AECC SEMESTER II

PERSPECTIVES IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

INVASIVE SPECIES IN INDIA

Name of the Student

Gautam Doharey
B.A(H) ECONOMICS
Batch: 2021-2024

Under the supervision of

Dr Manavendra Patel

Submitted on
01/07/2022

HINDU COLLEGE
DELHI UNIVERSITY
Invasive Species of India 1

ABSTRACT

Although the effects of invasive alien species are visible all across the globe today, it is an issue
of national concern for India in particular, with overwhelmingly losses being caused by alien
invasive species both economically and environmentally.

This research paper investigates the damages caused by invasive species in both India and the
world along with information related to some of India’s deadliest invasive species and the
measures taken by the Government of India to control the spread of these species. Accordingly,
this paper analyses not just the environmental consequences of invasive species but also its
economic consequences.

METHODOLOGY

Secondary data refers to the information cited in a study that was not gathered directly by the
current investigator but rather was obtained from an earlier study or source.In addition to helping
with study design, secondary data can serve as a benchmark against which primary research can
compare the findings from results gathered from primary data. This type of data serves various
advantages such as it is economical, saves both efforts and expenses and is time-saving.

INTRODUCTION

An invasive species means any living organism that is not native to an ecosystem and can harm
the environment, human health and the economy. They reproduce very quickly and spread
aggressively. The main way that invasive species spread is through human activity, which is
frequently done unintentionally. People and the commodities we use to move swiftly throughout
the globe, frequently bring unwanted species with them. Some invasive plant species will also be
able to spread into new places thanks to increased average temperatures and altered patterns of
rain and snow caused by climate change. Human-wildlife conflicts can result from the
displacement of native species by invasive ones. Invaded habitats' ecological equilibrium may
also be impacted by them. Aside from disrupting food chains and ecosystems by changing soil
composition, invasive alien species can also carry diseases, outcompete or prey on native
species, carry diseases, and carry diseases. Native species may go extinct locally or globally as a
result of these.
Invasive Species of India 2

Damage Caused By Invasive Species

Wildlife is harmed by invasive species in many different ways. A new, aggressive species may
not have any natural predators or restraints when it is introduced into an area. It can quickly
multiply and spread, taking over a place. It's possible that local fauna didn't evolve defences
against the invasion or that they couldn't compete with a predator-less species. Native species are
directly threatened by invading species when they prey on them, compete with them for food or
other resources, spread disease, prevent native species from reproducing, or kill the young of
native species.
Moreover, invasive species pose indirect risks. By destroying or substituting native food sources,
invasive species have the potential to alter the ecosystem's food chain. The invasive species
could offer wildlife little to no food value. Also, invasive species may change the diversity or
quantity of species that are crucial habitats for native wildlife. A diversified environment can be
quickly replaced by a monoculture of kudzu by aggressive plant species like kudzu. Additionally,
certain invasive species have the power to alter ecological conditions, such as the chemistry of
the soil or the intensity of wildfires.
The direct effects of a species on real estate values, agricultural production, public utility
operations, native fisheries, tourism, and outdoor recreation are included in the economic and
social implications of invasive species, as are the expenses related to efforts to control invasive
species. According to a 2021 study, the cost of invasive species in North America increased from
$2 billion a year in the early 1960s to over $26 billion annually since 2010 (Crystal-Ornela, R. et
al. 2021). Also, over the past 50 years, it is projected that invasive species have cost the global
economy $1.288 trillion(Zenni, R.D. et al. 2021).

