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Astaneh-Asl, Abolhassan
CYCLIC BEHAVIOR OF DOUBLE ANGLE BRACING MEMBERS W ITH

END GUSSET PLATES
The University o f Michigan PH.D. 1982
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CYCLIC BEHAVIOR OF DOUBLE ANGLE BRACING
MEMBERS WITH END GUSSET PLATES
by
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Abolhassan Astaneh-Asl
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A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
(Civil Engineering)
in The University of Michigan
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1982
Doctoral Committee:
Professor Subhash C. Goel, Co-Chairman

Professor Robert D. Hanson, Co-Chairman
Professor Glen V. Berg
Professor Robert C. Juvinall
Assistant Professor Andrzej S. Nowak
Professor Richard D. Woods
Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
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Extensive copying of the dissertation or publication of material in excess
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copyrighted, must have been approved by the author as well as by the Dean
of the Graduate School. Proper credit must be given to the author if any
material from the dissertation is used in subsequent written or published
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work.
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To My Wife
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ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author is indebted to professor Subhash C. Goel
co-chairman of his dssertation committee for his generous
assistance, guidance, cooperation and encouragement
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through the path to completion of the dissertation.
Appreciation is also extended to professor Robert D.

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Hanson co-chairman of the dissertation committee for his
constructive comments which were indispensible for

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completion of this study.
The author is greatly indebted to professor Glen V.
Berg, member of the dissertation committee who offered

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invaluable comments and suggestions toward improvement of
the dissertation. His assistance is specially appreciated
considering the obstacle of distance during the last phase
of this study. Helpful comments from Professors Robert C.
Juvinall, Andrzej S. Nowak and Richard D. Woods, other
members of the doctoral committee, are also appreciated.
This research was sponsored by the American Iron and
Steel Institute through project number 301A. The auther is
grateful for their financial assistance. Acknowledgement
iii
is also due to Bethlehem Steel Corporation for providing
bolts and Ingersoll-Rand Company for the Tensioning Tool
which were used in bolted specimens.
The author is also grateful to his wife for her
assistance and encouragement and his children for their
patience throughout this study.
The author acknowledges Dr. Heinrich Gugerli's
contribution in completing the test set-up. The author is
thankful to Anurag Goel for his valuable assistance in
carrying out the tests. Ben Bourland and Kevin Schmidt,
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technicians at the G.G.Brown laboratory offered useful
assistance throughout the tests. Cooperation of Mrs.

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Julie Woodbeck for typing portions of this dissertation is
appreciated.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
D E D I C A T I O N ...............................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................... iii
LIST OF T A B L E S ......................................... vii
LIST OF F I G U R E S ....................................... viii
LIST OF APPENDICES ..........> ........................
N O T A T I O N .............................................. ..
CHAPTER
1. INTRODUCTION................................... 1
1.1 Introduction 1
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1.2 Related Literature 6
1.3 Objective and Scope of Investigation 11
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM ........................... 15

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2.1 Experimental Program 15
2.2 Test Set-Up 16
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2.2.1 Four-Hinged Frame with Support

Frame 16
2.2.2 Hydraulic Actuator System 17
2.2.3 Instrumentation 20
2.2.4 Data Acquisition System 22
2.2.5 Data Processing System 23
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2.3 Selection of Test Specimens 23

2.4 Design of Test Specimens 26
2.4.1 Design Philosophies 26
2.4.2 Design of Connections and
Stitches 27
2.5 Fabrication of Test Specimens 30
2.6 Testing the Specimens 32
2.6.1 Pre-Test Preparations 32
2.6.2 Test Procedures 33
2.6.3 Deformation History 34
3. IN-PLANE BUCKLING SPECIMENS .................. 36
3.1 Introduction 36
3.2 Cyclic Behavior of In-Plane Buckling
Specimens 38
3.2.1 General 38
3.2.2 Cyclic Behavior of Welded
Specimens 40
3.2.3 Cyclic behavior of Bolted
Specimens 43
3.3 Effective Length Factor 48
3.4 Critical Buckling Load 52
3.4.1 General 52
3.4.2 First Buckling Load 53
3.4.3 Cyclic Buckling Load 55
3.5 Effect of Buckling Direction 57
3.6 Location and Behavior of Plastic
Hinges 59
3.6.1 General 59
3.6.2 Locations of Plastic Hinges 60
3.6.3 Stress Variation in Plastic
Hinges 61
3.7 Local Buckling 64
3.8 Stitches 66
3.8.1 General 66
3.8.2 Welded Stitches 66
3.8.3 Bolted Stitches 67
3.8.4 Spacing of the Stitches 69
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3.9 Gusset Plates in Welded Specimens 74
3.10 Gusset Plates in Bolted Specimens 75
3.11 Connection of Angles to Gussets by
Fillet Welds 76
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3.11.1 General 76
3.11.2 Behavior of Connection 77
3.11.3 Analysis of Failure in
Specimen AW11 78
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3.12 Connection of Angles to Gusset Plate

