Students Powerpoint Materials & Their Atoms

Heathfield High School 1

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MATERIALS
Physical properties are those that can be observed
without changing the identity of a substance
e.g. state of matter, colour, density and hardness.
Chemical properties describe
how a substance changes
into a completely different
substance e.g. flammability
and corrosion resistance.
The properties
of a substance
determine its
uses.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MATERIALS
The chemical properties of materials will be studied in
an ongoing way throughout the year.
The common physical properties used to describe
elements and compounds include:
 State of matter – solid, liquid
or gas.
 Colour – light/dark blue, etc.
 Density – mass per unit volume.
 Hardness – how resistant matter
is to an external force.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MATERIALS
 Solubility – ability of a substance to dissolve.
 Thermal/heat conductivity – ability of matter
to allow heat to pass along/through it.
 Electrical conductivity - ability of matter to
allow electricity to pass through it.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MATERIALS
 Melting point – temperature at which a solid
changes to a liquid e.g. ice melts at 0C.
 Boiling point – temperature at which a liquid
changes to a gas e.g. water boils at 100C.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MATERIALS
Important substances such as plastics, steel and alloys
were developed to have specific properties which
makes them useful for a huge variety of purposes.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MATERIALS

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF MATERIALS

NANOMATERIALS
Nano comes from the Greek word "nanos," meaning
"dwarf“. In Science and Mathematics, the prefix
“nano” (n) means “one billionth” – in scientific
notation this is represented as “10-9”.
Nanomaterials are substances that contain particles in
the size range of 1 – 100 nm. Very small particles have
a high surface area to volume ratio, which may lead to
unusual properties and to a diverse range of uses.

NANOMATERIALS
Nanoscience is the bundling of sciences that together
target human control over the arrangement of atoms
and molecules on the nanoscale (i.e. the scale of
individual atoms and molecules).

NANOMATERIALS
One of the more well known groups of nanomaterials
are called fullerenes. A fullerene is a molecule of
carbon in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube,
and many other shapes.
Spherical fullerenes are also called “buckyballs”, and
they resemble the balls used in soccer. Cylindrical ones
are called carbon nanotubes or “buckytubes”.

NANOMATERIALS
Nanotubes are very strong, have high melting and
boiling points and a massive surface area for their size.
Their uses include:
 reinforce graphite in tennis racquets.
 transporting drugs around the body.
 spreading catalysts on them to increase the rate of a
a reaction over a huge area.
 semiconductors in electrical circuits.

NANOMATERIALS
A single atom is about 0.1 nm.
Nanoparticles are about
1 – 100 nm in size.

NANOMATERIALS
Nanoparticles have been developed to meet the needs
of the 21st century, including consumer
products, health care, transportation,
energy and agriculture.
However, there are also potential risks
associated with their use, particularly
to our health.

A CHEMIST’S
LANGUAGE
Substances
Pure Substances Impure Substances
Elements Compounds Mixtures
Atoms Molecules
Ions
SEPARATING MIXTURES
A mixture is a substance made by combining two or
more different materials in such a way that no
chemical reaction occurs.
A mixture can usually be separated back into its
original components because the various components
have different physical properties.

SEPARATING MIXTURES
Some common ways of separating mixtures include:
 Sieving – separates based on the size of the particles.

SEPARATING MIXTURES
 Gravity separation – separates based on the
different density of the components in the mixture.

SEPARATING MIXTURES
 Filtration – separates an insoluble solid from a liquid.

SEPARATING MIXTURES
 Evaporation – separates a soluble solid from a liquid.
The evaporating liquid

could then be collected
via condensation. This
process could be used to
extract fresh water from
sea water.
SEPARATING MIXTURES
 Distillation – separates two or more liquids that have
different boiling points. It is often used to separate
alcohol (ethanol) from water and also separate the
many components of crude oil.

SEPARATING MIXTURES
 Chromatography - separates dissolved substances
that have different colours, such as inks and plant
dyes. It works because some of the coloured
substances dissolve in the liquid better than others,
so they travel further.