INVASIVE SPECIES IN INDIA

India is among the nations with the most remarkable biological and cultural diversity in the
world. Trees and forests cover 23.39 per cent of the country's land area in India. India is home to
about 7 per cent of all known species and hosts roughly 18 per cent of the world's population
despite having just 2.4 per cent of the planet's land area. It is estimated that there are 8.7 million
Invasive Species of India 3

species on earth, give or take 1.3 million. About 45,000 plant species have been officially
recognised and categorised in India, making up about 7% of all plant species worldwide. The
country's indigenous plants make up about 28% of all plants in India. Last year, 267 plant species
were found by the Botanical Survey of India (BSI). 202 of these plant species are brand-new to
science, while 65 others have never been recorded from India.
The Indian government keeps up with and frequently updates its list of invasive alien species. A
total of 173 species of faunal communities, comprising 54 species from terrestrial and freshwater
habitats, 47 from agricultural ecosystems, 14 from island ecosystems and 56 species from marine
ecosystems, are listed as foreign or invasive species in India, according to a survey done by the
National Biodiversity Authority, Ministry of Environmental Forests and Climate Change.

Some of the famous invasive species in India are-

PAPAYA MEALYBUG- It is thought that the papaya mealybug is a native of Mexico or Central
America. There is an endemic natural enemy complex, which is presumably why it has never
established itself as a severe pest there. On the plant's above-ground section, papaya mealybug
infestations are often visible as clumps of cotton-like masses. The mature female has a white
waxy coating and is yellow. The average adult female measures 1.4 mm wide and 2.2 mm long,
or 1/16 inch. Around the periphery, several briefs, waxy caudal filaments that are only a quarter
the length of the body are present. The papaya mealybug prefers a variety of plants as hosts,
including papaya, hibiscus, avocado, citrus, cotton, tomato, eggplant, peppers, beans and peas,
sweet potato, mango, cherry, and pomegranate.

LANTANA CAMARA- Native to the Neotropics, Lantana Camara is a highly variegated

ornamental shrub. Since its introduction as a hedge plant to the majority of the tropics and
subtropics, it has been noted as being incredibly invasive and weedy in many nations. It has been
identified as an agricultural weed causing significant economic losses in several nations and is
generally harmful to biodiversity. In addition, it makes the fire more likely, is harmful to
livestock, and serves as a haven for a variety of pests and diseases. It can live in a range of
habitats and is highly tolerant of its surroundings. Beachfront, margins of the jungle, and
wastelands are some examples. In disturbed regions like roads, railroads, and areas that have
recently recovered from a fire or logging, it also thrives. Although this plant can tolerate some
Invasive Species of India 4

shade, it thrives in open, unshaded areas. It grows at the edges of forests and spreads when holes
are made instead of being able to directly colonise entire forests.

ROSY WOLFSNAIL- From the 1950s onward, the carnivorous rosy wolfsnail (Euglandina
Rosea) was introduced to the islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans as a biological control
agent for the enormous African snail. In Florida, where it is native, Euglandina Rosea is typically
found alone in hardwood forests, along roadsides, and in urban gardens. Egg-laying
hermaphrodite Euglandina rosea is capable of cross-fertilization. The average lifespan is 24
months. In a small pocket of dirt, 25 to 35 eggs are placed, and they take 30 to 40 days to hatch.
The Euglandina rosea hunts down its meal by tracing the slime trails left behind by other snails
and slugs. Though it will attack larger snails by entering through the shell aperture, it appears to
favour smaller ones, which it consumes whole.

AFRICAN APPLE SNAIL- All of the nations where African Apple Snail(Achatina fulica) is
present have tropical climates with hot, comfortable temperatures all year round and high
humidity. The species can be found in disturbed regions, natural and planted forests, riparian
zones, scrublands and shrublands, urban areas, coastal areas, and wetlands. These snails flourish
in plantations, modified forests, and forest edges. The gastropod family Achatinidae is
indigenous to Africa. When the ecosystem has been anthropomorphically transformed as a
cropping system, several species of Achatinidae, including Achantina fulica, have developed pest
status within their native range. Incubation times for eggs range from a few hours to 17 days.
Depending on the temperature, snails reach maturity at a rate of 5 to 15 months. Achatina fulica
can live up to 9 years, however, the average lifespan is 5 to 6 years.

