Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ALCplus2e IDU
ASN ODU
IP/ SDH/ SPDH
Dual Native TDM/IP Microwave Radio
Document Number
ALS Series – ALCplus2e IDU – AS/ASN ODU
Brochure B.ALCPLUS2.2.05-11
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GENERAL INDEX
ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................................................................................... 4
Document Number
ALS Series – ALCplus2 / ALCplus2e IDU – AS/ASN ODU
Brochure B.ALCPLUS2.2.06-11
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TMN Protocols ....................................................................................................................................................... 23
Management Functionalities................................................................................................................................. 24
Management Software.......................................................................................................................................... 24
Document Number
ALS Series – ALCplus2 / ALCplus2e IDU – AS/ASN ODU
Brochure B.ALCPLUS2.2.06-11
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ABBREVIATIONS
Document Number
ALS Series – ALCplus2 / ALCplus2e IDU – AS/ASN ODU
Brochure B.ALCPLUS2.2.06-11
SIAE MICROELETTRONICA S.p.A. Proprietary and Confidential. All rights reserved. The copyright of this document is the property of SIAE MICROELETTRONICA Page
S.p.A. No part of this document may be copied, reprinted or reproduced in any material form, whether wholly or in part, without the written consent of SIAE
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OSPF Open Shortest Path First
PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QoS Quality of Service
RU Rack Unit
SCT Subnetwork Craft Terminal
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SNMP Simple Network Protocol Management
SPDH Super PDH
SW Software
TDM Time Division Multiplexing
TMN Telecommunication Management Network
ToS Type of Service
VLAN Virtual Local Area Network
WAN Wide Area Network
XPIC Cross Polar Interference Canceller
Document Number
ALS Series – ALCplus2 / ALCplus2e IDU – AS/ASN ODU
Brochure B.ALCPLUS2.2.06-11
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S.p.A. No part of this document may be copied, reprinted or reproduced in any material form, whether wholly or in part, without the written consent of SIAE
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION ON ALS SERIES
The ALS Series provides scalable data rates from 4 to 500 Mbit/s per
radio module with a single platform across the full range of licensed Figure 1 - ALS Series MW Radio
frequency bands.
A single shelf can manage up to 1 Gbit/s with 1RU version. A unique distributed processing architecture allows
expanding the node capacity up to 8xGbit/s.
A wide range of tributary interfaces and system configurations offer maximum versatility in system engineering
and network planning. Ethernet traffic is handled by a powerful integrated switch able to manage VLANs, QoS
and ToS.
Modularity options, commonalities, and extensive software management capabilities result in cost-effectiveness
and scalability, yielding a product that will easily fulfill any future requirement.
Full SW licensing approach allows very smooth migration from pure TDM to IP networks, with very low initial
CAPEX.
The ALS equipment is managed by an SNMP agent using communication ports that are able to connect to IP and
OSI DCNs. This greatly simplify integration efforts in existing NMS networks.
The IDU and the ODU model for Marinha will be:
ALCplus2e IDU (Compact and Enhanced Compact for PDH, SDH and Ethernet
traffic or a mix of them)
ASN ODU
Document Number
ALS Series – ALCplus2 / ALCplus2e IDU – AS/ASN ODU
Brochure B.ALCPLUS2.2.06-11
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S.p.A. No part of this document may be copied, reprinted or reproduced in any material form, whether wholly or in part, without the written consent of SIAE
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Applications
The ALS Series has been conceived and designed to cover a wide range of applications, such as:
WiMAX backhauling
Product Range
The ALS Series is available in all frequency bands from 6 GHz (6L and 6U) to 42 GHz (4GHz is available for
PDH/ETH application), unduplicated or duplicated configuration and with radio capacity from 4 to 400 Mbit/s
per radio module with mixed TDM and ETH interfaces.
The modulation scheme is software programmable from 4QAM to 256QAM for ALplus2 IDU, with full featured
ACM. ALS exploits an innovative dual native radio engine capable of transmitting both native TDM (4xE1 to
4xSTM-1) and native ETH (up to 400 Mbit/s) .