THE ATOM
(REVISION!)
Our modern idea of an atom is a very small nucleus
containing protons (positively charged) and neutrons
(neutral), surrounded by a cloud of
electrons (negatively charged).
Protons and neutrons are about the
same size but electrons are about 1/1846
the size of a proton. Almost all of the
mass (about 99.99%) of an atom is in
the nucleus. The rest is empty space.

THE ATOM
(REVISION!)
AN ANALOGY ABOUT ATOMIC SIZE
If we could make an atom the same size as the school
oval, the nucleus would be the size of a green pea on
the cricket pitch and the electrons would be pinpoints
moving around the boundary at the speed of light.

THE ATOM
(REVISION!)
In an element, all of the atoms have the same number
of protons (i.e. they are the same type). There are
about 115 different elements – they can be made into
new elements inside of nuclear reactors. Each element
has its own symbol. In the symbol, the first letter is
always capital and if there is a second letter, it is always
lowercase e.g. Na, Cl.

DOGS TEACHING CHEMISTRY
The Atom (1:50 mins)

MODELS OF
THE ATOM

CRASH COURSE CHEMISTRY
Episode #37 – History of Atomic Chemistry (9:30 mins)

ATOMIC EMISSION &
ABSORPTION SPECTRA
How do we know that electrons exist in shells???
What evidence do we have to prove this???
Highest energy level
Electrons of atoms reside in
concentric spheres known as
energy “shells” or “levels” in
which they orbit the nucleus
of an atom. Each shell is
assigned a principal quantum
number, n. The value of n is
an integer, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.
Lowest energy level
ATOMIC EMISSION &
ABSORPTION SPECTRA
FLAME TESTS
When a metal salt solution is burned, the metal
produces a coloured flame. Each metal ion gives a
different coloured flame. Flame tests, therefore, can be
used to test for the absence or presence of a metal ion.
Heathfield
High School 32
ATOMIC EMISSION &
ABSORPTION SPECTRA
As (heat) energy is applied to the atom, an electron is
promoted from its ground state (lowest energy state)
to a higher energy shell or an excited state. The
excited state has a higher n value, has more energy,
and is  less stable.

ATOMIC EMISSION &
ABSORPTION SPECTRA
The colour of the flame is caused by the demotion of
electrons from an excited energy state to their ground
state. Electrons fall from higher energy states to lower
energy states which are more stable.
Each metal provides a different coloured flame by

Heathfield which it may be distinguished from other metals.
High School 34
ATOMIC EMISSION &
ABSORPTION SPECTRA
ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTRA
An emission spectrum is obtained by adding energy to
an atom. The addition of energy promotes electrons
from the ground state to an excited state. As the
electrons “fall” from the
excited state to the
ground state, they emit
the energy they absorbed
in the form of
electromagnetic radiation
(heat, light, etc.)

ATOMIC EMISSION &
ABSORPTION SPECTRA
The colours arise because electromagnetic radiation,
with wavelengths within the visible range, is being
emitted by the atoms. This radiation can be analysed
using a prism to split it into its component wavelengths
and then direct them onto a photographic plate. A
series of coloured lines on a dark background is
produced – a line emission spectrum.

ATOMIC EMISSION &
ABSORPTION SPECTRA
Each line corresponds to a particular wavelength of
the electromagnetic spectrum. Each metal produces
its own distinctive line spectrum (bit like a fingerprint).
It was by analysing the light emitted by stars in this
way that the presence of different metals in stars was
first detected
last century.

ATOMIC EMISSION &
ABSORPTION SPECTRA
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTRA
An absorption spectrum occurs when light passes
through a cold, dilute gas. Light with a specific
wavelength is absorbed by different metals when they
vaporize in a flame. The energy absorbed excites
electrons to a higher energy state. The re-emitted light
is unlikely to be emitted in the same direction as the
absorbed light - this gives rise to dark lines (absence of
light) on a coloured background in the spectrum.

ATOMIC EMISSION &
ABSORPTION SPECTRA
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is used to
measure the concentration of metals in mining
operations, water, food, air and in living things. This
process will be studied further in Year 12 Chemistry.