WATER HYACINTH- One of the worst aquatic weeds in the world is the Water Hyacinth
(Eichhornia crassipes), which is native to South America. It is a well-liked decorative plant for
ponds due to its stunning, enormous purple and violet blossoms. These days, it may be found in
more than 50 nations across five continents. Water hyacinths are believed to double in population
in as little as 12 days, making them an extremely fast-growing plant. These weed infestations
impede waterways, which restricts boat transportation, swimming, and fishing. Additionally,
water hyacinth blocks sunshine and oxygen from getting to the water's surface and submerged
Invasive Species of India 5

vegetation. It severely diminishes biological diversity in aquatic settings by shading and

crowding native aquatic plants. Eichhornia crassipes have occasionally been used to remove
nutrients and heavy metals from sludge and sewage ponds. In Kenya, flower farms among other
locations have experimented with using water hyacinth as an organic fertiliser and animal feed.
Due to the fertiliser's extremely high PH value, there is significant debate regarding its impact on
the soil. Nutrient-rich waters, particularly those that are rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium, greatly enhance the growth of water hyacinth. Except for Europe, where it still exists
but does not flourish due to climate factors, water hyacinth currently grows well on every
continent.

BLACK MIMOSA- Mimosa pigra, often known as the black mimosa, reproduces by dispersing
buoyant seed pods across large areas when it rains. Mimosa pigra can invade pastures and natural
grassland floodplain habitats, turning them into barren scrubland that can only support a limited
amount of species. Rice fields are typically supplied by irrigation systems that mimosa pigra
frequently obstructs, lowering crop productivity and hurting farmers' livelihoods. Mimosa thrives
in open, moist areas like floodplains, coastal plains, and river banks in a wet-dry tropical
environment. For instance, the Mekong Delta in Vietnam, where it is a significant issue, may see
annual rainfall of up to 2200 cm. In areas with a yearly rainfall of less than 75mm or more than
2250mm, it might not be a significant issue.

CASE STUDY- LANTANA INVADING TIGER HABITATS IN 2020

Approximately the size of Odisha, according to a 2020 study by the Wildlife Institute of India,
Dehradun, one of the most dangerous invasive species, Lantana Camara, has infected 154,000
square kilometres, or 40% of India's tiger range, posing a further threat alongside the Shivalik
Hills, Central India, and the Western Ghats.
To record the prevalence of the invasive species, the study's scientists conducted an
unprecedented survey of 207,100 km of Indian woods using 13715 grids of 25 square km, each
with 1–31 plots of 10-metre diameter. According to the study, Lantana is possibly the most
widely dispersed invasive plant in India, as compared to other invasive plants due to its extensive
invaded range.
Invasive Species of India 6

The National Tiger Estimation Project's study in 18 of India's tiger states also found that human
pressure and related activities like mining, building dams, building roads, and other related
activities promote the spread of invasive species.

EFFECT OF INVASIVE SPECIES ON INDIA

According to a study, India has suffered losses of $127.3 billion (about Rs. 8.3 trillion) over the
past 60 years due to invading alien species, making India the second most heavily burdened by
invasion costs behind the United States. Only 3 per cent of the known invasive species in India
have expenses associated with them that are publicly available, whereas the remaining 97 per
cent of invasive species in India are either unavailable, obscured, or underestimated.
According to the data, animals may be responsible for up to 35% of all costs in India, followed
by plants at 15%, fungi and bacteria at 1%, and many other species at the rest.

MEASURES BY THE GOVERNMENT- The government has a plan of action to stop the
reproduction and spread of these invasive species, which includes bolstering quarantine facilities
at seaports and airports, strict adherence to IMO (International Maritime Organization) standards
for the disposal of ballast water, and evaluation of the impact assessment on exotic species.
Additionally, this covers the regulation of the introduction of exotic species for commercial
endeavours, evaluation of the growth rate, reproductive success, dispersal capacity, and climatic
stress tolerance of exotic species, and status assessments on introduced/exotic/invasive species.
For the cultivation of invasive alien species, no licences are given out, and this Ministry does not
compile any data of this nature. We have a variety of laws that deal with invasive species. Some
of these laws have now been changed to cover invasive species even though they were initially
passed before invasive species became a major global problem. A suggested, though short, the
list includes-
● The Plant Quarantine Act Order 2003
● The Destructive Insects and Pests Act, 1914
● Livestock Importation Act, 1898 and the Livestock Importation Ordinance, 2001
● Environment Protection Act 1986
● The Biological Diversity Act 2002
Invasive Species of India 7

Additionally, we have a variety of organisations tasked with managing and controlling invasive
species as well as avoiding the entry of new invasive species. These organisations include the
National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, the Plant Quarantine Organization of India, the
Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, and several divisions of the Ministry of
Agriculture.

