a a Steric device teh aids io teanater of electse power from one oui t ak one voltage level to anothew circuit at a cliffevent Voltage level 69tHh tht halp of magnetic. coupling. Genevaters produce cleenicily at vetatively [evo voltage (~2l) fer} peicer le done at Such. Low voltages, the cusadiated Losces in the tsanemi- =Ssteo Linee would be excersédvely high. That ts toheve, fate Of tramfonmer comes iole joy 0 step tip-the voltage lever @ T6Skv) 4 furtner ep dovon C~ BOKv,tIKY, ale, 220)- Tranoqormers generally have high offeienty, foo voltage. regulation Cave reliable. = Some baoic concepli regarding (ancpormen would be reviced here Ddeat tronjormer'= = The basic principe Of operation of twaroformey ls best Underctecd wo¢tty the help of a ideal tranoformer. St consielé of #00 or mone CodLe wWoeend on the dame Cone So that they are Linked by a common magnetic flux. The atvibulit of an (deal teancfome ave. a pxtoding. resistances Ave negligible =_No copper toe to totodings There is no Ueaxage flux all flux ie con fined to core’ wane wirctinge 9 Pevmeatoilily Ofte core ie infinite ~ Reluctanee ¢_zevo ¢ hence net mmf required to Lttabtich a flux ie xevo, 4 Core ors le xewo — the exetratien Curent wequired dor Setting “pot flux le meg tigibte. NT 5 2 wip ~ With the Secoodary winding open anda time varying Uzcennecied tothe primary, A Kme varying alterna Giux it eetapticned inthe come (hy Faradeys iar) =A counter em} @ 8 alfo induced Across Primary ootoding Chy dena's laws), Due +0 J_ascumption 1, 13 = & = Ny eee = By Atsumnp on 2; all flux okt secondary winding also , hence = = Noddbjy Therojoee, tune raio a= Nis Ys. ey. Ma Ua) = When a load u connected in the Secondary, it rave Current b Which causes Aevolops nf Noi, inthe core» By atmemnpteon 4.23, net rnmf to coee must be zero, hence Cument {, flows as shovon (dof cenventéons _fotiow olenate lau) Borat Nyiy balances No%. Also, this Were not tme thro the balance between 4A @ is disrupted, Hence fi = Dhisthis vent balantingthat dett the primary Know about the FCondary current. =Ondey nefoad; Njije O= ARO 120 by ascunpteon 5. ie + Also; P= Pe Wii Wi, C porwr franoder via cteerbeally “taclated smagnetieal coupted Crewe=} seceodary lead impecence it Zp Vo; theo Vee Vfoah al 2, oi e a 7 impecree 2 cn the a ORSy), . ~ By proper choice Of tum ratio @! it és poceibe to maten the lead bupectonue is (eames tospectance 30 that maximum potoor tmancfer taker place from Aoere | Load. Tair Ue Known a4 fonpedanve matehing or b load watebing | Noster 3 | = fhe voltage Vodueed ues nude SY ps * Frnsin wot 2 &> Nib Ww anwt- _wohere 19> 2nf £ fit source - friveoy, 6; ES 44 4N def + Also, the Induced 1 voltage Leads flex p by 10 rn = iS Real saveforwert— — Seid ean is fre. sae ntiabseege do nok hoid A weal trawafenmer Op practise — |, Weérdling reristancer ave not meghipible. 2. Flux Leakage Occurs Cattbouegh iti abave co Silas I #0 magnetic fun l ke Swalll -Peemeabililf of core te foci & & Generally @ béph value. 