Objective

- The aim of this field workshop practice is to expose students in

field work procedures of setting out building an engineering
structure.
- The main objective of setting out are :-
-To ensure construction remains within a defined boundary.
-To guide the workers as they begin construction.
Theoretical Background
- Setting out is the translation of construction plans into physical
points on the ground that can be used as a basis for the actual
construction. The setting out consists of locating and marking
horizontal and vertical points of the lay out structure.
- When a site layout design has finished plotting. All the
information is accurately transferred onto a site.
- In the case of excavation of trenches required for a buildings
foundation, the engineer must know the positions and levels of
building lines shown on the construction plans on the ground
that is the exact length, width, depth and position of the
foundation trenches must be marked on the ground. This
movement from the construction plan to the actual site by
transferring dimensions from the layout plan to the ground is
called setting out.
- Setting out right angle
 The 3-4-5 method is used to set out right angles from
certain point on the baseline.
Materials and equipment
 A measuring tape
 Two Ranging poles
 Pegs, to measure boundaries
 Three persons
 Water manometer
 Plumb bob
 Hammer, to nailed nails to make the desire joints
 Builders square, to obtain a perfect 90 degree corner
shape.
 Nails with different size
 Tube water level
 Rope

Figure
Experimental procedure
- Firstly we determined the building line and established one
corner of the building by driving a peg at that point with a nail
on the top.
- Secondly we used a tape to measure a distance of 3 meter from
the first peg along the building line and established a second peg
at appoint where the 3 meter mark ends.
- Thirdly we held over the ring of the tape on the second peg with
the 12 meter mark over it being held by one person and the 3
meter mark being held by another person over the corner peg
(The first peg). Then we stretched the tape out and wide to get
the position of the third peg at 7 meter mark.
- After that we extended a line through the third peg using the
ranging poles to obtain a line that is straight and perpendicular
to the building line.
- We repeated the above procedure to all the corners we wanted
to identify.
- We used plumb bob several times on pegs to check the
verticality as well as to transfer marks vertically.
- The diagonals are measured to check the correctness and
accuracy of our setting out work.
- We then established each room measurement by nails and also
marked out the block width as well as the excavation of working
space from each side of which the width of the block is
multiplied times to give the total excavation width.
- The center line of the other wall which is perpendicular to the
long wall can be marked by setting out right angles.
  To conclude we draw a plan and set out all that is
drawn on to the Plan onto the actual ground. We
marked out building lines and poured ashes to make
the trench line visible. We have checked the corners by
re doing the 3-4-5 rule on each corner and also checked
the diagonals of which there might be small difference
within a millimeter or so. However any triangle with
sides 3, 4 and 5 units will approximately have also 90
degree angle opposite to the 5 unit side. The advantage
here is any multiple of 3-4-5 rule can be deployed.
 Notice :- All setting out pegs should be outside the
excavation area and should relate to the first lines of
brick work or other element.
- We had used water tube to find the level spot on items pegs,
boards, and other materials. One end of the tubing was attached
to the flat side of the stake and water was filled into the other
end of the tubing.
- We then checked if there were bubbles in the water from spilling
by using our thumb and used it to measure water level on items
which indicates water level spot on 2 items that are at a distance
from each other such as post stakes in the ground.
Conclusion and Recommendations
- In setting out building foundations; the initial step is to mark the
corners of the building. After which the length of the sides are
checked by diagonal measurements, the axial lines of the
trenches are marked with the help of profiles, sighting rails,
strings and pegs. The trench positioning is controlled by outline
profile boards, profiles are set 2 meter away from the outline so
that they do not interrupt the excavation process.
- The offset (buffer zone) are measured from axial lines and the
frontage lines are placed in their correct position relative to local
requirements. The cross wall positioning is performed by
measuring along the main walls and squared from these walls as
required. The total width of trenches must be carefully outlined
during the process well before the excavation.

Figure
 Objective
- The main objective of brick lay out practice is to help students be
able to build walls, pavements, and other elements in masonry
construction.

Theoretical Background
- The art of brick laying using mortar in a proper systematic
manner gives homogenous mass which can withstand forces
without disintegration is called brick masonry.
- Masonry is an art of construction in which building units such as
clay brick, stones and concrete blocks are arranged
symmetrically and bonded by binding agent (mortar) to form
mass of structure.
- Masonry is primarily used in concrete masonary units,
foundational walls, structural support and back up walls for
exterior facing.
- Bricks are used as facing materials and as well as decorative
walls.
- Brick is a construction material usually made of clay molded in
rectangular shapes. It is known to have unique advantage like
fire resistance, size, and durability and resistant to weathering
not affected by insects and never needs painting or
maintenance.
- Mortars provide a level and full surface for masonry bricks.
They also provide a seal against water between the masonry
bricks.
Materials and equipment
 Brick layers trowel and float
 Measuring tape
 Line string
 Corner blocks
 Pocket level
 Plumb bobs and pans
 Long straight edge
 Brick, sand, cement, mortar
 Scaffolding materials
 Hammers and bolsters
 Mixer and wheel barrow
 Gloves ladder
 Safety glasses
Experimental procedure