CONCLUSION

Invasive Alien Species are homogenising India’s, as well as the world's, flora and fauna due to
their global reach and quick increase, and this bio-invasion might be seen as a sort of biological
pollution, a key factor in climate change, and one of the main causes of species extinction. To
successfully combat invasive species over the long run, the nation's biosecurity danger requires a
legislative and institutional strategy. Concerned government departments should assess and keep
an eye on the unauthorised import of wild and domesticated animals and plants into new areas,
across states, and within the nation. Techniques must be created to quickly analyse the presence,
mobility, and effects of intruders on the environment. To locate and recognise harmful species
early on, monitoring is necessary. Monitoring can be carried out utilising qualitative techniques
like species inventories, quantitative techniques like phytosociological methodologies, and
ground-based techniques like mapping.

According to the data released by the National Biodiversity Authority, the following table
contains information related to all the invasive species in India.

TAXA NAME ENGLISH NAME REFERENCES

Inderjit et al., 2018;

Abutilon crispum (L,) Bladder Mallow based on professional
Brizicky observation in the field by
experts observation

Acacia auriculiformis L. based on professional

Northern black wattle observation in the field by
New name Racosperma
auriculiformis experts observation
(L) Benth.

Sekar 2012;
Invasive Species of India 8

Acacia dealbata Link Silver wattle based on professional

observation in the field by
experts observation

Sankaran et al., 2013;

Acacia mearsnii De Willd. Back wattle Naithani et al., 2017; Sekar
2012; Reddyet al., 2008.

Crofton Muniappan and

Ageratina adenophora
weed or sticky Viraktamath1993; based on
(Spreng.)King & H. Rob.
snakeroot professional observation in
the field by experts
observation

Ageratina Riparia (Regel)R. Creeping Crofton based on professional

observation in the field by
M.King & weed
experts observation
H. Rob.

Alternanthera Sankaran et al., 2013;

Red Calico plant based on professional
bettzickiana (Regel) G.
Nichols observation in the field by
experts observation

Sankaran et al., 2013;

Alternanthera brasiliana Brazilian joy weed based on professional
(L.) Kuntze observation in the field by
experts observation

based on professional
Alternanthera ficoidea P. Joseph's coat observation in the field by
Beauv. experts observation

Sekar 2012; based on

Alternanthera Smooth joy weed professional observation in
paronychioides St. Hil. the field by experts
observation

Naithani et al., 2017; Sekar

Alternanthera pungens Khaki weed 2012;
Kunth.

Naithani et al., 2017; Sekar

Alternanthera tenella Colla Calico plant 2012;

Sekar 2012; based on

Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Coral vine professional observation in
Arn. the field by experts
observation
Invasive Species of India 9

Naithani et al 2017;
Argemone mexicana L. Mexican poppy Sankaran et al., 2013;

Muniappan and
Bidens pilosa L. Black Jack Viraktamath1993;
Sekar,2012;

based on professional
Cabomba caroliniana A. Carolina fanwort, observation in the field by
Gray experts observation

based on professional
Cannabis sativa L. Hemp/ Marijuna observation in the field by
experts observation

Sankaran et al., 2013; based

Centrosema molle Benth. Butterfly-pea on professional observation in
the field by
experts

Sankaran et al., 2013;

Cestrum aurantiacum Lindl Orange cestrum based on professional
observation in the field by
experts observation

Mahajan and Azeez2001.