by Bolts 81
3.12.1 General 81
3.12.2 Behavior of Connections 81
3.12.3 Analysis of Failure in
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Specimen AB1 83
3.13 Design Forces for Connections 89
3.14 Slip-Resistant Bolted Connections 91
3.14.1 Behavior of Connections in
Specimen AB1 91
3.14.2 Design of Slip-Resistant
Connections 92
3.15 Design Philosophies 94
4. OUT-OF-PLANE BUCKLING SPECIMENS 96
4.1 Introduction 96
4.2 Cyclic Behavior of Out-of-Plane
Buckling Specimens 97
4.2.1 General 97
4.2.2 Cyclic Behavior of Welded
Specimens 98
4.2.3 Cyclic Behavior of Bolted
Specimens 101
vi
4.3 Effective Length Factor 105
4.4 Crirtical Buckling Load 107
4.4.1 General 107
4.4.2 First Buckling Load 107
4.4.3 Cyclic Buckling Load 110
4.5 Effect of Buckling Direction 112
4.6 Location and Behavior of Plastic
Hinges 112
4.6.1 General 112
4.6.2 Locations of Plastic Hinges 113
4.7 Local Buckling 116
4.8 Stitches 117
4.8.1 General 117
4.8.2 Welded Stitches 117
4.8.3 Bolted Stitches 119
4.8.4 Proposed Design Forces for
Stitches 120
4.8.5 Design Forces Measured During
the Tests 121
4.8.6 Proposed Method for Design
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of Stitches 122
4.8.7 Spacing of Stitches 123
4.9 Gusset Plates in Welded Specimens 124
4.10 Gusset Plates in Bolted Specimens 129
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4.11 Analytical Study of Gusset Plates 130
4.12 Slip-Resistant Connections 134
4.13 Design Philosophies 134
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5. MODELING THEHYSTERESIS LOOPS ................ 136
5.1 Introduction 136

5.2 Available Models 136
5.3 Semi-empirical Model by Gugerli and Goel 138
5.4 Hysteresis Loops 141
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5.5 Comparison of Model and Test Results 142
6 . SUMMARY AND C O N C L U S I O N S ..........................144
6.1 Summary 144

6.1.1 General 144
6.1.2 In-Plane Buckling Specimens 146
6.1.3 Out-of-Plane Buckling Specimens 149
6.1.4 Modeling the Hysteresis Loops 152
6.2 Conclusions and Design Recommendations 152
R E F E R E N C E S ........................................... 159
T A B L E S ................................................ 164
F I G U R E S ............................................... 174
A P P E N D I C E S ........................................... 337
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table
2.1 Properties of Test S p e c i m e n s ...............165
3.1 Change of Crookedness after
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First T e n s i o n ................................ 166
3.2 Effective Length Factor for In-Plane

Buckling Specimens ....................... 167
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3.3 Buckling Loads for First Ten Cycles
of In-Plane Buckling Specimens . . . . . 168
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3.4 Forces in Stitches of In-Plane Buckling

Specimens with Two S t i t c h e s ................ 169
3.5 Stresses Causing Local Yielding in

Gusset Plates ........................... 170
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4.1 Change of Crookedness after First

Tension Load ........... . . . . . . . . 171
4.2 Effective Length Factor for Out-of-Plane

Buckling Specimens ...................... 172
4.3 Buckling Loads for First Ten Cycles

of Out-of-Plane Buckling Specimens . . . 173
B.2 Mechanical Properties of Material . . . . 375
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
2.1 The Test Set-Up 174
2.2 The Four-Hinged Frame and the

Support Frame 175
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2.3 Instrumentation 176
2.4 Data Acquisition: System 176

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2.5 Details of Test Specimen AB1 177

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2.9 Details of Test Specimen AW 9 181

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2.10 Details of Test Specimen AW11 182
2.14 Details of Test Specimens AB4 and A B 6 186
2.17 Details of Test Specimen AW 1 2 189
2.18 Details of Test Specimen AW 1 4 190
ix
Figure
2.21 Critical Sections in Gusset Plates 193
2.22 Distribution of Stresses in a Critical

Section 194
2.23 Effective Width of Gusset Plates: (a)

Bolted Connection; (b) Welded Connections 195
2.24 Jig Used for Fabrication of Specimens 195
2.25 General Cyclic Deformation History of