MAIN SHELL ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
The electrons of an atom are not arranged randomly,
but exist in shells. They are negatively charged but
they do tend to pair up (much like girls going to the
toilet!!! ).
They can pair up because they spin on their axis and
thus generate a magnetic field. Two electrons spinning
on their axis in the opposite direction will be attracted
towards each other due to their magnetism.

MAIN SHELL ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
The maximum number of electrons that each shell can
hold increases as you increase the distance from the
nucleus (because there is more volume), but the force
of attraction on them by the nucleus will decrease the
further away they are.
The formula used to work out the maximum number
of electrons each shell can hold is 2n2 where n is the
number of the shell.

MAIN SHELL ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
These shells
never get
filled.

MAIN SHELL ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
It actually follows a mathematical progression:
1 pair 1 pair 1 pair 1 pair
+ 3 pairs + 3 pairs + 3 pairs
+ 5 pairs + 5 pairs
+ 7 pairs
2 electrons 8 electrons 18 electrons 32 electrons
See the hand-out sheet for the

main shell electron configurations
for the first 38 elements. Most of
these should be revision from Year 10!
MAIN SHELL ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION

SUBSHELL ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
Electrons are arranged around the nucleus in principle
energy levels (shells), and within these, in subshells.
There are 7 main shells (corresponding to the 7 periods
of the Periodic Table) with each shell holding a
maximum number of electrons given by 2n2 (where n =
the main shell number).
The electrons within each s = sharp
main shell can have slightly
different (yet defined) p = principal
energies. They are assigned d = diffuse
to different subshells,
represented by s, p, d and f. f = fundamental
SUBSHELL ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
 The first shell has one subshell – s.
 The second shell has two subshells – s and p.
 The third shell has three subshells – s, p and d.
 The fourth shell has four subshells – s, p, d, and f.
 Each subshell has a specific
electron cloud shape (called
an orbital) and holds a
defined number of electrons.

SUBSHELL ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
Maximum Max. no. of No. of orbital
Main Shell number of Subshells electrons in types within
electrons each subshell each subshell
1 2 1s 2 1
2s 2 1
2 8
2p 6 3
3s 2 1
3 18 3p 6 3
3d 10 5
4s 2 1
4 32 4p 6 3
4d 10 5
4f 14 7

SUBSHELL ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
ORBITAL SHAPES

SUBSHELL ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
FILLING THE SUBSHELLS
Subshells must be filled in order, at successive levels,
as shown to the right:
Each subshell has a
particular number of
orbitals (each of which
can hold 2 electrons,
spinning in opposite
directions).

SUBSHELL ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
Hydrogen 1s1 Aluminium 1s22s22p63s23p1
Helium 1s2 Silicon 1s22s22p63s23p2
Lithium 1s22s1 Phosphorus 1s22s22p63s23p3
Beryllium 1s22s2 Sulphur 1s22s22p63s23p4
Boron 1s22s22p1 Chlorine 1s22s22p63s23p5
Carbon 1s22s22p2 Argon 1s22s22p63s23p6
Nitrogen 1s22s22p3 Potassium 1s22s22p63s23p64s1
Oxygen 1s22s22p4 Calcium 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
Fluorine 1s22s22p5 Scandium 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d1
Neon 1s22s22p6 Titanium 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d2
Sodium 1s22s22p63s1 Vanadium 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d3
Magnesium 1s22s22p63s2 Chromium 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5 **
SUBSHELL ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
Manganese 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d5 ** See next slide,
Iron 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6 “Hund’s Rule” for
Cobalt 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d7 explanation of
Nickel 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d8 Copper & Chromium.
Copper 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10 **
Zinc 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d10
Gallium 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p1
Germanium 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p2
Arsenic 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p3
Selenium 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p4
Bromine 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5
Krypton 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p6
Rubidium 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s1
Strontium 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s2 Heathfield High School 49
SUBSHELL ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
HUND’S RULE
“When electrons enter orbitals of the same
energy they arrange themselves to give the
maximum number of unpaired electrons
having identical spins within the subshell”.
For Chromium, 5 unpaired electrons in the
3d subshell is more stable than having 2
paired electrons in the 4s and 4 unpaired
electrons in the 3d subshell.
For Copper, a full 3d subshell is more
stable than an almost full one.