Chromolaena odorata
Siam weed Naithani et al 2017;
(L.) King & Robin.
Sankaran et al., 2013;

based on professional
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canada thistle
observation in the field by
experts

based on professional
Coronopus didymus Sm. Lesser swinecress
observation in the field by
experts

Naithani et al 2017; Sekar

Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Rubber vine
2012; Reddyet al.,, 2008;
Br.

Naithani et al., 2017; Sekar

Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Dodder
2012;

Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link Scotch broom Naithani et al., 2017

Badi Aankh Phootani based on professional

Dactylandra welwitschii observation in the field by
bel
Hook. f. experts observation
Invasive Species of India 10

Naithani et al., 2017;

Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Viper grass
Panz. Sekar, 2012;

Brown flowered swamp based on professional

Diplachne fusca (L.) observation in the field by
grass
P.Beauv. experts observation

Dysphania ambrosioides Sekar, 2012; based on

Mexican tea
Mosyakin & professional observation in the
field by experts observation
Clemants

Inderjit et al., 2018; Based

Horseweed /
Erigeron bonariensis L., on field observation by
Butterweed
experts

Canadian based on professional

Erigeron canadensis L. observation in the field by
horseweed
experts observation

Round leaf Naithani et al 2017; Sekar

Evolvulus nummularius (L.)
L. Bindweed 2012;

Sankaran et al., 2013;

Hyptis suaveolens Poit. Pig nut Sekar 2012;

Purple morning glory Naithani et al., 2017; Sekar

Ipomoea eriocarpa R. Br. 2012;

Ipomoea fistulosa Mart. ex Bush Morning based on professional

Choisy Glory/ Shrub observation in the field by
Ipomoea experts observation

Chandrasekaran andSwamy
2001; Love et al 2009;
Lantana Camara L. Lantana
Sundaramand Hiremath 2012.
Sankaran et al., 2013;

False/Horse Sankaran et al 2013;

Leucaena leucocephala Naithani et al 2017;
tamarind
(Lam.) de Wit

Maesopsis eminii Engl. Umbrella-tree Sankaran et al., 2013

Gogoi 2001; Sankaran

Mikania micrantha Kunth Mile-a-minute andSrinivasan2001; Lahkar et
al.,2011.
Invasive Species of India 11

Mimosa diplotricha Giant sensitive plant based on professional

observation in the field by
C. Wight ex Sauvalle
experts observation
var.

Naithani et al., 2017;

Mimosa pigra L. Catclaw mimosa based on professional
observation in the field by
experts observation

based on professional
Muntingia calabura L. Jamaican cherry
observation in the field by
experts

Muniappan and
Opuntia dillenii Haw. Prickly pear Viraktamath1993; Sekar
2012;

Opuntia elatior Miller Prickly pear Sekar, 2012; based on

professional observation in the
field by experts observation

Aneja, 1991;
Gunaseelan,1998; Singh
Parthenium hysterophorus Congress weed
and Kaur, 1997; Sankaran
L.
et al 2013;

Naithani et al 2017; Sekar

Pennisetum purpureum Elephant grass
2012;
Schumach.

Dayal, 2007; Anoop, 2010;

Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Mesquite Kauret al.,2012.

Pueraria montana var. based on professional

Kudzu observation in the field by
lobata (Willd.) Sanjappa &
experts observation
Pradeep

Senna spectabilis Calceolaria shower Sankaran et al., 2013;

(DC.) Irwin & based on professional
Barneby observation in the field by
experts observation

Silverleaf based on professional

Solanum elaeagnifolium observation in the field by
nightshade
Cavanilles experts observation

based on professional
Solanum mauritianumScop. Bugweed observation in the field by
Invasive Species of India 12

experts observation

Sankaran et al., 2013;

Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Singapore daisy based on professional
Pruski observation in the field by
experts observation

Sekar 2012; Naithani et al.,

Typha angustifolia L. Lesser bulrush
2017; Inderjit et al., 2018;

Naithani et al., 2017;

Ulex europeus L. Common gorse based on professional
observation in the field by
experts observation

Masoodi, and Khan, 2012;

Alternanthera philoxeroides
Alligator weed Masoodi, et al., .2013;
(Mart.) Griseb.
Chatterjee, and Dewanji,
2012.

