PLASTIC AS SOIL STABILIZATION

AN EFFECTIVE WAY TO STABILIZE SOIL USING PLASTIC IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION

PLASTIC WASTES
 CONTENTS
❏ INTRODUCTION
❏ BLACK COTTON SOIL
❏ PLASTIC BAGS
❏ TESTS TO BE CONDUCTED
❏ CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION

THE OBJECTIVE IS TO Progress THE CHARACTERISTICS AT Location

AND MAKE SOIL Competent OF CARRYING LOAD AND To Extend THE
SHEARING Quality AND Diminish THE COMPRESSIBILITY OF THE
SOIL.
CONTINUE….
❖ SOIL STABILIZATION IS THE ALTERATION OF SOIL TO
ENHANCE THEIR PHYSICAL PROPERTY.
❖ SOIL STABILIZATION CAN INCREASE THE SHEAR
STRENGTH, CONTROL THE SHRINK-SWELL PROPERTY
AND REDUCE THE PLASTICITY INDEX VALUE OF SOIL.
❖ AND HENCE IMPROVE THE LOAD BEARING CAPACITY OF
A SUB-GRADE TO SUPPORT PAVEMENT AND
FOUNDATION.
❖ SOIL STABILIZATION BY PLASTICS WASTE IS ONE OF
THE EASIEST AND CHEAPEST METHOD WHICH WE ARE
GOING TO TEST FOR BLACK COTTON SOIL AND HOPING
FOR POSITIVE RESULT.
CONTINUE…..

❖ PLASTIC WASTES CAN BE MADE USEFUL NOT ONLY FOR

IMPROVING THE SOIL ALSO TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS RELATED
TO DISPOSAL OF PLASTICS WASTES.
SOIL STABILIZER

❖ SOIL STABILIZATION WITH CEMENT:- The soil

stabilized with cement is known as soil cement. The cementing action
is believed to be the result of chemical reactions of cement with
siliceous soil during hydration reaction.

❖ SOIL STABILIZATION USING LIME:- Slaked lime is

very effective in treating heavy plastic clayey soils. Lime may be used
alone or in combination with cement, bitumen or fly ash.
CONTINUE…

❖ SOIL STABILIZATION WITH BITUMEN:-Asphalts and tars

are bituminous materials which are used for stabilization of soil.

❖ CHEMICAL STABILIZATION OF SOIL:- Calcium chloride,

Sodium chloride, Sodium silicate etc. such chemicals can be used.

❖ SOIL STABILIZATION BY GROUTING:-In this method,

stabilizers are introduced by injection into the soil.

❖ SOIL STABILIZATON BY PLASTICS:-They are made of

synthetic materials such as polyethylene, polyester, nylons and polyvinyl
chloride.
WHY PLASTIC ?
CONTINUE…..
❖ IN 2008, OUR GLOBAL PLASTIC CONSUMPTION WORLDWIDE HAS
BEEN ESTIMATED AT 260 MILLION TONS, AND, ACCORDING TO A 2012
REPORT BY GLOBAL INDUSTRY ANALYSTS, PLASTIC CONSUMPTION
IS TO REACH 297.5 MILLION TONS BY 2015.
❖ THE EXTREME USE OF SUCH PLASTIC CAUSED PLASTIC POLLUTION.
❖ NOW WE ARE GOING TO USE SUCH PLASTIC WASTES(PLASTIC
BAGS) AS REINFORCEMENT IN SOIL STABILIZATION.
❖ BECAUSE THEY ARE EASILY AVAILABLE, CHEAPER AND DURABLE
AND IT CAN BE A METHOD OF PLASTIC DISPOSAL.
USING PLASTIC BAGS AS
REINFORCEMENT
LIKE AS STEEL IN CONCRETE
WHY BLACK COTTON SOIL??
(IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS VERTISOL)

❖ THESE SOILS CONTAIN ESSENTIAL CLAY MINERALS

AS MONTMORILLONITE HAVING MORE SWELLING
AND SHRINKING CHARACTERISTICS.
BLACK COTTON SOIL
SHOWING CRACKS DUE TO HIGH SHRINKAGE AND SWELLING PROPERTY
BLACK COTTON SOIL
CONTINUES….

