Electrical and Electronic Equipment For Industrial Machinery

9/14/2021
Electrical and Electronic Equipment for

Industrial Machinery
Chapter 1
Basic Electrical Circuit
Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 1. Power source
Electric direct current (DC): is the unidirectional flow of electrical charge (electrons).
V, I
- Unit: Coulomb/second (C/s) or Ampere (A)
𝑉
- Symbolic represent: 𝐼 𝐼
d𝑄
𝐼= 0
d𝑡 t
- 𝑄 is the flow rate of electrons, 𝑡 is the time.
Electrons
--- --- - - --- - - -
- -
- -
--- - - - -- - - - -
+ -
DC electrical circuit
HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 2 Duong Van Tu
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Electric alternative current (AC): is the unidirectional flow of electrical charge

(electrons) that periodically reverses direction. V, I
𝑉
𝑉
𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋𝑓𝑡 𝐼 𝐼
𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋𝑓𝑡 −𝐼 t
−𝑉
where 𝑓 is the frequency of 50/60Hz (VN: 50Hz)
Electrons
--- --- - - --- - - -
- -
- -
-- - - - - ~- - - - - -
AC electrical circuit
Voltage: is the electrical potential difference between any two nodes in the circuit.
DC AC
- Unit: Voltage (V) + +
_ - ~
- Symbolic represent: E, V, or U
Example 1.1: Consider the water tank Symbol in circuit
A A
𝑉
B
Current
Voltage 𝑉 𝑉
G G
Water tank Two water tanks
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Current source vs Voltage source:
V
+ 𝑉
-
Voltage source 0
t
I
irrespective of load resistance
𝐼 = constant
Current source 0
t
What is one of the practical examples of a current source?
Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 2. Discrete passive component
Resistor: is used to restrict the flow of electric current and has a resistance.
- Unit: Ohm (Ω)
- Symbolic represent: R Symbol in circuit
- Equivalent resistor: 𝑅
𝑅
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
Resistance
𝑅 =𝑅 +𝑅 𝑅 =
Resistors in series Resistors in parallel
Less More
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Equivalent Resistor
Ra
R1 R2 R1 R2 R1 R2
Rb Rc
R5 R5 R5
R3 R4 R3 R4 R3 R4 R3 R4

Delta to Star Resistor Network Transformation
Consider a voltage source applied to two terminals X and Y,
Z
whereas Z is not connected to anything.
𝑅
In Delta configuration, the resistance between X and Y is an
𝑅 𝑅
equivalent resistor 𝑅 in parallel with 𝑅 + 𝑅 .
In Star configuration, the equivalent resistance between X
X 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 Y and Y is 𝑅 + 𝑅 .
𝑅 +𝑅 =
𝑅 𝑅 +𝑅
𝑅 + (𝑅 + 𝑅 )
Similarly, 𝑅 𝑅 +𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 +𝑅
𝑅 +𝑅 = 𝑅 +𝑅 =
𝑅 + (𝑅 + 𝑅 ) 𝑅 + (𝑅 + 𝑅 )
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Delta to Star Resistor Network Transformation
Z Solve for 𝑅 , 𝑅 , 𝑅 , we can get:
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
𝑅 =
𝑅 +𝑅 +𝑅
𝑅 𝑅
𝑅 𝑅
𝑅 =
𝑅 +𝑅 +𝑅
X 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 Y 𝑅 𝑅
𝑅 =
𝑅 +𝑅 +𝑅
Star to Delta Resistor Network Transformation
Z
Solve for 𝑅 , 𝑅 , 𝑅 , we can get:
𝑅
𝑅 𝑅 +𝑅 𝑅 +𝑅 𝑅
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 =
𝑅
𝑅 =
𝑅 Y 𝑅
X 𝑅 𝑅
𝑅 =
𝑅
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Capacitor: is used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field.

Polarized Non-Polarized
- Unit: Farad (𝐹 ), 𝑚𝐹, 𝜇𝐹 +
- Symbolic represent:𝐶 -
Symbol in circuit
- Equivalent capacitor: 𝐶
In parallel + No passing
In series
_ X
through
Passing
𝐶 =𝐶 +𝐶 𝐶 = through
What is the important thing to be considered when we use the resistor?
Dissipation power
What is the important thing to be considered when we use the capacitor?
Minus sign
+
_ 12V ?V
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Inductor: is used to store energy, however, it is connected to a load in series.
- Unit: Henri (𝐻), 𝑚𝐻, 𝜇H

Symbol in circuit
- Symbolic represent: 𝐿
In series In parallel
𝐿 𝐿
𝐿 𝐿
𝐿 =𝐿 +𝐿 𝐿 =
Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 3. The laws of electricity
Ohm’s law for resistance:

𝐼 𝑅
𝑉 = 𝐼. 𝑅
𝑉 is the voltage applied to the resistor 𝑅

𝐼 is the current across the resistor 𝑅
+ _
Example 1.2: 𝑉
The resistance of 𝑅 is given as 300 Ω, and we use a power supply 9V to power the
resistor. The current flowing through the resistor is calculated by:
𝐼= ⁄ = = 0.03A (30mA)
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Ohm’s Power Law:

𝐼 𝑅
𝑃 = 𝐼. 𝑉 𝑃 = 𝐼 .𝑅
𝑃 is the dissipation power in the form of heat

Power unit: Watts (W)
+ _
Example 1.3: 𝑉
The resistance of 𝑅 is given as 300 Ω, and we use a power supply 9V to power the
resistor. The dissipation power of the resistor is calculated by:
𝑃 = 𝐼 𝑅 = 0.27𝑊 It requires a 1/2W resistor
Ohm’s law for capacitance:

d𝑄
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉 Recall that 𝐼=
d𝑡
Then
d𝑉
𝐼=𝐶
d𝑡
Ohm’s law for inductance:
d𝑖
𝑉=𝐿
d𝑡
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Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL): states that for a parallel path the total current entering
a circuits junction is exactly equal to the total current leaving the same junction.
Junction
According to KCL, we have: 𝑖 𝑖
𝑖 +𝑖 =𝑖
We also can state that the algebraic sum of the total current 𝑖
at the junction is zero.
𝑖 +𝑖 −𝑖 =0
Example 1.4: Determine the current 𝑖

𝑖 A
𝑉=𝑉 =𝑉 =𝑉
𝑖 𝑖
According to Ohm’s law for resistor, we have +
V - 24V 8Ω 12Ω
𝑉 24 𝑉 24
𝑖 = = = 3𝐴 𝑖 = = = 2𝐴
𝑅 8 𝑅 12
B
According to KCL for the junction A, we have
𝑖 = 𝑖 + 𝑖 = 3 + 2 = 5𝐴
Why don’t we consider KCL for the junction B?
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Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL): states that the algebraic sum of all the voltages
around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero
𝑉 = 𝑉 = 𝑖𝑅 B
A
𝑉 = 𝑉 = 𝑖𝑅 𝑖
+
V -
According to KVL, we have: +
𝑖𝑅 + 𝑖𝑅 − 𝑉 = 0 C
𝑉=𝑉 +𝑉
Example 1.5: What the potential drop voltage across the resistor 𝑅 ? Find the
current 𝑖 through the resistor 𝑅 , and the power dissipated by 𝑅 .
.
𝑅 =𝑅 + =1+ = 5.1Ω 𝑉=𝑉 =𝑉 +𝑉
𝑖
𝑉 12 A
𝑖 = = = 2.35𝐴 1Ω B
𝑅 5.1 𝑖 𝑖
+
12𝑉
𝑉 = 𝑖 𝑅 = (2.35𝐴)(1Ω) = 2.35V - 6Ω 13Ω
𝑉 =𝑉 =𝑉 =𝑉−𝑉 = 12 − 2.35 = 9.65𝑉 C
𝑉 9.65 𝑉 9.65
𝑖 = = = 1.6𝐴 𝑖 = = = 0.74𝐴
𝑅 6 𝑅 13
𝑃 = 𝑖 𝑅 = (0.74 ) 13 = 7.12𝑊
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Example 1.6: Recharge R
Recharge: When the switch is the down position, +

V _
C
the current across the resistor R with the voltage V.
When the voltage 𝑉 𝑡 = 0, the initially recharge

𝑉 (𝑡) Switch
current is calculated by:
𝑉
𝐼=
𝑅
The voltage 𝑉 𝑡 is increasing when the capacitor is 𝑡
𝑖 (𝑡)
recharged.
𝑉
The voltage 𝑉 (t) across the resistor R is gradually 𝑅
decreasing. 𝑡
Example 1.6: Recharge R

By applying KVL to the loop circuit, we get: +
V _
C
𝑉 = 𝑖𝑅 + 𝑉 (𝑡)
Applying the Ohm’s law for capacitor, the current is Switch

determined by:
𝑑𝑉
𝑖=𝐶 Then, 𝑉 = 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑉 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
Assuming 𝑉 𝑡 = 0 at 𝑡 = 0, we can get the solution as:
𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉(1 − 𝑒 )
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Example 1.6: Discharge R

When the switch is the up position, the stored energy
+
V _
C
of the capacitor is discharged into the resistor R.
The voltage 𝑉 𝑡 is decreasing when the capacitor is

Switch
discharged.
The voltage 𝑉 (t) across the resistor R is equal to the
voltage 𝑉 (𝑡).
𝑉 (𝑡)
Example 1.6: Discharge R

Applying KVL to the loop circuit, we can get:
+
V _
C
𝑖𝑅 + 𝑉 = 0
According to Ohm’s law for capacitor, we have:
Switch
𝑑𝑉
𝑖=𝐶
𝑑𝑡
Then R𝐶 + 𝑉 𝑡 = 0 assuming 𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉 at 𝑡 = 0 and solving for
𝑉 𝑡 , it can be obtained as:
𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑒
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Joule’s law (JL): states that the heat per unit time developed in the electrical
component is proportional to the resistance of that component and to the square
of the current passing through component.
𝑄 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑡
𝑄 is the evolved heat (J), 𝑡 is the time which allows the current flowing (s), 𝑅 is the
resistance of the electrical component (Ω), and 𝐼 is the current passing through the
electrical component (A).
Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 4. DC Circuit Exercises

