enockmosomi

1@gmai
l
.com

MATHEMATI
CSNOTESFORM 1TUTORI
AL
enockmosomi
( 1@gmai
l
.com)
ByMr.Mosomi
FORMOREE-
MATERI
ALS
What
sApp(
+254)048842695
CHAPTERONE

NATURALNUMBERS

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Ident
if
y,r
eadandwr
it
enat
ural
number
sinsy
mbol
sandwor
ds;
b.
)Roundof
fnumber
stot
henear
estt
ens,
hundr
eds,
thousands,
mil
l
ionsandbi
l
li
ons;
c.
)Cl
assi
fynat
ural
number
sasev
en,
oddorpr
ime;
d.
)Sol
vewor
dpr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngnat
ural
number
s.

Cont
ent
a.
)Pl
acev
aluesofnumber
s
b.
)Roundi
ngof
fnumber
stot
henear
estt
ens,
hundr
eds,
thousands,
mil
l
ionsandbi
l
li
ons
c.
)Oddnumber
s
d.
)Ev
ennumber
s
e.
)Pr
imenumber
s
f
.) Wor
dpr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngnat
ural
number
s

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Pl
acev
alue
Adigi
thav
eadiff
erentval
ueinanumberbecauseofi
tsposi
ti
oni
nanumber
.Theposi
ti
onofa
di
giti
nanumberi
scall
editspl
aceval
ue.

Tot
alv
alue
Thi
sist
hepr
oductoft
hedi
gitandi
tspl
acev
alue.

Page|
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Exampl
e
Number Hundr
ed Ten Mi
l
li
ons Hundr
ed Ten Thousands Hundr
ed Tens ones
Mi
l
li
ons Mi
l
li
ons Thousands Thousands

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
345,
678,
901

7 6 9 3 0 1 8 5 4
769,
301,
854

9 0 2 3 5 0 4 0 9
902,
350,
409

Aplaceval
uechartcanbeusedtoi
dent
if
ybothpl
aceval
ueandtot
alv
alueofadi
giti
nanumber
.
Theplacev
aluecharti
salsousedi
nwri
ti
ngnumbersi
nwords.

Exampl
e
 Threehundr
ed and f
ort
yfi
vemi
l
li
on,si
xhundr
ed and sev
ent
yei
ghtt
housand,ni
ne
hundr
edandone.
 Sevenhundr
edandsi
xtyni
nemi
l
li
on,
Thr
eehundr
edandonet
housand,
eighthundr
edand
fi
ft
yfour.

Bi
l
li
ons
Abi
l
li
oni
sonet
housandsmi
l
li
on,
wri
tt
enas1,
000,
000,
000.
Ther
ear
etenpl
acesi
nabi
l
li
on.

Exampl
e
Whati
sthepl
acev
alueandt
otal
val
ueoft
hedi
git
sbel
ow?
a.
)47,
397,
263,
402(
placev
alue7and8)
.
b.
)389,
410,
000,
245(pl
ace3and9)

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Thepl
acev
aluef
or6i
stent
housands.I
tst
otal
val
uei
s60,
000.
b.
)Thepl
acev
alueof3i
shundr
edbi
l
li
ons.I
tst
otal
val
uei
s300,
000,
000,
000.

Roundi
ngof
f
Whenroundi
ngofftothenear
estten,
theonesdi
gitdet
erminestheteni
.e.i
ftheonesdi
giti
s1,2,
3,or4thenearesttenisthetennumberbeingconsi
dered.Iftheonesdigiti
s5ormor ethe
near
estt
enisthenexttenorr
oundedup.
Thus641t
othenear
estt
eni
s640,
3189t
othenear
esti
s3190.
Whenroundi
ngofft
othenearest100,
thent
helasttwodigi
tsornumber
sendwi
th1t
o49r
ound
of
fdownwards.Numberendi
ngwith50to99ar
er oundedup.
Thus641t
othenear
esthundr
edi
s600,
3189i
s3200.

Page|
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setbooks,
gui
debooks,
CPA,
CIFA,
IT,
ICT&ot
herE-
mat
eri
als

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1@gmai
l
.com
Exampl
e
Roundi
ngof
feachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngnumber
stot
henear
estnumberi
ndi
cat
edi
nthebr
acket
:
a.
)473,
678(100)
b.
)524,
239(
1000)
c.
)2,
499(
10)

Sol
uti
on
a.
)473,
678i
s473,
700t
othenear
est100.
b.
)524,
239i
s524,
000t
othenear
est1000
c.
)2,
499i
s2500t
othenear
est10.

Oper
ati
onsonwhol
eNumber
s

Addi
ti
on

Exampl
e
Fi
ndout
:
a.
)98+6734+348
b.
)6349+259+7954

Sol
uti
on
Ar
ranget
henumber
sinv
ert
ical
for
ms
98
6734
+ 348
7180
6349
259
+79542

86150

Subt
ract
ing

Exampl
e
Fi
nd:
73469–8971

Sol
uti
on
73469
- 8971
64498
Page|
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Mul
ti
pli
cat
ion
Thepr
oducti
sther
esul
toft
woormor
enumber
s.

Exampl
e
Wor
kout
:469x63

Sol
uti
on
469
X63
1407→469x3=1407
+28140→469x60=28140

29547

Di
vi
sion
Whenanumberi
sdivi
dedbytheresul
tiscall
edt
hequot
ient
.Thenumberbei
ngdi
vi
dedi
sthe
di
vi
dedandt
henumberdi
vi
dingi
sthedivi
sor
.

Exampl
e
Fi
nd:
6493÷14

Sol
uti
on
Weget463and11i
sther
emai
nder

Not
e:
6493=(
463x14)+11
I
ngener
al,
div
idend=quot
ientxdi
vi
sion+r
emai
nder
.

Oper
ati
on Wor
ds

sum
plus
Addi
ti
on added
morethan
i
ncreasedby

diff
erence
minus
subtract
edf r
om
Subt
ract
ion l
esst han
decreasedby
reducedby
deductedfrom

productof
Mul
ti
pli
cat
ion mul t
ipl
y
ti
mes
twice

Page|
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1@gmai
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t
hri
ce

quoti
entof
Di
vi
sion
di
videdby

equalto
Equal resul
tis
i
s

Wor
dpr
obl
em
Inwor
kingt
hewordproblems,t
hei
nfor
mat
iongi
venmustber
eadandunder
stoodwel
lbef
ore
att
empti
ngt
hequest
ion.
Thepr
obl
em shoul
dbebr
okendowni
ntost
epsandi
dent
if
yeachot
heroper
ati
onsr
equi
red.

Exampl
e
Ot
egohad3469bagsofmai
ze,
eachwei
ghi
ng90kg.Hesol
d2654oft
hem.
a.
)Howmanyki
l
ogr
am ofmai
zewashel
eftwi
th?
b.
)Ifheadded468mor
ebagsofmai
ze,
howmanybagsdi
dheendupwi
th?

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Onebagwei
ghs90kg.
3469bagswei
gh3469x90=312,
210kg
2654bagswei
gh2654x90=238,
860kg
Amountofmai
zel
eft =312,
210–238,
860
=73,
350kg.
Page|
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debooks,
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b.
)Numberofbags=815+468
=1283

Ev
enNumber
Anumberwhi
chcanbedi
vi
dedby2wi
thoutar
emai
nderE.
g.0,
2,
4,
60or8
3600,
7800,
806,
78346

OddNumber
Anynumbert
hatwhendivi
dedby2gi v
esar
emai
nder
.E.
g.471,
123,1197,
7129.
Thenumber
s
endswi
tht
hefol
l
owingdi
git
s1,3,
5,7or9.

Pr
imeNumber
Apr
imenumberi
sanumbert
hathasonl
ytwof
act
orsoneandt
henumberi
tsel
f.
Forexampl
e,2,
3,5,
7,11,
13,
17and19.

Not
e:
i
.) 1i
snotapr
imenumber
.
i
i
.) 2i
stheonl
yev
ennumberwhi
chi
sapr
imenumber
.

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
)Wr
it
e27707807i
nwor
ds
2.
)Al
lpri
menumbersl
essthantenar
ear
rangedi
ndescendi
ngor
dert
ofor
m anumber
a.
)Writ
edownthenumberfor
med
b.
)Whati
sthet
otal
val
ueoft
heseconddi
git
?
c.
)Wr
it
ethenumberf
ormedi
nwor
ds.

CHAPTERTWO
Page|
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als
FACTORS What
sApp0748842695
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.com

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Expr
esscomposi
tenumber
sinf
act
orf
orm;
b.
)Expr
esscomposi
tenumber
saspr
oductofpr
imef
act
ors;
c.
)Expr
essf
act
orsi
npowerf
orm.

Cont
ent
a.
)Fact
orsofcomposi
tenumber
s.
b.
)Pr
imef
act
ors.
c.
)Fact
orsi
npowerf
orm
d.
)

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Def
ini
ti
on
Af
act
ori
sanumbert
hatdi
vi
desanot
hernumberwi
thoutar
emai
nder
.

Number Fact
ors

1,
2,
3,
4,
6,
12
12

1,
2,
4,
8,
16
16

1,
3,
13,
39
39

Anatur
alnumberwi
thonl
ytwofact
ors,
oneandit
selfi
saprimenumber.Oranynumbert
hatonl
y
canbediv
idedby1andi
tsel
f.Pr
imenumbershaveexact
ly2di
ff
erentf
actor
s.

Pr
imeNumber
supt
o100.
2 3 5 7 11

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13 17 19 23 29

31 37 41 43 47

53 59 61 67 71

73 79 83 89 97

Composi
tenumber
s
Anynumberthathasmorefact
orst
hanj
ustit
sel
fand1.
Theycanbesai
dtobenaturalnumber
ot
herthan1whicharenotpri
menumber
s.Theycanbeexpr
essedasapr
oductoft
woormor e
pr
imefactor
s.
9=3x3
12=2x2x3
105=3x5x7
Thesamenumbercanber
epeat
edsev
eral
timesi
nsomesi
tuat
ions.