In equipment configurations such as 4xSTM-1 and 2xSTM-1, frequency re-use (co-channel operation) with the
XPIC technology (Cross Polar Interference Canceller) is employed.
Document Number
ALS Series – ALCplus2 / ALCplus2e IDU – AS/ASN ODU
Brochure B.ALCPLUS2.2.06-11
SIAE MICROELETTRONICA S.p.A. Proprietary and Confidential. All rights reserved. The copyright of this document is the property of SIAE MICROELETTRONICA Page
S.p.A. No part of this document may be copied, reprinted or reproduced in any material form, whether wholly or in part, without the written consent of SIAE
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Main Features
Scalable capacity, integrated XPIC functionality, high performance and reliability, ease of installation, common
NMS platform and cost effectiveness make the ALS Series the proper network solution for a wide set of network
applications.
Both electrical and optical interfaces are available on the same terminal radio equipment.
Adaptive Code and Modulation allows the automatic selection of the optimum modulation scheme according to
current radio link propagation conditions and on received signal’s quality can be software enabled; on the basis of
received signal quality calculations, the ALS Series can increase the system gain when needed, thus forwarding
the high priority traffic in bad propagation conditions too. In addition, the introduction of heavily coded
modulation schemes allows the system to perform in challenging environmental conditions.
With ACM and traffic classification, each traffic class is assigned with its minimum required QoS, allowing easy
overbooking of existing radio link, without any impact on antenna sizes and infrastructure hardware.
ALCplus2 IDU with its state-of-art high speed ACM can compensate fading speed up to 40dB/s; this allows easy
network planning in very bad environment condition characterized of deep fading conditions and with fast fading
phenomena (e.g multiple path interference for lower frequency bands)
In addition, user configurable ACM profiles allow per-link optimization with the possibility to full customize
adaptive modulation behavior.
All SIAE MICROELETTRONICA NMS solutions are based on standard protocols. SNMP Protocol is used for TMN
connections with standard communication protocol stacks and industry-standard interfaces allowing equipment
connection to any IP or OSI-based DCN.
Document Number
ALS Series – ALCplus2 / ALCplus2e IDU – AS/ASN ODU
Brochure B.ALCPLUS2.2.06-11
SIAE MICROELETTRONICA S.p.A. Proprietary and Confidential. All rights reserved. The copyright of this document is the property of SIAE MICROELETTRONICA Page
S.p.A. No part of this document may be copied, reprinted or reproduced in any material form, whether wholly or in part, without the written consent of SIAE
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IDU and ODU SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Universal ASN ODU supports all modulation schemes (4/8/16/32/64/128/256QAM) and all capacities from 8
Mbit/s to 400 Mbit/s. ASN ODU doesn’t require any hardware change if configured for frequency reuse
(independence from XPIC functionality), moreover It is compatible with ALL IDU models. This model provides up
to 20 dB ATPC.
These modulation independent ODUs allow an “install-and-forget” approach for simple station upgrading.
AS/ASN ODU
Figure 3 - AS/ ASN ODU with integral antenna in 1+0 and 1+1/2+0 configurations
Document Number
ALS Series – ALCplus2 / ALCplus2e IDU – AS/ASN ODU
Brochure B.ALCPLUS2.2.06-11
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S.p.A. No part of this document may be copied, reprinted or reproduced in any material form, whether wholly or in part, without the written consent of SIAE
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Not integrated antenna solutions
Figure 4 - AL ODU/AS Universal ODU with not integrated antenna solution in 1+0 and 1+1/2+0 configurations
Document Number
ALS Series – ALCplus2 / ALCplus2e IDU – AS/ASN ODU
Brochure B.ALCPLUS2.2.06-11
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S.p.A. No part of this document may be copied, reprinted or reproduced in any material form, whether wholly or in part, without the written consent of SIAE
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ATPC Feature
Automatic Transmit Power Control (ATPC) is available as a standard feature in all configurations.
Fixed output power attenuation mode (ATPC disabled); the output power can be reduced up to 20dB in
1dB steps.
ATPC mode: the ATPC algorithm adjusts the output power attenuation in order to reach a predefined Rx
level at the remote terminal.