R1
Exercise 1.1: Determine the output voltage 𝑉 1K
Solution: R3
3K
- First label node and junction. + R2 𝑉
- 8V 2K -
- Mark the current flows and symbols. + 2V
- We can see that 𝑉 = 8𝑉, 𝑉 =𝑉
𝑖 R1
- Applying KCL for the junction B, we can get: A 1K B
𝑖 −𝑖 −𝑖 =0 𝑖 𝑖 R3
3K
In which + R2 𝑉
𝑉 𝑉 - 8V 2K -
𝑖 = 𝑖 = + 2V
𝑅 𝑅
C
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𝑖 R1
Exercise 1.1: Determine the output voltage 𝑉 1K B
A
Solution:
𝑖 𝑖 R3
- Applying KVL for the first loop circuit, we have: 3K
+ R2 𝑉
- 8V 2K -
𝑖 𝑅 −2−𝑉 = 0 + 2V
Then
𝑉 +2 C
𝑖 = 𝑖 R1
𝑅 1K B
A
- Applying KVL for the second loop circuit, we have:
𝑖 𝑖 R3
𝑉 +𝑉 −𝑉 =0 3K
+ R2 𝑉
- It can be deduced that - 8V 2K -
+ 2V
𝑉 −𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 +2
− − =0 𝑉 = 4𝑉
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 C

R1
Exercise 1.2: Determine the output voltage 𝑉 , 𝑉 1K
- Applying KCL for the junction B, we can get: R3

3K
+ R2 𝑉
𝑖 −𝑖 −𝑖 = 0 (1) - 8V 2K
In which 1mA 𝑉
𝑉 𝑉
𝑖 = 𝑖 = (2)
𝑅 𝑅
𝑖 R1
- Applying KCL for the junction D, we can get: 1K B
A
𝑖 𝑖
+1=0 (3) R3
3K
+ R2 𝑉
- Applying KVL for the first loop circuit, we have: - 8V 2K D
1mA 𝑉
𝑉 +𝑉 −𝑉 =0 (4)
C
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R1
Exercise 1.2: Determine the output voltage 𝑉 , 𝑉 𝑖 1K B
A
- Applying KVL for the second loop circuit, we have: 𝑖 𝑖 R3
3K
𝑖 𝑅 +𝑉 −𝑉 =0 (5) + R2 𝑉
- 8V 2K D
- By substituting Eq. (2-5) into Eq. (1), it yields: 1mA 𝑉
=0 𝑉 = 6𝑉 C
- By using Eq. (3), the voltage 𝑉 can be calculated as follows:
+1=0 𝑉 = 9𝑉

R1 40K
Exercise 1.3: Determine the output voltage 𝑉 ,
𝑉 with the given 𝑉 = −10𝐽 (V) J(mA) + R4
- 𝑉 3V 10K
Solution: +
- 5V
+
-
Applying KVL for the first loop circuit, we can get: R2 R3

𝑉 5K 5K
𝑖 𝑅 +𝑉 +𝑉 −5 =0
Then 𝑖 = (= 𝐽) R1 40K B
A 𝑖 𝑖
Recall that 𝑉 = −10𝐽, it can be deduced that J(mA) + R4
- 𝑉 3V 𝑖 10K
𝐽= 30𝐽 = 5 − 𝑉 (1) +
C
- 5V D
+
-
𝑖 𝑖
Applying KCL for the junction B, we can get: 𝑉 R2 R3
5K 𝑖 5K
𝑖 +𝑖 −𝑖 =0 (2)
E
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R1 40K
- 𝑉 3V 10K
Solution: +
- 5V
+
-
Applying KCL for the junction C, we can get: R2 R3
𝑉 5K 5K
𝑖 +𝑖 +𝑖 =0 (3)
R1 40K B
Applying KCL for the junction D, we can get: A 𝑖 𝑖
J(mA) + R4
𝑖 +𝑖 +𝑖 =0 (4) - 𝑉 3V 𝑖 10K
+
- 5V C D
+
-
Applying KVL for second loop circuit, we can get: 𝑖 𝑖
𝑉 R2 R3
5K 𝑖 5K
𝑖 𝑅 +3−𝑉 =0 (5)
E

R1 40K
- 𝑉 3V 10K
Solution: +
- 5V
+
-
Applying KVL for third loop circuit, we can get: 𝑉 R2 R3

5K 5K
𝑖 𝑅 +3+𝑉 =0 (6)
Applying Ohm’s law for R2, we can get: R1 40K B
A 𝑖 𝑖
V J(mA)
𝑖 = (7) + R4
R - 𝑉 3V 𝑖 10K
+
By substituting Eq. (2), (4) into Eq. (3), it yields: - 5V C D
+
-
𝑖 𝑖
𝑉 R2 R3
−𝑖 + 𝑖 − 𝑖 = 0 (8) 5K 𝑖 5K
E
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R1 40K
- 𝑉 3V 10K
Solution: +
- 5V
+
-
By substituting Eq. (5-7) into Eq. (8), it yields: 𝑉 R2 R3
5K 5K
𝑉 V +3
−𝐽 + + =0
𝑅 R
R1 40K B
(9) A 𝑖 𝑖
−5𝐽 + 2𝑉 + 3 = 0
J(mA) + R4
Using Eq. (2) and (9), we can get: - 𝑉 3V 𝑖 10K
+
- 5V C D
+
-
𝑖 𝑖
30𝐽 = 5 − 𝑉 𝑉 R2 R3
𝐽 = 0.2 5K 𝑖 5K
2𝑉 = 5𝐽 − 3
E