32=2x2x2x2x2=25

72=2x2x2x3x3=23x32
Toexpr
essanumberi
ntermsofpri
mefact
ors,
iti
sbesttotaket
henumbersfr
om t
hesmal
l
est
anddi
vi
debyeachoft
hem asmanyti
mesaspossi
blebef
oregoi
ngtot
henext.

Exampl
e
Ex
presst
hef
oll
owi
ngnumber
sint
ermsoft
hei
rpr
imef
act
ors
a.
)300
b.
)196

Sol
uti
on
a.
)

2 300

2 150

3 75

5 25

5 5

300=2x2x3x5x5

=22x3x52
b.
)
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2 196

2 98

7 49

7 7

196=2x2x7x7

=22x72

Except
ions
Thenumbers1and0ar eneitherpri
menorcomposi
te.1cannotbepri
meorcomposi tebecause
i
tonlyhasonefactor
,it
sel
f.0i sneit
herapr
imenoracompositenumberbecauseithasinf
ini
te
fact
ors.Al
lothernumbers,whetherpri
meorcomposit
e,hav
easetnumberoff act
ors.0does
notfol
lowt
herules.

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
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ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
)Expressthenumber
s1470and7056,
eachasapr
oductofi
tspr
imef
act
ors.
2
Henceev
aluate: 1470
7056
Leav
ingt
heansweri
npr
imef
act
orf
orm
2.
)Allpr
imenumbersl
essthantenar
ear
rangedi
ndescendi
ngor
dert
ofor
m anumber
(
a)Writ
edownthenumberformed
(
b)Whati
sthet
otal
val
ueoft
heseconddi
git
?

CHAPTERTHREE
DI
VISI
BILI
TYTEST

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Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
Thel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
etot
estt
hedi
vi
sibi
l
ityofnumber
sby2,
3,4,
5,6,
8,9,
10and11.
48

Cont
ent
Di
vi
sibi
l
ityt
estofnumber
sby2,
3,4,
5,6,
8,9,
10and11

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Di
vi
sibi
l
ityt
estmakescomput
ati
ononnumber
seasi
er.Thef
oll
owi
ngi
sat
abl
efordi
vi
sibi
l
ityt
est
.

Di
vi
sibi
l
ityTest
s Exampl
e
Anumberi
sdi
vi
sibl
eby2i
fthel
astdi
giti
s0,
2,4,
168i sdivi
sibl
eby2si
ncet
hel
ast
6or8. digi
tis8.

Anumberisdiv
isi
bleby3i
fthesum oft
hedi
git
s168i sdivi
sibl
eby3si ncet
hesum of
i
sdiv
isi
bleby3. thedi
gitsi
s15( 1+6+8=15)
,and15is
div
isi
bleby3.

Anumberisdi
vi
sibl
eby4i fthenumberf
ormedby316 is di
vi
si
ble by 4 si
nce 16 i
s
t
helastt
wodigi
tsisdi
vi
sibleby4. di
vi
sibl
eby4.

Anumberi
sdi
vi
sibl
eby5i
fthel
astdi
giti
sei
ther195isdivi
sibl
eby5si
ncet
hel
ast
0or5. di
giti
s5.

Anumberisdi
vi
sibl
eby6i
fiti
sdi
vi
sibl
eby2AND168 is di
vi
sibl
e by 6 si
nce iti
s
i
tisdi
vi
sibl
eby3. di
vi
sibl
eby2ANDi ti
sdivi
sibl
eby3.

Anumberisdiv
isi
bleby8ift
henumberf
ormedby7,
120isdivi
sibl
eby8si
nce120i
s
t
helastt
hreedi
git
sisdiv
isi
bleby8. di
vi
sibl
eby8.

Anumberisdiv
isi
bleby9i
fthesum oft
hedi
git
s549i sdivi
sibl
eby9si ncet
hesum of
i
sdiv
isi
bleby9. thedi
gitsi
s18( 5+4+9=18)
,and18is
div
isi
bleby9.

Anumberi
sdi
vi
sibl
eby10i
fthel
astdi
giti
s0. 1,
470isdi
vi
si
bleby10si
ncet
hel
ast
di
giti
s0.

Page|
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Anumberi sdivi
sibleby11i fthesum ofitsdigi
ts8,
260,
439sum of8+6+4+9=27:
i
ntheoddposi t
onsl ke1st,
i 3rd,5th,
7th 2+0+3=5;
Positions,andt hesum ofi t
sdi gi
tsintheev en27–5=22whichisamult
ipl
eof11
posit
ionlike2nd ,4th,6th,8th positi
onsareequalor
di
fferby11,orbyamul tipleof11

Endoft
opi
c

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dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
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eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c

CHAPTERFOUR

GREATEST COMMON DI
VISOR

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Fi
ndt
heGCD/
HCFofasetofnumber
s.
b.
)Appl
yGCDt
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Cont
ent
a.
)GCDofasetofnumber
s
b.
)Appl
i
cat
ionofGCD/
HCFt
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions

I
ntr
oduct
ion
AGr
eat
estCommonDi
vi
sori
sthel
argestnumbert
hati
saf
act
oroft
woormor
enumber
s.
Whenl ooki
ngfortheGreatestCommonFactor,youareonlyl
ooki
ngfort
heCOMMONf act
ors
contai
nedinbothnumbers.Tofindt
heG.C.
Doft woormorenumbers,
youfi
rstl
i
stt
hef
act
orsof
thegiv
ennumber s,
ident
if
ycommonf act
orsandstat
ethegreat
estamongt
hem.
TheG.C.
Dcanalsobeobtai
nedbyf
ir
stexpr
essi
ngeachnumberasapr oductofi
tspr
imef
act
ors.
Thefact
orswhi
charecommonaredeter
minedandt
heirpr
oductobt
ained.

Page|
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Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
heGr
eat
estCommonFact
or/
GCDf
or36and54i
s18.

Sol
uti
on
Thepr
imef
act
ori
zat
ionf
or36i
s2x2x3x3.
Thepr
imef
act
ori
zat
ionf
or54i
s2x3x3x3.
Theybot
hhav
eincommont
hef
act
ors2,
3,3andt
hei
rpr
oducti
s18.
Thati
swhyt
hegr
eat
estcommonf
act
orf
or36and54i
s18.

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
heG.
C.Dof72,
96,
and300

Sol
uti
on
72 96 300

2 36 48 150

2 18 24 75

3 6 8 25

Endoft
opi
c

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ery
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ng?
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bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
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ore
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PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c

m.144x3y
2 4
1.
)Fi
ndt
hegr
eat
estcommondi
vi
soroft
het
er and81xy
on144x3y
2 4
b)Hencef
act
ori
zecompl
etel
ythi
sexpr
essi -81xy (
2
mar
ks)

2.
)TheGCDoft wonumber
sis7andt
hei
rLCM i
s140.i
foneoft
henumber
sis20,f
indt
he
ot
hernumber

3.
)TheLCM ofthr
eenumbersis7920andthei
rGCDis12.Twoofthenumber
sar
e48and
264.Usi
ngf
act
ornot
ati
onfi
ndthethi
rdnumberi
foneofi
tsf
act
orsis9

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CHAPTERFI
VE

LEASTCOMMONMULTI
PLE
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Li
stmul
ti
plesofnumber
s.
b.
)Fi
ndt
heLCM ofasetofnumber
s.
c.
)Appl
yknowl
edgeofLCM i
nreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Cont
ent
a.
)Mul
ti
plesofanumber
b.
)LCM ofasetofnumber
s
c.
)Appl
i
cat
ionofLCM i
nreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Def
ini
ti
on
LCM orLCFi
sthesmall
estmul
ti
plet
hatt
woormorenumber
sdi
vi
deintoev
enl
yi.
e.wi
thouta
remai .Amul
nder t
ipl
eofanumberi st
heproductoft
heori
ginalnumberwi
thanother
number
.
Somemul
ti
plesof4ar
e4,
8,12,
16,
20,
24,
28,
32,
36,
40,
44,
48,
52,
56…
Somemul
ti
plesof7ar
e7,
14,
21,
28,
35,
42,
49,
56…
A CommonMul t
ipl
eisanumberthati
sdiv
isi
blebyt
woormor
enumber
s.Somecommon
mult
ipl
esof4and7are28,
56,
84,
and112.
Whenl
ooki
ngfort
heLeastCommonMul t
ipl
e,y
ouarelooki
ngf
orthesmal
l
estmul
ti
plet
hatt
hey
bot
hdi
vi
deint
oevenl
y.Theleastcommonmult
ipl
eof4and7is28.

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
heL.
C.M of8,
12, (
18and20.usi
ngt es)
abl

Sol
uti
on

8 18 20

2 4 6 10

2 2 3 5

2 1 3 5

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3 1 1 5

3 1 1 5

5 1 1 1

TheL.
C.Mi
sthepr
oductofal
lthedi
vi
sionsused.
Ther
efor
e,L.
C.M.of8,
12,
18and20=2x2x2x3x3x5

=23x32x5
=360

Not
e;
Unli
ketheG.C.Dtabl
es,
ift
hediv
isor/
fact
ordoesnotdi
vi
deanumberexact
ly,
thenthenumberi
s
ret
ained,e.
g.,2doesnotdiv
ide9exactl
y,ther
efor
e9i sr
etai
ned.
Thelastrow musthaveall
val
ues1.

