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 BUILDING
TECHNOLOGY 1
Concrete and
masonry
 PLAIN AND REINFORCED
CONCRETE
CONCRETE IS EITHER PLAIN OR
REINFORCED. BY DEFINITION, PLAIN
CONCRETE IS AN ARTIFICIAL STONE AS A
RESULT OF MIXING CEMENT, FINE
AGGREGATES, COARSE AGGREGATES AND
WATER. THE CONGLOMERATION OF
THESE MATERIALS PRODUCING A SOLID
MASS IS CALLED PLAIN CONCRETE
 PLAIN AND REINFORCED
CONCRETE
REINFORCED CONCRETE ON THE
OTHER HAND, IS A CONCRETE
WITH REINFORCEMENT PROPERTY
EMBEDDED IN SUCH A MANNER
THAT THE TWO ACT TOGETHER IN
RESISTING FORCES.
 THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONCRETE
USED IN CONSTRUCTION
• THE ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT
• THE RAPID HARDEING PORTLAND CEMENT WHICH IS PREFERRED
WHEN HIGH EARLY STRENGTH CONCRETE IS DESIRED
• THE BLAST FURNACE OR SULFATE CEMENT USED ON CONCRETE
STRUCTURES DESIGNED TO RESIST CHEMICAL ATTACK
• THE LOW HEAT PORTLAND CEMENT USED FOR MASSIVE SECTIONS
DESIGNED TO REDUCE THE HEAT OF HYDRATION
• THE PORTLAND POZZONIAN CEMENT WITH A LOW HARDENING
CHARACTERISTIC CONCRETE
• THE HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT
 AGGREGATES
•COARSE AGGREGATES – SUCH AS
CRUSHED STONE, CRUSHED GRAVEL OR
NATURAL GRAVEL WITH PARTICLES
RETAINED ON A 5 MM SIEVE
•FINE AGGREGATES – SUCH AS GRUSHED
STONE, CRUSHED GRAVEL, SAND OR
NATURAL SAND WITH PARTICLES
PASSING ON A 5 MM SIEVE
 AGGREGATES
•SIZE OF AGGREGATES – FOR COARSE
AGGREGATES (GRAVEL), THE MAXIMUM
NOMINAL SIZE VARIES FROM 40, 20, 14, 10
MM DIAMETER. THE CHOICE FROM THE
ABOVE SIZES DEPENDS UPON THE
DIMENSIONS OF THE CONCRETE
MEMBER MORE PARTICULARLY, THE
SPACING OF THE STEEL BARS
REINFORCEMENTS OR AS SPECIFIED.
 PRINCIPLES OF CONCRETE
MIXING
•THE PURPOSE IN MIXING CONCRETE IS TO
SELECT AN OPTIMUM PROPORTION OF
CEMENT, WATER AND AGGREGATES, TO
PRODUCE A CONCRETE MIXTURE THAT WILL
MEET THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS:
•WORKABILITY
•STRENGTH
•DURABILITY
•ECONOMY
 PRINCIPLES OF CONCRETE
MIXING
• THE PROPORTION THAT WILL BE FINALLY ADOPTED IN CONCRETE MIXING HAS TO
BE ESTABLISHED BY ACTUAL TRIAL AND ADJUSTMENT PROCESSES TO ATTAIN THE
DESIRED STRENGTH AND QUALITY OF CONCRETE REQUIRED UNDER THE
FOLLOWING PROCEDURE:
• THE WATER CEMENT RATIO IS FIRST DETERMINED AT THE VERY FIRST HOUR OF
MIXING TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF STRENGTH AND DUABILITY.
• THE CEMENT AGGREGATE RATIO IS THEN CHOSEN AND ESTABLISHED TO SATISFY
THE WORKABILITY REQUIREMENT. WORKABILITY, MEANS THE ABILITY OF THE
FRESH CONCRETE TO FILL ALL THE VOIDS BETWEEN THE STEEL BARS AND THE
FORMS WITHOUT NECESSARILY EXERTING MUCH EFFORT IN TAMPING.
• LABORATORY TEST SHOWED THAT THE WATER-CEMENT CONTENT RATIO IS THE
MOST IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION IN MIXING BECAUSE IT DETERMINES NOT
ONLY THE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF THE CONCRETE BUT ALSO THE
WORKABILITY OF THE MIXTURE.
• CONCRETE MIXTURES IN A PASTE FORM IS PREFERRED THAN THOSE MIXTURES
WHICH ARE FLOWING WITH WATER.
 The ACI requirement for concrete
•FRESH CONCRETE SHALL BE WORKABLE. MEANING
THAT FRESH CONCRETE COULD FREELY FLOW
AROUND THE REINFORCEMENTS TO FILL ALL THE
VOIDS INSIDE THE FORM.
•THAT THE HARDENED CONCRETE SHALL BE
STRONG ENOUGH TO CARRY DESIGN LOAD
•THE HARDENED CONCRETE COULD WITHSTAND
THE CONDITIONS TO WHICH IT IS EXPEXTED TO
PERFORM
•THE CONCRETE SHOULD BE ECONOMICALLY
PRODUCED.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
CONCRETE MIXTURE
•DESIGNED MIXTURE – WHERE THE CONTRACTOR IS
RESPONSIBLE IN ESTABLISHING THE MIXTURE
PROPORTION THAT WILL ACHIEVE THE REQUIRED
STRENGTH AND WORKABILITY AS SPECIFIED IN
PLAN.
•PRESCRIBED MIXTURE – WHERE THE DESIGNING
ENGINEER SPECIFY THE MIXTURE PROPORTION.
THE CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILITY IS ONLY TO
PROVIDE A PROPERLY MIXED CONCRETE
CONTAINING THE RIGHT PROPORTIONS AS
PRESCRIBED IN THE PLAN
 CLASSIFICATION OF
CONCRETE MIXTURE
•DESIGNED MIXTURE – WHERE THE CONTRACTOR IS
RESPONSIBLE IN ESTABLISHING THE MIXTURE
PROPORTION THAT WILL ACHIEVE THE REQUIRED
STRENGTH AND WORKABILITY AS SPECIFIED IN
PLAN.
•PRESCRIBED MIXTURE – WHERE THE DESIGNING
ENGINEER SPECIFY THE MIXTURE PROPORTION.
THE CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILITY IS ONLY TO
PROVIDE A PROPERLY MIXED CONCRETE
CONTAINING THE RIGHT PROPORTIONS AS
PRESCRIBED IN THE PLAN
COLUMN BEAMS