1 (Soe eurrrank te non fo 4. Core tocser occur When cove e Subjectie Lime varying flrs Cedstyt hy: le - The hatacting _ronistance is nepreceated Ao a Pumped Quantiy foserse voit voincti - he e aa alent Cireuit vepreentation Of real trarafermer pres o3 fala a= Nani 20 eee 108 Winding, vee an permeabitly ef core skonsn ae _A move conventontn fe parameter pf dhe eguivalent CKt Of aye soning te tefomer ovaluaid fh oo cient Ac Ohort Cinowit Lest Ay rere Oelenerally, Clecme QuantHes Ouch ao voltage cunent, povoerS impedance in powersyéiem expressed iD per unit yathew than ip actiial untli, Por-unit- wepresenation han pious advantages Above AChEAD untht Yepreseatation eOlich ewelt be cliscused in, Lengtn wer. Matkematically, the por unit: Cpui) value of a quantile dezened ae = pu quantiy = Aclial quanstily Bove quanniy or base value Whene Base quantil7 or base value ix dome veferente value. These are 1 voltage, currront, fmpedance £ volt-ampere.. Ot is to be meen that arog two. base quantities (typically rated volt-ampore & vated voltage) When clepined Can pe aoe quanti tes Ctypiealy ira 9) 24: Automatically binor base quater p- For a Singte phace ystenr, the loweng are-ihe nelaxonchip betseen base quantities ide Clresen ace MVA = Sg (MVA) and Chosen base KV= Vg CkV).; theo bare current CA). Tg 10005—/VA{R base tmpedance (2) %p = Vaxto00 = Ved, -9} chia) value of impedance le X.2, den puef £ ic %e Zp): ZA een) = _X5e/ve Cpu) = For asthree phase system, the jellowing are-ike relaitonchip: vated det Chosen, Bp bace MVA= Qpop.- i4 isto be noted that thie Lethe B phase voll ampere Chosen Bp bare kV = Vaap- Hale isthe rated 3 phase Line- line voltage = Hence, bace current: I5(A)_} ib ts #0 be. noted that dhe base current. also nefort to raed, Wie {SES cumontf and ato Sap- BVyly |= 1000x553 A > Je >, ‘or Une te ling current i 4 G nef "f conneenton 2.‘ connectian_is:the convention, SX Ve, ap = Me bare impedance %(A) however vegersto the reference phace impedance ae Vine line impedance Wao mo physical meaning. Hence, peg oe | HA minimuro Of four baoce quanker are requtived 10 Comptetely define a pe Syston. - Sines, conmciton yu the convention; 1 Ycomectton - Vir VVpn & Tus Tp > %b.ap> Ve,oqxs00 = Vy. G Taag S = Often, mnachine pavameiers Gr fnpeclances) Stated th pu by Atewoning Some act OY bece. uaniities need +0 be expressed on clifferent Sel 6{ bace quantities, 29 that ace, the os ony be used,= Generally impedance of individual generator t tparofermer are rer 01 pu on their Own Takings. Fine system analycie, all Pwpedances pie Pipe 2 coiniaci sya baer tae onde! ciaags bbe tek Cd pu te Zt at old bace; spe ye ne ES asp ey pee ne —————_—_—_— s _ SMe be Lvs" Dees = ‘ ni ae as 4 thu Bol, ate aatpectis thee iMicle’0f impedance While keeping the phase Save ee ee pr_avet 4 1. fhe cffeed of te lommen tum watto 0 Eeapecacets tc iba ved tohen using pie flo pu vairce oft impedance yemmnine the Same, lime peckive ef Hee co which side it 1s wejerred to- to a trancjarast. os Bemacnine | ip put Fenenally vary © ASwall wange. Hente any groa evren.are —ansily 9 rectified. 9. The cifperente voltage lee levels disappear tte entire peas Meducee +0. asics _stuapee Bewpedanent Mi ny 4, Tro crrenit Lawes ave “siete vated in po po oe ys velatéonenipt are simphific Pas fasion of {B40 are ictivntnared dy pu sysiens, — Zi re Por unit: veprerentaicon ib Single phars trarofonn |= ole Us Consider a tive Winding single phase trancformey while wegte _the mapnetiaing branch he tum matio 1S a> Na [yl Eke toad) secomaany waliages es > Ne Mal Bop a ies. U8) 523 SR r is PZ fat at quant are phaser ough" nf 6] Lge ty coder Of | eS ip 2 tamformer ie as gottoure ; | Bace VA Coe MvA) = Yated MVA aS tranofonmer Which is Same fer both Pr a 4 Ascondnny 2 Sp