Basics of an Operating System History of Operating System Need ofan Operating System leed and Structure of Operating System Advantages and Functions of an Operatin Sen me ass jost of the times, ¥_ Types of Operating System than the / Major Operating Systems ¥ Mobile Operating Systems he set of the prog hardware work. Software, written in a language othe machine language. Thus, there should be a translator that acts in between s at the user can interact with the hardware. This software is known as an Operating System BASICS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM ‘An operating system acts as an interface between (Users | the user and the hardware. It is a system software that understands the language of both the user and the hardware. It makes the operations of the computer easy. The operating system establishes a standard means of communication between users and computer systems. It does this by providing a user interface and a standard set of commands that control the hardware. Relationship between operating system, hardware and users HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEM In 1940s, during the early days of computers, ating system did not exist. During those the oper by mechanical switches. irpose computers days, instructions were entered into the special put i The earliest version of operating system was used by the General Motors Research Laboratories. IBM 701 (1952), known as the Defense Calcul scientific computer, had the first operating syste! operating system. Over the years, operating systems given in Table 1.1. rand regarded as the first commercial or mark in the history of the timeline ato ym. It was a maj have evolved as witnessed inte Timeline of operating system NEED OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM. Figure 1.1 shows the relation of the Operating system with the system hardware and the end user, In i py te Operating system lies in: st ving an easy interaction between the user and _ ~ controlling input and output, Bite oot.executing different applications creating folders to organise fileg viewing and saving the files in the hard disk. copying, moving, or taking backup of files formatting memory sticks or pen ¢ ten 3 en drives “se STRUCTURE OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM The working of an operating system can be understood ways to understand this is the ‘onion skin’ approach Acque ne eet and then reach to the core of the onion, similarly. a user ene op by travelling through the different layers of the operating esque, ee eat hardware operating system are: perating system. The major layers of the ways. One of the as to peel off the different layers v Kernel ¥ Shell ; Kernel Info Hub : The kemel is the core of an operating system Kernel ond Shell are terms It provides the basic services for all other parts of the ce ere Treguenti for Uni : operating computers than in operating system. The services ofa kernel are requested ev icacis or Mieco cither by other parts of the operating system or by application Windows enabled computers. programs through a specified set of program interfaces, sometimes known as system calls. The kernel is made of a number of software sores subsystems—process management, memory wae management, input/output management, and file system management. Mach kernel, developed at Carnegie Mellon University and currently used ina Users version of the Linux operating system for Apple’s Fig 12 Relationship between kernel, PowerMac computers, is an example of a kemel. ees Users Users ‘Shell Users Shell A shell is a software that provides an interface for users of an operating system to Se ie services of a kernel. The shell is the layer of programs that understands and are commands a user enters. In some systems, the shell is called a command interpreter. ser to ge, which allows the Device Drivers felevel langua i in high-level langua * itten in high-lev e fhe kernel interacts with the Device drivers are computer programs wr ner nail interact with a hardware device. It is with these device drive! hardware.in the following ways 0 er without operate the computer W! ie Fei etes for the hardware t0 ine eesan be managed ‘automatically. ar ve utilised very efficiently Fe ececued ina parallel manner withou pscan OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM ions of an operating syste! any knowledge of f ct with it. All th it any interruption g are the major funct management—The main t coessed directly by the CPU. Thus, this memory. The operating system helps to— Allocate or assign memory space to any program hen it is (b) Deallocate memory when memory space is not required by that program anymore (c) Keep a track of the allotment of memory. {@) Decide which programs will be loaded next into the memory when space becomes available. 