FOOTINGS SLAB
 MASONRY
• CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK IS POPULARLLY KNOWN AS
CHB. IT IS CLASSIFIED AS LOAD BEARING AND
NON-BEARING BLOCKS. LOAD BEARING BLOCKS ARE
THOSE WHOSE THICKNESS RANGES FROM 15 TO 20
CENTIMETERS AND ARE USED TO CARRY LOAD ASIDE
FROM ITS OWN WEIGHT.
• NON-BEARING BLOCKS ON THE OTHER HAND ARE BLOCKS
INTENDED FOR WALLS, PARTITIONS, FENCES, DIVIDERS
AND THE LIKE CARRYING ITS OWN WEIGHT WHOSE
THICKNESS RANGES FROM 7 TO 10 CENTIMETERS.
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK
 MASONRY
•THE STANDARD HOLLOW BLOCKS HAS THREE
VOID CELLS AND TWO HALF CELLS AT BOTH
ENDS HAVING A TOTAL OF FOUR. THESE
HOLLOWS CELLS VARY IN SIZES AS THERE
ARE DIFFERENT MANUFACTURERS USING
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MOLD. HENCE, IT IS
RECOMMENDED THAT CONCRETE HOLLOW
BLOCKS WITH BIGGER CELLS BE CONSIDRED
IN ESTIMATING FOR A MORE REALISTIC
RESULT.
 CEMENT MORTAR
•MIXTURE OF CEMENT, SAND AND WATER. IT
IS USED AS BONDING MATERIALS IN
INSTALLING MASONRY BLOCKS AND OTHER
VARIOUS PLASTERING WORK. USES OF
CEMENT MORTAR :
• THE MORTAR TO BE USED IN BETWEEN THE LAYER OF CHB
• THE MORTAR FILLER FOR THE HOLLOW CORE OR CELL OF THE
BLOCKS. THE FILLER COULD BE PURE MORTAR OR MORTAR WITH
GRAVEL FOR ECONOMY.
• FINE SCREENED SAND FOR PLASTERING
 CEMENT MORTAR FOR
PLASTERING
•ASIDE FROM CEMENT MORTAR FOR BLOCK
LAYING, PLASTERING IS ANOTHER ITEM TO
CONSIDER. MOST ESTIMATORS HOWEVER, MAKE
THEIR ESTIMATE OF MORTAR FOR BLOCK LAYING
AND PLASTERING THROUGH SIMPLE GUESSING AND
CALCULATION, ASSUMING THE QUANTITY OF
CEMENT AND SAND WITHOUT THE PAIN OF
COMPUTATION. THE REASON IS SIMPLE THEY ARE
JUST IN A HURRY AND HAS NO TIME TO DO IT. AND
FOR THISREASONS, WE OFFER THE FOLLOWING
METHODS ACCOMPANIED BY A SIMPLIFIED TABLES
OF EQUIVALENT VALUES.
Chb laying plastering
 Decorative blocks
•DECORATIVE HOLLOW BLOCKS
ARE MANUFACTURED FROM
EITHER CEMENT MORTAR OR
CLAY. THESE TYPES OF
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAD
BEEN WIDELY USED FOR
VENTILATION AND DECORATIVE
PURPOSES.
 OTHER MASONRY
•RETAINING WALL – relatively rigid walls used for
supporting soil laterally so that it can be retained at different levels on the two sides. Retaining
walls are structures designed to restrain soil to a slope that it would not naturally keep to (typically
a steep, near-vertical or vertical slope).

•RIP-RAP WALL – A rip rap retaining wall is made from

organic material, primarily rocks, to defend certain areas from damaging conditions. It is also
referred to as rock armor, shot rock, or rubble. Professionals lay down the rocks in a way that
prevents waves from causing erosion

•GABIONS AND MATTRESS – Gabion

(greater than 1' in height) and mattresses (less than 1' in height) consist of rectangular units
fabricated from a double-twisted hexagonal mesh. Gabions and mattresses are divided into cells
with diaphragms (usually spaced at 1 meter or 3' intervals), whose function is to reinforce the
structure.
 gabions

Retaining wall Rip-rap

 Assignment 1
1. RESEARCH FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOOTINGS,
COLUMNS, BEAMS, CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS
AND DECORATIVE BLOCKS. PROVIDE
SPECIFICATIONS AND MANUAL WORKING
DRAWINGS IN ONE A3 SIZE BOND PAPER.
SAMPLE: