cup (singular), cups (plural), coffee (uncountable),

Nouns names of things

happiness (abstract), coffee shop (compound)

a, an (indefinite, before singular nouns)

Articles used before nouns
the (definite, before any noun)

used to replace I (subject), me (object), mine (possessive), myself

Pronouns
nouns (reflexive), which (relative)

slow (regular), slower (comparative), slowest (superlative),

Adjectives to describe nouns
boring (derived), my (possessive), good (irregular)

Verbs show action; state walk (action), is (stative), can (modal)

to describe verbs, fluently (manner), always (frequency), yesterday (time),

Adverbs adjectives, and here (place), very (degree), unfortunately (comment)
other adverbs She is very talented. She speaks 9 languages very fluently.

It’s on the table. (place)

show place, time,
Prepositions I’ll arrive at 9 o’clock. (time)
or relation
He bought a box of chocolate. (relation)

to connect words, and, but, or (coordinating: FANBOYS)

Conjunctions clauses, or if, because, although, unless (subordinating)
sentences either … or, neither … nor (correlating)

to express feelings
Interjections wow (amazement), yay (celebration), oh (disappointment)
or reactions
1. When verbs are used in sentences, there can be HELPING verbs and MAIN verbs that show
different tenses and functions.
I study at English Castle. (Main Verb)
I am a student. (Main Verb)
I am studying at English Castle. (am: Helping Verb; studying: Main Verb)
I have been studying at English Castle for two months.

2. There are 4 kinds of Helping Verbs/Auxiliary Verbs:

1. To Be am, is, are, was, were, been
2. To Do do, does, did
3. To Have have, has, had
4. Modals will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should,
(are always ought to, must, have to, need to (semi-modals)
followed by
the BASE
FORM)

3. Verbs can take 6 different forms:

1. Base Form be go
2. Infinitive* (to + B.F.) to be to go
3. Gerund (B.F.+ing) being going
4. Verb 1 (present) am, is, are go, goes
5. Verb 2 (past) was, were went
6. Verb 3 (past participle) been gone
*In British books, they sometimes refer to the base form as “infinitive without to”
1. Simple (with one Subject and Verb pair) [SVOC:PT]
[Subject** + Verb** + Object* + Complement (Place + Time)]

Bob works. [S+V]

Bob bought chocolate. [S+V+O]
Bob works on weekends. [S+V+C]
Bob cooked fish last night. [S+V+O+C:Time]
Last night, Bob cooked fish. [C:T,+S+V+O]
We lost our bags at the airport last year. [S+V+O+C:P+C:T]

- Objects will usually answer the questions What? and Whom? after the verb.
- Complements will usually answer all the other questions such as Where? When? How? How
often? …

2. Compound [FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so]

I cooked, and Bob cleaned. (I cooked. Bob cleaned.)

- A Clause is a part of a compound or a complex sentence with its own Subject and Verb.
- A Main Clause does not contain a conjunction. A Dependent Clause will contain a conjunction.
- Conjunctions are placed at the beginning of the clause.

3. Complex (uses the other conjunctions)

You’ll pass if you study.

If you study, you’ll pass.

I slept early because I was tired.

Because I was tired, I slept early.

4. Compound-Complex
Bob cooked, and I cleaned because we like helping each other.