2, Process management—A process or a job is a ‘operating system manages many kinds of processes that may include processes from the users or the system. The operating system helps to— (a) Create a system and a user process. (b) Schedule the CPU with the processes. (6) Delete a process when the execution of the process has completed (@) Suspend a process temporarily when it is waiting for some input or any other resource. (e) Communicate between different processes and help in synchronising them. ary storage that can be memory provides tempo for a program to be executed, it has to be loaded to be executed program under execution. The (® Avoid and manage a deadlock situation, A deadlock is referred to an anomalous situation where two or more processes are each waiting for the other to complete This happens when they are sharing the same resource. 3. File management—A file is a data container that is stored in the secondary ina memory so that it can be retrieved and used later. Files are generally stored in Be a Techie! % directories so that they can be grouped logically. Each of the secondary storage devices functions according to their own Press Ctrl, Alt and Del keys together. Then click on Task Manager. Go to the Processes tab. What do you see? Explain What are the other tabs that are avail St eeeways. They might have diftay accessing and so on. The open, . #0 on. The operating syste (a) Manage the files on these dite es (b) Create a file or a director ae ory by nt amor amount of availabl le space, working speed, ways of 'yPes of storage units, (©) Access and modify the files. tine Space (A) Delete a file or a directory by deal (e) Keep a track of the memory eas () Manage the free space available. 4, Input/Output management—Each proce may generate some output. This mansgemey to hide the internal details of the U/O : device drivers that manage this task quire some input from ement technique of the opera Loe he operating system helps architecture from the user. This job is given to the 5. Netw 2 4 letwork management—This feature of the operat with other processors in a distributed system eget eo communion led system on a network. 6. Security—The operating us he operating system helps to protect one process from the ac other processes when multiple processes are being executed simultane a is g executed simultaneous of a system may result f ear detection and handling—An error during the runni the entire system to halt temporarily. The operating system thus, has an important task to play. The operating system (a) Constantly monitors the system. (b) Detects the errors that exist. (c) Deallocates the memory for a faulty process (@) Retrieves the CPU when an infinite execution is taking place. This function allocates computer resources such as CPU Resource management— and output devices for use. time, main memory, secondary storage, and input JSER INTERFACE OF OPERATING SYSTEMS 1 via the user interface of the oper nient for user to use the operating syste rdware. ation system. The he user interacts with the operating system 1m, The user im of the user interface is to make it conve! 1n easily access and communicate with the applications and the har he user interface of an operating system is broadly classified into two major tyPes: vy CUI or Character User Interface (also called Command-line User Interface) vy GUI or Graphical User Interface er Interface) help of some predefined commands keyed text which is typed using the anslating them into Jl or Character User Interface (or Command-line Us computer with the CUI, the user interacts with ue Me oe line interface. The comm: ae rough a ear i Bees by acommand-line interpreter by tr yboard. commanresides outside the kernel so th id remember the diffe Generally, this interpreter ‘by the user. In CUI, the user has to learn am deleting, opening a file or folder cul is typing-in-commands interface, Example of operating system havin Figure 1.3 shows the output of DIR con OS commands include CP, face includes MS-DOS an: \z CUI inte an MS-DOS screen. mand on Some common MS-D' DIR, COPY, DEL, EDI! me common MS-1 and CLS. — 3 To get the window of the co in the Windows environment, click Start > Run and type ‘cmd’. Pr ‘Alternatively, click on Start > All Programs b Accessories » Command Prompt. MS-DOS screen GUI or Graphical User Interface Th GUI, the user can interact with the operating system with the help ct ‘This interface uses graphics to display the various commands. The interface consists of te menus, windows and pointers. The user need not learn the commands; instead, the user can give jnstructions by moving the pointer on the screen using a mouse and pressing the mouse button a graphical inter GUIs a point-and-click interface. Lis based on WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointers) interaction Windows. It is based on the concept WYSIWYG, meaning What You See Is What You Get Examples of operating systems having GUI interface includes Windows 8 and MAC OS. GUI interface for the Linux OS also exist like the GNU Object Model Environment (GNOME). Fig. |.4 Windows 8 desktopMini and Mainframe comput nd Mi mputers because the former must handle t hardware devices, and provide anne