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c

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ng?
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ore
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PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
4.
)Fi
ndt
heL.
C.M ofx2+x,
x2–1andx2–x.
5.
)Findt hel
eastnumberofsweetst
hatcanbepackedi
ntopol
ythenebagswhi
chcont
ain
ei
ther9or15or20or24sweetswi
thnonel
eftov
er.
6.
)Anumbernissucht
hatwheni
tisdi
vi
dedby27,
30,
or45,
ther
emai
nderi
sal
way
s3.Fi
nd
t
hesmal
l
estval
ueofn.
7.
)Api
eceofl
andi
stobedi
vi
dedi
nto20acr
esor24acr
esor28acr
esf
orf
armi
ngand
Leav
e7acr
esf
orgr
azi
ng.Det
ermi
net
hesmal
l
estsi
zeofsuchl
and.
8.
)Whenacert nnumberxi
ai sdi
videdby30,45or54,t
her
eisal
way
sar
emai
nderof21.
Fi
ndt
hel
eastval henumberx.
ueoft
Anumberm issuchthatwheni
tisdi
vi
dedby30,
36,
and45,
ther
emai
nderi
sal
way
s7.Fi
ndt
he
smal
l
estpossibl
eval
ueofm.

CHAPTERSI
X
I
NTERGERS
Page|
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Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Def
inei
nteger
s
b.
)Ident
if
yint
eger
sonanumberl
i
ne
c.
)Per
for
mthef
ourbasi
coper
ati
onsoni
nteger
susi
ngt
henumberl
i
ne.
d.
)Wor
koutcombi
nedoper
ati
onsoni
nteger
sint
hecor
rector
der
e.
)Appl
yknowl
edgeofi
nteger
stor
eal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Cont
ent
a.
)Int
eger
s
b.
)Thenumberl
i
ne
c.
)Oper
ati
ononi
nteger
s
d.
)Or
derofoper
ati
ons
e.
)Appl
i
cat
iont
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions

I
ntr
oduct
ion
TheNumberLi
ne
I
nteger
sarewholenumber
s,negat
ivewhol
enumbersandzero.Int
eger
sar
eal
way
srepr
esent
ed
onthenumberl
i
neatequali
nter
val
swhichareequal
tooneunit
.

Oper
ati
onsonInteger
s
Addi
ti
onofI
ntegers
Addi
ti
onofi
nteger
scanber
epr
esent
edonanumberl
i
ne.
Forexampl
e,t
oadd
+3t
o0, webegi
nat0andmove3unitst
ot her
ightasshownbelowi
nredt
oget+3,
Alsot
oadd
+4to+3wemov e4uni
tst
other
ightasshowninbluetoget+7.

Toadd-
3tozer
owemove3unitstot
hel
eftasshowninr
edbel
owt
oget-
3whi
l
etoadd-
2to-
3
wemove2st
epstot
hel
eftasshowni
nbl
uetoget-5.

Not
e;
 When addi
ng posi
ti
ve number
s we
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mov
etot
her
ight
.

 Whendeal
i
ngwi
thnegat
ivewemov
e
t
othel
eft
.

Subt
ract
ionofi
nteger
s.

Exampl
e
(
+7)–(
0)=(
+7)
Tosubt
ract+7f
rom 0,
wefi
ndanumbernwhi
chwhenaddedt
oget0weget+7andi
nthi
scase
n=+7asshownaboveinr
ed.

Exampl
e
(
+2)–(
+7)=(
-5)
St
artat+7andmov
eto+2.5st
epswi
l
lbemadet
owar
dst
hel
eft
.Theansweri
sther
efor
e-5.

Exampl
e
-
3–(
+6)=-
9

|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
__|
-
4-3-
2-1 0 1 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 10
West
artat+6andmov
est
o-3.9st
epst
othel
eft
,theansweri
s-9.

Not
e:
 I
ngeneralposi
ti
vessi
gnscanbeignor
edwhenwri
ti
ngposi
ti
venumbersi.
e.+2canbe
wri
tt
enas2butnegati
vesi
gnscannotbei
gnor
edwhenwri
ti
ngnegat
ivenumber
s-4can
onl
ybewrit
tens-4.
4–(
+3)=4-
3
=1
-
3-(
+6)=3–6
=-
3
 Posit
ivei
nteger
sareal
sorefer
redt
oasnat
uralnumber
s.Ther
esul
tofsubt
ract
ingt
he
negati
veofanumberi
sthesameasaddi
ngt
hatnumber.
2–(
-4)=2+4
=6
(
-5)–(
-1)=-
5+2
=-
3
 I
nmat
hemat
icsi
tisassumedt
hatt
hatt
henumberwi
thnosi
gnbef
orei
thasapposi
ti
ve
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si
gn.

Mul
ti
pli
cat
ion
I
ngener
al
i
.) (anegat
ivenumber)x(apposi
ti
venumber)=(anegat
ivenumber
)
i
i
.) (
aposi
ti
venumber)x(anegat
ivenumber)=(anegat
ivenumber
)
i
i
i.
) (anegat
ivenumber)x(anegat
ivenumber)=(aposi
ti
venumber
)

Exampl
es
-
6x5=-
30
7x-
4=-28
-
3x-
3=9
-
2x-
9=18

Di
vi
sion
Di
vi
sioni
sthei
nver
seofmul
ti
pli
cat
ion.I
ngener
al
i
.) (
aposi
ti
venumber)÷(aposi
ti
venumber)=(aposi
ti
venumber
)
i
i
.) (
aposi
ti
venumber)÷(anegat
ivenumber)=(anegat
ivenumber
)
i
i
i.
) (anegat
ivenumber)÷(anegat
ivenumber)=(aposi
ti
venumber
)
i
v.
) (anegat
ivenumber)÷(apposi
ti
venumber)=(anegat
ivenumber
)
Not
e;
Formul
ti
pli
cat
ionanddi
vi
sionofi
nteger
:
 Twol
i
kesi
gnsgi
vesposi
ti
vesi
gn.
 Twounl
i
kesi
gnsgi
vesnegat
ivesi
gn
 Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionbyzer
oisal
way
szer
oanddi
vi
si
onbyzer
oisal
way
szer
o.

Or
derofoper
ati
ons
BODMASi
sal
way
susedt
oshowast
heor
derofoper
ati
ons.
B–Br
acketf
ir
st.
O–Ofi
ssecond.
D–Di
vi
sioni
sthi
rd.
M –Mul
ti
pli
cat
ioni
sfour
th.
A–Addi
ti
oni
sfi
ft
h.
S–Subt
ract
ioni
sconsi
der
edl
ast
.

Exampl
e
6x3–4÷2+5+(
2-1)=
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Sol
uti
on
UseBODMAS
(
2–1)=1wesol
vebr
acket
sfi
rst
(
4÷2)=2wet
hensol
vedi
vi
sion
(
6x3)=18nexti
smul
ti
pli
cat
ion
Br
ingt
hem t
oget
her
18–2+5+1=22wesol
veaddi
ti
onf
ir
standl
ast
lysubt
ract
ion
18+6–2=22

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PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
)Thesum oft
wonumber
sexceedst
hei
rpr
oductbyone.Thei
rdi
ff
erencei
sequalt
othei
r
pr
oductl
essf
ive.Fi
ndt
het
wonumber
s. (
3mks)

2.
) 3x–1>-
4
2x+1≤7

3.
) Ev
aluat
e -
12÷(
-3)x4–(
-15)
-
5x6÷2+(
-5)
4.
)Wi t
houtusi
ngacal
cul
ator
/mat
hemat
icalt
abl
es,ev
aluat
eleav
ingy
ouranswerasasi
mpl
e
fr
act
ion

(
-4)
(-
2)+(
-12)(
+3) + -
20+(
+4)+-
6)
-
9–(
15) 46-(
8+2)
-3

5.
) Ev
aluat
e-82+12x9–4x6

567x2

6.
)Ev
aluatewi
thoutusi
ngmat
hemat
ical
tabl
esort
hecal
cul
ator
1.9x0.
032
20x0.
0038

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CHAPTERSEVEN
FRACTI
ONS
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Ident
if
ypr
operandi
mpr
operf
ract
ionsandmi
xednumber
.
b.
)Conv
ertmi
xednumber
stoi
mpr
operf
ract
ionsandv
icev
ersa.
c.
)Compar
efr
act
ions;
d.
)Per
for
mthef
ourbasi
coper
ati
onsonf
ract
ions.
e.
)Car
ryoutcombi
nedoper
ati
onsonf
ract
ionsi
nthecor
rector
der
.
f
.)Appl
ytheknowl
edgeoff
ract
ionst
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Cont
ent
a.
)Fr
act
ions
b.
)Pr
oper
,impr
operf
ract
ionsandmi
xednumber
s.
c.
)Conv
ersi
onofi
mpr
operf
ract
ionst
omi
xednumber
sandv
icev
ersa.
d.
)Compar
ingf
ract
ions.
e.
)Oper
ati
onsonf
ract
ions.
f
.)Or
derofoper
ati
onsonf
ract
ions
g.
)Wor
dpr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngf
ract
ionsi
nreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

I
ntr
oduct
ion

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a
Afract
ioniswri
tt
enintheform whereaandbarenumbersandbisnotequalt
o0.
Theupper
b
numberiscal
ledthenumer
atorandt
hel
owernumberi
sthedenomi
nat
or.

a→numer
ator
b→denomi
nator

Pr
operf
ract
ion
I
npr
operf
ract
iont
henumer
atori
ssmal
l
ert
hant
hedenomi
nat
or.E.
g.
2 1
,
3 4

I
mpr
operf
ract
ion
Thenumer
atori
sbi
ggert
hanorequal
todenomi
nat
or.E.
g.