❖THE PROPERTIES OF BLACK COTTON SOIL ARE :-

• HIGH COMPRESSIBILITY
• LOW BEARING CAPACITY
• LOW SHEARING STRENGTH.
❖THE ABOVE PROPERTY ARE NOT SUITABLE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF
ROADS OR FOUNDATION.
❖HENCE THE REMEDIES LIKE SOIL STABILIZERS ARE TAKEN FOR SUCH
SOILS.
❖OUT OF ALL SOIL STABILIZERS, WE ARE USING PLASTIC WASTE
BECAUSE IT IS MOST COVENIENT, CHEAPER AND EASILY AVAILABLE.
TEST TO BE CONDUCT
1. CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR) TEST
2. ATTERBERG LIMITS TEST
a) SHRINKAGE LIMIT
b) PLASTIC LIMIT
c) LIQUID LIMIT
3. COMPACTION
4. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
5. PERMEABILITY
6. TRIAXIAL TEST
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR)
TEST
● THE CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR) WAS
DEVELOPED BY THE CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF
TRANSPORTATION.
● THE CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR) TEST IS A
PENETRATION TEST FOR EVALUATION OF THE
MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF ROAD SUBGRADE AND
BASECOURSES.
● THE CBR TEST IS FULLY DESCRIBED IN BS1377:
PART9:1990: SOIL FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING PURPOSE.
CBR TESTING SET
WHY CBR TEST IS PERFORMED?

● TO DETERMINE THE RESISTANCE OF THE SUBGRADE FOR THE

DEFORMATION UNDER THE LOAD FROM VEHICLE WHEELS.
● OR IT IS LIKELY TO SAY THAT HOW STRONG IS THE GROUND
UPON WHICH WE ARE GOING TO BUILD THE ROAD.
● TO COMPARE THE STRENGTHS OF DIFFERENT SUBGRADE
MATERIALS.
● THE HIGHER THE CBR READING THE LESS THICK IT IS
NECESSARY TO DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT THE ROAD
PAVEMENT WHICH GIVES US A CONSIDERABLE COST SAVING.
LABELED DAIGRAM OF CBR TESTING
MACHINE
CONTINUE….

● WHEN CBR INDICATES A LOW CBR READING MEANS

SUBGRADE IS WEAK, WE MUST CONSTRUCT A
SUITABLE THICKER ROAD PAVEMENT TO SPREAD
THE WHEEL LOAD OVER A GREATER AREA OF THE
SUBGRADE IN ORDER THAT THE WEAK SUBGRADE
MATERIAL IS NOT DEFORMED, CAUSING THE ROAD
PAVEMENT TO FAIL.
HOW CBR TEST IS PERFORMED?

● THE CBR TEST IS PERFORMED BY MEASURING THE

PRESSURE REQUIRED TO PENETRATE A SOIL
SAMPLE WITH A PLUNGER OF STANDARD AREA.
● THE MEASURED PRESSURE IS THEN DIVIDED BY THE
PRESSURE REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE AN EQUAL
PENETRATION ON A STANDARD CRUSHED ROCK
MATERIAL.
CONTINUE….

● THE TEST IS PERFORMED BY PENETRATING A SOIL

MASS WITH STANDARD CIRCULAR PISTON AT THE
RATE OF 1.25 mm/min.
● BY DRAWING GRAPH BETWEEN LOAD AND
PENETRATION CBR VALUE IS DECIDED.
2) ATTERBERG LIMIT TEST
SHRINKAGE LIMIT

● SHRINKAGE LIMIT IS THE MINIMUM WATER CONTENT

WHERE FURTHER REDUCTION IN WATER CONTENT WILL
NOT CAUSE ANY REDUCTION IN VOLUME.
● IF THE WATER CONTENT IS LESS THAN THE SHRINKAGE
LIMIT THEN SOIL WILL BE PARTIALLY SATURATED.
● BUT AT SHRINKAGE LIMIT, SOIL IS JUST SATURATED(S=1).
● THE TEST TO DETERMINE THE SHRINKAGE LIMIT IS ASTM
INTERNATIONAL D4943.
PLASTIC LIMIT

● PLASTIC LIMIT IS THE MINIMUM WATER CONTENT AT

WHICH IF SOIL IS ROLLED INTO THREAD OF 3 mm DIA
THEN SURFACE CRACK WILL JUST APPEAR.
● FINER SOIL HAVE GREATER PLASTICITY THAN
COARSED.
● THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE LIQUID LIMIT AND
PLASTIC LIMIT IS KNOWN AS PLASTICITY INDEX.
LIQUID LIMIT
● LIQUID LIMIT IS THE MINIMUM WATER CONTENT AT
WHICH SOIL HAS TENDENCY TO FLOW.
● AT LIQUID LIMIT MOST OF THE SOILS HAVE
NEGLEGIBLE SHEAR STRENGHT OF THE ORDER OF
2.7 N/mm2.
● IF THE LIQUID LIMIT OF SOIL IS GREATER THEN SUCH
SOIL ARE MORE COMPRESSIBLE(HIGH SWELLING
AND HIGH SHRINKAGE) FOR EXAMPLE :-BLACK
COTTON SOIL , BENTONITE.
METHODS TO DETERMINE LIQUID
LIMIT

❑ CASSAGRANDE METHOD
❑ ONE POINT METHOD
❑ CONE PENETROMETER METHOD
CASSAGRANDE APPARATUS
3) COMPACTION

● COMPACTION IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH SOIL PARTICLES

ARE ARTIFICIALLY RE-ARRANGED AND PACKED
TOGETHER INTO CLOSER STATE OF CONTACT BY
MECHANICAL MEANS.
● IT IS DONE IN ORDER TO :-
1. REDUCE THE VOID RATIO, PERMEABILITY, AND
COMPRESSIBILITY.
2. INCREASE THE DEGREE OF DENSENESS, STABILITY,
SHERAR STRENGTH, AND BEARING CAPACITY.
COMPACTION LAB TEST

● THE TEST IS CONSIST OF STANDARD

CYLINDER WOOD IN WHICH SOIL IS TO BE
TESTED IS FILLED IN LAYERS AND EACH
LAYER IS COMPACTED BY 25 No. OF BLOWS
WITH THE HELP OF HAMMER.
4) SPECIFIC GRAVITY

● SPECIFIC GRAVITY IS DONE BY DENSITY BOTTLE

METHOD AS PER IS: 2720 (PART III/Sec 1) – 1980.
● SPECIFIC GRAVITY IS THE RATIO OF THE WEIGHT IN
AIR OF A GIVEN VOLUME OF A MATERIAL AT A
STANDARD TEMPERATURE TO THE WEIGHT IN AIR OF
AN EQUAL VOLUME OF DISTILLED WATER AT THE
SAME STATED TEMPERATURE.
5) PERMEABILITY

● IT IS THE ABILITY OF POROUS MEDIUM TO PERMIT FLOW

OF LIQUID THROUGH ITS INTERCONNECTING VOIDS.
● IT IS DEFINED BY DARCY’S LAW.
● LABOATORY TEST AND FIELD TEST CAN BE PERFORMED
TO DETERMINED COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY.
● VARIABLE HEAD PERMEABLE TEST CAN BE PERFORMED
FOR FINE GRAINED SOIL.
6) TRIAXIAL SHEAR TEST

● SHEAR STRENGTH OF A SOIL IS THE RESISTANCE OFFERED BY

THE SOIL AGAINST SHEAR DEFORMATIONS.
● A SOIL MAY DERIVES ITS SHEAR STRENGTH FROM FOLLOWING
PARAMETERS:-
1. INTERLOCKING BETWEEN PARTICLES
2. FRICTION BETWEEN PARTICLES
3. INTERMOLECULAR ATTRACTION
⮚ TRIAXIAL SHEAR TEST IS PERFORMED TO DETERMINE SHEAR
STRENGTH.
SIGNIFICANCE
❖ THE SOIL STABILIZATION WITH PLASTIC WASTE IMPROVES THE
STRENGTH BEHAVIOUR OF SOIL AND CAN POTENTIALLY REDUCE
GROUND IMPROVEMENT COSTS BY ADOPTING THIS METHOD OF
STABILIZATION.
❖ PLASTIC REINFORCEMENT SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED THE EXTENT
AND DISTRIBUTION OF CRACKS .
❖ THE MOST IMPORTANT POINT IS THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN
REGARDING THE EFFECT OF PLASTIC WASTES IN SOIL AND THE
PROBLEM AND THREATS THAT IS RELATEDWITH THEIR EXCESSIVE
USAGE AND DISPOSAL.
❖ THIS GIVES AN EFFECTIVE SOLUTION TO WASTE TREATMENT WITH
THE ADVENT OF SOIL REINFORCEMENT.