Eichhorniacrassipes Kathiresan, 2000;

Water hyacinth Narayanan et al 2007; Patel,
(Mart.) Solms
2012

Pink morning glory Chaudhuri et al 1994;

Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Laxmappa. 2013;
Laxmappa et al., 2014

Minute duckweed Gopal , 1990. Khuroo,et al

Lemnaperpusilla Torr. 2007

Purple loosestrife based on professional

Lythrum salicaria L. observation in the field by
experts observation

Common Water Clover Khuroo,et al 2007;

Marsilea quadrifolia Lolu,A.J. et al.2016

Myriophyllum Arshid, et
Parrot’s feather al.2011;
aquaticum(Vell.) Verdc.
Shah, et
al., 2014.

Nair, and Pai, 1973;

Salvinia auriculata
Butterfly fern Thomas1979;
Aubl (syn. S. molesta )
Jayanth, 1987.
Invasive Species of India 13

Krishnakumar et al. 2009, 2011,

Clarias gariepinus African catfish Laxmappa et al. 2015, Singh
et.al. 2012; 2014; 2014a; 2015.

Singh et al. 2010; 2011;

Cyprinus carpio Common carp
2013, 2014; 2014a.

Western Mosquito fish/

Gambusia affinis Singh et al. 2011; 2013, 2014.
Topminnow

Gambusiaholbrooki Eastern Mosquito fish Singh et al. 2011; 2013, 2014.

Mylopharyngodonpiceus Black carp Singh et al. 2013a.

Biju Kumar
Oreochromis mossambicus Mozambique tilapia 2000:
Laxmappa et
al. 2015;,
Singh et al. 2011; 2013,
2014;2014a

Laxmappa et al. 2015;

Oreochromis niloticus Nile tilapia Singh et al. 2013, 2014; 2014a

Biju Kumar, 2000;

Poecillia reticulata Guppy Singh an
Lakra 2011;
Singh et al.
2013b

Singh et al 2013
Pterygoplichthysdisjunctivus Vermiculated sailfin catfish
Biju Kumar et al. 2015

Krishnakumar et
Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus Sucker mouth armored cat fish
al. 2009; Singh et
al 2013a.

Singh et al 2013a;
Pterygoplichthys pardalis Amazon sailfin catfish
Biju Kumar et al. 2015.

Pterygoplichthys anisitsi Paraná Sailfin Catfish Singh et al 2013a.

Pygocentrus nattereri Red Piranha Singh et al 2013a.

Singh and Lakra, 2011. Based on

Aristichthys nobilis Bighead
field
observation by experts

Kappaphycus alvarezii Elkhorn sea moss Chandrasekaran et al. 2008;

Kamalakannan et al. 2014

Monostorma Seaweed. Untawale, et al 1980; Based on

oxyspermum field
Invasive Species of India 14

observation by experts

Phyllorhiza punctata Phyllorhiza puncta Saravanan, et al , 2016. Based

(Lendenfield 1884) Lendenfield, 1884 on field
observation by experts

Pelagia noctiluca Pelagia noctiluca Kramp, 1961; Based on field

(Forsskal, 1775) Forsskal, 1775 observation by experts

Carijoa riisei Snowflake Raghunathan, et al ., 2013;

coral / Branched pipe based on professional
coral observation in the field by
experts observation

Tubastrea coccinea Orange soft coral Pillai, and Patel, 1988 based on
(Lesson, 1829) professional observation in the
field by experts observation