7 15 9
, ,
3 6 2

Mi
xedf
ract
ion
Ani
mpr
operf
ract
ionwr
it
tenast
hesum ofani
ntegerandapr
operf
ract
ion.Forexampl
e
7 1
=2+
3 3
1
=2
3

Changi
ngaMi
xedNumbert
oanI
mpr
operFr
act
ion

Mi
xednumber– 4 (
cont
ainsawhol
enumberandaf
ract
ion)

I
mpr
operf
ract
ion- (
numer
atori
slar
gert
handenomi
nat
or)

St
ep1–Mul
ti
plyt
hedenomi
nat
orandt
hewhol
enumber
St
ep2–Addt
hisanswert
othenumer
ator
;thi
sbecomest
henewnumer
ator
St
ep3–Car
ryt
heor
igi
nal
denomi
nat
orov
er

Exampl
e
3 = 3×8+1=25

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=

Exampl
e
4 = 4×9+4=40

Changi
nganI
mpr
operFr
act
iont
oaMi
xedNumber

St
ep1–Di
vi
det
henumer
atorbyt
hedenomi
nat
or
St
ep2–Theanswerf
rom st
ep1becomest
hewhol
enumber
St
ep3–Ther
emai
nderbecomest
henewnumer
ator
St
ep4–Theor
igi
nal
denomi
nat
orcar
ri
esov
er

Exampl
e
= 47÷5 or

5 =5 = 9

Exampl
e

= 2 = 2 =4½

Compar
ingFr
act
ions
Whencompari
ngf
ract
ions,t
heyar
efi
rstconv
ert
edi
ntot
hei
requi
val
entf
ormsusi
ngt
hesame
denomi
nat
or.

Equi
val
entFr
act
ions
Togett
heequi
val
entf
ract
ions,wemul
ti
plyordi
vi
det
henumer
atoranddenomi
nat
orofagiven
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f
ract
ionbythesamenumber
.Whent hef
ract
ionhasnof
act
ori
ncommonot
hert
han1,t
he
f
ract
ioni
ssaidt
obei
nit
ssimpl
estf
orm.

Exampl
e
Ar
ranget
hef
oll
owi
ngf
ract
ionsi
nascendi
ngor
der(
from t
hesmal
l
estt
othebi
ggest
):
1/
2 1/
4 5/
62/
3

St
ep1:
Changeal
lthef
ract
ionst
othesamedenomi
nat
or.

St
ep2:Inthiscasewewi l
luse12because2,4,6,and3al
lgoi nt
oi .
e.Weget12byfi
ndi
ngt
he
L.
C.M ofthedenomi nat
ors.Togettheequivalentfr
act
ionsdividethedenominat
orbyt
he
L.
C.M andthenmult
iplybotht
henumeratoranddenominatorbytheanswer,
For½wedi
vi
de12÷2=6,
thenmul
ti
plybot
hthenumer
atoranddenomi
nat
orby6asshown
bel
ow.

1x6 1x3 5x2 2x4

2x6 4x3 6x2 3x4

St
ep3:
Thef
ract
ionswi
l
lnowbe:
6/
12 3/
12 10/
12 8/
12

St
ep4:
Nowputy
ourf
ract
ionsi
nor
der(
smal
l
estt
obi
ggest
.)

3/
12 6/
12 8/
12 10/
12

St
ep5:
Changeback,
keepi
ngt
hem i
nor
der
.
1/
4 1/
2 2/
3 5/
6
Youcanal
souseper
cent
agest
ocompar
efr
act
ionsasshownbel
ow.

Exampl
e
Ar
ranget
hef
oll
owi
ngi
ndescendi
ngor
der(
from t
hebi
ggest
)
5/
12 7/
3 11/
5 9/
4

Solut
ion
5
X100=41.
67%
12
7
X100=233.
3%
3
11
X100=220%
5
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9
X100=225%
4
7/
3,9/
4,11/
5,5/
12

Oper
ati
ononFr
act
ions
Addi
ti
onandSubt
ract
ion
Thenumer
ator
soff
ract
ionswhosedenomi
nat
orsar
eequal
canbeaddedorsubt
ract
eddi
rect
ly.

Exampl
e
2/
7+3/
7=5/
7
6/
8–5/
8=1/
8
Whenaddi
ngorsubt
ract
ingnumber
swi
thdi
ff
erentdenomi
nat
orsl
i
ke:
5/
4+3/
6=?
2/
5–2/
7=?

St
ep1–Fi
ndacommondenomi
nat
or(
anumbert
hatbot
hdenomi
nat
orswi
l
lgoi
ntoorL.
C.M)
St
ep2–Di vi
dethedenomi
natorofeachfract
ionbyt hecommondenomi
nat
ororL.
C.M andt
hen
mult
ipl
ytheanswer
sbythenumeratorofeachfract
ion
St
ep3–Addorsubt
ractt
henumer
ator
sasi
ndi
cat
edbyt
heoper
ati
onsi
gn
St
ep4–Changet
heanswert
olowestt
erms

Exampl
e
+ = Commondenomi
nat
ori
s8becausebot
h2and8wi
l
lgoi
nto8

4+7
+ =
8

Whi
chsi
mpl
i
fiest
o1

Exampl
e
4 – = Commondenomi
nat
ori
s20becausebot
h4and5wi
l
lgoi
nto20

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4 = 4

– =

Or

12-
5 7
4 – =4 =4
20 20
Mixed number
s can be added orsubt
ract
ed easi
l
ybyf
ir
stexpr
essi
ng t
hem as i
mpr
oper
f
racti
ons.

Exampl
es
2 4
5 +1
3 5

Sol
uti
on
2 4 2 4
5 +1 =5+ +1+
3 5 3 5
2 4
=(
5+1)+ +
3 5

10+12
=6+
15

22
=6+
15
7 7
=6+1 =7
15 15

Exampl
e
-
2 - 1
Ev
aluat
e +
3 5

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Sol
uti
on
-
2 -1 -16-3 -19
+ = =
3 5 24 24

Mul
ti
ply
ingSi
mpl
eFr
act
ions
St
ep1–Mul
ti
plyt
henumer
ator
s
St
ep2–Mul
ti
plyt
hedenomi
nat
ors
St
ep3–Reducet
heanswert
olowestt
ermsbydi
vi
dingbycommondi
vi
sor
s

Exampl
e
× = whi
chr
educest
o

Mul
ti
ply
ingMi
xedNumber
s

St
ep1–Conv
ertt
hemi
xednumber
stoi
mpr
operf
ract
ionsf
ir
st
St
ep2–Mul
ti
plyt
henumer
ator
s
St
ep3–Mul
ti
plyt
hedenomi
nat
ors
St
ep4–Reducet
heanswert
olowestt
erms

Exampl
e
2 ×1 = × =

Whi
cht
henr
educest
o3

Not
e:
Whenopposi ngnumer at
orsanddenomi nat
orsaredivisi
blebyacommonnumber ,y
oumay
reduce the numeratorand denominatorbefor
e mult
iply
ing. Int he abov
e example,aft
er
convert
ingt hemixednumberstoimproperfr
acti
ons,
youwi l
lseet
hatthe3i nt
henumeratorand
theopposi ng3i nthedenominatorcouldhavebeenreducedbydi v
idi
ngbot hnumbersby3,
resul
ti
ngi nthefol
lowingr
educedfract
ion:

× = =3

Di
vi
dingSi
mpl
eFr
act
ions
St
ep1–Changedi
vi
sionsi
gnt
omul
ti
pli
cat
ion
Step2–Changet hefracti
onfol
lowi
ngthemult
ipl
icat
ionsignt
oit
sreci
procal(
rot
atet
hefr
acti
on
around so t
he old denominat
oristhe new numer at
orand t
he ol
d numerat
oristhe new
denominator
)

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St
ep3-Mul
ti
plyt
henumer
ator
s
St
ep4–Mul
ti
plyt
hedenomi
nat
ors
St
ep5–si
mpl
i
fyt
heanswert
olowestt
erms

Exampl
e
÷ = becomes × whi
chwhensol
vedi
s

Di
vi
dingMi
xedNumber
s
St
ep1–Conv
ertt
hemi
xednumberornumber
stoi
mpr
operf
ract
ion.
St
ep2–Changet
hedi
vi
sionsi
gnt
omul
ti
pli
cat
ion.
Step3–Changet hefract
ionfoll
owi
ngthemul t
ipl
icat
ionsi
gntoitsreci
procal(f
li
pthefr
acti
on
around so t
he ol
d denominatoristhe new numeratorand t
he ol
d numer at
oristhe new
denominator
)
St
ep4-Mul
ti
plyt
henumer
ator
s.
St
ep5–Mul
ti
plyt
hedenomi
nat
ors.
St
ep6–Si
mpl
i
fyt
heanswert
olowestf
orm.

Exampl
e
3 ÷2 = becomes ÷ becomes × =

Whi
chwhensol
vedi
s × = whi
chsi
mpl
i
fiest
o1

Or
derofoper
ati
onsonFr
act
ions
Thesamer
ulest
hatappl
yoni
nteger
sar
ethesamef
orf
ract
ions
BODMAS

Exampl
e
1
4
1
4 ( )
15÷ of12=15÷ x12(
west
artwi
thoft
hendi
vi
sion)

=15÷3
=5

Exampl
e
{ ( )}
1 1 3 11
+ x + - =
6 2 8 34

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Sol
uti
on
4-1 1
1/
3–1/
4= = (west
artwi
thbr
acket
)
12 12

{ }
3 1 11
+ = (
8 12 21
Wet
henwor
koutt
heout
erbr
acket
)

1 1 11 1 11
+ x = + ( Wet
henwor
koutt
hemul
ti
pli
cat
ion)
6 2 48 6 48
1 11 19
+ = ( Addi
ti
oncomesl
asther
e)
6 48 48

Exampl
e
1 1
+
2 3
Ev
aluat
e +½
1 21
of(-)
7 56

Sol
uti
on
1 1
+
2 3
Wef
ir
stwor
koutt
hisf
ir
st
1 21
of(-)
7 56
1 1 3+2 5
+ = =
2 3 6 6

( )
1 21 1 7 1
of - = x =
7 56 7 30 30
5
×30=25
6

1 1
+
2 3
Ther
efor
e +½=25+½
1 21
of(-)
7 56
=25½
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Not
e:
Oper
ati
onsonf
ract
ionsar
eper
for
medi
nthef
oll
owi
ngor
der
.
 Per
for
mtheoper
ati
onencl
osedwi
thi
nthebr
acketf
ir
st.
 I
f(of
)appear
s,per
for
mthatoper
ati
onbef
oreanyot
her
.