ee ed ee me Ngee. Lv de primary > rated pecimary voltage Vig thee om ratio 2? Bane V for Secondary > wrased SReegedory my waltage > Mog. = ea “Hence, bace 2 (primary) > Selig, “C socondary) +58) Vag. * Bare pase zC + > MibS Be fis caw Os as WOR) A OF i hy [© oni teen as 5 Vou Yan = VipuMe - TipuZpu Te%e)/a - Papal ZepVpee= Tou Zip Gp) Sipu=— Soper Tape so 40 be meted that Npu> Taw 2 hala a fe faeja Heoee the advantage Of pur ic thas. ter by Peeper chotee of bave quantities dhe term mito away, the primary £ eecondary pu Cumeni are same, -the Brapedance xen from mY ox Oeccndany the Same. for example ofprace 2 24 Ct Xe) D Sey, pur Zi + (StU? put pur Tepu Za 2a Repat: Bret Ua ) Bey, pur Bput oa piace. fearegormert tort =Voltage tranclor mation in a potoor System usually 4aKer place Hrpuegt the ewe Of Hhree phase ag t ie 2 ch P P trancformers =A Hrree phase *®arofermer may contain ttmee sopamti siogle phase too windings HBanoformen or a singte franoformer having tosce pairs of coindings. Generally, the later ts uted due to low cost Weight & spare £ higher e}ficioney due to toro core COrs The theery ©} operation is however the Same. There ave four poccible Connectéent Of threephate. Six swindling transformer - ae Sie hi = The Hume vatto of a three phate trandormer c tL fs usually defined a4 the vaigo of kno. ling — . eG ; a voltage om either sicle of Hamgowner . ag = Peionany Hiro Line Seeerdary Uine- Cine Y-Y > @eg2 a <—A-A N-0 > 459 = a3, Whene @ is YaHo of D-Y Sap *KB _ have voitages = Similarly O-Y and A-A comections af three phace franc dormer. = Tic turn vaio is vaio Of Voltage waguilictes Also mote Hat Hrowe will be a phace Shift lootoveen the preimany & cocondary fine - ine voltages When theve ave olisciwilar reaekéens botiaeen_preimary £ socontary 4 Nee? eee Te 38 = Por Any trawformen the Line-hine EVey SE : Secondary star vottage vector tt B times tre Qing ine prioneryy A Vetnage dE ne same by 30 A-Y — +30 a —+-50* abehaves ac a Single phace francfenmer for Siwtiay winding Connecteong. Qn cace, Here teicsioniian Wining conncetien of frantformer thre 2 Connection O| tandte =wner Can be converted into an equivalent Y connect on - isos __ Por unit for 2 proce fransfoners t= The base voltages on either side of trancfanate whould hovethe Same vatio as the rated line-fine voltage on either side. fhe boa MVA remains the Same dor bet Si AU Hals complication or cgenbtenidis of Onaby ning. three phase Cireili wih tore | phase travefommars i stenptified wheo quantities are converted Mls He pu. fhe s bbe considered even ty ptr & the phace shift duving A-sy (480) or mes See AS a a Sa ifccally jor 5, alweye a aes 1 i‘Anraito of umber of fume on Pmasy wnt Secondary. = Bhen Shifting from_A Sicte 19 evaluable Y side; jance the A. quankwer (be tt cersrente Ihagd) by 30 for posisine sequence compeneniié & ¥e-Groe.dfor we Eep-Componcoli” i. gf HALO 8. Ovaleati A sicle; retard Ysicle quansitice (be it Current. or by ne fot We Sop. Compoment & reverse der —WESap COmporrant vena u tme fer Y-A tramforwer, Generally, d-Y frasoformer ix used for step PR ice ema = det Slip dows dus to Low insitatéon coste Pow unit a Aposser gyeiens © So pe x Of A power Sy denn ie Shaaplifred bry voe ef pu Syem, Following stepc 2 2 Stngte VA fer entive System Citmee phace VA) typtca0 100 mvA wttavte Lin tine voltage as oace voltage de pening cn Section Of System