Beroe ovata Chopra, 1960.; based on

(Bruguiere, 1789) professional observation in the
field by experts observation

Beroe cucumis Robin et al ., 2009; Based on

(Fabricius, 1780) field
observation by experts

Vallicula multiformis Prasade, et al 2016; Based on

(Rankin, 1956) field
observation by experts

Mytiloposis sallei Caribbean false mussel Ganapati et al 1971; Based on

(Recluz, 1849) field
observation by experts

Perna perna (Linnaeus, Kesavan, et al 2009; based

1758) on professional
observation in the field by
experts observation

Ectoplura crocea Pink-mouth hydroid Mammen, 1963; based on

(Agassiz, 1862) professional observation in
the field by experts
observation

Ficopomatus enigmaticus Australian tube worm Chandramohan, and Aruna,

(Fauvel, 1994; based on professional
1923) observation in the field by
Invasive Species of India 15

experts observation

Lumrineris japonica Gaonkar, et al 2010; Based on

(Marenzeller, 1879) field
observation by experts

Jassa marmorata Anil, et al 2003; Based on field

Holemes, 1905 observation by experts

Penaeus vannamei Dev Roy, 2007; Based on field

Boone, 1931 observation by experts

Membranipora Coffin box Shrinivaasu, et al., 2015;

membranacea (Linnaeus, based on professional
1767) observation in the field by
experts observation

Microcosmuscurvus Scaly tunicate Meenakshi,1997;Abdul Jaffar

(Tokioka, 1954) Ali et
al,2009; Tamilselvi, et al.,
2011.

Didemnum candidum Meenakshi, 2003; Abdul Jaffar

Savigny, 1816 Ali and
Sivakumar, 2007; Abdul
Jaffar Ali et al 2009 and
2014

Kushalappa and Eskes 1989;

Hemileia vastatrix Coffee rust based on professional
observation in the field
by experts observation

Butler 1918; based on

Phytophthora infestans Late blight of potato
professional observation in the
field by experts observation

Sydow and Butler, 1906;

Urocystis tritici Flag smut of wheat
based on professional
observation in the field by
experts observation

Sydow and Butler, 1906;

Puccinia carthami Rust of chrysanthemum
based on professional
observation in the field by
experts observation
Invasive Species of India 16

Rajak et al., 1974;

Venturia inequalis Apple Scab
based on professional
observation in the field
by experts observation

CMI, 1988; based on

Plasmopara viticola Downey mildew of grapes
professional
observation in the field
by experts observation

Payak, and Renfro 1967;

Sclerospora phillipinensis Downey mildew of maize
based on professional
observation in the field by
experts observation

Pyricularia grisea Blast of paddy Padmanabhan, 1965;

based on professional
observation in the field by
experts observation

Padmanabhan, 1959;
Fusarium moniliforme Foot rot of Rice
based on professional
observation in the field by
experts observation

Ramakrishnan, and
Phyllachora sorghi Leaf spot of sorghum Sundaram
1953; based on professional
observation in the field by
experts observation

Mitra M, Mehta PR.

Oidium heavea Powdery mildew of rubber 1938; Ramakrishnan
and
Radhakrishna Pillay 1963.

Phytophthora nicotianae Govindarao

Tobacco black shank
var. and Koteswararao 1956..
nicotianae

Mundkur.; Kheshwala. 1943;

Sphaeropsis spp. Canker of apple based on professional
observation in the field
by experts observation

Ganguly and Paul. 1953;

Synchytrium endobioticum Potato wart
Invasive Species of India 17

based on professional
observation in the field by
experts observation

Fusariumoxysporum f.sp Uma, et al, 2017; based on

Fusarium wilt of Banana
cubense (TR4) professional observation in
the field by experts
observation

Downey mildew of Mayee and Patil, 1986;

Plasmopara halstedii
sunflower based on professional
observation in the field by
experts observation

Xanthomonas campestris Patel et al 1949; based on

Black rot of crucifers
p.v. professional observation in
campestris the field by experts
observation

Sharma, et al 2002; based

Agrobacterium tumefaciens Crown gall of apple/pear
on professional observation in
the field by experts
observation

Singh 1943; based on

Agrobacterium rhizogenes Hairy root of apple/pear
professional observation in
the field by experts
observation

Papdiwal.; Deshpande.
Erwinia amylovora Fire blight of pear 1978;
based on professional
observation in the field
by experts observation

Xanthomonas oryzae p.v. Bacterial leaf blight of Srivastava and Rao, 1964;
oryzae paddy based on professional
observation in the field
by experts observation