Exampl
e
Ev
aluat { ()
1 3 1 73 1
e: + - of1 ÷5=
2 5 4 37 2 }
Sol
uti
on
=

{ ()
1 3 1 40
+
2 5 4 21
1
}
of1 ÷5
2

= {
1 3 1 40 3
+ x x ÷5
2 5 4 21 2 }
(
1 3 10 3
= + x ÷5
2 5 21 2 )
= (+ )
13 5
2 5 35

=(
2 35 ) 2 35 35
1 21+5 1 26 13
= x =

Exampl
e
TwopipesAandBcanfi
llanemptytanki
n3hr
sand5hrsrespecti
vel
y.PipeCcanempty
thet
ankin4hr
s.I
fthet
hreepipesA,
BandCar eopenedatthesamet i
mef i
ndhowlong
i
twil
ltakef
ort
hetankt
obef ul
l.

Sol
uti
on
1/
3+1/
5-1/
4=20+12-
15
60
=17/
60
17/
60=1hr
1=1x60/
17
60/
17=3.
5294118
=3.
529hr
s.
Endoft
opi
c

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Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c

1. Ev
aluat
ewi
thoutusi
ngacal
cul
ator
.

2. At
wodigitnumberi
ssucht
hatthesum oft
heonesandthet
ensdigi
tist
en.I
fthedi
git
s
ar
erev
ersed,t
henewnumberf
ormedexceedst
heori
ginal
numberby54.
Fi
ndt
henumber
.

3. Ev
aluat
e

4. Conv
ertt
her
ecur
ri
ngdeci
mal
l i
ntof
ract
ion

5. Si
mpl
i
fy wi
thoutusi
ngt
abl
esorcal
cul
ator

6. Ev
aluat
ewi
thoutusi
ngt
abl
esorcal
cul
ator
s

7. Mr .Saidikeepsturkey
sandchickens.Thenumberofturkeysexceedsthenumberof
chickensby6.Dur i
nganoutbr
eakofadi sease,¼ofthechickenand1/3 ft
o hetur
keys
died.Ifhelostt
otal
of30bir
ds,
howmanybi rdsdidhehavealt
ogether
?

9. Wor
kout

10. Ev
aluat
e -
4of(
-4+-
515)+-
3–42)

84-
7+3--
5

11.Wr
it
ether
ecur
ri
ngdeci
mal
0.CanasFr
act
ion

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12. Ev
aluat
e wi
thoutusi
ngacal
cul
ator
.

13. Wi
thoutusi
ngt
abl
esorcal
cul
ator
sev
aluat
e.

14. Wi
thoutusi
ngt
abl
esorcal
cul
ator
,ev
aluat
ethef
oll
owi
ng.
- - -
8+(13)x3–(5)
- -
1+(6)÷2x2

15. Expr
ess asasi
ngl
efr
act
ion

16. Si
mpl
i
fy 2½-2/
½of 3½+1½( 3)

¾of2½½

17. Ev
aluat
e:
2
/
5½of4/9–11/
10

1 1
/
8– /6of3/
8

18. Wi thoutusi
ngacalcul
atorort
abl
e,wor
koutt
hef
oll
owi
ngl
eav
ingt
heanswerasami
xed
numberi
nitssimpl
estf
orm:-
¾+12/ 3
7÷ /7of21/
3

3
(
9/7-/8)x2/
3

19. Wor
koutt
hef
oll
owi
ng,
giv
ingt
heanswerasami
xednumberi
nit
ssi
mpl
estf
orm.
2 1
/
5½ of4/
9–1 /10
1 1
/
8– /16x3/
8

20. Ev
aluat
e;

3
f73/ 1
¼+31/ 2
/
8o 5– /31 3x2/ 5

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23. Wi
thoutusi
ngacal
cul
ator
,ev
aluat
e:

14/
5of25/
1812/
3x24

21/
3–¼of125/
3 l
eav
ingt
heanswerasaf
ract
ioni
nit
ssi
mpl
estf
orm

24. Ther ewasaf und-

raisi
nginMat issehi
ghschool
.Oneseventhofthemoneythatwas
rai
sedwasusedt oconst
ructateacher’
shouseandtwothi
rdsoft
heremai
ningmoneywasused
toconst
ructcl
assrooms.Ifshs.
300,000r emai
ned,
howmuchmoneywasr ai
sed

CHAPTEREI
GHT

DECI
MALS
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Conv
ertf
ract
ionsi
ntodeci
mal
sandv
icev
ersa
b.
)Ident
if
yrecur
ri
ngdeci
mal
s
c.
)Conv
ertr
ecur
ri
ngdeci
mal
sint
ofr
act
ions
d.
)Roundof
fadeci
mal
numbert
other
equi
rednumberofdeci
mal
places
e.
)Wr
it
enumber
sinst
andar
dfor
m
f
.)Per
for
mthef
ourbasi
coper
ati
onsondeci
mal
s
g.
)Car
ryouroper
ati
onsi
nthecor
rector
der
h.
)Appl
ytheknowl
edgeofdeci
mal
stor
eal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Cont
ent
a.
)Fr
act
ionsanddeci
mal
s
b.
)Recur
ri
ngdeci
mal
s
c.
)Recur
ri
ngdeci
mal
sandf
ract
ions
d.
)Deci
mal
places
e.
)St
andar
dfor
m
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f
.) Oper
ati
onsondeci
mal
s
g.
)Or
derofoper
ati
ons
h.
)Real
li
fepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngdeci
mal
s.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Afract
ionwhosedenominatorcanbewr
it
tenast
hepowerof10i
scal
l
edadeci
malf
ract
ionora
deci
mal.E.
g.1/10,
1/100,50/1000.
Adecimalisal
wayswri
tt
enasf ol
l
ows1/
10i
swr
it
tenas0.
1whi
l
e5/
100i
swr
it
tenas0.
05.
The
doti
scall
edthedeci
malpoi
nt.
Numbersaftert
hedecimalpoi
ntsarereadassi
ngledigi
tse.g.5.875isreadasfi
vepoi
nteight
sev
enf i
ve.Adecimalf
ract
ionsuch8.3means8+3/ 10.Adecimalfract
ionwhichr
epr
esent
st he
sum ofawholenumberandaproperfr
acti
oni
scall
edami xedfracti
on.

Pl
acev
aluechar
t
t
Ten

s
Thousand

Hundr

Tens

Ones

Poi
Deci

Tent

s
Hundr

hs
Thousandt

hs
Thousandt
Ten

hs
Thousandt
Hundr
housands

nt
mal

hs
eds

edt

ed
h

10,
000 100 10 1 . .
1 .
01 .
001 .
0001 .
00001
1,
000

Deci
mal
toFr
act
ions
Toconver
tanumberfrom fr
act
ionfor
mt odeci
malfor
m,simplydi
vi
det
henumer
ator(
thet
op
number
)bythedenomi
nator(
thebot
tom number
)oft
hefract
ion.

Exampl
e:
5/
8

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8  Addasmanyzer
osasneeded.

48
20
16
40
40
0

Conv
ert
ingadeci
mal
toaf
ract
ion
Tochangeadeci
maltoaf
racti
on,det
ermi
net
heplaceval
ueoft
helastnumberi
nthedeci
mal.
Thisbecomest
hedenomi
nator
.Thedecimalnumberbecomesthenumerat
or.Thenreduce
youranswer
.

Ex
ampl
e:

.
625-t
he5i
sint
het
housandt
hscol
umn,
ther
efor
e,

.
625= =r
educest
o

Not
e:
Yourdenomi
natorwil
lhav
et hesamenumberofzer
osasther
earedeci
maldigi
tsi
nthedeci
mal
numberyoust
artedwit
h-. 625hast
hreedeci
maldi
git
ssothedenomi
natorwi
ll
havethr
eezer
o.

Recur
ri
ngDeci
mal
s
Thesearedeci
malf
ract
ionsi
nwhi
chadi
gitoragr
oupofdi
git
srepeatcont
inuousl
ywi
thout
endi
ng.
1
=0.
333333
3
5
=0.
454545454
11
Wecannotwri
teallthenumber
s,wetheref
orepl
aceadotaboveadigi
tthati
sr ecurr
ing.I
fmore
t
hanonedigi
trecursinapat
ter
n,weplaceadotabov
ethefi
rstandt
helastdi
gitinthepatt
ern.

E.
g.
̇
0.
3333……………………….
iswr
it
tenas0.
3
̇̇
0.
4545………………………i
swr
it
tenas0.
45
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l
.com
̇̇
0.
324324………………….
iswr
it
tenas0.
324
Anydivi
sionwhosedi
vi
sorhaspr
imef
act
orsot
hert
han2or5f
ormsar
ecur
ri
ngdeci
malornon-
ter
minati
ngdeci
mal.