lt ovide ampl have mo: re complex op perating syster 1g systems than the microcomputers ple users, le manag, , Multiple applicati Bement and actin Poe applications and mitip le Features of GUI GUI consists of six main feature: v Pointer: It isa r: It isa symbol on the screen th programs. Generally, pointer isa slant aren Se? Seles : fer is’ slant atro » select the commands and iP wg devices: It is a device that ‘ ca mouse on desktop computer, trackball on lepton torches eae ie uc all on laptop, touchse iets. : ¥ Teon: loons are small pictures displayed on the Was and commands. To activate the icon, selectthe ieon by hence ee select the icon by brin ea inging pointer on the icon and clicking it ¥ Desktop: It is the di s display area on th pes 'Y area on the screen where the user can view progra Windows: A scree’ ereen may have multiple windows. Each eee. ach windows displays a different ¢ Menu: It allows the users to s elect programs or different options and execute it Fig. 16 Pointer, Desktop, Icon, Window and Menu Advantages of GUI There are several advantages of Graphical U: Interface. The advantages are listed below r does not have to nds. It is easier fora new ser Info Hub Use graphical representati to change date and time. ion of colendar vy Easy to use: The use! remember the commal user to use, requires less training. Easy to navigate: It is easy to explore the sy: vy Multitasking: Users can view, control and manip' It makes the work faster for tasks like, Copy and paste. e for a new user. Fast to use: Using the mo view that pleases the eye Visual appeal: It provides a bea! are benefits of WYSIWYG. It is user” 1m, Menu allows easy navigation. ste! ulate multiple windows with a click. use makes it fast to ust wutiful and colourful There friendly interfaceyy in which the proces: can erie following types: ‘single-user Operating System™ It allows only one user to acces Windows 95. Multi-user Operating System This category of operating systems suppo! of users depends on the hardware availabl. ‘Multi-processing Operating System In this type, an operating system is capable of supporting and utilising more than one processor at a time. Linux, Unix and Windows 7 are examples of this type of operating systems. Single-tasking Operating System This type of operating system allows only ‘one program to execute ata time. One program has to complete execution before the second program can start. Palm OS is an example of this type of operating system. Multi-tasking Operating Systems than Windows 95) and Unix. Multi-threading Operating System This type of operating Linux, Unix and Wind Real-time Operating System This ‘ype of operating system is used main precise timing and reliability are the first pi Gan algo be classified according ssing takes place ss the compute! ris more than one user at the same time ie and the design of the operating ly for Teal-time systems, Itis used by nority. Example of a real-time 0 the number of x at a time, Examples inclu Unix and Windows 7 are examples of this type of operating systems Info Hub Booting is the process by which the oper system is loaded on to the main memory. | to the time taken when the power is | on and the computer is ready for working ‘re two types of booting—Cold Boot the computer is started by turning on the p: _|switch) and Warm Boot (where the computer s started by pressing the restart button) Clean Boot—tt is the process of booting, which ‘Applies to all versions of Windows, where only the essential files of the operating system are loaded This type of operating system permits a single CPU to execute more than one process at the = time. Each process receives the attention of the CPU for a fraction of a second befo! moves on to the next process. Examples of this type include Windows (all versions later the system allows f oa different parts of the same Program to run simultaneously Sare examples of this type Of operating system. systems where Operating system isLynx. A fire alarm syste ticket booking system, op ic control system, er , Time-sharing Operating Systems This type of operating system allows many use with mini or mainframe computers whe a the same time. Unix, Windows NT and Windows Xp system. to access a single computer. This is found more than one user needs to access the computer at are examples of this type of operating MAJOR OPERATING SYSTEMS ‘MS-DOS Unix Linux Table |.2 Features of major operat ing syst soft Disk Operating System ices not take much space for installation (about 8MB). gives more control tothe processes as it has a command-line user interface Itis a single-user, single-tasking operating system. * The concept of C: as the root drive eame from DOS operating system. Ithas limited graphics features ee Itis not compatible with current browsers and the Internet. The Unix operating system was developed in 1969 by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others at the AT&T Bell Laboratories. It was earlier known as UNICS (UNiplexed Information and Computing