Test Specimens 196
3.1 Directions of In-Plane Buckling: (a)
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Toward the Toes of theBack-to- Back Legs
in Specimen AW15; (b) Toward the Heels of
the Back-to-Back Legs in Specimen AW9 196
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3.2 Cyclic Deformation History of Specimen AB1 197

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3.6 Cyclic Deformation History of Specimen AW9 201

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3.9 Cyclic Deformation History of Specimen Awl5 204
3.10 Local Yielding: (a) Gusset Plate of

Specimen AW9; (b) Double Angles of
Specimen AW9 205
3.11 Hysteresis Loops of Welded In-Plane

Buckling Specimens during First Two Cycles 206
3.12 Rotation of Angles at Midspan 207
3.13 Hysteresis Loops Recorded during the Test

of Specimen AW13 208
Figure
3.14 Local Yielding in Specimen A B 1 : (a)

Gusset; (b) Bolt Spacing 209
3.15 Hysteresis Loops Recorded during First

Cycle of Loading of Specimen AB1 210

Three Cycles of Loading of Specimen AB3 211
3.17 Deformation of Specimen AB5 during Post

Buckling Compression 212
3. 18 Hysteresis Loops Recorded during First

Cycle of Loading of Specimen AB7 213
3.19 Hysteresis Loops Recorded during Second

and Third Cycle of Loading of Specimen AB7 214
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3 . 20 Deformations in Diagonal Bracings: (a)
Symmetric; (b) Antisymmetric 215
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3.21 Buckling Configurations of Specimen AB1 216
3.22 Buckling Configurations of Specimen AB3 216

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3.23 Buckling Configurations of Specimen AW9 217
3.24 Buckling Configurations of Specimen AW15 217
3. 25 Buckling of Elastic Column with Elastic

Rotational Springs at the Ends 218
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3. 26 Actual Test Specimen and the Simplified

Model 218
3.27 First Buckling Loads of In-Plane Buckling

Specimens 219
3.28 Deformed Shape of Specimen AB7 at the

Instant of First Buckling 219
3.29 Cyclic Buckling Loads of Welded Specimens:

(a) Compared to AISC Column Formulas
(b) Compared to Buckling Load of First
Cycle 220
3. 30 Cyclic Buckling Load of Bolted Specimens

Normalized by Values per AISC 220
xi
Figure
3.31 Trilinear Curve Proposed for Decrease of

Buckling Capacity with Number of Cycles 221
3.32 Axial Load vs. Crookedness Curves for an

Initially Crooked Member 222
3.33 Comparison of Test Results and Theory

for Specimen AW13 223
3.34 Plastic Hinges in Welded Specimens:

(a) End Hinge; (b) Midspan Hinge 224
3.35 Plastic Hinge in Bolted Specimens: (a)

Specimen A B 1 ; (b) Specimen AB5 225
3.36 Stress Variation in Sections as Shown

on the Sketch Using Data Points from
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Test of Specimen AW11 226
3.37 Stress Variation in Sections as Shown

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Test of Specimen AW13 227
3.38 Stress Variation at Sections as Shown

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Test of Specimen AB1 228
3.39 Plastic Hinge at Lower End of Specimen

AW 13 229
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3.40 Severe Yielding of Outstanding Leg at

Midspan Hinge of Specimen AW15 230
3.41 Local Buckling in Specimen AW13 after

Eleven Cycles of Deformations 230
3.42 Severe Local Buckling at Midspan Hinge

of Specimen AW15 during Fourth Cycle 230
3.43 Local Buckling at Midspan Hinge of

Specimen AB7 after Eleven Cycles 231
3.44 Fracture at Midspan Hinge of Specimen AB7

Through the Tip of Locally Buckled Leg
during Twelfth Cycle 231
3.45 Failure of Specimen AB3 at Midspan Hinge:

(a) Eighth Cycle; (b) Ninth Cycle 232
xii
Figure
3.46 Midspan Plastic Hinge in Second Cycle:

(a) Specimen AB5; (b) Specimen AB3 233
3.47 Midspan Plastic Hinge in Fourth Cycle:

3.48 Midspan Plastic Hinge in Seventh Cycle:

3.49 Failure at Midspan Plastic Hinge:

(a) Specimen AB5 in Fifteenth Cycle;
(b) Specimen AB3 in Eighth Cycle 234
3.50 Deformation of Single Angles between

Stitches 235
3.51 Derivation of Fictitious Load Acting on
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Single Angles 236
3.52 Fictitious Loads on Single Angle 237