Exampl
e
Ex
presseachasaf
ract
ion
̇
a.
)0.
6
̇
b.
)0.
73
̇̇
c.
)0.
15

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Letr=0.
66666-
--
--
--
(I)
10r=6.
6666-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--(
II
)
Subt
ract
ingIf
rom I
I
9r=6
6
r=
9
2
=
3
b.
)Letr=0.
73333-
--
--
--
--(
I)
10r
=7.
3333333-
--
--
--
--(
II
)
100r=73.
33333-
--
--
--
--(
II
I)
Subt
ract
ing(
II
)fr
om (
II
I)

90r=66
66
r=
90
11
=
15
c.
)Letr=0.
151515-
--
--
--
--
(I)
100r=15.
1515-
--
--
--
--
--(
II
)
99r
=15
15
r=
99
5
=
33
Page|
34
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ehi
ghschool
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es,
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debooks,
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als

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Deci
mal
places
Whentheprocessofcar
ryi
ngoutdi
visi
ongoesov
erandoveragai
nwit
houtendi
ngwemayround
offt
hedigitstoanynumberofrequir
eddigi
tst
otheri
ghtofdecimalpoi
ntswhi
charecall
ed
deci
malplaces.

Exampl
e
Round2.
832t
othenear
esthundr
edt
h.

Sol
uti
on

St
ep1–Det
ermi
net
hepl
acet
owhi
cht
henumberi
stober
oundedi
s.

2.
832

St
ep2–I fthedigi
ttother
ightofthenumbertober oundedi
slessthan5,r
eplaceitandal
lthe
di
gitstot
heri
ghtofitbyzeros.Ifthedi
gittother
ightoftheunderl
i
nednumberi s5orhigher
,
i
ncreaset
heunderli
nednumberby1andr epl
aceal
lnumber stotheri
ghtbyzeros.Ift
hezeros
ar
edecimaldi
git
s,youmayelimi
natethem.

2.
832 = 2.
830 = 2.
83

Exampl
e
Round43.
5648t
othenear
estt
housandt
h.

Sol
uti
on

43.
5648 = 43.
5650= 43.
565

Exampl
e
Round5,
897,
000t
othenear
esthundr
edt
housand.

Sol
uti
on
5,
897,
000 =5,
900,
000

St
andar
dFor
m
n
Anumberissai
dtobei
nst
andar
dfor
mifi
tisexpr
essedi
nfor
m AX10,
Wher
e1<A<10andn
i
sanint
eger.

Exampl
e
Wr
it
ethef
oll
owi
ngnumber
sinst
andar
dfor
m.
a.
)36 b.
)576c.
)0.
052

Page|
35
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Sol
uti
on
a.
)36/ 6x101
10x10=3.

b.
)576/ 76x102
100x100=5.
c.
)0.
052=0.
052x100/
100
1
5.
2×
100
1 2
5.
2×( )
100

2×10-2
5.

Oper
ati
ononDeci
mal
s

Addi
ti
onandSubt
ract
ion
Thekeypoi
ntwi
thaddi
ti
onandsubt
ract
ioni
stol
i
neupt
hedeci
mal
poi
nts!

Exampl
e
2.
64+11.
2= 2.
64

+11.
20 i
nthi
scase,
ithel
pst
owr
it
e11.
2as11.
20
13.
84

Exampl
e
14.
73–12.
155= 14.
730 agai
naddi
ngt
his0hel
ps
- 12.
155
2.
575

Exampl
e
127.
5+0.
127= 327.
500
+ 0.
127
327.
627

Mul
ti
pli
cat
ion
Whenmul t
ipl
yingdecimal
s,dothesum asi fthedeci malpoint
swerenotthere,andt hen
cal
culatehowmanynumber sweretother
ightofthedeci
malpointi
nbot
htheori
ginalnumbers-
next,
placethedecimalpoi
nti
nyouranswersothatther
earethi
snumberofdi
git
st otheri
ghtof
yourdecimalpoint
?

Exampl
e
2.
1x1.
2.
Calculat
e21x12=252.Ther ei
sonenumbertotheri
ghtofthedeci
mali
neachoftheori
ginal
number s,maki
ngatot
aloftwo.Wether
efor
eplaceourdeci
malsothatt
her
earetwodigi
tsto
therightoft
hedeci
malpoi
nti
nouranswer
.
Page|36
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ehi
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als

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Hence2.
1x1.
2=2.
52.
Alway slookaty
ouranswertoseei
fitissensi
ble.2x1=2,soouranswershoul
dbecloset
o2
ratherthan20or0.2whichcoul
dbet heanswersobtai
nedbyput
ti
ngthedecimali
nthewrong
place.

Exampl
e
1.
4x6
Calcul
ate14x6=84.Ther
eisonedi
gitt
other
ightoft
hedeci
mali
nouror
igi
nalnumber
ssoour
answeris8.
4
Check1x6=6soouranswershoul
dbecl
osert
o6t
han60or0.
6

Di
vi
sion
Whendi
vi
dingdeci
mals,thefi
rstst
epistowr i
tey
ournumber
sasaf
ract
ion.Not
ethatt
he
sy
mbol/i
susedtodenotedi
vi
sioni
nthesenot
es.
Hence2.
14/1.
2=2.
14
1.
2
Next
,movethedeci
malpoi
ntt
otheri
ghtunt
ilbot
hnumbersar
enolongerdeci
mal
s.Dot
hist
he
samenumberofpl
acesont
hetopandbot
tom,putt
ingi
nzer
osasr
equir
ed.

2.14 214
Hence becomes
1.2 120
Thi
scant
henbecal
cul
atedasanor
mal
div
isi
on.
Alwayschecky
ouranswerfr
om t
heori
ginalt
omakesur
ethatt
hingshav
en’tgonewrongalong
theway.Youwouldexpect2.
14/
1.2t
obesomewherebetween1and2.I nfact
,theansweris
1.78.

I
fthi
smethodseemsst r
ange,t
ryusi
ngacalcul
atort
ocal
cul
ate2.
14/
1.2,21.
4/12,
214/
120and
2140/1200.Theanswershoul
dalwaysbet
hesame.

Exampl
e
4.
36/0.
14=4.
36=436=31.
14
1.
14 14

Exampl
e
27.
93/1.
2=27.
93=2793=23.
28
1.
2 120

Page|
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als

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Roundi
ngUp

Somedecimalnumbersgoonf
orev
er!Tosi
mpl
i
fyt
hei
ruse,wedeci
deonacut
offpoi
ntand
“r
ound”t
hem upordown.
Ifwewantt oround2.734216totwodeci malplaces,welookatt henumberi nthethir
dplace
aft
erthedecimal ,
inthi
scase,4.I
fthenumberis0, 1,2,3or4,weleavet hel
astfi
gurebefor
ethe
cutoffasitis.Ifthenumberis5,6,7,8or9we“ roundup”thelastfigurebef
orethecutoffby
one.2.734216therefor
ebecomes2. 73whenroundedt o2decimalplaces.

I
fwear
eroundi
ngt
o2deci
mal
places,
wel
eav
e2number
stot
her
ightoft
hedeci
mal
.
I
fwear
eroundi
ngt
o2si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es,wel
eav
etwonumber
s,whet
hert
heyar
edeci
mal
sor
not
.

Exampl
e

243.
7684=243.
77(
2deci
mal
places)
=240(
2si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es)

1973.
285=1973.
29(
2deci
mal
places)
=2000(
2si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es)
2.
4689=2.
47(2deci
mal pl
aces)
=2.
5(2si
gnif
icantf
igur
es)
0.
99879=1.
00(
2deci
mal
places)
=1.
0(2si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es)

Or
derofoper
ati
on
Thesamer
ulesonoper
ati
onsi
sal
way
sthesameev
enf
ordeci
mal
s.

Exampl
es
Ev
aluat
e
0.
02+3.
5x2.
6–0.
1(6.
2-3.
4)

Sol
uti
on
0.
02+3.
5x2.
6–0.
1x2.
8=0.
02+0.
91-
0.28
=8.
84

Page|
38
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Endoft
opi
c
Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c

1.
)Wi
thoutusi
ngl
ogar
it
hm t
abl
esoracal
cul
atorev
aluat
e.

384.
16x0.
0625
96.
04

2.
)Ev
aluat
ewi
thoutusi
ngmat
hemat
ical
tabl
e

1000 0.
0128
200
3.
)Expressthenumber
s1470and7056,
eachasapr
oductofi
tspr
imef
act
ors.
Henceev
aluate: 14702
7056
Leav
ingt
heansweri
npr
imef
act
orf
orm
4.
)Wi
thoutusi
ngmat
hemat
ical
tabl
esorcal
cul
ator
s,ev
aluat
e

3
675x135
2025
5.
)Ev
aluat
ewi
thoutusi
ngmat
hemat
ical
tabl
esort
hecal
cul
ator

0.0625x2.56
0.25x0.08
CHAPTERNI
NE

SQUAREANDSQUREROOTS

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthet
opi
cthelear
nershoul
dbeableto:
a.)Fi
ndsquar
esofnumbersbymulti
pli
cat
ion
b.
)Fi
ndsquar
esf
rom t
abl
es
c.
)Fi
ndsquar
erootbyf
act
ormet
hod
Page|
39
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d.
)Fi
ndsquar
erootf
rom t
abl
es.

Cont
ent
a.
)Squar
esbymul
ti
pli
cat
ion
b.
)Squar
esf
rom t
abl
es
c.
)Squar
eroot
sbyf
act
ori
zat
ion
d.
)Squar
eroot
sfr
om t
abl
es.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Squar
es
Thesquar
eofanumberi
ssimpl
ytheumbermul
ti
pli
edbyi
tsel
fonce.Forexampl
ethesquar
eof
15is225.
Thati
s15x15=225.
Squar
efr
om t
abl
es
Thesquaresofnumber scanber eaddir
ectlyfrom tabl
eofsquares.Thi
st abl
esgi
veonly
approxi
mateval
uesofthesquarest
o4f i
gures.Thesquaresofnumber
sfrom 1.
000to9.
999can
bereaddir
ect
lyfr
om t
het abl
es.
Theuseoft
abl
esi
sil
l
ust
rat
edbel
ow

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hesquar
eof
:
a.
)4.
25
b.
)42.
5
c.
)0.
425

Tabl
es

a.
)Tor eadthesquar
eof4. 25,l
ookfor4.2downthecolumnheadedx.Movetotheri
ght
al
ongthi
srow,upt owher ei
tint
ersect
swit
hthecolumnheaded5.Thenumberi
nthis
posi
ti
oni
sthesquareof4.25

252=18.
So4. 06t
o4f
igur
es

b.
)Thesquar
eof4.
25l
i ween402and502 bet
esbet ween1600and2500.

