__Chapier.'] Power Flow Analyste! : ~ Power Syclen i an inieveonnection of large musber of electrical components. Given an eclectic circuit wit Known branch, parameters and Voltage £ current sources the branch currrenté & other relevant ede voltages Can be solved through Linsar equatéons formed from associated wmech/nocdab/ velevant analycie = Sivilay analysiz alco true fora power system, However, the preoblews that the Sources are usually Spocifeed foterme Of Veal and reactive poem, Yather than Moliage and current: acurces- Hence, cireuit Yelatondipe ane Monkinear equations Which ave to be Solved th an Herative or reccercve manner. = By solving these aonkineaw circuit velattonchips, nede voltage wagnilicte & wede voltage phase angle are Obtained at ALl nocteg in the system wilh respect tote cycien Yefevence- Freom this, the Ceurgent- poser {leo through a bine or bees can be evaluates | - Tris proces Of obtaining the system states Le buc voltage waquiliice and ht Phaso angle with respect 10 me Systenn Yeporance for known bus injaetione in tere Of veal h veackve powers £ Lag parameters, taps, ete ic Known ae the “power flow or’ Lead floes" algorithm. | ax generatecs tencl te meet: Lone togetrar = fe qeneral ausumprons or backs for “power flow’ sane i 1. The sysiem is in _a Steady Stale 2. The aysiem te bataneed and can be represented through @ pov Phase One Rine Magram. B Mo trannuiscion Lines ane transposed & balanced and ane vepreoented throughs a relevant nominal 7 model with dertec Une fupedance 4 hum: Dine Charging adwittances at onckof Line. 4. the Loads & generators Connected 40 the Syctem buses or moder ave pec ted i terwns of vated veal & reactive powerr £ cometiones rated mowinal voltage S: PUL above specthications ( poem, Voltarer, line parameters ete) ave Stated io pay unir 09a commen. sy6em bace MVA & velevont teace KV opencting on secyeon. Of Syfew. 6, Other 2ss.2nitall infer mation Such at _hranoformar ratings 2 fanpedances thunt dover ie are Known, 1 per unit - = Pevoor F010 Solertion is a very Uusefut deol for Contingency analy cid, Stanibily £ cone Qnoacoment Of Sy.ciem + - The load Specifications, Line pavameders 4 syciem topology are query Knew Stati Estimation: Th qenaratoy. specifications are Kneiso fring Ceenomiee tine Le. Economic Dispatcly oF Optimal power flow. Thy voltage spect Qve also provided from / Obtained from Another tom Of Optimal power floes.- Current / power igjected into the mewoen from bus is positive (q = Power) while current /power draun frome netooe into bus & megatve consumes pesser) mueo} e Seep breve cn clewnent is equat soe! Curent tg it and the fanped = ment i-e Us Xr or tye Wheve X- impedance ® y= - The above. veka fuapedanto/ advnittance ‘velationchip Can alco be used +6 € He current ajections) dravoks ad vlte 64 the powor cysienn in terms Of made ve phasore of-the syciew. 4 = Generally tne duc adwittance wate fe used 40 express node cement? ip, nade voltagec. The following diseurcion TUuctrater 24 to howd twe -Syciems bet adwittanes matin te evaluated: SNe = Priore +0 rit cliscustion iis Kaportante 40 knawthe source transformation prin = Aa voltage Source / generator is vepresented, throug. lhe por Phase clingrans as Tt soherg. fyeVe Ie) Ge tev > Be Pevy J —epeke + Rs % ohere Ys= Yi Ss Yer Yen ~ Rieran be Converted inte equivalest cwrre ty Ewa = Soure as above. £ vice. veren, - For an ideal source, Xe: 0 or Yg= 20 . J = Consider #wo voltage sourcer connected throug. a teanzmiceion line veprecent b. 1G nominal x medel. os a &, ' ope Ete saietore piu __ here Bsie Ze & Yea a ~By Kel at node® | mate @ ic reference node } mia = 5.2 VyYs,t+ Mylo + = Va) fro — where Yr? Vin -By KeL at mete @ —; 85> Vata? Vay +Q4-V) 8Yi. [85 fot wet Ys = Yeo Ted s = Ya. Yiatiylot Yso J LVo |= The above wlaitonship i¢_for Source ctrrrenlz wrk nade voHtager. 