Banana Bunchy Top Virus Verghese, 1945; based on

Banana bunchy top
(Babu virus) professional observation in
the field by experts
observation

Prasada Rao et al 2000;

Sunflower necrosis illar Sunflower necrosis
based on professional
Invasive Species of India 18

virus observation in the field by

experts observation

Singh, et al 1993; based on

Peanut stripe virus Bud necrosis
professional observation in
the field by experts
observation

Jones, 1961; based on

Globoderarostochiensis Potato golden nematode
professional observation
in the field by experts
observation

Fletcher, 1914; Sujay et al

Plutella xylostellaLinnaeus Diamondback moth
2010.

Pseudococcus Mani et al. 2013

Banana mealybug
jackbeardsleyi
Gimpel and Miller

Fotedar, R. 1941; Rawat,

Quadraspidiotus perniciosus
San Jose scale and Pawar,., 1991; Rawat,
(Constock)
Sangal, et al., 1993.

Quadrastichus erythrinae Faizal, et al 2006.

Erythrina gall wasp
Kim

Sridhar et al. 2014; Sharma

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) Tomato Pinworm
and Omkar Gavkare.2017

Pineus pini (Macquart) Pine woolly aphid FAO, 2005; Sujay et al

2010.

Phthorimaea operculella Lefroy, 1907; Chandel, et al

Potato tuber moth
(Zeller) 2005.

References
Camara,Lantana. 'Invasive Species Compendium-Detailed coverage of invasive species
threatening livelihoods and the environment worldwide'. Cabi. Org
https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/29771
Invasive Species of India 19

Ghosh, S. 03 May 2022. The cost of invasive species bears heavy on Indian economy, finds
study. Mongabay-India
https://india.mongabay.com/2022/05/the-cost-of-invasive-species-bears-heavy-on-indian-econom
y-finds-study/#:~:text=The%20cost%20of%20invasive%20species%20bears%20heavy%20on%
20Indian%20economy%2C%20finds%20study,-by%20Sahana%20Ghosh&text=India%20has%2
0lost%20%24127.3%20billion,States%2C%20a%20study%20has%20said.

Global Invasive Species Database (2022) Species profile: Eichhornia crassipes. Downloaded
from http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/speciesname/Eichhornia+crassipes on 01-07-2022.

Global Invasive Species Database (2022) Species profile: Mimosa pigra. Downloaded from
http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/speciesname/Mimosa+pigra on 01-07-2022.

Global Invasive Species Database (2022) Species profile: Achatina fulica. Downloaded from
http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/speciesname/Achatina+fulica on 01-07-2022.

Global Invasive Species Database (2022) Species profile: Euglandina rosea. Downloaded from
http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=92 on 01-07-2022.

Global Invasive Species Database (2022) Species profile: Hoplobatrachus tigerinus. Downloaded
from http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/speciesname/Hoplobatrachus+tigerinus on 01-07-2022.

Hiremath, A. J. Krishnan, S. December 11, 2016.'India Knows Its Invasive Species Problem But
This Is Why Nobody Can Deal With it Properly' The wire. In
https://thewire.in/environment/invasive-species-prosopis-lantana

'Invasive species and issues related to them in India and Andaman'. May 3 2019. Journals of
India
https://journalsofindia.com/invasive-species-and-issues-related-to-them-in-india-and-andaman/
Invasive Species of India 20

Sandilyan, Sambandam & Bharathiamma, Meenakumari & Babu, C. (2018). Invasive alien
species of India.
http://nbaindia.org/uploaded/pdf/Iaslist.pdf

Upadhyay, V. 26th August 2020. Invasive lantana grass threatens tiger habitats, forests of India:
Study. The new Indian express
https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/aug/26/invasive-lantana-grass-threatens-tiger-ha
bitats-forests-of-india-study-2188232.html

Walker, A., and Hoy, M. (2018) common name: papaya mealybug scientific name: Paracoccus
marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). IFAS
University of Florida.
https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/mealybugs/papaya_mealybug.htm