R1 40K
- 𝑉 3V 10K
Solution: +
- 5V
+
-
The voltage 𝑉 is calculated as follows: 𝑉 R2 R3

5K 5K
𝑉 = 5 − 30𝐽 = −1𝑉
The voltage 𝑉 is calculated by: R1 40K B

A 𝑖 𝑖
𝑉 = −10𝐽 = −2𝑉 J(mA) + R4
- 𝑉 3V 𝑖 10K
+
- 5V C D
+
-
𝑖 𝑖
𝑉 R2 R3
5K 𝑖 5K
E
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Exercise 1.4: R1
R1 R2 R3 Total 5K
V 45V Volt
+ R2
I mA - 45V 7.5K
R 5K Ohm R3
`
2.5K

𝑅 =𝑅 =𝑅 =𝑅 =𝑅
Exercise 1.5:
Release SW1 SW2 SW3
𝑉 Volt
R1
R2 SW1
+
R3 SW2
- 5V 𝑉
R4 SW3
R5
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Exercise 1.6: Find 𝑖?

𝑅 = 𝑅 = 𝑅 = 𝑅 = 𝑅 = 𝑅 = 𝑅 = 100Ω
R7
R6
R4
R1
R5
+
- 5V R2 R3
Exercise 1.7: Find the equivalent resistor of this circuit, 𝑅 = 3.125Ω, 𝑅 =

4Ω , 𝑅 = 5Ω , 𝑅 = 4Ω, 𝑅 = 3Ω
R1 R2
R5
R3 R4
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Exercise 1.8: Find the equivalent resistor 𝑅
1Ω
5Ω
8Ω
7.6Ω
A B
6Ω 4Ω 10Ω
A
8Ω 6Ω
8Ω 2Ω
6Ω
B
4Ω 8Ω
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A
6Ω 4Ω
3Ω 5Ω
5Ω 8Ω 4Ω
Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 5. Single phase AC circuit
Complex number
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑
𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦
𝜑
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝑗𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑)
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Polar Form of a Complex Number
Rectangular Form of a Complex Number
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Converting from Polar Form to Rectangular Form
Converting from Rectangular Form to Polar Form
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Complex number arithmetic

Addition two complex numbers
Subtraction with complex numbers

Multiply two complex numbers
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Division two complex numbers

Division two complex numbers
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 , 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦
𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 −𝑥 𝑦
= = +𝑗
𝑧 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦
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Working Principle of single-phase AC generator:
Stator: permanent magnetic

𝜋 A B C D E
Induced EMF
2
S N
0 𝜋 𝜋 Angle
2 2𝜋
3𝜋
2
Rotor: winding coil
AC power transmission
(reference: intl.siyavula.com)
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𝑉, 𝐼
Resistor: Consider a resistor connected to 𝑉
an AC source in series.
𝐼
The instantaneous voltage across the
𝑡
resistor is calculated by:
𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
The instantaneous current passing through Phasor diagram 𝜔
𝑉 (𝑡)
𝑉
the resistor is calculated by:
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝑉 𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝐼 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝑅 𝐼 (𝑡) 𝐼
𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 with 𝐼 ≜ ~ 𝑅
𝜔𝑡
Capacitor: Consider a capacitor connected to an AC source in series.

The instantaneous voltage across the capacitor is calculated by:
Recall that 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉, then the instantaneous charge on the capacitor is determined by:
𝑞 𝑡 = 𝐶𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
The recharge/discharge current on the capacitor is 𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
~ 𝐶
𝑑𝑞 𝑡
𝑖 𝑡 = = 𝜔𝐶𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝑑𝑡
𝜋 𝜋
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼 sin 𝜔𝑡 + with 𝐼 ≜ 𝜔𝐶𝑉 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 = sin 𝜔𝑡 +
2 2
𝑉 1
The capacitive reactance of the capacitor is defined as: 𝑋 ≜ =
𝐼 𝜔𝐶
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Peak to Peak
Capacitor:
Root mean square (RMS)
𝑉, 𝐼 Phasor diagram
Peak 𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝜔
𝑉 𝑉 (𝑡)
𝑉
𝐼
𝐼 𝐼 (𝑡)
𝜋
𝑡
2
𝜋
𝜔𝑡
Peak 𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐼 sin 𝜔𝑡 +
2
𝐼 𝑉 𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 ~ 𝐶
𝐼 = 𝑉 =
2 2 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
Inductor: Consider an inductor connected to an AC source in series.