The e equipment Includes XPIC technology, advanced header compression and a more complex set of
configurations (2+0 in single shelf arrangement).
It supports Synchronous Ethernet with mixed TDM/ETH synchronism distribution and 1588v2.
ALCplus2e supports all modulations schemes up to 256QAM and in addition 40 MHz channel bandwidth in the
6U and 11 GHz frequency bands (7, 14, 28 and 56 MHz already provided by ALCplus2).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 1 9 10
Document Number
ALS Series – ALCplus2 / ALCplus2e IDU – AS/ASN ODU
Brochure B.ALCPLUS2.2.06-11
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S.p.A. No part of this document may be copied, reprinted or reproduced in any material form, whether wholly or in part, without the written consent of SIAE
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IDU
o 4xFE/GE Sync/Async + 2xE1 + 16xE1 + 2xSTM-1(1+1 MSP) + Nodal Bus
Protection Schemes
XPIC 2x(1+0)
Additional features
Some major upgraded features to be underlined, as following:
Bandwidth profiling
o Bandwidth limiting per VLAN
o Bandwidth limiting per priority.
o Frame fragmentation
TDM redundancy on selected E1s
Hard limiting or WRED algorithm (software selectable)
Enhanced Ethernet prioritization based on MPLS “Exp bits”
Selective QinQ based on VLAN and 802.1p priority
VLAN rewriting
8 queues Ethernet scheduler towards radio interface
Layer2 Link Aggregation (802.3ad), also available on Layer1
1
Both versions will be available with or without Header Compression.
Document Number
ALS Series – ALCplus2e IDU – AS/ASN ODU
Brochure B.ALCPLUS2.2.05-11
SIAE MICROELETTRONICA S.p.A. Proprietary and Confidential. All rights reserved. The copyright of this document is the property of SIAE MICROELETTRONICA Page
S.p.A. No part of this document may be copied, reprinted or reproduced in any material form, whether wholly or in part, witho ut the written consent of SIAE
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M-STP (Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol) support up to 4 instances
Selective RMON on VLAN basis
G.8261/8262/8264 Synchronous Ethernet and 1588v2
Note: These functionalities are available if both terminal of the link are with ALCplu2e.
Regardless to the configuration options, in the following table are summarized the limits applied for the different
HW versions:
This procedure has a drawback: when propagation conditions are favourable the system could support higher
data traffic but it cannot increase its throughput unless it changes its modulation scheme.
SIAE MICROELETTRONICA radio systems gives this possibility through Adaptive modulation, please refer to
Appendix 1 for more details.
Traffic classification
The adaptive modulation entails a change in the available bandwidth with regard to the modulation scheme that
is used and as a consequence, moving from higher modulation downward, the decreasing of the traffic capacity.
The possibility to classify the traffic allows to decide what traffic to transport according to the available
bandwidth. For example if the modulation is reduced from 128QAM to 4QAM all traffic exceeding 4QAM
capacity cannot be carried anymore.
SIAE MICROELETTRONICA solutions have four output queues –through which up to 8 priority classed can be
managed– with user configurable quality management.
SIAE MICROELETTRONICA implementation manages TDM and ETH traffic in different ways:
ETH packets are usually classified according to 802.1p layer 2 tag, SIAE MICROELETTRONICA systems are
also able to classify them, according to IP TOS or IPV6 TC.
Table 2 - Packet Data Radio System header optimization only - (no header compression)
A continuous monitoring on the MSE parameter is performed by the system, thus when MSE goes below a pre-
defined threshold, a modulation switch request is transmitted backward.
Throughput
Throughput is defined according to paragraph 26.1 of RFC2544.
ALCplus2e
In the table below the maximum Throughput calculated with massive Header compressor working in following
multiprotocol scenario: C-Tag, Multiple s-Tags , MACinMAC , multiple MPLS labels, IP6, UDP, RTP.
Channel Radio Throughput at point X/X' for Ethernet 128/142 bytes input traffic [Mbit/s]
Width 4QAM
4QAM 8 QAM 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
“Strong”
Please refer to Appendix 3 for the Header Compression performances working in different scenarios and the net
throughput.
In the table below the throughput in terms of maximum number of E1s available on the radio frame.