9p terme & mode curmenti ; T= 25, - Vi Yo, £ B= Te-Vayy + Hence; 2. par ¥ = Yo AK) = Ths laine the Adwnithance \ JUS. Yor WIL A above System, | = Obs todependent of Aouree voltage, Source cument 2 source twpactance . | 2 Sf relastes mode tayection current? node voltages: E = When _y20 Cia line chasing ewrrent of Line it 0.) + they it it to be miotect:z it injection: at nodec, the node Voltages Can be obtained . tt implies that the Syciem ic mot connected #04KE reference necte £ it leaking because Of lich voltage cannot be meascavede Hence, ‘shen pevatty. the inverce of adwittance matric tc feapeclaneo mama X65, _ geneval Siepe of foroulatear Mie @dwnitiance watsix ore ae nak terme ot Yous is equal to tesum Of all adwrittancee Connpetect directly 4 #* node. These. ane Known ae “self adwaittancec” ov "Areiving poiny admnetta need’ 2 2 yy + ott {or Where yy Asoviee acwattanee Of ig Moe ERR SN Yarg/ Shunt adwaithance a half line charge hunt of nosing ls: wall & Gfi = Aunt capacitance conceal facte f and veterence wede. 5 7 up onal terms of Youc te equal te avegative of Series line aduaitiance ie iy Op ‘D-Off Aagonal tern = (ji) Off diagonal term. a Dupact 09 Yau due to woutesclly coupted Line adwnittancer !~ e = pester ce bettocen on £ vo- 0 40 be mutually coupled Qt shown bolo! _ Rieder! _~ Fore tne being, te ue not concider tine effect Of tb = Hence; Vp = Vp = 2 at D, Spoof eit — ~ Mon = vs 2 PanZant Dy, Zp ony — Of cof moarsinge ® _- Piso, FT; =POP ay rt ly [i | Gye pan Yn 9 4, Ob PE, I : ie : ~ This weprosents tre Your wnabixe mutually Coupted branches. ~ Snorer to incorporaté tis tote the Youcs I Sbaluats se Your of tee Sys Without eoneiol pike mutually Coupted taapedancec Second, evatunté use te Cathy wnittually ceupted Spedancer. Stipeni ee, elements wit identical vow $ columo busee i rode ane deleted Le entice vow & column entries @ re} w ee impact o Yue ~ follow similar precedune acdox mutually exuptec{ Empectarce consiclovadien i Yous. ~ Lis Zenoratty comper,on Yous formulation” ode System Wittin known line parameters, Hae System aduaithance Yous ik a Square NXN matioe Which way erway nol be spunetie eding onthe presente df tap changors/phace shipes:. the element of are complex aod Yous retard att mode cumenlé phasors toate voltages. te. telmede: Pps 2) Vy shore. Nips Gp iBy 1) comptes | puaptex phawre S I =[Vy1 {coe s+fsin®¢} woltage, at a nede i ts Viz IViI<@; woitiovespece to the reference node Peltor Tajocted, ino tha nenooee, from node" ie _St=ViT 2S, v"2 Pj Piva gd at jot BOE we es ‘ te TE SIatvgtl 6yog (8-8) — By sin -0! -@ z s_- Svary! }GqsmtG-0)+ B; exc6)-0)] —D f Band Q; are tnjedied veal Lveatiive powers at nade t into the netisork. rajected veal powor Pie equal te the Sunn Of the weal posiar #ou26 on Lines sczecl_to. A i Si. socte ingpdain being. from sages ie -theaed node ar. Ao} dachtine. ie Pr= oP here Rj ic flava fromnade'\ to node j : = ee ee aan to node i; then Pre y~ Biz» Hentlar discuscion ie atio true fore reactive power. aoe: there ic V0 fen ond bead cennacied te node i+ then ft Br each mode ow bus’ 1's there ane 4200 eqvatione; One doe PE. above voltage formulaire is_polaw dam ulation ———____— bus 6f the metoork, there ane 420 equations ;.on2. fox P t2@ and onofor @®. these equasions ave in terms of bus voltage mnagmilicler k voltage anger pastor 41010 protien ic to solme@ XB) for ench last. for. unknauy bus. voltargee _-rore one four.eensinoionsascoriated. lth each but {PQ M6] white be ny fen equaonr Gases ouee. The power foo preablemic uuncolvable i nd. Of nokqoLonc ic equal tote number Of equationc. Hence, Some o weasoming needs fo ba though Of settoas the mumber of LNKMoLoNs Ane eo Oisecre. for.8 wor Sysiew usually uncentsrllable. One can hoiever Knowtng e bus 1 G:2 84; thitugh listenica? record, toad forecast. and/or Pindiree), measurementNoto And the weActeve POL reall poror ick voor Oulfist- 0] a ccorater Oy