Chapter-3 Opamp

10/2/2021
Electrical and Electronic Equipment for

Industrial Machinery
Chapter 3
Analog and Digital Electronics
Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>i. Semiconductor Basics

Conductor Atomic structure of Copper
1 electron in the outer orbit
The attraction between the core and
the valence electron is very weak
The flow of these free electrons is

called Current.
29 electrons revolve around

The nucleus of a copper
the nucleus
atom has 29 protons
HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 2 Duong Van Tu
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Insulators
Atomic structure of Neon
A neon atom has 10 protons

and 10 electrons
Due to lack of free electrons, insulators do not conduct.
Semiconductors
Atomic structure of Silicon
A silicon atom has 14 protons

4 valence electrons
and 14 electrons
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Silicon Crystals
A silicon crystal is formed by multi silicon atoms.
Each silicon atom shares its valence

electrons with four neighboring atoms
8 valence electrons
(By Covalent Bonds)
The thermal energy in the air causes the atoms in a

silicon crystal to vibrate. (At the room temperature)
The Holes
• The vibrations of atoms remove the electron
from the valence orbit.
• The departure of the electron creates a vacancy

in the valence orbit called a hole.
• This hole has a positive charge because the loss

of an electron produces a positive ion.
• The process of merging a free electron and a

hole is called Recombination.
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Flow of Free Electrons and Holes
The applied voltage forces free

electrons to flow to the left and holes to
the right.
n-Type Semiconductor
The doped material has a large number of
Increase valence electron
free electrons
Pure form:
Germanium or Silicon
Atom Crystal
N-Type: Pentavalent impurity Antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), Phosphorus (P).

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p-Type Semiconductor
3 valence electrons
Hole
Pure form:
Germanium or Silicon
Atom Crystal
P-Type: Trivalen impurity galium (Ga), Boron (B), indium (In)

Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>1. Diode
P-N junction Atom: electrons > Photons Atom: electrons < Photons
(Negative ion) (Positive ion)
P-Type N-Type
Crystal with free holes +++ - - - Crystal with free electrons
(Atom: Photons = Electrons) + + - - - (Atom: Photons = Electrons)
+ + + - - - -
+ + + - -
Depletion region
Due to high concentration (No free hole/electron)
of electrons on the N-side,
Anode Cathode
they repel each other
Diode
The crystal of p-type recombines with free electrons to form a negative ion.
The atom of n-types loss electrons then it becomes a positive ion.
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Diode Bias
P-Type N-Type P-Type N-Type
+++ - - - +++ - - -
+ + - - - + + - - -
+ + + - - - - + + + - - - -
+ + + - - + + + - -
Depletion region Depletion region

A C A C
_
_ +
+
Forward bias Reverse bias

Germanium: 0.3V
Silicon: 0.7V
Forward Bias Voltage
Anode Cathode
Current P-type N-type
Forward bias Voltage

Maximum forward current ( )
Reverse break down voltage ( )
Reverse bias current ( )
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Half wave rectifier
D
t
~ R
= −
Full wave rectifier.
t
D1 D2
+ R _
~
D3 D4 t
= −2
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Full wave rectifier.
Rectifier Diode
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Schottky Diode
Specification Rectifier Diode Schottky Diode

Structure P-N junction Metal plate – N junction
Forward voltage 0.7V 0.25 – 0.5V
Break down voltage High up to 1000V Low 20 – 100V
Recovery time High Low (fast switching)
Application Rectifier High frequency circuit
Schottky Diode
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Zenner Diode
Operate on reverse bias and forward bias. Anode Cathode
Well defined reference voltage.
According to Ohm’s law

+
_ = /
According to KCL, we have
Limited Regular Load
resistor Zenner resistor = +
According to KVL, we have
=9 , = 3.3 , ( ). Calculate , ?
= +
Zenner Diode
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Light Emitting diode (LED)
+
5V _
LED
ORANGE
≤ 20 =5 , =2 , =?
LED 7 Segment
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LED Matrix
Photodiode
A semiconductor device with a P-N junction.
Converts photons (or light) into electrical current.
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Photodiode
Infrared light-emitting diode Light dependent resistor (LDR)
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Diode AC switch (DIAC) A2
DIAC is a bidirectional switching diode.