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3.53 Calculation of Force in Stitches of
In-Plane Buckling Specimens 238
3.54 Yielding in Gusset Plate in Specimen AB5 239

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3.55 Extensive Plastification in

Gusset Plate of Specimen AB5 239
3.56 Propagation of Crack in

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Specimen AW11 240
3.57 Total Fracture in Outstanding Leg of

Specimen AW11 240
3.58 Eccentricities ex and ey in Connection

of Angles to the Gusset Plates 241
3.59 Failure of Specimen AW11: (a) Point of

Crack Initiation; (b) Simple Beam Theory
as Applied to Outstanding Leg 241
3.60 Application of Simple Beam Theory to

Outstanding Leg: (a) Elastic Regime;
(b) Elastic-Plastic Regime 242
3.61 Variation of Strain vs. Lw /b 0 Ratio for

Outstanding Leg 243
xiii
Figure
3.62 Yielding at Edge Distance of First Bolt

in Specimen AB1 during Third Cycle 244
3.63 Fracture at Edge Distance of First Bolt

during Sixth Cycle 244
3.64 Free Body Diagrams for an Angle Connected

to the Gusset by Bolts 245
3.65 Reinforcement of Net Section 246
3.66 Yield Condition for Gross, Net and

Reinforced Net Section of Specimens AB3,
AB5 and AB7 Made of 2L-4x3x3/8 247
3.67 Yield and Plasticity Condition for Gross
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and Reinforced Net Section of Specimen
AB3, AB5 and AB7 248
3.68 Shift of Plastic Hinge into the Net

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Section in Specimen AB7 after Twelve
Cycles 248
3.69 Reinforcing End Connection of Specimen

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AB3 and AB5 249
3.70 Upper Connection of Specimen AB5 at the

End of Test 250
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3.71 Forces Acting on Connection of Double

Angles 250
3.72 Plasticity Condition and Recorded Loading

for Specimen AB1 251
3.73 Plasticity Condition and Recorded Loading

For Specimen AE7 252
3.74 Plasticity Condition and Slip Condition

for Specimen AB7 If Seven Bolts are Used 253
4.1 Out-of-plane Buckling Configuration 254
4.4 Cyclic Deformation History of Specimen A B 6 257
xiv
Figure
4.5 Cyclic Deformation History of Specimen AW 8 258
4.7 Cyclic Deformation History of Specimen AW12. 260
4.9 Cyclic Deformation History of Specimen A W16 262
4.11 Local Yielding in Gusset Plates during

First Tension: (a) Specimen AW16; (b)
Specimen A W 8 264
4.12 Hysteresis Loops of Welded Out-of-Plane
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Buckling Specimens during First Two Cycles 265
4.13 Single Angle Buckling between Two Stitches 266

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of Specimen A W 8 267

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and Second Cycle of Loading of Bolted

Specimens AB2, AB4 and A B 6 268
4.16 Enlargement of Bolt Holes and Yielding

at Net Section of First Bolt in Specimen
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AB2 269
4.17 Plastic Hinges in Specimen AB2: (a) Below

Midspan Hinge; (b) In the Gusset Plate 270
4.18 Failure of Net Section in Specimen A B 6 :

(a) Plastification during Fourth Cycle;
(b) Fracture during Ninth Cycle 271
4.19 Plastification around the Bolt Hole of

of Specimen A B 4 : (a) During Fourth Cycle;
(b) at End of Test 272
4.20 Plastification in Lower Connection of

Specimen AB4 273

of Specimens AB4 274
xv
Figure
4.22 Hysteresis Loops Recorded during the

Test of Specimens A B 6 275
4.23 Local Buckling in Specimen AB2: (a) during

Sixth Cycle; (b) Fracture during Tenth
Cycle 276
4.24 Deformations in Diagonal Bracings: (a)

Symmetric; (b) Antisymmetric 277
4.25 Comparison of Measured First Buckling

Load to the Values per AISC Column
Formulas: (a) Taking Fy=36 ksi; (b)
Taking Fy-Actual Yield Strength from
Coupon Tests 278
4.26 Sequence of Buckling Modes of Out-of-Plane
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Buckling Specimens: (a) Overall Buckling;
(b) Single Angle Buckling 279
4.27 Lateral Deformations of Angles at Midspan

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during First Buckling: (a) Slender
(a) Slender Specimens; (b) Relatively
Stocky Specimens 280
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4.28 Lateral Deformations of Angles at Midspan

during First Buckling: (a) Specimen AB4;
(b) Specimen A B 6 281

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(a) Compared to AISC Column Formulas;

(b)Compared to Buckling Load of First
Cycle 282
4.30 Trilinear Curve Proposed for Decrease of