The instantaneous voltage across the inductor is calculated by:
𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 ~ 𝐿
Recall that 𝑉 = 𝐿 then:
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝑑𝑖 𝑡 𝑉
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝐿
The current is found by integrating the above equation:
𝑉 𝜋
𝑖 𝑡 =− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼 sin(𝜔𝑡 − ) with 𝐼 = ,
𝜔𝐿 2
𝑉
The inductive reactance of the inductor is defined as 𝑋 ≜ = 𝜔𝐿
𝐼
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Inductor:
Phasor diagram
𝜔
𝑉, 𝐼 𝑉 (𝑡)
𝜋 𝑉
𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐼 sin 𝜔𝑡 −
𝐼 2
𝑉
𝑡
𝜔𝑡
𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝜋
2
𝐼 (𝑡) 𝐼
Example 1.7: An AC generator produces an EMF of amplitude 𝑉 = 10𝑉 at a

frequency 𝑓 = 50𝐻𝑧. Determine the voltages drop and the currents passing through
the electrical component when the AC generator is connected to:
(a) a 100Ω resistor,
(b) a 10μF capacitor,

(c) a 15mH inductor.
Solution:
The AC voltage is 𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋𝑓𝑡 = 10𝑠𝑖𝑛100𝜋𝑡,
Because for each case, there is only one component connected to AC source,
therefore the voltage across each element is 𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑡 = 𝑉(𝑡)
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(a) a 100Ω resistor

𝑉 10
The amplitude of current through the resistor is 𝐼 = = = 0.1A
𝑅 100
Then the instantaneous current is given by: 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 = 0.1𝑠𝑖𝑛100𝜋𝑡
(b) a 10uF capacitor

𝑉 10
The amplitude of current through the capacitor is 𝐼 = = = 3.1 × 10 A
𝑋 318
𝜋
Then the instantaneous current is given by: 𝑖 𝑡 = 3.1 × 10 𝑠𝑖𝑛 100𝜋𝑡 +
2
(c) a 15mH inductor
𝑉 10
The amplitude of current through the inductor is 𝐼 = = = 2.13A
𝑋 4.7
𝜋
Then the instantaneous current is given by: 𝑖 𝑡 = 2.13 𝑠𝑖𝑛 100𝜋𝑡 −
2
RLC in Series Circuit

Phasor diagram
𝑉, R L C
𝑉 −𝑉 , , 𝑉
𝜋 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
2 ~ 𝑉
𝜋 𝑉 𝐼 𝑉 , 𝐼
,
2
𝑉 ,
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
R L C
𝑉 = 𝑉 , −𝑉 , +𝑉 ,
𝑉 = 𝑉 , −𝑉 , +𝑉 ,
𝐼 ~ 𝑉(𝑡) = 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝑉 , =𝐼 𝑅 𝑉 , = 𝐼 𝑋 = 𝜔𝐿 𝑉 , =𝐼 𝑋 =
𝜔𝐶
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R L C
𝑉 =𝐼 𝑋 −𝑋 +𝑅
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
Circuit Impedance 𝑍 ≜ 𝑋 − 𝑋 𝑉 ≜𝐼 𝑍 ~ 𝑉
+𝑅
In rectangular form of complex number, we also have:
𝑍 = 𝑅∠0 = 𝑅 + 0𝑗
𝑍 = 𝑋 ∠90 = 0 + 𝑗𝑋
𝑍 = 𝑋 ∠ − 90 = 0 − 𝑗𝑋
𝑍 = 𝑍 + 𝑍 + 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗(𝑋 − 𝑋 )
The total impedance of the circuit can be rewritten in the polar form as follows:
|𝑋 − 𝑋 |
𝑍= 𝑅 + 𝑋 −𝑋 ∠ tan
𝑅
RLC in Parallel Circuit

𝑉 ~ R L C
1
𝑍=
1 1 1
+ +
𝑍 𝑍 𝑍
In which
𝑍 = 𝑅∠0 = 𝑅 + 0𝑗
𝑍 = 𝑋 ∠90 = 0 + 𝑗𝑋
𝑍 = 𝑋 ∠ − 90 = 0 − 𝑗𝑋
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𝑅
Power factor 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 =
𝑍
Apparent power (unit: Volt Ampere - VA) 𝑆 = 𝑉 𝐼
True power (unit: W) 𝑃 = 𝐼 𝑅(= 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙) Power factor 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 =
Reactive power (unit: Volt Ampere Reactive - VAR) 𝑄 = 𝑆𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙, 𝑄 = 𝐼 𝑋 −𝐼 𝑋
𝑆 =𝑃 +𝑄
In complex number, we can rewrite as:

𝑆 = 𝑃 + 𝑗𝑄
Resonance:
The phenomenon at which the current reaches a maximum is called a resonance.
1
𝑋 = 𝑋 → 𝜔𝐿 =
𝜔𝐶
Resonance frequency
1
𝜔 =
𝐿𝐶
𝑍= 𝑅 + 𝑋 −𝑋 At resonance frequency 𝑍 = 𝑅
𝑉
Maximum current 𝐼 =
𝑍
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Complex vector addition

In polar form, we have:
𝑉 = 6∠0 , 𝑉 = 8∠90
They can be rewritten in rectangle form:
𝑉 = 6𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑗6𝑠𝑖𝑛0 = 6 + 𝑗0
𝑉 = 8𝑐𝑜𝑠90 + 𝑗8𝑠𝑖𝑛90 = 0 + 𝑗8
𝑉 = 𝑉 + 𝑉 = 6 + 𝑗8
In polar form, we have:
𝑉 = 10∠53.13
Example 1.8: Consider a RLC circuit comprising of a resistance of 12Ω, an inductor of