Channel Typical Radio Throughput at point X/X' for E1 input traffic [E1]
Width 4QAM
4QAM 8 QAM 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
“Strong”
7 MHz 4 5 7 10 12 15 17 20
14 MHz 8 10 14 20 25 30 35 40
28 MHz 17 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
40 MHz 25 30 43 59 70 80 80 80
56 MHz 34 40 60 80 80 80 80 80
ALCplus2e IDU implements an innovative distributed switch architecture that allows simple node expansion
through shelves stacking, with a dramatic reduction in initial CAPEX.
Depending on traffic requirements, units can be daisy chained by e CAT6 proprietary expansion bus for TDM
applications (BUS capacity 126E1) and/or by a standard GE connection for Ethernet applications.SIAE
MICROELETTRONICA ring manager SW can manage all units as a single concentrating node with end-to-end
connection provisioning.
ETHERNET CHARACTERISTICS
ALCplus2e is compliant with MEF9 for service functionality and MEF14 for service performance. Configured in
point-to-point, nodal or ring topology, they can be used to implement standardized Ethernet services such as E-
Line, E-LAN and E-Tree providing quality of service (QoS), scalability and reliability. Each services could be created
in transparent mode or in virtual mode sharing radio link resources between different services managing VLAN
802.1q tags.
SIAE MICROELETTRONICA ALS maps Ethernet straight into the radio frames (Native IP), this approach provides a
point-to-point unacknowledged connectionless service over the radio channel. A CRC is added to prevent wrong
packets being forwarded.
Ethernet Throughput
ALCplus2e provides full-duplex Ethernet throughput ranging from 10 up to 500 Mbit/s per radio direction. It is
possible to associate a given bandwidth to a single Ethernet port. It can be assigned in fixed steps up to full wire
speed.
QoS management
QoS refers to the ability of a network device to provide improved services to selected network traffic over various
underlying technologies, including Ethernet and wireless LANs. In particular, QoS feature provides an improved
and more predictable network services, as follows:
PIRL - Peak Input Rate Limiting - In order to control the traffic flows incoming the equipment and thus the
network, this access limitation/control policies is introduced with a “leaky bucket architecture”
RSTP - Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol - is a link layer network protocol that ensures a loop-free topology for any
bridged LAN. Thus, the basic function of STP is to prevent bridge loops and ensuing broadcast radiation.
MSTP - Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol - enables VLANs to be grouped into a spanning-tree instance, with each
instance having a spanning-tree topology independent of other spanning-tree instances. This architecture
provides multiple alternate paths enabling a better network load balancing.
ELP - Ethernet Link Protection - ELP is used to protect the network from Ethernet link failures in various network
topologies and application
LAG - Link Aggregation – is a recommendation (802.1AX-2008 or 802.3ad) designed for using multiple media in
parallel to increase the link speed beyond the limits of any one single medium and increase the redundancy
for higher availability
Level 2 priorities:
Priority queues are introduced on switches output ports. 802.1p describes 8 priority levels, mapped onto 4
output queues.
Two scheduling algorithms are available in SIAE MICROELETTRONICA equipment: strict priority or weighted
scheduling WFQ (SW selectable).
Strict priority means that Higher priority queues are emptied first
Weighted scheduling (WFQ) means that queues are served proportionally to their weights (1-2-4-8).
Share the same physical carrier among different users that require maintaining a complete logical
network independency.
Based on Port. A packet belongs to a particular VLAN, depending on the local port ID. This means that
each packet received on a specific port will be forwarded only to the ports belonging to the same VLAN.
Based on IEEE 802.1Q TAG. A packet belongs to a particular VLAN, depending on its VLAN ID, defined by
the VID (VLAN Identifier) TAG content.
Hybrid. It is a mix of previous ones. Locally configured tagged frames are managed according IEEE 802.1Q
TAG, all others follow port rules.
SIAE MICROELETTRONICA equipment can also be configured to add a VLAN tag (VD and user priority) to
untagged traffic.
VLAN staking (also named QinQ) is a feature that allows an Ethernet frame to include more than one IEEE 802.1Q
TAG. The scope of VLAN staking is to differentiate the traffic at different levels when the packets must cross
networks managed by different entities.