cleterminee or afjocts tne on aie cad bur voltage wagnilicer, The reactive. oF pues and mrearby Lo wb hi i Aor buces Concasted. fo ganenatar epi late the R tage magnitade A 40 gecemion sve obsaieed, 1 Active porcer hers miniménation. vane + What is thuc epecified for bxrces cones ete +0 Generaters i ten dc, vemttt and mainiminad wari imilé Obtained eratore: fhe jerminal udltaro magnilides (¢ furire mages capabilily curve of qeatee pained and mneone Of sutomalte Volage Regulater (AVR) or exeita os notes Of a power cyctem ave classifi / PQ buses = These ave bucee to wolith no generates are connected. os n} Preraed wenctve Loads a4 these bucer are Kn adn (a0 dices ch load/P@ buss the dol Laing dep epuations are solved. t powsersics Raz» O= Ry» ~ Pa; — whore P; £ O; are Bat functiow 6} | ond O. jane Knoien fori toad bus & IVj] end 9; ave _vokneton, — noxato co contetiled bucer 2— Theos ane buces 40 Which. co: * fot treae Zonerater buses are opociteed orknown (aod are Apesified or Know thich. ap is wequtated _by AVI i alco Knoron, Further, for_bus teremain a Sone IP wer OulPulr ynuct be Within us O94 8 Q, .4heo she voltage Spociziad {© aindai> Power flow +0 to obtain the unrnorn 0} | the bus voltage phaseaagle ed. knoton » Reactive powar injection is unkootan « For known IL-4 Op ©. + 8:2 Og:= 84; 9. gp= Ort Od; te euatusated & chacked_sdhetben Qh} Is true, Of tne, then Vihis fixed: else IVi] becomes unknown | wore Beccion on this When poner {Ow Solution techniques ave Sol wed | “ = ack) Angte rejerente /Sroing bus t= As. can be seen from @ and ®; Pk B} ate pi bus are funcione Of phace angle differen cer L6;-8))- Hen, When flow is Solved, Valuer ©} Phare ange differencee are determined £ not he Bliia) voltase phase angte, On order to. obtain thir: one of the generator buser te en Os tho Angle rejerence buC. O'c terwninaD voltage phase angle. is Speci fied.$ gen, nevailly chosan O¢ OF, though it is nota stick Yeetricton ar power flovo4 injection n pee Of phace chipperence 2 heneo tf majersnceschpagee, Ober ang ber alse White power flee _remarmy the same + The voltage wagntliale ie Spoeiped __ UD output oe Py fpr sags bus 'e snot Spacipied. Ths isso because it all 6 to be specified. then one will met be able to account forthe veal power Lore in, System as if is purely a feenckion Of Moltage. preofete Which te not know ApROw . 0, Pgs specified. for gonevater | PY buses way mc exactiyy satel the tote? 2} af. Thur, slaer buc Pp accounts der fae neal power Lass in Syttens & waicmatch, ep nek goneration % wet boiad Teta alte me (er nenctive peer Cet be O52 Gy. forsiaes, bus are, = to es. weopectively» Ruit inptiee that IVI fev K bur remain: invariant £ Op Rinmit chock fer Slack, buc ie wot megiined: Mee aptim ic weceesrany because if tf seme. n0F the then INI fev slack, bus ateo unkno1oy Like other pono ator buses. Matbennaticalty this may Seems absght, aig -p physically it sould scan tlastne vefeven.ce nacte fer voltage sanapsiiche urement is floaring Lsithseopect 10 Kero potenteal £1 prounc» Mie macuy cance. FRCLUNIG in ater -Ooltettm. prncear Pf. poner fir problem A1 exact voltage waapmiliide— wremnent iS A Ffecett:s ‘ hed: £0, Une busto vobich the larcoak Penewater Le Connected! ie Chacon ax dlack hus, cane no. eehations adned. for “plac busio poser. floss. probler, ae MZ re Known. ah SLi b ie byon NORA EOS bucti) 2M 2100 vo. ct power fiom epuaiiens ane (Nt Na). die dane no: e{ unknowns: ds appeann golvabte The total weaG and nective | ee Svs fh Stace. tb Si. a oe BL 2 5 eke ee isp < : ¥. se je Nal Molnyleact:-8 D1 9s + WallWglsinlG) bye eee 8 sli Na) S816, =e be + ne = Sinz, the power ios epuatene ane Nanfinar,clead formas eae ic not j—pactibbe + Otexatine pod fer eatites She owe aed fo Solve poror flow €6, ne Unkeeisn|\V\£ O iwitrsome ini 2 = flse surety etl Knowm methods ane Gaus Sei ckep £ | MbSpn a rune net hacd Joo cument Literature £ 4 loduchy practic 2 weatie OUpceairk ioe et Advanced __watltpedis Bf Oleh, tear tam wacthadc tel) remain the basic. — Sr tes oot 008 Ben 1 ee Soe ad Flos C PPLE) pom Newto phce ame.buses be mumbored as 1,2,3,.