A1
They can conduct current from either polarity of a suitable AC voltage supply.
DIAC DIAC
AC AC
Source
~ Source
~
Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>2. Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
N-Type Transistor
B- Base C
N-Type P-Type N-Type B
C E- Emitter
E
E
C- Collector
N-Type
B How to recognize it?
+
_
Si (0.7V)
+
Ge (0.3V)
_
Transistor conducts when ≥ 0.7

+
C
B
(= ℎ ) = _
+
Where is the amplification factor. _ E

Bias
= +
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P-Type Transistor
B- Base C
P-Type N-Type P-Type
B
C E- Emitter
E
C- Collector
E
B P-Type
Si (0.7V)
Transistor conducts when ≥ 0.7
Ge (0.3V)
_
(= ℎ ) = C
B
+
Where is the amplification factor.
_
= + Bias E
+
The transistor as an amplifier
Output
+
C Input C
B B
_
AC small E E
~ signal
+
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The transistor as a switch
When the load current is large enough, the voltage is low down.
( )
OFF ON
Collect
No current
current
No current input
+
C + current C
B B
= _ ≈0 _
+
+
E _ E
_ Bias
Bias
Specification
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Specification
Specification
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Example
Transistor (Si), ℎ = 100, calculate ?
12V 12V
5K
C + 1.2M 5K
B 12V _
+
1.2M
E _ _
Phototransistor
+
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Photocoupler
Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>3. SCR
Silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) A

SCR is an unidirectional current diode.
G
After triggering, the forward voltage will drop to 0.8V. C
Anode
Anode
P
N N
Gate
P P Gate
N
Cathode
Cathode
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Silicon controlled rectifier (SCR)
According to KVL, we have:

= +
A
G Close to energize the SCR
C
Close to trigger the SCR
+
_
Open , what happens next?
The SCR is controlled through a diode.
SCR The circuit is half-wave rectifier.

AC ~
Diode
Load voltage
AC source voltage
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Alarm application
When the switch is triggered, the buzzer is energized. 12
If the switch is released, the buzzer will…
What is the function of reset button?
Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>4. Triac
Bi-directional switching with the Triac

MT2 MT2
MT2
G
MT1
P N
N P
Gate
P N
N P
Gate
MT1
MT1
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Bi-directional switching with the Triac

•Ι + Mode: MT2 current positive (+ve),
Gate current positive (+ve)
•Ι – Mode: MT2 current positive (+ve),

Gate current negative (-ve)
•ΙΙΙ + Mode: MT2 current negative (-ve),

Gate current positive (+ve)
•ΙΙΙ – Mode: MT2 current negative (-ve),

Gate current negative (-ve)
Triac operation with AC source
AC ~ MT2
V G
MT1
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Triac operation with AC source

V
AC ~ MT2
V
G
MT1
Triac switching circuit
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Triac application
AC motor speed control/ Light dimmers
Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>5. JFET
Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET)
Drain Drain
D D
N G P G
Depletion
Gate S Gate S
P P N N
N P
Source Source
N channel JFET P channel JFET
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Pinched-off
Drain ≜ Drain
N N
Depletion
Gate Gate
+
P P P
+
P
_ _
_ N
_ N
+
=0
+
Source Source
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Since JFET is controlled by the voltage, there is no current on the gate. D

G
=
The drain current of JFET is calculated by: S
Normal Operation:
= 1− V ≤ ≤0
Cut-off:
is the drain current
< , =0
is the maximum drain current
JFET as a “Normal Closed Switch”
is the gate to source voltage, is the pinched-off voltage
Exercises 15V
= −3 , =9 , =5 , =4 , = 11 , =
0.05 . Find all resistors.
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BJT vs JFET
Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>6. MOSFET
Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)
MOSFET is a voltage-controlled device, meaning by applying a rated voltage to the gate

pin, the MOSFET will start conducting through the Drain and Source pin.
Metal Oxide
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Drain Drain
Gate Gate D
Source Source G
N-Channel P-Channel =0 S
MOSFET MOSFET
(NPN) (PNP)

1. Cut-off region (Fully OFF):
< ℎ ℎ
2. Linear Ohmic region:
> ℎ ℎ
>
3. Saturation region (Fully ON):
> ℎ ℎ is
maximum
<
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24
Speed control of DC motor using MOSFET
DC Motor Flyback
diode
M
12 D
G
Variable S
resistor
Pull-down resistor

H-bridge using MOSFET
ON ON
M M
ON ON
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How to turn on MOSFET P channel?
DC Motor
M
? S
Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>7. IGBT
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor

IGBT is the combination between a conventional Bipolar Junction Transistor, (BJT) and
a Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET). P-Type
Collector BJT C
• High input impedance
Gate
• High switching speeds
Emitter
• Low saturation voltage. G
IGBT is a voltage-controlled or current-controlled device?

N-Type E
MOSFET
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Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
Application
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Find the IGBT in the below figure.
Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>8. OPAMP
Operational amplifier is high-gain electronic

voltage amplifier +
: Non-inverting input
: Inverting input
: Output
+, −: Power supply
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OPAMP
The different voltage is defined as:
= − +
is the input resistance (Very large >1MΩ).
is the output resistance (Very small <100Ω). Equivalent circuit model of OPAMP
is the open loop gain (Very large 100000+).
The output voltage is defined as:

= = ( − )
OPAMP
The ideal OPAMP conditions are:
• No input current: = =0 +
• Infinite input resistance: →∞

Ideal model of OPAMP
• Zero output resistance: →0
• Infinite open loop gain →∞
• Zero different input voltage: →0( = )
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Feedback - Amplifier
+
+
_
Negative feedback Positive feedback
_ _
+
_
+ +
+
_
Inverting amplifier Non-Inverting amplifier
Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics

Negative Feedback
According to the ideal OPAMP, we have: _
=
+
In this case, it gives that = (1) +
_
Applying KVL for the circuit loop 1, we can get: 1
− − = 0 (2)
From Eq. (1),(2), we can deduce that
− − =0
=
According to the ideal OPAMP conditions, we have:
= =0
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Inverting amplifier
Applying KCL at the node A, we have: _
+ =0 (1) + A
_
1 + B
According to ideal OPAMP, we have:
= 2
This circuit gives that =0 Applying KVL for the circuit loop 2, we
Applying KVL for the circuit loop 1, it yields: can get: + − =0→ = (3)
− Substituting Eq.(2), (3) into Eq. (1), it

+ − =0→ = = (2)
yields: =− → = =−
Non-Inverting amplifier
Applying KCL at the node A, we have: _
+ =0 (1) A
+ B
1 2
According to ideal OPAMP, we have: +
_
=
This circuit gives that = Applying KVL for the circuit loop 2, we can
Applying KVL for the circuit loop 1, it yields: get: + − =0→ = (3)
Substituting Eq.(2), (3) into Eq. (1), it

+ =0→ =− =− (2)
yields: = → = =1+
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Comparator
If > then = − >0 _
It results that = → ∞ to obtain the objective: +
→0
(V)
Consequently, the output voltage → 20
If < then = − <0 10
Consequently, the output voltage → 0.2 0.4 (mV)
= 0.8
Integrator Amplifier
Applying KVL for the first circuit loop: _ 2

− + =0 + A
_
1 + B
Applying KVL for the second circuit loop:
+ − =0
According the ideal OPAMP conditions, we have:

= (= 0 in this case)
As a result, we can get:
=− and = (1)
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Integrator Amplifier
According to Ohm’s law for the capacitor, _

2
we have: + A
_
1 + B
=
Take the integrate of Eq. (3) over time, it
Applying KCL at the node A, we can get:
yield: 1
− =0 (2) =−
RC
From Eq. (1), (2), it can deduce that
=− (3)
Differentiator Amplifier
Find the relationship between and _

+
_
+
It’s your work…
=−
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Summing Amplifier
+
Determine: _
_
= ( , )
+
_
+
Subtractor Amplifier
Determine:
= ( , ) _
+
+ +
_ _
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Explain how the operational amplifier maintains a constant

current through the load
Load

Hint:
= = − =
1+
−( + ) _
=
= +
= + , = Load
⇒ = (Constant)
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Load
Find the output voltage , the current and
8kΩ
2kΩ
_
2V
+
_
2kΩ
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Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics d
Find the output voltage 20 Ω
5 Ω
_
2 Ω
+
3 +
_
6 +
_
1 Ω 10 Ω

2 Ω
_
5 Ω
10 Ω
+ +
1 _
8 Ω
_
4 Ω
_ +
15 Ω
+ +
2 _
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_
20 Ω
_
+
+
7 _ +
5 Ω
30 Ω
10 Ω
_
+ +
3.1 _
Application
Analyze this circuit 12V
20KΩ/
500Ω
Gain: 800
44

Chapter-3 Opamp

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10/2/2021

Electrical and Electronic Equipment for

Analog and Digital Electronics

Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>i. Semiconductor Basics

The flow of these free electrons is

29 electrons revolve around

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 2 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>i. Semiconductor Basics

A neon atom has 10 protons

Due to lack of free electrons, insulators do not conduct.

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 3 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>i. Semiconductor Basics

A silicon atom has 14 protons

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 4 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>i. Semiconductor Basics

Each silicon atom shares its valence

The thermal energy in the air causes the atoms in a

Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>i. Semiconductor Basics

• The departure of the electron creates a vacancy

• This hole has a positive charge because the loss

• The process of merging a free electron and a

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 6 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>i. Semiconductor Basics

Flow of Free Electrons and Holes

The applied voltage forces free

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 7 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>i. Semiconductor Basics

N-Type: Pentavalent impurity Antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), Phosphorus (P).

Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>i. Semiconductor Basics

P-Type: Trivalen impurity galium (Ga), Boron (B), indium (In)

Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>1. Diode

Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>1. Diode

Depletion region Depletion region

Forward bias Reverse bias

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 11 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>1. Diode

Forward Bias Voltage

Forward bias Voltage

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 12 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>1. Diode

Half wave rectifier

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 13 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>1. Diode

Full wave rectifier.

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 14 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>1. Diode

Full wave rectifier.

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 15 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>1. Diode

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 16 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>1. Diode

Specification Rectifier Diode Schottky Diode

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 17 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>1. Diode

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 18 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>1. Diode

According to Ohm’s law

Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>1. Diode

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 20 Duong Van Tu

Chapter 3. Analog and Digital Electronics >>1. Diode

Light Emitting diode (LED)

HCM City Univ. of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 21 Duong Van Tu