Episode #5 – The Electron (12:30 mins)

Episode #25 – Orbitals (10:30 mins)

ISOTOPES
Isotopes have the same number of protons but a
different number of neutrons. Isotopes of elements
have the same chemical properties, as that only
depends on the number of protons (and electrons). A
different number of neutrons changes the mass and
this only affects the physical properties e.g. melting
point and boiling point.

ISOTOPES
C12 Mass Number
6
Atomic Number
Atomic Number - number of protons in the nucleus of
the atom. Each element has a different atomic number.
Mass Number - number of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus of the atom (i.e. total number of nuclear
particles).

ISOTOPES
Name Symbol Atomic Mass No. of No. of No. of
No. No. protons neutrons electrons
Hydrogen 1
1H 1 1 1 0 1
Carbon 12
6C 6 12 6 6 6
Carbon 14
6C 6 14 6 8 6
Chlorine 35
17Cl 17 35 17 18 17
Potassium 39
19K 19 39 19 20 19

ISOTOPES
In a neutral atom, the number of protons in the
nucleus and the number of electrons orbiting the
nucleus is always the same.
Ions are charged atoms. There are a different number
of electrons to protons. They are formed when an
element either loses or gains electrons.
e.g. Na+ has 11 protons but only 10 electrons.
S2- has 16 protons but 18 electrons.

ISOTOPES
USES OF ISOTOPES
Some isotopes are radioactive and are used in
medicine and agriculture as “tracers”, and in
energy production. Archaeologists use the
radioisotope C14 to determine the age of organic
material. There are hazards associated with their use.

ISOTOPES
Heathfield
High School 60
CHEMISTRY CAT!!!

RELATIVE
ATOMIC MASS
The relative atomic mass of an element is the sum of
the isotopic mass of the element. You need to consider
the percentages of each isotope as found in nature.
For example, the RAM of chlorine is 35.45. This is
because there is 75.53% of chlorine-35 and 24.47% of
chlorine-37 found in nature.
.7553  35 + .2447  37  35.45

RELATIVE
ATOMIC MASS
These percentages have been calculated for you and
can simply be looked up on the Periodic Table. In first
semester of Year 11, we will round the numbers off to
the nearest whole number (except for Cu and Cl). In
second semester of Year 11 and all of Year 12, you
must use all of the decimal places as shown
on the Periodic Table.
H=1 He = 4 C = 12 N = 14
K = 39 Ca = 40 O = 16 F = 19
Na = 23 Mg = 24 Fe = 56 Cu = 63.5
Al = 27 P = 31 S = 32 Cl = 35.5

RELATIVE
ATOMIC MASS
If isotopes didn’t exist, all relative atomic masses
would be whole numbers and would simply be the
mass number of the element.

RELATIVE
ATOMIC MASS
RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS (RAM) CALCULATIONS
Naturally occurring Silver is 51.84 % Silver-107 & 48.16 % silver-109.
Calculate the RAM of Silver.
RAM (Ag) = (51.84/100 x 107) + (48.16/100 x 109)
= 55.469 + 52.494
= 107.96
The element Neon has three isotopes. There is 90.92 % of Ne-20,
0.26% of Ne-21 & 8.82% of Ne-22. Calculate the RAM of Neon.
RAM (Ne) = (90.92/100 x 20) + (0.26/100 x 21) + (8.82/100 x 22)
= 18.184 + 0.0546 + 1.9404
= 20.18

Episode #1 – The Nucleus (10 mins)

INTRODUCTION TO
STOICHIOMETRY
If you want to bake a real cake (not a packet job!), you
must measure out the ingredients accurately. The
proportion of each ingredient must be correct.

INTRODUCTION TO
STOICHIOMETRY
If you want to make a batch of concrete, you place 1
shovel-full of cement, 4 shovel-fulls of gravel and 3
shovel-fulls of sand into a cement mixer. At Ready Mix
they weigh the sand, gravel and cement to get the
correct proportions.
Scientists want a way of
counting atoms, but trillions
could fit on a pinhead.

