
ting some money as inheritan-
ce from his grandfather Yafea.
When Yafea died, Abdullah got
very sad because they were
very close, but life goes on and
he got the idea of moving to
Sevenland from a relative who
told him about how nice life was
in the island.
6RKH¶VOLYLQJKHUHQRZ7KH¿UVW
thing he did was to get his car,
and then he got his taxi licen-
se right away, because he felt he
needed to get working at once.
It gets lonely for him some
days, but he gets happy every
time he makes new friends, which
happens almost every day.
When he gets home at night,
he counts how much money he
made in the day and saves ten
percent in a can, because he
wants to get his wife and chil-
dren in Sevenland by the end of
the year.
life experience 105
 Writing...

106 Grammar & Exercises 2

Writing...

life experience 107

 Reading and
comprehension

The verb TO GET

The verb to get has a lot of meanings that you could identify by the
context.
Its meanings can be:
to obtain
to buy
to win
to receive
to bring
to arrive
to become infected (disease)
to answer (phone, door)

Note:
To get + adjective = to become...

108 Grammar & Exercises 2

1- Write the meaning according to the context.

$EGXOODKJRWDMRELQWKHVRXWKODVWPRQWK   BBBBBBBBB

Can you get there by train? _________

What can I get Cindy for her birthday? _________

We get our bread at the local bakery. _________

You can get much cheaper seafood in the port. _________

0\VLVWHUJRWDQ$LQ0DWK      BBBBBBBBB

The phone is ringing. Will you get it please? _________

Someone has rung the door bell. Can you get the door? _________

life experience 109

 2- Write sentences using the following verbs :

Get ready _______________________________________________

Get up _________________________________________________

Get down _______________________________________________

Get close________________________________________________

Get over ________________________________________________

3- Write a brief paragraph using the words, get

in, get out, get mad, get enough of.
________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

110 Grammar & Exercises 2

4- Reading and comprehension.
Write the synonymous of the verb according to
the context.

5HPHPEHU$EGXOODKWKHWD[LGULYHU"

+LVIXOOQDPHLV$EGXOODKDO)DUDK+HJRWBBBBBBBBBBBBBWR6HYHQ-

land on December, last year, after (getting)______________ some mo-

ney as inheritance from his grandfather Yafea.

:KHQ <DIHD GLHG $EGXOODK JRW BBBBBBBBBBYHU\ VDG EHFDXVH WKH\

were very close, but life goes on and he (got)____________ the idea

of moving to Sevenland from a relative who told him about how nice

life was in the island.

6RKH¶VOLYLQJKHUHQRZ7KH¿UVWWKLQJKHGLGZDVWRJHWBBBBBBBBBBB

his car, and then he got his taxi license right away because he felt he

needed to get working at once.

It gets lonely for him some days, but he (gets)____________happy

every time he makes new friends, which happens almost every day.

When he (gets) _______________home at night, he count how much

money he made in the day and saves ten percent in a can, because he

wants to (get)______________ his wife and children in Sevenland by

the end of the year.

life experience 111


Joany is used to celebrating
Christmas with her family, but it
is impossible for her to visit them
this year.
Carlos is used to not celebra-
ting Christmas if he is not at his
parents’ home, and this year he
won’t be able to go there.
It is hard for Joany to get used
to living far away from her fa-
mily, so she was delighted to
hear Lewis’ invitation.
Carlos has to get used to this
112 Grammar & Exercises 2
twenty-nine
new situation with Joany; she
just makes him think and feel in
a different way.
He used to stay at home, alone
and wait for friends to call him
over, but this year he has deci-
ded to organize a party at home.
The Robertsons used to celebra-
te Christmas the three of them at
home, but they are not used to
receiving invitations from cele-
brities, so they accepted Carlos’
invitation.
Writing...

life experience 113

 Writing...

114 Grammar & Exercises 2

 Reading and
comprehension

- Used to -
- Get used to - Be used to -

Used to
Used to expresses something that we often did in the past, but don’t
anymore. Generally, we use the form to contrast past habits with pre-
sent situations.

Example:
I used to smoke; now I don’t anymore.

life experience 115

 Get used to
Use this form to express that a person is in the process of making some-
thing ‘normal’. They are often used with the present continuous form.

Example:
I am getting used to living in the countryside.

Be used to
This form indicates that a situation has become normal for a person.

Example:
My cousin is used to her new wheel chair.

116 Grammar & Exercises 2

1- Fill in the blanks with used to, get used to or
be used to.

Oh my God! I can’t __________________ this big house. I

_______________ to live in a very small one.

Fortunately, Joany _______________________ to it already. I don’t

know what she did to ______________________ everything so fast.

