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𝐴 𝛼 alfa 𝑵 𝜈 ni
𝐵 𝛽 beta 𝜩 𝜉 ksi
𝛤 𝛾 gamma 𝑶 𝑜 omikron
∆ 𝛿 delta 𝜫 𝜋 pi
𝐸 𝜀 epsilon 𝑷 𝜌 rho
𝑍 𝜁 dzeta 𝜮 𝜎 sigma

11 24 𝐻 𝜂 eta 𝑻 𝜏 tau
𝛩 𝜃 theta 𝜰 𝜐 ypsilon
𝐼 𝜄 jota 𝜱 𝜑, 𝜙 phi (fi)
𝐾 𝜅 kappa 𝑿 𝜒 khi (chi)
𝛬 𝜆 lambda 𝜳 𝜓 psi
𝑀 µ mi Ω 𝜔 omega

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𝐸𝑝 = 𝑘𝑥
2
1 2 𝑁 𝑁𝑠
𝐸𝑟 = 𝑏𝑥ሶ 𝐹𝑠 = 𝑘𝑥 → 𝑘 𝐹𝑡 = 𝑏 𝑥ሶ → 𝑏
2 𝑚 𝑚
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1
𝐸𝑝𝑠 = 𝑘 φ2
2 𝑠 𝑁𝑚 𝑁𝑚𝑠
𝑀𝑠 = 𝑘𝑠 𝜑 → 𝑘𝑠 𝑀𝑡 = 𝑏𝑠 𝜑ሶ → 𝑏𝑠
𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑
1
𝐸𝑟𝑠 = 𝑏 φሶ 2
2 𝑠

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𝑃, 𝐹 𝑀
𝑥 𝜑
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥ሶ = 𝑥=𝑣 𝜑ሶ = 𝜑=𝜔
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
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𝑑2 𝑑2 𝑚𝑥ሷ + 𝑘𝑥 = 0
𝑥ሷ = 𝑥=𝑎 𝜑ሷ = 𝜑=𝜀
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑚 𝐽

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𝑠 = 6𝑛 + 3𝑝 − 𝑐 𝑠 = 6𝑛 + 3𝑝 − 𝑐

𝑛 𝑝 𝑐 𝑛 𝑝 𝑐

• 𝑦 = 0;
31
𝑛 32
• 𝑟𝑜𝑡 𝑦, 𝑥 = 0,
• 𝑥 = 𝑟𝜑
• 𝑧 = 0,

𝑠 =6∙1+3∙0−5=1

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𝐸𝑝𝑍 = 𝑘 𝑥2
2 𝑧

𝐸𝑝𝐵 = 𝐸𝑝𝑍
1 1 2
𝐸𝑝𝐵 = 𝑘 𝑦 2 + 𝑘2 𝑦 − 𝑥 2
1 𝑘2
2
1 𝑘2 1
2 1 2 𝑘 2
𝑥 + 𝑘2 𝑥−𝑥 = 𝑘𝑧 𝑥 2
2 1 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 2 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 2
𝑘2 𝑘1 𝑘2
𝑔𝑑𝑧𝑖𝑒: 𝑦 = 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑧
𝑘1 + 𝑘2 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 𝑚1 𝑞ሷ 1 + 𝑘1 𝑞1 + 𝑘2 𝑞1 − 𝑞2 = 0
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𝑚2 𝑞ሷ 2 − 𝑘2 𝑞1 − 𝑞2 = 𝐹(𝑡)
𝑑 𝜕𝐸𝑘 𝜕𝐸𝑘 𝜕𝐸𝑅 𝜕𝐸𝑃
− + + = 𝑄𝑖
𝐸𝑝𝐵 = 𝐸𝑝𝑍 𝑑𝑡 𝜕 𝑞ሶ 𝑖 𝜕𝑞𝑖 𝜕 𝑞ሶ 𝑖 𝜕𝑞𝑖
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝐸𝑝𝐵 = 𝑘 𝑥 2 + 𝑘2 𝑥 2 𝑘1 𝑥 2 + 𝑘2 𝑥 2 = 𝑘𝑧 𝑥 2 𝑚 𝑦ሶ 2 + 𝑚 𝑦ሶ 2
2 1 2 2 2 2 𝐸𝑘 =
2 1 1 2 2 2
𝑘1 + 𝑘2 = 𝑘𝑧
1 1
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑘 𝑦 2 + 𝑘2 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 2
2 1 1 2

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𝐸𝑘 𝐸𝑝

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𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑇𝑛 , 𝑔𝑑𝑧𝑖𝑒 𝑛 = 1,2, …

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𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡

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Δ𝜑 𝜑𝑘 − 𝜑𝑝 𝜑
𝜑ሶ = = = → 𝜑 = 𝜔𝑡
Δ𝑡 𝑡𝑘 − 𝑡𝑝 𝑡

𝑥 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡; 𝐶1 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡; 𝐶2 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡

𝐶1
𝐴= 𝐶12 + 𝐶22 ; 𝑡𝑔𝜑 =
𝐶2

𝑥 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 ⇒ 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴; 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓

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𝑥ሶ = −𝐴𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 ⇒ 𝑥ሶ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴𝜔

𝑥ሷ = −𝐴𝜔2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 ⇒ 𝑥ሷ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴𝜔2

1 1 2𝜋
𝑓= ⇒𝑇= =
𝑇 𝑓 𝜔

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𝑥 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡

𝑥ሶ = −𝐴𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝑚𝑥ሷ + 𝑘𝑥 = 0 𝐸𝑚 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. = 𝐸𝑘 + 𝐸𝑝 𝑥ሷ = −𝐴𝜔2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡
1 1 𝑘
𝐸𝑚 = 𝑘𝑥 2 + 𝑚𝑥ሶ 2 𝜔=
2 2 𝑚
𝑥 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡
1 1
𝑥ሶ = −𝐴𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝐸𝑚 = 𝑘𝑥 2 + 𝑚𝑥ሶ 2 = 𝑘𝐴2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑚𝐴2 𝜔2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡
2 2
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𝑥ሷ = −𝐴𝜔2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 1 2
𝐸𝑚 = 𝑘𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡
2
𝑘 𝑘 1 2
−𝐴𝜔2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 𝑚 + 𝑘𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 = 0 → 𝜔2 = → 𝜔0 = 𝐸𝑚 = 𝑘𝐴 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.
𝑚 𝑚 2

2𝜋 𝑚
𝑇= = 2𝜋
𝜔0 𝑘

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𝑚𝑥ሷ 𝑑 + 𝑘𝑥𝑑 = 0 → 𝑝𝑜ł𝑜ż𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑒 𝑟ó𝑤𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑔𝑖

𝐸𝑚 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. 𝑚𝑥ሷ + 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑚𝑔 → 𝑝𝑜ł𝑜ż𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑒

𝑑 𝑚𝑔
𝐸 + 𝐸𝑝 = 0 𝑔𝑑𝑧𝑖𝑒: 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑠 + 𝑥𝑑 , 𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑧 𝑥𝑠 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑘 𝑘
1 1 𝑚𝑥ሷ 𝑑 + 𝑘 𝑥𝑠 + 𝑥𝑑 = 𝑚𝑔
𝐸𝑚 = 𝑚𝑥ሶ 2 + 𝑘𝑥 2 − 𝑚𝑔𝑥
2 2 𝑚𝑔
50 51 𝑚𝑥ሷ 𝑑 + 𝑘 + 𝑥𝑑 = 𝑚𝑔 → 𝑚𝑥ሷ 𝑑 + 𝑘𝑥𝑑 = 0
𝑑 1 1 𝑘
𝑚𝑥ሶ 2 + 𝑘𝑥 2 − 𝑚𝑔𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥ሶ 𝑥ሷ + 𝑘𝑥𝑥ሶ − 𝑚𝑔𝑥ሶ
𝑑𝑡 2 2

𝑚𝑥ሷ + 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑚𝑔

𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥𝑠𝑡
𝑚𝑔 = 𝑘𝑥𝑠𝑡
𝑚𝑔
𝑥𝑠𝑡 =
𝑘

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𝑟1,2 = ±𝑗𝜔0
𝑟1 𝑡 𝑟2 𝑡
𝑚𝑥ሷ + 𝑘𝑥 = 0 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑥1 + 𝐶2 𝑥2 = 𝐶1 𝑒 + 𝐶2 𝑒

𝑥ሷ + 𝜔02 𝑥 = 0 𝑒 𝑗𝜑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑

𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑟𝑡 , 𝑥ሶ = 𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑡 , 𝑥ሷ = 𝑟 2 𝑒 𝑟𝑡 𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔0 𝑡

𝑟 2 𝑒 𝑟𝑡 + 𝜔02 𝑒 𝑟𝑡 = 0 𝑥1 = 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑜 𝑡 𝑥2 = 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔0 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑜 𝑡 − 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑜 𝑡

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𝑟 2 + 𝜔02 = 0 → Δ = −4𝜔02 → Δ = 2j𝜔0 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑥1 − 𝑥2
𝑥1ҧ = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑜 𝑡, 𝑥ҧ2 = = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑜 𝑡
2 2𝑗
𝑟1,2 = ±𝑗𝜔0
𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑥1ҧ + 𝐶2 𝑥ҧ2 = 𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑜 𝑡

𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑥1 + 𝐶2 𝑥2 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑟1 𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑟2 𝑡

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𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑥0 , 𝑥ሶ = 𝑥ሶ 0

𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑜 𝑡

𝑥ሶ = −𝐶1 𝜔0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝜔0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑜 𝑡

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𝑥0 = 𝐶1
𝑥ሶ 0
𝑥ሶ 0 = 𝐶2 𝜔0 → 𝐶2 =
𝜔0

𝑥ሶ 0
𝑥 = 𝑥0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑜 𝑡
𝜔0

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𝑥ሶ 0
𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑜 𝑡; 𝑥 = 𝑥0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑜 𝑡
𝜔0
•
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏
𝐶1 •
𝐶1 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑; 𝐶2 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑; 𝐴 = 𝐶12 + 𝐶22 ; 𝑡𝑔𝜑 =
𝐶2
•
𝑥 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑜 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝜑0 )
•
56 𝐶1 𝑥ሶ 02 𝑥0 𝜔0 57
𝐴= 𝐶12 + 𝐶22 ; 𝑡𝑔𝜑0 = →𝐴= 𝑥02 + ; 𝑡𝑔𝜑0 = •
𝐶2 𝜔02 𝑥ሶ 0

𝑘 2𝜋 1
𝜔0 = ,𝑇 = ,𝑇 =
𝑚 𝜔0 𝑓
𝜑0
𝑥0
𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑜 𝑡

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