Service). * It was rewritten inC language. This made the operating system portable and changed the history of operating systems. ¢ One may use either the CUI that gives more control or flexibility or GUI which makes it simple. « Itis-very flexible and can be installed on micro, mini, mainframe and supercomputers @ It is a very reliable, secured and robust operating system. «Linux was developed by Linus Torvalds in 1992. ce operating system and is copyrighted under the GNU Public License. @ Itis a Unix. Itis available ‘free’ Some organisations like Red Hat, Mandrake, Debian, and Novell offer Linux with add-on features and capabilities. ; Like DOS, Linux is a command-line user interface. It also has GUI interfaces called desktop environments like GNOME and K Desktop Environment (KDE «© It is amulti-user, multi-tasking operating system. * Itisa reliable and secured operating system. The first version of Windows was developed by Microsoft «@ Ithas a graphical user interface and is thus user-friendly 2S po and widen, CD and DVD dives 2 ee anew, ‘which allows users to share files and applications with tach other, ifthe computers are connected toa network. Tt has.a large market share (approx. 93%). “¢ It can support a variety of application software. Corporation in 1985.BBUYSIEING developed by pel bY Apply surrences of worms, Viruse : 5, an fae systems as compared to 4 trols smanphones, personal digital assistants(PD Ag ‘This similar in principle to the conventional operatWindows Mobite Smartphones, is a mobile operating’ oped by Michi sein) IDteMet Explorer Mobite ist ee lobite is Windows © It contain: aa Spe eraded by normal users, ean “i coe a Pot allow users to view fil ased On the Windows ¢ ES, alin is geen 2000 operating system, oa * Intemet Explore ippeared as the Pocket PC ‘din Windows mobile and new E in Windows 10 mobile * Kernel: the core of the operating s provides the basic services for all of the operating system '® Shell: a software that provides an interface for users of an operating system, ‘access the services of a kernel system that : © Device driv ers: computer programs written aiake mputer programs writte in high-level language that allows the user to interact with a hardware device * Booting: the process by which the operating system is loaded on to the main memory required to ROR Cua ¥ An operating system acts as an interface between the user and the hardware. ¥ Initial computers did not have any operating system. 7 Unix was one of the earliest operating systems to be developed, 7 The major layers of the operating system are Shell, Kernel and Device drivers, ¥ Kernel manages the memory, processes, files and input/output processes. | VY The operating system can either be CUI or GUL / The operating systems can also be classified as single-user, multi-user, multi-processing, single-tasking, multi-tasking, multi-threading, real-time or time sharing. | / Booting is a process by which the operating system is loaded on to the main memory, ¥ MS-DOS, MAC, WINDOWS, UNIX and LINUX are some examples of operating systems. ¥ Android, Symbian, Windows Mobile and BlackBerry are examples of different mobile operating | systems. : | ¥ Windows 7 has a number of system tools which help us to maintain the system. y ASSESSMENT ZONE BIS A. Choose the correct answer. 8 1, Between what layers does the kernel interact (a) User and hardware (c) Two users (b) Two hardware devices (d) Shell and hardware(@) Mac (d) Blackberry (GAM of these (@) Device driver than one processor at system help us in(©) Single-tasking and mut and multi-tasking Og (€) Multiprocessing and muli-thresa ' (€)Real-time and time-sharingog B, Sole the crossword using ine g Riven clues, ACROss system mops Mam oprating 4. Theft an operat stem that has desktop ike GNOME and KDE 0. An opera DOWN 1. An example of CUL 2. Operating system act between user and this Another name for command interpr i mand interpreter 6. Anoperating system based on Debian GNU/Linux distribstion 7. Anoperating system des at AT&T Bell Labora oped in 1969 1. Prepare a PowerPoint presentation on the ‘History of Operating System’. You can work in groups of five and restrict the number of slides to 15, with verbal presentation to 10 minutes per group. 2. Since the launch of newer versions of MAC OS, they have been identified by very unique names. Find out all the code names for MAC OS X. 3. With the help of the Internet, conduct a research on the evolution of the Windows OS. 4. Group some of the recent mobile phones based on the operating systems they use. C generic, Windows-based, Android-based, Symbian-based, or Blackberry-based. 5. With the help of the Internet, list down the similarities and dissimilarities between the mobile operating systems discussed in this chapter. ssify them as the features of different operating With the ‘of the Internet, do a research to compare a systems. Wek Gperating system would you prefer in your personal computer and why? You | can also have a class debate on the findings.