As an example, it can be considered the case of a WAN connection provided by a Service Provider to a company
to connect some remote offices to a headquarter. The packets on the company LAN can be tagged on the basis of
the rules stated by the Company’s Network Administrator. However, The Service Provider could also need to TAG
the traffic in order to carry it independently from the traffic of other companies. Moreover, when a packet leaves
the remote office to enter the WAN connection, the Service Provider will add a second TAG to the packet with an
ID that identifies the customer. In this way the first TAG (with the company ID) still remain on the packet, but it is
not used to route it on the Service Provider Network. Finally, when this packet has reached the Main Site, the
Service Provider TAG is dropped and the WAN connection can be fully transparent.
SIAE MICROELETTRONICA radio systems support the VLAN staking. Once a packet enters into the radio, it is
possible to add a new IEEE 802.1Q TAG with an ID depending from the port.
ALplus2e specific Ethernet characteristics
VLAN rewriting
VLAN rewriting is a feature available on radio side that allows to rewrite the VID of C-TAG of the packets received
(uplink side) or sent (downlink side) by the switch. On uplink side (packets received by the switch) the VID can be
rewritten on the basis of the following criteria:
- LAN port + C-VID: new values of C-VID to be written into the packet can be configured on the basis of its original
C-VID and the LAN port where it has been received.
- LAN port + C-VID + priority: new values of C-VID to be written into the packet can be configured on the basis of
its original C-VID + priority and the LAN port where it has been received.
On uplink side it is possible to configure for all the LAN ports up to 64 LAN port + C-VID or LAN port + C-VID +
priority criteria. On downlink side (packets sent by the switch) the VID can be rewritten on the basis of the C-VID
of the received packet. I.e., new values of C-VID to be written into the packet can be configured on the basis of its
original C-VID. It is possible to configure up to 64 C-VID criteria in downlink, independently by the uplink
configuration.
- LAN port (Bandwidth profile per UNI): a different profile is defined for each LAN port (VLAN ID and priority are
not considered in this case by the rate limiting algorithm)
- VLAN (Bandwidth Profile per EVC): a different profile is defined for different VLANs (priority is not considered in
this case by the rate limiting algorithm). Up to 64 VLAN can be managed with different profiles.
- VLAN + priority (Bandwidth Profile per CoS): a different profile is defined for different couples VLAN+priority
(up to 64 different cases can be managed). In this case the packet priority is always considered by the rate
limiting algorithm. More than one priority can be included in the same bandwidth profile.
In general different criteria can be defined for each port/VLAN/priority. Up to 64 Ingress Filtering Policy resources
can be defined and each bandwidth profile defined on the basis either of LAN port, VLAN or VLAN+priority
consumes 1 of such resources.
In order to define the bandwidth profile, the following parameters must be configured:
- CIR (Committed Information Rate): it is the admitted ingress rate (“green” colored), with values between 0
Kbit/s and 1 Gbit/s.
- CBS (Committed Burst Rate): it is the maximum size of the token bucket of the green packets, with values
between 0 byte and 256 Kbyte.
- EIR (Excess Information Rate): it is maximum ingress rate eventually admitted (“yellow” colored), with values
between 0Kbit/s and 1Gbit/s.
- EBS (Excess Burst Rate): it is the maximum size of the token bucket of the yellow packets, with values between 0
byte and 256 Kbyte.
- CF (Coupling Flag): if enabled, the excess tokens eventually charged into the green bucket are moved into the
yellow packet bucket. Red packets, i.e. the ones exceeding the CIR+EIR rate, are automatically discarded.
However, in case of real time traffic also latency and jitter are important factors on a end to end communication:
Latency is strictly related to the line/servant speed and usually can be managed by designing the
network topology in a proper way (e.g. by limiting the maximum number of hops in link chains).
Before the high priority packet is sent over the air, it has always to be placed in the common FIFO buffer of the
servant. It could happen that this buffer is occupied by the last best effort (or lower priority) packet; in this case
the high priority packet collects delay due to the process servant time dedicated to the best effort packet.