0.15H and a capacitor of 100uF are connected in series across an AC 100V, 50Hz
power supply. Calculate the total circuit impedance 𝑍, the circuits current, power
R L C
factor 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 and draw the phasor diagram.
Solution: 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
~ 𝑉
Inductive Reactance 𝑋 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 0.15 = 47.13Ω
1 1
Capacitive Reactance 𝑋 = = = 31.83Ω
2𝜋𝑓𝐶 2 × 𝜋 × 50 × 10
Total circuit impedance 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑋 −𝑋 = 12 + 47.13 − 31.83 = 19.44Ω

𝑉 100
The circuit current 𝐼 = = = 5.14𝐴
𝑍 19.44
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Example 1.8:
𝑅 12
Power factor 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 = = = 0.617
𝑍 19.44
Phase angle 𝜙 = cos (0.617) = 51.8
Voltage for element circuits 𝑉 =𝐼 𝑅 𝑉 =𝐼 𝑋 𝑉 =𝐼 𝑋
Phasor diagram 𝑉 −𝑉
𝑉 = 100𝑉
51.8
𝑉 𝐼
Why is the power factor important?
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Capacitor-based power factor correction (PFC) circuits

C
R L R L
𝑉 ~ 𝑉 ~
Before PFC After PFC

Q before
Q after
𝜙
𝜙
P
Example 1.9: Consider a circuit comprising of a resistor R L

𝐼
10Ω, an inductor of 46mH are connected to an AC 60Hz
𝑉 ~
supply with the RMS current drawn of 5A.
Inductive reactance: 𝑋 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 120𝜋 × 0.046 = 17.34Ω
Circuit impedance: 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑋 = 10 + 17.34 = 20Ω
The voltages across the resistor 𝑉 , the inductor 𝑉 , and the supply voltage
𝑉 , =𝐼 𝑅 = 5 × 10 = 50𝑉, 𝑉 , =𝐼 𝑋 = 5 × 17.34 = 86.7𝑉, 𝑉 =𝐼 𝑍 = 100𝑉
The power factor 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 = = = 0.5 <0.9 𝜙 = 60
The apparent power 𝑆 = 𝐼 𝑉 = 5 × 100 = 500𝑉𝐴
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Example 1.9:
The true power 𝑃 = 𝐼 𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 = 5 × 100 × 0.5 = 250𝑊
The reactive power 𝑄 = 𝐼 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 = 5 × 100 × 0.866 = 433VAR 𝐼 C

To obtain the power factor 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 = 0.95 𝜙 = 18.2 R L
𝐼
The new reactive power 𝑄 = 𝑃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙 = 82.2𝑉𝐴𝑅 𝑉 ~
The reactive power of the capacitor 𝑄 = 𝑄 − 𝑄 = 350.8𝑉𝐴𝑅

𝑉 100
The reactive power of the capacitor 𝑄 = 𝐼 𝑋 = 𝑋 = = = 28.5Ω
𝑄 350.8
The capacitor value: 𝑋 = 𝐶= = = 93 × 10 𝐹 (93𝜇𝐹)
× .
Example 1.10 The inductance is calculated by:
The capacitance is calculated by:
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Example 1.10 They can be rewritten in Rectangle form

and Polar form of complex number:
Example 1.10 They can be rewritten in Rectangle form

and Polar form of complex number:
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Example 1.11 Fill the values into the blanks
Example 1.11 Fill the values into the blanks
j j j j
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Example 1.12: Find the voltages drop and the currents passing through the electrical
component.
component.
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component.
component.
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Exercise 1.11: Calculate the apparent, true, and reactive power for this circuit.
30V 400Hz ~ L=0.25H
Now, suppose a capacitor 𝐶 = 0.47𝑢𝐹 is added in parallel with the inductor. Recalculate
the apparent, true, and reactive power.
30V 400Hz ~ C L=0.25H
Exercise 1.12: Calculate the apparent, true, and reactive power for this circuit.
240V 60Hz ~ 𝑍 = 5∠34
Now, suppose a capacitor 𝐶 = 270𝑢𝐹 is added in parallel with the inductor. Recalculate
the apparent, true, and reactive power.
240V 60Hz ~ C 𝑍 = 5∠34
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Exercise 1.13: Calculate power factor for this circuit. Correct the PF to reach the value
0.95.
Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 6. Three phases AC circuit

Single-phase / 3 wires Two-phase / 3 wires
~ 𝑅 ~ 𝑅
𝑉 𝜙 Neutral 𝑉 0 Neutral
~ 𝑅 ~ 𝑅
𝑉 𝜙 𝑉 −90
A 𝑅
𝑉 0 ~
B 𝑅
Three-phase / 4 wires 𝑉 −120 ~
C 𝑅
+120
𝑉 ~
N
Neutral
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Disadvantage of single phase system
Single-phase induction motor Three-phase induction motor