-..Nu For. convenience let bus 1 be the slack, Vi=lViIK ©, where ®,20' is known L though ©, canbe chosen asany otber vateee). eee Potscr xprevsion Gan be Vomit = j 852 VT = WAL Yn, Vee Vic tf Rene Sy es. WE Ya hanna Suu] ~~ fs 4 this, and with the initeal qe Of Mohager checon at however te OL) @ Prioved Sais ve i a een at the Latest: oe asoree, Qe fon. LU Gig + Nila ib a igeg YOR ene T} Eeathive power Zenovated iu Oy: 2 Om Bay fer tee “yh PV ue, Ff Sp: 8) ; our 40 _vemain a. ae he. ate sscltaga magni lide wall nok ne us} aluated Q> 10 got VY; 2 Dn onder to Koop wang: Aawe vO.adjiust- yy |i] Li? 20 Hat magirenains ames prose changes ip every weewasion 5] A fe moj within limit tne it inclicaté; that thepenevater ie mot operating — Givi £ hence, weeds to Generate 8 sohich ie Sap thus, Op ic set at thee nce, Oy ic noise. 8 Oy ic known, dbus Q aie nee Boe tae caren ty 7Us voltage Change n0e3- Tuc. Ye need not be — 1 done eaxbier alee Gheazes) God phe PY bus becomes 4 PO bis hus core , p= here 84; = 05; 220 Oy. 5 O4; @ ov 04.2 Gy, when 8:2 Dy = Qo Subsequent vecurstons, dni converted PV 40 PQ bus will veunasy, [Aub unter an explicit check tc made. fh check i la a | = Par an already converted PV to PS but ‘Picnot equal tol Vi"). Thus, anon anor [yi ve MV) te Vern MEINE? 5 evatuati Q: atthts ee okile other volhage phasors wemai as PO [vs ) as Haoy ‘were « Chock Whether - = Or+ Bay is witbio [833,855] 2] yes, vesek o converte | bus to PV ay sanaiaseeas PO tales Sy A aE apis yemaing Gi PQ bus and _ discrused aaa Je eR ener betesean ——— eet tap se gatuslased coat b weacieve and Convergence Whey TE ti se woheme M 2% for load bus Brig fe B for PV bus ame “etme fer QF, f aa Sciclel method has Linak st ieicceds £ wequines lange Storage requi The Neston eee hac fasierd quadvatec convergence 4 is ihevats fae in nan fers "wo “pf t4erauione 9 Nessten=Rapistp.veetind typi catty Wee beteszn Ye: peer etne Be el ee Sr) “Sag So NR algoriiom Re - ee _fernckronc 8. = ated 1. hp hae Siugte cena pom enc Which is to besped for $ drat 409-0. at 2° bean initial « pene saltaal ye aetiel s : baer oer oe (2) at x29 om (thet 2© .0-0000! pu. 4 Bos i TO levariable wmitltipte fanckons ; 2¢ is @ vector of tenknowa variables : 4 Gunctionc Lthus NR updale / Neral® equation is xis of — Top | “Yos cro Be tcc tine aes = $l) a | (octet oe) folate a.i.208) a CoE er) = fhe Process remaine @imijan, Jacobian matrix cineeds to be evaluate & dactovined at xem NO ieewaiteQ. sal Aue ~The converyene is Whey [foo zl, <€ and/or | yell, se Power How equations ave i= bs re P; (tvi,6) = Fa: + Pays 1. Mt Ts 2.320N: and i=\ for slaon bus be Q:(1v1,6) + Qgr20 Hic PQ buses Ov Te PQ buses and 0 for PV buses 5 wl { Gy cost; -9;(1,6) 2 2 al Hoe 8 wpa itera & Aig Sete Ta)Tetoeial j-- No.of PF egos fore System ~ @SPF ~ Tacobian formulation - NRPE pg oo Nek) pg ae -= —fP 8 BG | Alm) —_BMMnl _ OMMoery er Bak) DS os pty ph ta OB 20, 2, 08, nsf OB otal --21Vpea} Nona [ony ot. 2 ots ‘iss hy 80, OB 26. PlVeai __8'psa) 26 —28om, - = 25h \ 96m 28a —_ as 28, 0 Bey qe ~BNes| 8 1Veana\ _ Span DBipuy 2B, Bans pi 28 eens | “08,28, 8R, | “BNem| _“PMg] _P1Nena ih To Tac} = {le oni] Ss = ___[Tgo Je 28/0 F/o : Sthere ave tour a edipnar ub moa eae nee ae partial ape = = allyl 1S siol 8, -@)r By earlQ eB 28)) jes 1° BS a a oS Injlug) Leysinre,-8) 1 B-0c6-8)} = =P oh SBS a me; Je 8; pai >— al! jest8j-8) = Bysntej=B)} oP a ais, — 08; Tati if Gy cn, =8) ~By sit) -6} pais - Lylak: 2D: aly) ly; L1G -6) Bt 83) 3 = el fe ae te hee 06; a2 ony aon eas fhe dome pace ae A ane acta i 9; a Qs = WMilBy, _itewaattim 4210 conve owen: a i _veacsive 2 4 Saale Jowone etaited Aiscucsion i b