Buckling Capacity with Number of Cycles 283

(a) Compared to AISC Column Formulas;
(b) Compared to Buckling Load of First
Cycle 284
4.32 Yield and Plasticity Conditions for

Specimens with KL/r=110 285


xvi
Figure
4.35 Yielding at End Connections of Specimen

AW10: (a) during Second Cycle;
(b) during Sixth Cycle 288
4.36 Plastic Hinge at Midspan of Specimen A W 8 289
4.37 Plastic Hinge in Gusset Plate of

Specimen AB2 289
4.38 Local Buckling in Outstanding Leg of

Specimen A W 8 290
4.39 Fracture of Stitch in Specimen AW12 291
4.40 Single Angle Buckling in Specimen AW12 291
4.41 Compressive and Tensile Yielding at Midspan 292
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4.42 Permanent Deformation of the Angle in
Convex Side 292
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4.43 Yielding of Angles in Specimen
AW 18 293
4.44 Deformed Shape of Bolted Specimen A B 6 :

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(a) Under Compression; (b) Under Tension 294
4.45 Forces in Angles during Cyclic Loading 295
4.46 Strain Gages Mounted on both Sides of

Stitch: (a) Top View; (b) Bottom View 296
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4.47 Variation of Axial Force in Single Angles

during Cyclic Loading: (a) End Segment;
(b) Middle Segment 297
4.48 Variation of Shear Force in Stitches of

Out-of-Plane Buckling Specimens 298
4.49 Forces Acting on Fillet Welds of Stitch:

(a) Transfer of Force by Stitch; (b)
Free Body of Fillet Welds and Forces
Acting on Them 299
4.50 Plastification in Gusset Plates of

Specimen AW10: (a) Upper Connection;
(b) Lower Connection 300
4.51 Failure of Gusset Plate in Specimen AW10:

(a) Twelfth Cycle; (b) Sixteenth Cycle 301
xvii

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INFORM ATION TO USERS

The following explanation o f techniques is provided to help clarify markings or

2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an

the adjacent frame.

sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on

4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic

CYCLIC BEHAVIOR OF DOUBLE ANGLE BRACING MEMBERS W ITH

The University o f Michigan PH.D. 1982

1. Glossy photographs or pages_____

2. Colored illustrations, paper or print____

3. Photographs with dark background.

4. Illustrations are poor copy_____

5. Pages with black marks, not original copy ^

8. Print exceeds margin requirements_____

10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print_____

12. Page(s)__________ seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows.

13. Two pages numbered___________. Textfollows.

14. Curling and wrinkled pages_____

MEMBERS WITH END GUSSET PLATES

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment

Professor Subhash C. Goel, Co-Chairman

Microfilmed or bound copies of doctoral dissertations submitted

The author is indebted to professor Subhash C. Goel

co-chairman of his dssertation committee for his generous

assistance, guidance, cooperation and encouragement

Appreciation is also extended to professor Robert D.

constructive comments which were indispensible for

completion of this study.

The author is greatly indebted to professor Glen V.

Berg, member of the dissertation committee who offered

invaluable comments and suggestions toward improvement of

the dissertation. His assistance is specially appreciated

considering the obstacle of distance during the last phase

of this study. Helpful comments from Professors Robert C.

Juvinall, Andrzej S. Nowak and Richard D. Woods, other

members of the doctoral committee, are also appreciated.

This research was sponsored by the American Iron and

Steel Institute through project number 301A. The auther is

grateful for their financial assistance. Acknowledgement

bolts and Ingersoll-Rand Company for the Tensioning Tool

which were used in bolted specimens.

The author is also grateful to his wife for her

assistance and encouragement and his children for their

patience throughout this study.

The author acknowledges Dr. Heinrich Gugerli's

contribution in completing the test set-up. The author is

thankful to Anurag Goel for his valuable assistance in

carrying out the tests. Ben Bourland and Kevin Schmidt,

assistance throughout the tests. Cooperation of Mrs.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................... iii

LIST OF T A B L E S ......................................... vii

LIST OF F I G U R E S ....................................... viii

LIST OF APPENDICES ..........> ........................

2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM ........................... 15

2.2.1 Four-Hinged Frame with Support

2.3 Selection of Test Specimens 23

3. IN-PLANE BUCKLING SPECIMENS .................. 36

3.12 Connection of Angles to Gusset Plate

4. OUT-OF-PLANE BUCKLING SPECIMENS 96

5. MODELING THEHYSTERESIS LOOPS ................ 136

5.1 Introduction 136

5.5 Comparison of Model and Test Results 142

6 . SUMMARY AND C O N C L U S I O N S ..........................144