INTRODUCTION TO
STOICHIOMETRY
THE MOLE
Definition: “One mole of atoms is the
number of atoms in exactly 12.00 g of
Carbon-12”.
Why was Carbon chosen as the atom to which all the
others are compared? It is the first really boring atom.
It is a solid that is unreactive at room temperature. It
has 6 protons and 6 neutrons (total of 12 particles) in
the nucleus, so that’s why they chose 12 g.
So Hydrogen atoms (1 particle) will weigh
1 g if you take a mole.
Heathfield
High School 70
INTRODUCTION TO
STOICHIOMETRY
Avogadro calculated the number of atoms (particles) in
one mole of a substance.
1 mole = 6.023 x 1023 atoms
= 602,300,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms
If all the people, who ever lived, counted grains of sand
for their whole life, they could not count this number!!!

“THE MOLE” SONG

CALCULATIONS
FOR SOLIDS
In order to calculate the number of moles of a solid
substance the following equation must be used:
n= m
M
where: n = number of moles (mol)
m = mass of solid (g)
M = relative atomic mass/molar mass (g.mol-1)

CALCULATIONS
FOR SOLIDS
Question 1 – How many moles of Calcium are there in
20 g?
n = m/M M (Ca) = 40 g.mol-1
= 20/40
= 0.50 mol
Question 2 – What is the mass of 0.4 moles of Sodium?
m=nM M (Na) = 23 g.mol-1
= 0.4  23
= 9.2 g

CALCULATIONS
FOR SOLIDS
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Use your Periodic Table to locate the Relative
Atomic Mass (M) of the following elements:
(a) K (b) Zn (c) Au (d) Br
2. Calculate the number of moles of the following elements:
(a) 15.4 g of S (b) 25 g of Sc
(c) 0.745 g of Li (d) 73.8 g of Hg
3. Calculate the mass of the following elements:
(a) 0.432 mol of Cs (b) 1.5 mol of I
(c) 2.25 mol of F (d) 15 mol of He
“THE ELEMENTS”
SONG

THE PERIODIC TABLE
Dmitri Mendeleev first tried to order the then known
57 elements in order of increasing atomic mass (this
idea is wrong but it was another 70 years before
neutrons were discovered). He grouped elements with
similar chemical properties vertically.

THE PERIODIC TABLE
Our modern periodic table has the elements arranged in
order of increasing atomic number and looks as follows:
i ii iii iv v vi vii viii
1
2
3 Transition Metals
4
5
6
7
Lanthanide Series
Actinide Series

“WE’VE JUST CRAMMED
THE TABLE” SONG

THE PERIODIC TABLE
The Roman numerals across the top are the main
Group Numbers. They represent the number of
electrons in the outer shell of the element.
The numerals down the side are the Period Numbers.
They represent the number of shells with electrons in
them (they are not all full though).
The thick black diagonal line
separates the metals (on the
left) from the non-metals (on
the right). The 8 elements that
are shaded near the line are
semi-metals.
THE PERIODIC TABLE
Elements in the same vertical group have similar (but
not identical) chemical properties and form similarly
charged ions.
e.g. H+, Li+, Na+, K+ in Group i.
F-, Cl-, Br-, I- in Group vii.

“THE NEW PERIODIC
TABLE” SONG

THE PERIODIC TABLE
There are two elements that are considered to be
unusually placed on the Periodic Table.
Hydrogen has one electron (in its outer shell) but it
acts like a non-metal rather than a metal. It holds onto
its electron reasonably strongly, but it does form +1
ions with other non-metals e.g. HCl. It is in Group i, but
it does not look like a Group i metal.

THE PERIODIC TABLE
Helium only has two electrons (in its outer shell) and
that makes the first shell “full”. Therefore it reacts like
the other elements in Group viii that also have full
outer shells. This actually means it doesn’t react,
because the Group viii elements are very unreactive
and are often called the Noble or Inert Gases.