52=(
42. 4.25x101)
2

252x102
=4.
=18.
06x100
=1806
12
c. 4252=(
)0. 4.25x )
10
Page|
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2
1
252x( )
=4.
10
=18.
06x1/
100
=0.
1806

Thesquaretabl
eshaveextracol
umnslabeled1t o9t otheri
ghtofthet hi
ckline.Thenumber s
underthesecol
umnsar ecall
edmeandifferences.Tof i
nd3.
162,read3. 16toget9. 986.Then
readthenumberintheposit
ionwher
ether owcont ai
ning9.
986inter
sect swit
ht hediff
erences
columnheaded2.Thedi
ff
erencei
s13andthi sshouldbeaddedtothelastdigi
tsof9.986
9.
986
+ 13
9.
999
56.129has5si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
esandi
nor
dert
ouse4f
igur
est
abl
es,
wemustf
ir
str
oundi
tof
fto
fourfi
gur
es.
56.
129=56.
13t
o4f
igur
es

132=(
56. 5.613x101)
2

50x102
=31.
=3150

Squar
eRoot
s
Squar
eroot
sar
etheopposi
teofsquar
es.Forexampl
e5x5=25,
wesayt
hat5i
sasquar
eroot
of25.
Anyposit
ivenumberhastwosquar
eroot
s,oneposi
ti
veandt
heot
hernegat
ive.
Thesy
mbolf
or
thesquar
erootofanumberi
s√.
Anumberwhosesquar
erooti
sani
ntegeri
scal
l
edaper
fectsquar
e.Forexampl
e1,4,
9,
25and
36ar
eperf
ectsquar
es.

Squar
eroot
sbyFact
ori
zat
ion.
Thesquar
erootofanumbercanal
sobeobt
ainedusi
ngf
act
ori
zat
ionmet
hod.

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hesquar
erootof81byf
act
ori
zat
ionmet
hod.

Sol
uti
on
√81= 3x33x3 (
Findt
hepr
imef
act
orof81)
=(
3x3)(
3x3)(
Groupt
hepr
imef
act
orsi
ntot
woi
dent
ical
number
s)
=3x3 (
Outoft
het
woi
dent
ical
pri
mef
act
ors,
chooseoneandf
indt
hei
rpr
oduct
)
=9

Page|
41
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Not
e:
Pai
rthepr
imef act
orsi
ntot
woi
dent
icalnumber
s.Forev
erypai
r,pi
ckonl
yonenumbert
hen
obt
aint
heproduct
.

Exampl
e
Fi
nd√1764byf
act
ori
zat
ion.

Sol
uti
on
1764= 2x2x3x3x7x7
=2x3x7
=42

Exampl
e
Fi
nd√441byf
act
ori
zat
ion

Sol
uti
on
√441= 3x3x7x7
=3x7
=21

Squar
eRootf
rom t
abl
es
Squar
eroot
sofnumber
sfr
om 1.
0to99.
99ar
egi
veni
nthet
abl
esandcanber
eaddi
rect
ly.

Exampl
es
Uset
abl
est
ofi
ndt
hesquar
erootof
:
a.
)1.
86 b.
)42.
57 c.
)359 d.
)0.
8236

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Tor eadthesquarerootof1.
86,l
ookf or1.
8inthecolumnheadedx,movet
otheri
ght
al
ongt hi
sr ow t
owher eiti
nter
sectswiththecolumnheaded6.Thenumberi
nthis
posi
ti
onisthesquar
erootof1.
86.Thus1.86=1.
364to4f i
gur
es.

b.
) 42.57Lookfor42i nthecolumnheadedxandmov ealongtherow contai
ning42t o
wherei
tint
ersectswit
hthecolumnheaded5.Readthenumberinthi
sposit
ion,whichis
6.
519.Thedif
ferencef
or7from thedi
ff
erencecol
umnalongthi
srowis6.Thedi f
fer
ence
i
saddedto6.519asshownbel ow:
6.
519
+0.
006
6.
525

Thus,42.
57=6.
525t
o4f
igur
es.
Foranynumberoutsi
dethi
srange,i
tisnecessar
ytof
ir
stexpr
essi
tast
hepr
oductofanumber
i
nthisrangeandanevenpowerof10.

Page|
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2
c.
)359=3.
59x10

359= (
3.59x1000)

=1.
895x10
=18.
95(
fourf
igur
es)

d.
)0.
8236=82.
36x ()
12
10

1
8236= (
0. 82.
36x )
100

1
=(
9.072+0.
004)x
10
=0.
9076(
4fi
gur
es)

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
)Ev
aluat
ewi
thoutusi
ngt
abl
esorcal
cul
ator
s

2.
)Ev
aluat
eusi
ngr
eci
procal
s,squar
eandsquar
eroott
abl
esonl
y.

3.
)Usi
ngacal
cul
ator
,ev
aluat
e

(
Showy
ourwor
kingateachst
age)

4.
)Uset
abl
esofr
eci
procal
sandsquar
eroot
stoev
aluat
e

5.
)Uset
abl
est
ofi
nd;
a)I 9782
)4.
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i
i
)Ther
eci
procal
of31.
65
b)Henceev
aluat
eto4.
S.Ft
hev
alueof
9782–1/
4. 31.
65

6.
)Uset
abl
esofsquar
es,
squar
eroot
sandr
eci
procal
stoev
aluat
ecor
rectt
o4S.

3 2
0136( 72)
2
0. 3.
7. Wit
houtusi
ngmat
hemat
icalt
abl
esorcal
cul
ator,ev
aluat
e:153x1.
8 gi
vi
ngy
our
answerinst
andar
dfor
m 0.
68x0.32

CHAPTERTEN

ALGEBRAI
CEXPRESSI
ON

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthetopi
cthelear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)Usel
ett
erstorepr
esentnumbers
b.
)Wr
it
est
atement
sinal
gebr
aicf
orm
c.
)Si
mpl
i
fyal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
ons
d.
)Fact
ori
zeanal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
onsbygr
oupi
ng
e.
)Remov
ebr
acket
sfr
om al
gebr
aicexpr
essi
ons
f
.)Ev
aluat
eal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
onsbysubst
it
uti
ngnumer
ical
val
ues
g.
)Appl
yal
gebr
ainr
eal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Cont
ent
a.
)Let
ter
sfornumber
s
b.
)Al
gebr
aicf
ract
ions
c.
)Si
mpl
i
ficat
ionofal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
ons
d.
)Fact
ori
zat
ionbygr
oupi
ng
e.
)Remov
alofbr
acket
s
f
.) Subst
it
uti
onandev
aluat
ion
g.
)Pr
obl
em sol
vi
ngi
nreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
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Anal gebr
aicexpr
essioni
samat hematicalexpr
essi
ont
hatconsi
stsofv ar
iabl
es,numbersand
operati
ons.Thevalueofthi
sexpressi
oncanchangeClari
fythedefi
nit
ionsandhav estudent
s
takenotesonthei
rgraphi
corgani
zer
.
Not
e:
o Algebraic Expr ession—contains atl eastone v ari
abl
e,one numberand one
operation.Anexampl eofanal gebrai cexpressi
oni sn+9.
o Variable—al ett
erthatisusedi nplaceofanumber .Somet i
mes,thev ar
iabl
ewi l
l
begi venav alue.Thisvaluewi l
lreplacet hevariabl
einordertosolvetheequat i
on.
Othert imes,t hev ari
ableisnotassi gnedav al
ueandt hest udentistosol v
et he
equationt odeterminethevalueoft hev ari
able.
o Const ant —anumbert hatstandsbyi tself
.The9i nourpr evi
ousv ocabul
aryisan
exampl eofaconst ant
.
o Coef f
icient—anumberi nf r
ontofandat t
achedt oav ar
iable.Forexampl e,i
nt he
expressi on5x+3, the5isthecoef ficient.
o Term—eachpar tofanexpressiont hati sseparatedbyanoper ati
on.Fori nst
ance,
i
nourear l
ierexampl en+9, thetermsar enand7.
Exampl
es
Wr
it
eeachphr
aseasanal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
on.
Ni
nei
ncr
easedbyanumberr→ 9+r
Four
teendecr
easedbyanumberx → 14-x
Si
xlesst
hananumbert→ t-6
Thepr
oductof5andanumbern→ 5Xn or5n
31
Thi
rt
y-t
wodi
vi
dedbyanumbery 31÷x or
x

Exampl
e
Anelect
ri
cianchargessh450perhourandspendssh200adayongasol
i
ne.Wr
it
eanal
gebr
aic
expr
essi
ont or
epresenthi
sear
ningsforoneday
.
Sol
ution: Letxr
epr
esentthenumberofhourstheelect
ri
cianworksi
noneday
.Theel
ect
ri
cian'
s
ear
ningscanberepr
esent
edbyt hef
oll
owingalgebr
aicexpr
ession:

Sol
uti
on
450x-200

Si
mplif
icat
ionofAl
gebr
aicExpr
essi
ons
Note:
Basi
cst
epst
ofol
l
owwhensi
mpl
i
fyanal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
on:
 Remov
epar
ent
hesesbymul
ti
ply
ingf
act
ors.
 Useexponentr
ulest
oremov
epar
ent
hesesi
nter
mswi
thexponent
s.
 Combi
nel
i
ket
ermsbyaddi
ngcoef
fi
cient
s.
 Combi
net
heconst
ant
s.