• Not self-starting • Self-starting
• Poor efficiency and power factor • Better efficiency and power factor
Fan appliances Tesla Model S three-phase induction motor

Advantage of three-phase system

• Almost, all electric power is generated and distributed in three-phase.
• Single-phase is taken from the three-phase system rather than generated
independently.
• When more than three-phase is needed, they can be provided by manipulating
from three phase power electric.
E.g. Aluminum industry requires 48 phases for melting to extracts aluminum
from bauxite.
• The instantaneous power in three-phase system can be a constant.
• The amount wire is required for three-phase system is less that for the equivalent
single-phase system.
43
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Working Principle of single-phase AC generator:
• Rotor: Rotating magnet. c

• Stator: Three separated coil winding with b’
terminal aa’, bb’, cc’ are physically placed a’
N
120 deg apart round the stator. c
𝑉 𝑉 (𝑡) 𝑉 (𝑡) 𝑉 (𝑡)
b S
a b
a
0 𝜔𝑡
120 240 c’
n
Balanced three-phase system
𝑉 leads 𝑉 , which in turn leads 𝑉 . 𝑉

𝜔
𝑉 =𝑉 0
𝑉 =𝑉 −120
𝑉 =𝑉 −240 = 𝑉 + 120 𝑉
120
𝑉∎ (𝑡) = 𝑉 cos 𝜙 + 𝑗𝑉 sin(𝜙)
E.g. 𝑉 𝑡 = 200sin(𝜔𝑡 + 10 )
𝑉
𝑉 = 200 10 in phasor
Phasor Diagram
𝑉 = 200 cos 10 + 𝑗200sin(10 )
44
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Three-phase connection type

Three-phase system consists three voltage source connected to a load with three
wires or four wires.
a
Phase
a
𝑉 ~ voltage Line 𝑉 𝑉 Line Phase
~
~
n voltage voltage voltage
𝑉 ~ ~
𝑉 𝑉
c c
~
b b
Wye (Y) connection source Delta (Δ) connection source
𝑉 =𝑉 −𝑉 𝑉 is the line voltage, 𝑉 and 𝑉 are the phase voltages
Wye connection a
𝑉 Phase
~ voltage Line
𝑉 =𝑉 0 n voltage
𝑉 =𝑉 −120 𝑉 ~ ~
𝑉
c
It can be rewritten as b
𝑉 = 𝑉 cos 0 + 𝑗𝑉 sin 0 =𝑉 Wye (Y) connection source

1 3
𝑉 = 𝑉 cos −120 + 𝑗𝑉 sin −120 =− 𝑉 −𝑗 𝑉
2 2
The line voltage
1 3 9 3
𝑉 =𝑉 −𝑉 =𝑉 + 𝑉 +𝑗 𝑉 𝑉 = 𝑉 + 𝑉 = 3𝑉 = 𝑉
2 2 4 4
Line voltage = 3 × Phase voltage

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Wye connection
1 3 9 3
𝑉 =𝑉 −𝑉 =𝑉 + 𝑉 +𝑗 𝑉 𝑉 = 𝑉 + 𝑉 = 3𝑉 = 𝑉
2 2 4 4
Phase angle = tan : = 30 a
𝐼 Phase
𝑉 ~
𝐼 voltage Line
𝑉 = 3𝑉 30
n voltage
Similarly 𝑉 ~ ~
𝑉
𝐼
𝑉 = 3𝑉 −90 c
b
𝑉 = 3𝑉 −210 𝐼
Wye (Y) connection source
Line current = Phase current
Wye connection
Example 1.13: Consider a circuit with three- a
phase with Y connection.
𝑉 ~ 35Ω
𝑉 = 100𝑉 0
n
𝑉 = 100𝑉 −120 𝑉 ~ ~
𝑉 35Ω 35Ω
c
𝑉 = 100𝑉 −240
b
a. Find the line voltage, b. Find the line
current, c. The current flowing in neutral line
a. 𝑉 = 3𝑉 30 𝑉 = 3𝑉 − 90 𝑉 = 3𝑉 −210
b.
𝑉 100 0 𝑉 100 −120
𝐼 = = = 2.857𝐴 0 𝐼 = = = 2.857𝐴 −120
𝑅 35 0 𝑅 35 0
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Wye connection
Example 1.13: Consider a circuit with three-
phase with Y connection.
𝑉 100 −240
𝐼 = = = 2.857𝐴 −240
𝑅 35 0
c. Applying KCL to the Y node, we can get