THE PERIODIC TABLE
When atoms form ions they do so to get the full outer
shell structure like the Noble Gases. This is because a
full outer shell is a very stable and hence desirable
arrangement.
Group Number Gain or Lose e- s Ion Formed
i Lose 1 1+
ii Lose 2 2+
iii Lose 3 3+
iv Neither (they share) N/A
v Gain 3 3-
vi Gain 2 2-
vii Gain 1 2-
viii Neither (already full) N/A
DANIEL RADCLIFFE SINGS
“THE ELEMENT SONG”

THE PERIODIC TABLE

MRS. SCICLUNA’S
PERIODIC TABLE COLLECTION

AND MY FAVOURITE EVER
BIRTHDAY CAKE!!! 

“MEET THE
ELEMENTS” SONG

Episode #4 – The Periodic Table (11 mins)

ELECTRONEGATIVITY
The electronegativity of an atom is “the attracting
power that the nucleus has for its own outer electrons
and those of its neighbours” (i.e. how badly it wants
electrons).
An atom’s electronegativity is determined by
Coulomb’s Law, which states, “the size of the force is
proportional to the size of the charges and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between
them”.

ELECTRONEGATIVITY
In symbols it is represented as:
where: F = force (N)

k = constant (dependent on the medium
through which the force is acting) e.g. air
q1 = charge on an electron (coulombs - C)
q2 = core charge (C)
= no. of protons an outer electron sees
= no. of protons – no. of inner shell e-s
= main Group Number
d = distance of e-
from the
nucleus (m)

ELECTRONEGATIVITY
Examples of how to calculate
the core charge:
Magnesium – Atomic no. 12
Electron configuration – 2.8.2
Core charge = 12 – 10
= +2 (Group ii)
Chlorine – Atomic no. 17
Electron configuration – 2.8.7
Core charge = 17 – 10
= +7 (Group vii)

ELECTRONEGATIVITY
Neon holds onto its own electrons
with a core charge of +8, but it
can’t hold any more electrons in
that shell. If it was to form bonds,
the electron must go into the next
shell where the core charge is zero.
Group viii elements (Noble Gases)
do not form any compounds under
normal conditions and are  given
no electronegativity values.

ELECTRONEGATIVITY
Linus Pauling assigned numerical values to represent
the electronegativity of the various elements. The
larger the number the more strongly the nucleus holds
onto its own electrons and tries to attract nearby ones.
Fluorine is the most
electronegative element
and is rated 4.0 on the
Pauling scale. Oxygen is
the second most
electronegative element
at 3.5 and chlorine is
third at 3.0.

ELECTRONEGATIVITY
Electronegativity values increase as you go across a
period and decrease as you go down a group.
Non-metals have a high electronegativity (>2) because
they only need 1, 2 or 3 more electrons to fill their
outer shell.
Metals have a low
electronegativity (<2)
because it is easier for
them to lose 1, 2 or 3
electrons in order to
achieve a full outer
shell.

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
& THE PERIODIC TABLE
Elements within each group have similar chemical
properties, due to similar outer-shell (valence)
electron configurations. The electron configuration of
an element, tells you exactly where that element is
located on the Periodic Table.
The largest number written represents the number of
electron shells being occupied which is the period no.
The sum of the elements in the different orbitals in the
outer shell represents the group number.

For example:
Sulphur - 1s22s22p63s23p4 – is in Period 3, Group vi.
Iron - 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6 – is in Period 4, Transition
Metal.
Rubidium - 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s1 – is in Period
5, Group i.
The last letter in the
configuration tells you
what “block” of the
Periodic Table the
element is located in.

When atoms gain or lose electrons to form ions, they
do so to gain the full outer shell configuration of the
Noble Gases, which is a very stable structure.
Metals lose their outer electrons to form positive ions
e.g. Mg2+ - 1s22s22p6 = configuration of Ne.
Non-metals gain outer electrons to form negative ions
e.g. P3- - 1s22s22p63s23p6 = configuration of Ar.

When the transition metals lose electrons to form
positive ions, they lose their 4s electrons first, before
they lose their 3d electrons.
For example: Fe - 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6
Fe2+ - 1s22s22p63s23p63d6
Fe3+ - 1s22s22p63s23p63d5

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Heathfield High School 5

Heathfield High School 6

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Pure Substances Impure Substances

Elements Compounds Mixtures

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The evaporating liquid

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Each metal provides a different coloured flame by

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See the hand-out sheet for the

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