This delay heavily depends on the processed best effort packet size (from 64bytes to 1518 bytes of even more in
case of jumbo frames).
A technique used to mitigate this phenomenon is the Frame Fragmentation, i.e. at the TX side long frames are
subdivided in smaller fragments and a sequence label is inserted in order to number the fragments.
At RX side the original frame is rebuilt after all the fragments are received. In this way, the maximum waiting time
for a High Priority packet is reduced to the sub-frame size (some hundreds of bytes), providing sensitive benefits
to the packet jitter.
Header compression
SIAE MICROELETTRONICA has developed a two level Header Compression that is able to hash L2, L2.5, L3 and L4
header’s protocols and thus massively increase the available radio throughput.
The packet compression gain provided is from 3% up to 200%, depending on payload, protocols stacks and packet
size.
In the following figure, supported Header Compression protocol and various compression rates are reported, in
relation with packet sizes compressed protocol stacks.
TMN Connection
The ALS Series provides several communication ports for TMN connections. These ports can be used for:
USB
In addition to the TMN ports listed above, the ALS Series provides other TMN connections depending on IDU
model, with ALCplus2e:
TMN and main traffic can coexist on same ports (In band management).
Supervisory information can be terminated by other equipment or, thanks to the standard mapping, by an
external router.
TMN Protocols
The ALS Series allows local and remote management thanks to an embedded SNMP agent.
All ports previously described can be logically connected through two protocol stack versions:
Routing among communication ports can be configured as “static routing” or based on OSPF (Open Shortest Path
First) in case of full-IP stack, and IS-IS in case of OSI+IP option.
When implementing the OSI+IP stack, layers 1 to 3 are compliant with recommendations ITU-T Q.811, Q.812 and
G.784.
The implementation of standard communication protocol stacks in conjunction with industry-standard interfaces
(as depicted in the following figures) enables equipment connection to any IP or OSI based DCN.
Figure 12 - Full IP Protocol Stack for ALC
Management Functionalities
The management functionalities implemented at NE level are:
Configuration and test Management (i.e. configuration of ALS parameters, set-up of loop-backs, manual
forcing of 1+1 switches, mapping of relay alarms and user inputs, etc.)
Security Management (i.e. Network Element multi-level access according to Operator’s rights)
Management Software
In order to satisfy the requirements of local and centralized management, SIAE MICROELETTRONICA has
developed the following software/platforms/systems:
LCT (Local Craft Terminal) for maintenance and line-up activities (MS Windows® OS)
SCT (Subnetwork Craft Terminal) for centralized management of up to 100 Network Elements - NEs (MS
Windows® OS)
NMS5-LX (Element Manager) for centralized management of medium networks with up to 1000 Network
Elements per server (Linux OS)
NMS5-UX (Element Manager) for centralized management of large networks with up to 10000 Network
Elements per server (HP Unix OS)
Web LCT for maintenance and line-up activities (MS Windows® OS & Adobe flash) accessible via Browser
For a more detailed description of SIAE MICROELETTRONICA supervision software platforms, please refer to the
specific product literature.
TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Weight
Power supply
ODU Range
-40.8 -57.6 Vdc
According to ETSI EN300132-2
Equipment
Configuration
4 GHz 6L/6U GHz 7/8 GHz 10/11 GHz 13 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz 25 GHz 28 GHz 32 GHz 38 GHz 42 GHz
4 QAM +28 +29 +29 +28 +28 +28 +23 +23 +22 +21 +20 +19 +17
8 QAM +28 +29 +29 +28 +28 +28 +23 +23 +22 +21 +20 +19 +17
16 QAM +25 +26 +26 +25 +25 +25 +21 +21 +20 +19 +18 +17 +15
32 QAM +25 +26 +26 +25 +25 +25 +21 +21 +20 +19 +18 +17 +15
64 QAM +24 +25 +25 +24 +24 +24 +19 +19 +18 +17 +16 +15 +13
128 QAM +24 +25 +25 +24 +24 +24 +19 +19 +18 +17 +16 +15 +13
256 QAM +23 +24 +24 +23 +23 +23 +18 +18 +17 +16 +15 +14 +12
4 GHz 6L/6U GHz 7/8 GHz 10/11 GHz 13 GHz 15 GHz 18 GHz 23 GHz 25 GHz 28 GHz 32 GHz 38 GHz 42 GHz
4 QAM -89,5 -89,5 -89,5 -89 -89 -89 -88,5 -88,5 -88 -81 -86 -86,5 -85,5
8 QAM -82,5 -82,5 -82,5 -82 -82 -82 -81,5 -81,5 -81 -80,5 -79 -79,5 -78,5
16 QAM -81 -81 -81 -80,5 -80,5 -80.5 -80 -80 -79,5 -79 -77,5 -78 -77
32 QAM -77,5 -77,5 -77,5 -77 -77 -77 -76,5 -76,5 -76 -75,5 -74 -74,5 -73,5
64 QAM -75,5 -75,5 -75,5 -75 -75 -75 -74,5 -74,5 -74 -73,5 -72 -72 -71,5
128 QAM -73,5 -73,5 -73,5 -73 -73 -73 -72,5 -72,5 -72 -71,5 -70 -70,5 -69
256 QAM -70,5 -70,5 -70,5 -70 -70 -70 -69,5 -69,5 -69 -68,5 -67 -67,5 -66,5
1
Typical values
APPENDIX 2: Adaptive Modulation details
In order to better understand how Adaptive Modulation operates, we should recall some information from
signals theory:
Eb
Ps10 3 114 10 LOG10 ( Br ) NF
N 0 103
Ps10 3 Received field at BER 10 - 3
Br Bit rate
NF Receiver noise figure
Eb
Energy per bit/Noise spectral density (at specified BER)
N 0 103
We can discover that minimum received signal, able to guarantee certain performances (BER), depends on some
fixed figures, such as required bit rate (Br) and demodulator implementation
If a receiver is working at such a level that cannot allow the required quality, alternative methods can be
implemented.
Increasing TX power on remote terminal. This can obviously be done, if transmitter is not jet emitting its
maximum power.
In addition, SIAE MICROELETTRONICA maintains channel width constant, with no effect on other links, without
any need to reconfigure the entire network.
SIAE MICROELETTRONICA Native ETH solutions remove ETH packet Header. It makes ETH parameters MTU
dependant.
Latency
According to paragraph 26.2 of RFC2544, objective of this test is:
Latency is capacity dependent, therefore in the following tables different latency parameters will be specified for
each configuration.
Please note that, according to RFC2544, the latency is measured Last in First out (LIFO). The effective link delay
will be this value plus packet transfer time over physical ETH interfaces.
ALCplus2e implements 8 ACM profiles with all Channel BW. Please refer to “Adaptive Modulation” paragraph for
ACM details.
Channel width (MHz) 4QAM 4QAM 8 QAM 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
Strong
7 1.042 0.844 0.627 0.477 0.401 0.477 0.52 0.507
14 0.954 0.8 0.575 0.418 0.345 0.439 0.458 0.444
28 0.475 0.406 0.274 0.214 0.176 0.227 0.237 0.231
56 0.241 0.207 0.14 0.112 0.094 0.125 0.126 0.121
Channel width (MHz) 4QAM 4QAM 8 QAM 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
Strong
7 1.522 1.233 0.913 0.67 0.573 0.607 0.642 0.608
14 1.186 0.995 0.719 0.518 0.428 0.51 0.523 0.499
28 0.595 0.508 0.347 0.271 0.224 0.265 0.272 0.265
56 0.304 0.261 0.181 0.144 0.122 0.152 0.147 0.14
Channel width (MHz) 4QAM 4QAM 8 QAM 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
Strong
7 2.09 1.693 1.229 0.895 0.756 0.768 0.774 0.726
14 1.462 1.226 0.882 0.639 0.518 0.59 0.594 0.557
28 0.735 0.628 0.426 0.334 0.276 0.311 0.312 0.298
56 0.377 0.324 0.226 0.179 0.154 0.178 0.172 0.162
Typical Latency [ms]
1518 bytes MTU Modulation
Channel width (MHz) 4QAM 4QAM 8 QAM 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
Strong
7 2,609 2,113 1,541 1,115 0,938 0,908 0,914 0,845
14 1,715 1,439 1,044 0,757 0,618 0,669 0,663 0,623
28 0,867 0,74 0,508 0,395 0,326 0,356 0,351 0,333
56 0,447 0,384 0,27 0,214 0,185 0,205 0,196 0,183
Channel width (MHz) 4QAM 4QAM 8 QAM 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
Strong
7 11.684 9.465 6.974 4.755 4.214 3.35 3.222 2.761
14 6.104 5.12 3.557 2.634 2.176 2.02 1.907 1.656
28 3.136 2.677 1.881 1.483 1.235 1.067 1.003 0.982
56 1.651 1.418 1.052 0.83 0.697 0.71 0.601 0.549
Throughput
Throughput is defined according to paragraph 26.1 of RFC2544.