In the other house I ___________________ to have every room close

to each other, now I feel that I have to walk for miles before arriving

anywhere.

life experience 117

 2- Write 3 sentences using get used to, be used
to and used to.
________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

3- Choose the correct option:

They _________________ go to the gym every day, now they go to

the cinema.

a- used to

b- are used to

c- get used to

118 Grammar & Exercises 2

She ____________________ to her new life style.

d- used to

e- is used to

f- gets used to

Pierre needs to _______________________ this job.

g- used to

h- is used to

i- get used to

I _______________________ practice volleyball, but I stopped doing

it when we moved to Capital City.

j- used to

k- am used to

l- get used to

life experience 119

 4- Reading and comprehension questions.

How is Joany used to celebrate Christmas?

________________________________________________________

How is Carlos used to celebrate Christmas?

________________________________________________________

What is hard for Joany?

________________________________________________________

How did the Robertsons use to celebrate Christmas?

________________________________________________________

120 Grammar & Exercises 2

 fourth

Recycle!
FIFFI: You shouldn’t have tossed
that paper napkin on the back
yard, Foochi. Don’t you know
anything about global warming?
FOOCHI: How can I recycle a
piece of paper I used to wipe my
nose?

FIFFI: You can’t. But you can

FOOCHI: Give me a break! How put it in the paper basket so the
does that affect global warming! master takes it to the recycling
I didn’t burn the thing! center.

FIFFI: Oh, you just don’t unders-
tand anything, do you?
FOOCHI: Yeah? Well, what do
you know about global warming,
anyway?
FOOCHI: Do you think it really
matters? On 2012 there won’t be
anyone, nor anything anymore.
So what is the point? Remem-
ber? Planet F is coming to get us?
FIFFI: Planet X, you silly.

FIFFI; Not too much, just what I

hear when Chad watches TV. FOOCHI: F, X, M, P... you name
it!
I know that there are too many
trash disposals and that every
time there is less space to save
our garbage. So, we should try to
recycle things.

life experience 121

122 Grammar & Exercises 2
Excuse me…

Where is the nearest hotel?

How do I get to the train station?
Is there an automatic teller close
by?
:KDWWLPHGRHVP\ÀLJKWOHDYH"
:KHUH FDQ , ¿QG D WHOHSKRQH
booth?
How close is the nearest super-
market?
Where can I take the bus?

It’s two blocks from here

Just go straight ahead
It’s a ten minute walk
$FURVVWKHVWUHHW
Make a left on Oak Street and
drive half a block, it will be on
your right.
Drive to 7th Street and turn right

life experience 123

 Could you bring the menu, plea-
se?
What would you like to order?
Would you like an appetizer?
What would you like to drink?
I will have the spaghetti, please.
How would you like your meat?
raw
medium well
three quarters
well done
We’ll have a bottle of champag-
ne, please.
Pass the salt, please.
Here you are
There you go
Here it is
Bon appetite
It’s a delicious meal
Would you bring the check, plea-
se
Is the tip included?
Can I pay with credit card?
124 Grammar & Exercises 2
What does that have to do with
it?
How come you bought that car?
How come it didn’t rain today?
Where to, sir?
How long are you staying?
How early do you wake up?
What the heck...?
$UH\RXRXWRI\RXUPLQG"
Is that for real?
This time is for good.
Those were the days!
What a nice day!
What a great surprise!
What a coincidence!
What a good idea!
Writing...

life experience
life experience 125
125
125
 Writing...

126 Grammar & Exercises 3

 fourth

1- Underline the adjectives and circle the adverbs.

My shoes are old.

Carlos was happy after the party.

We must do everything rapidly.

The plane arrived late.

They were anxiously waiting for their turn.

life experience 127

 2- Formulate 4 imperative sentences using the
following verbs:
Wait____________________________________________________

Buy_____________________________________________________

Enjoy_______________________________________________________

Take care________________________________________________

3- Write Can, Could or Would:

Naomi __________ play the guitar very well.

Chad __________ love to travel around the world.

Dorys, __________ you please send the letters for me?

I __________ like to have a lot of money and buy a expensive car.

128 Grammar & Exercises 2

4- Fill in the blanks using must, should, may or
might.
___________________ I use you phone, please?

You _______________ behave better in school.

It __________________ get late if we don’t hurry up.

You _____________ pay the rent.

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB,SXWWKHHJJVRUWKHVXJDU¿UVW"

5- Write a paragraph using all the coordinating

conjunctions.
________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

life experience 129

 6- Formulate sentences using: though, now that,
whenever, and before.
________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

7- Circle the correct answer :

They must JHWXVHGWRXVHGWRDUHXVHGWRthe new house.

I JHWXVHGWRXVHGWRDPXVHGWR drink coke everyday before I found

out it is bad for people’s health.

We JHWXVHGWRXVHGWRDUHXVHGWR sleep with the air conditioner on.

She JHW XVHG WR XVHG WR LV XVHG WR go jogging at night, now she
doesn’t anymore.

130 Grammar & Exercises 2

Notes...

life experience 131

 Notes...

132 Grammar & Exercises 2

Notes...

life experience 133