𝐼 = 𝐼 + 𝐼 + 𝐼 = 2.857 − 1.4285 − j2.474 − 1.4285 + j2.474 = 0A

X a
Delta connection 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼
Phase
~ 𝑉
~
𝑉 voltage
Line voltage = Phase voltage 𝑉 𝐼
Z 𝐼
Y
~ c
𝑉 =𝑉 = 𝑉 = phase voltage 𝐼
b
Apply KCL for X, Y, Z nodes, we can get: Delta (Δ) connection source
𝐼 −𝐼 −𝐼 =0 →𝐼 =𝐼 −𝐼
−𝐼 +𝐼 −𝐼 =0→𝐼 =𝐼 −𝐼
𝐼 −𝐼 −𝐼 =0→𝐼 =𝐼 −𝐼
Line current = 3 × Phase current
Line current = Phase current −30
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Delta connection
Example 1.14: Consider a circuit with three-phase with Delta connection.
𝑉 = 240𝑉∠0
𝑉 𝑉 15Ω 15Ω
𝑉 = 240𝑉∠ −120 ~
~
𝑉
𝑉 = 240𝑉∠ −240 ~
15Ω
Find the line currents.
𝑉 240𝑉∠0
𝐼 = = = 16𝐴∠0 𝐼 = 3𝐼 ∠ − 30 = 27.7𝐴∠ −30
𝑅 15∠0
𝐼 = 16𝐴∠ −120 𝐼 = 3𝐼 ∠ − 30 = 27.7𝐴∠ −150
𝐼 = 16𝐴∠ −240 𝐼 = 3𝐼 ∠ − 30 = 27.7𝐴∠ −270
Exercise 1.14: Calculate all voltages, currents, and total power in this balanced Delta-
Delta system:
Eline =
Iline =
Ephase(source) =
Iphase(source) =
Ephase(load) =
Iphase(load) =
Ptotal =
48
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Exercise 1.15: Calculate all voltages, currents, and total power in this balanced Star-
Star system:
Eline =
Iline =
Ephase(source) =
Iphase(source) =
Ephase(load) =
Iphase(load) =
Ptotal =
Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 6. Electrical Safety
Electric shock is caused by the electric current or voltage?
Why is the bird not shocked when it stands on a wire of a high voltage source?
If we’re sure to touch only one wire at a time, we’ll be safe, right?
49
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Shocked and Not Shocked
50
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Grounding and Earthing System 𝑅 - Leakage resistance

Equipment
“Hot”
Fault
AC source current
~
Case
50Hz
Neutral Not
Shocked
Grounding system
Earthing system
The neutral of single-phase AC source is connected to Earth called Grounding system
The case of an electrical equipment is connected to Earth called Earthing system
51
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Grounding and Earthing System 𝑅 - Leakage resistance

Equipment
“Hot”
Fault
AC source current
50Hz
~
Shocked
Neutral
Case
Grounding system X
Earthing system
The neutral of single-phase AC source is connected to Earth called Grounding system
The case of an electrical equipment is connected to Earth called Earthing system
Resistance on the human body
• Hand or foot contact, insulated with rubber: 20 MΩ typical.

• Foot contact through leather shoe sole (dry): 100 kΩ to 500 kΩ
• Foot contact through leather shoe sole (wet): 5 kΩ to 20 kΩ
52
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Effect of the electric current on the human body

Exercise 1.16:
Wire to skin of a sweaty hand: 600Ω.
Resistance for foot-to-ground contact: 1000Ω.
Internal body resistance of this man: 50Ω.
Resistance through the soil from Earth to the Earth ground: 70Ω.
Calculate the amount of voltage necessary to achieve each of the listed shock
conditions: “Hot”
AC source
60Hz
~
Neutral
Earth
Grounding system
53

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9/14/2021

Electrical and Electronic Equipment for

Basic Electrical Circuit

Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 1. Power source

Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 1. Power source

Electric alternative current (AC): is the unidirectional flow of electrical charge

Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 1. Power source

Example 1.1: Consider the water tank Symbol in circuit

Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 1. Power source

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 5 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 2. Discrete passive component

- Unit: Ohm (Ω)

- Symbolic represent: R Symbol in circuit

Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 2. Discrete passive component

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 7 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 2. Discrete passive component

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 8 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 2. Discrete passive component

Z Solve for 𝑅 , 𝑅 , 𝑅 , we can get:

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 9 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 2. Discrete passive component

Star to Delta Resistor Network Transformation

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 10 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 2. Discrete passive component

Capacitor: is used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field.

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 11 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 2. Discrete passive component

What is the important thing to be considered when we use the resistor?

What is the important thing to be considered when we use the capacitor?

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 12 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 2. Discrete passive component

Inductor: is used to store energy, however, it is connected to a load in series.

- Unit: Henri (𝐻), 𝑚𝐻, 𝜇H

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 13 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 3. The laws of electricity

Ohm’s law for resistance:

𝑉 is the voltage applied to the resistor 𝑅

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 14 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 3. The laws of electricity

Ohm’s Power Law:

𝑃 is the dissipation power in the form of heat

𝑃 = 𝐼 𝑅 = 0.27𝑊 It requires a 1/2W resistor

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 15 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 3. The laws of electricity

Ohm’s law for capacitance:

Ohm’s law for inductance:

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 16 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 3. The laws of electricity

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 17 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 3. The laws of electricity

Example 1.4: Determine the current 𝑖

Why don’t we consider KCL for the junction B?

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 18 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 3. The laws of electricity

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 19 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 3. The laws of electricity

𝑉 =𝑉 =𝑉 =𝑉−𝑉 = 12 − 2.35 = 9.65𝑉 C

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 20 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 1. Basic Electrical Circuit >> 3. The laws of electricity

Example 1.6: Recharge R

Recharge: When the switch is the down position, +

When the voltage 𝑉 𝑡 = 0, the initially recharge