In the following tables is shown the throughput in different scenarios and the related compressor efficiency
according to the different traffic transported protocols.
SCENARIO 1: The tables show the benefit of Header Compression in a scenario where traffic is transported
using the following protocol stack: C-TAG + S-TAGs with IPv4 traffic in UDP sessions.
In this case Header Compressor works as “not fully loaded” or in a “relaxed environment” using only a single layer
compressing process. Please note that effective throughput always depends also on MTU size.
Typical Radio Throughput at point X/X' for Ethernet 641/76 bytes input traffic [Mbit/s]
Channel width 4QAM 4QAM 8 QAM 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
Strong
7 MHz 16 20 28 40 47 59 67 78
14 MHz 32 39 55 78 97 117 136 160
28 MHz 66 78 117 155 195 233 272 319
40 MHz 94 113 163 221 265 327 386 449
56 MHz 133 155 23 310 379 451 538 641
1
Typical payload size has been enlarged in order to handle the chosen header protocol stack
Typical Radio Throughput at point X/X' for Ethernet 128 bytes input traffic [Mbit/s]
Channel width 4QAM 4QAM 8 QAM 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
Strong
7 MHz 12 15 21 30 36 45 51 60
14 MHz 25 30 42 60 75 89 104 122
28 MHz 51 60 89 119 149 178 208 244
40 MHz 72 86 125 169 203 250 295 343
56 MHz 102 119 18 237 289 344 411 490
Typical Radio Throughput at point X/X' for Ethernet 512 bytes input traffic [Mbit/s]
Channel width 4QAM 4QAM 8 QAM 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
Strong
7 MHz 9 11 16 23 27 34 39 46
14 MHz 19 23 32 45 57 68 79 93
28 MHz 39 45 68 90 113 136 158 186
40 MHz 54 66 95 129 154 190 225 261
56 MHz 78 90 14 180 220 262 313 373
Typical Radio Throughput at point X/X' for Ethernet 1518 bytes input traffic [Mbit/s]
Channel width 4QAM 4QAM 8 QAM 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
Strong
7 MHz 9 11 15 22 26 32 37 43
14 MHz 18 21 30 43 53 64 75 88
28 MHz 36 43 64 85 107 128 149 175
40 MHz 51 62 90 121 146 180 212 246
56 MHz 73 85 13 170 208 247 295 351
SCENARIO 2: The throughput is calculated in a typical VOIP scenario. Traffic is generated in a eNodeB using C-
TAG, S-TAG, MPLS, IPv4, GTP layers and then encapsulating VOIP packets in IPv6(with UDP and RTP with G729).
Max Radio Throughput at point X/X' for Ethernet 1281/136 bytes input traffic [Mbit/s]
Channel width 4QAM 4QAM 8QAM 16QAM 32QAM 64QAM 128QAM 256QAM
Strong
7 MHz 22 28 39 56 67 84 94 111
14 MHz 46 55 77 111 138 166 193 227
28 MHz 94 111 165 220 276 331 385 452
40 MHz 133 160 231 314 376 464 547 637
56 MHz 189 220 33 439 537 639 762 908
1
Typical payload size has been enlarged in order to handle the chosen header protocol stack
SCENARIO 3: Throughput with Header compression and optimizations not activated: traffic is considered as a
pure stream of bits.
Switching capabilities
ALCplus2e 8192
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