Li
keandunl
i
ket
erms
Liketer
mshav ethesamevari
abl
e/let
ter
sraisedtot
hesamepoweri.e.3b+2b=5bora+5a=
6aandt heycanbesi mpl
if
iedfur
therint
o5band6ar espect
ivel
y(a2 and 3a2 arealsoli
ke
terms).
Whileunl
i
ket er
mshav edi
ff
erentvar
iablesi
.
e.3b+2cor4b+2xandt heycannotbe
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si
mpl
i
fiedf
urt
her
.

Exampl
e

3a+12b+4a-
2b = 7a+10b (col
l
ectt
hel
i
ckt
erms)

2x-5y+3x-7y+3w =5x-12y+3w
Exampl
e
Si
mpl
i
fy:
2x–6y–4x+5z–y

Sol
uti
on
2x–6y–4x+5z–y=2x–4x–6y–y+5z
=(
2x–4x)–(
6y+y
)+5z
=-2x–7y+5z

Not
e:
-
6y–y=-
(6y+y
)

Exampl
e
1 1 1
Si
mpl
i
fy: a- b+ a
2 3 4

Sol
uti
on
TheL.
C.M of2,
3and4i
s12.
1 1 1 6a-4b+3a
Ther
efor
e a- b+ a=
2 3 4 12
6a+3a-
4b
=
12
9a-
4b
=
12

Ex
ampl
e
a+b 2a-
b
Si
mpl
i
fy: -
2 3

Sol
uti
on
b 3(
a+b 2a- a+b)
-2( b)
2a-
- =
2 3 6
3a+3b-
4a+2b
6
3a-
4a+3b+2b
6

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-a+5b
=
6

Exampl
e
5x²-2x²=3x²

4a²
bc-2a²
bc=2a²
bc

b–2b3c+3a²
a² b+b3c=4a²
b–b3c

Not
e:
Capi
tal
let
terandsmal
ll
ett
ersar
enotl
i
ket
erms.

Br
acket
s
Br
acket
sser
vet
hesamepur
poseast
heydoi
nar
it
hmet
ic.

Exampl
e
Remov
ethebr
acket
sandsi
mpl
i
fy:
a.
)3(a+b)–2(
a–b)
b.
)1/
3a+3(
5a+b–c)
c.
)2b+3(
3–2(
a–5)

Sol
uti
on
a.
)3(a+b)–2(
a–b)=3a+3b–2a+2b
=3a-2a+3b+2b
=a+5b
b.
)1/
3a+3(
5a+b–c)=1/
3a+15a+3b–3c
1
=15 a+3b-
3c
3
c.
)2b+a{3–2(
a–5)
}=2b+a{
3–2a+10}

=2b+3a–2a2+10a

=2b+3a+10a-2a2

=2b+13a-2a2
Theprocessofr
emainingthebracket
siscal
l
edexpansi
onwhi
l
ether
ever
sepr
ocessofi
nser
ti
ng
thebr
acketsi
scall
edfactori
zat
ion.

Exampl
e
Fact
ori
zet
hef
oll
owi
ng:
a.
)3m +3n=3(
m +n) (t
hecommont
ermi
s3soweputi
tout
sidet
hebr
acket
)
3 4 5
)ar
b. +ar +ar
2
)4x
c. y+20x4y
2
-36x3y

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Sol
uti
on

3 4 5 3
)ar
b. +ar +ar(
ar iscommon)
3
ar(1+r
+r2
)
)4x2y+20x4y
c. 2
-36x3y
2
4xy(
Iscommon)

=4x2y
(1+5x2y-
9x

Fact
ori
zat
ionbygr
oupi
ng
Whentheter
msofanexpressionwhichdonothaveacommonf act
orar etakenpai
rwi
se,a
commonfact
orcanbef
ound.Thismet
hodisknownasf
act
ori
zat
ionbygroupi
ng.

Exampl
e
Fact
ori
ze:
a.
)3ab+2b+3ca+2c
b.
)ab+bx–a-x

Sol
uti
on
a.
)3ab+2b+3ca+2c=b(3a+2)+c(
3a+2)
=(
3a+2)(
b+c)

b.
)ab+bx–a–x=b(a+x)–1(a+x)
=(
a+x)(
b–1)

Al
gebr
aicf
ract
ions
I
nal
gebr
a,f
ract
ionscanbeaddedandsubt
ract
edbyf
indi
ngt
heL.
C.M oft
hedenomi
nat
ors.

Exampl
es
Ex
presseachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngasasi
ngl
efr
act
ion:
x-
1 x+2 x
a.
) + +
2 4 5
a+b b-
a
b.
) -
b a
1 3 5
c.
) + +
3(
a+b) 8(
a+b) 12a
Sol
uti
on

1 x+2 x 10(x-
x- 1)+5(x+2)
+4x
a.
) + + = (
10x-
10+5x+10+4x)
2 4 5 12a
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19x
=
20

a b(a+b)
a+b b- -
a(b-
a)
b.
) - =
b a ab
a2+b2
=
ab

1 3 5
c.
) + + (
fi
ndt
heL.
C.M.of3,
8and12whi
chi )
s24,
3(
a+b) 8(
a+b) 12a
(
fi
ndt
heL.
C. sa(a+b))
M.ofaand(a+b)i
(
TheL.
C.M.of3(a+b),
8(a+b) s24a(a+b))
and12i

1 3 5 8 a+9a+10a+10b
+ + =
3(
a+b) 8(
a+b) 12a 24a(a+b)
27a+10b
=
24a(a+b)

Si
mpl
i
ficat
ionbyf
act
ori
zat
ion
Fact
ori
zat
ioni
susedt
osi
mpl
i
fyexpr
essi
ons

Exampl
es
Si
mpl
i
fy p2–2pq+q2

2p2-
3pq+q2

Sol
uti
on
Numer
atori
ssol
vedf
ir
st.

p2- pq+q2
Pq-
p(p-
q)-
q(p+q)
2
(
p-q)
Thensol
vet
hedenomi
nat
or
2p2-
2pq-pq-q2
(
2p-
q)(
p-q)
2
(
p-q) p-
q
=
(
2p-q)(
p-q) 2p-q
2
(
p-q) =(
p-q)
( q)hencei
p- tcancel
wit
hthedenomi
nat
or

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Exampl
e
Si
mpl
i
fy

Sol
uti
on
Num.(
4m –3n)(
4m +3n)
Den.4m2–4mn+3mn–3n2
(
4m +3n)(
m –n)
(
4m –3n)(
4m +3n)
(
4m +3n)(
m –n)

4m –3n
m –n

Exampl
e
Si
mpl
i
fyt
heexpr
essi
on.

Sol
uti
on
Numer
ator
18x(
y–r
)
Denomi
nat
or
9x(
r–y
)

18x(y–r)
Ther
efor
e
9x(r-
y)
(
y–r )
=
(r-
y)

Exampl
e
12x2+ax-
6a2
Si
mpl
i
fy
9x2-
4a2

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Sol
uti
on

Exampl
e
Si
mpl
i
fyt
heexpr
essi
oncompl
etel
y.

ay-
ax
bx-
by
Sol
uti
on
a(y-
x) a(y-
x) a -a
= = =
b(x-
y) -
b(x-
y) -
b b
Not
e:
x- (
y=-y-
x)

Subst
it
uti
on
Thi
sist
hepr
ocessofgi
vi
ngv
ari
abl
esspeci
fi
cval
uesi
nanexpr
essi
on

Exampl
e
x2+y2
Ev
aluat
etheex
pressi
on i
fx=2andy=1
y+2

Sol
uti
on
x2+y2
22+12 4+1
= =
y+2 1+2 3

5 2
= =1
3 3
Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.Gi
vent
haty= 2x–z
x+3z expr
essxi
nter
msofyandz

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2.Si
mpl
i
fyt
heexpr
essi
on
x–1 -2x+1
x 3x
Hencesol
vet
heequat
ion
x–1 - 2x+1 =2
x 3x 3
3.Fact
orzea2–b2
i
Hencefi
ndtheexactv
alueof25572-25472
4.Si
mpl
i
fy p2–2pq+q2
P3-pq2+p2q–q3
5.Giventhaty=2x–z,expr
essxint
ermsofyandz.
Fourfar
merstookt
hei
rgoatstoamarket
.Mohammedhadt
womoregoat
sasKoechhad
3ti
mesasmanygoat sasMohammed,wher easOdupoyhad10goatslesst
hanboth
MohammedandKoech.
(
i) Wri
teasimplif
iedal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
onwi
thonev
ari
abl
e,r
epr
esent
ingt
het
otal
numberofgoat
s.
(
ii
) Thr
eebutcher
sboughtal
lthegoat
sandshar
edthem equal
l
y.I
feachbut
chergot
17goat
s,howmanydidodupoysel
ltot
hebut
chers?
6.Sol
vet
heequat
ion
1=5-7
4x 6x
7.Simpl
i
fy
a + b
2(
a+b) 2(
a-b)

8.Threey
earsago,Jumawasthr
eetimesasol
d.AsAl
ii
ntwoy
ear
sti
me,
thesum oft
hei
r
ageswil
lbe62.Deter
minet
hei
rages

CHAPTERELEVEN

RATES,
RATI
O,PROPORTI
ONANDPERCENTAGE
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives
Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Def
iner
ates
b.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngr
ates
c.
)Def
iner
ati
o
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d.
)Compar
etwoormor
equant
it
iesusi
ngr
ati
os
e.
)Changequant
it
iesi
nagi
venr
ati
o
f
.) Compar
etwoormor
erat
ios
g.
)Repr
esentandi
nter
pretpr
opor
ti
onal
par
ts
h.
)Recogni
zedi
rectandi
nver
sepr
opor
ti
ons
i
.) Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngdi
rectandi
nver
sepr
opor
ti
ons
j
.) Conv
ertf
ract
ionsanddeci
mal
stoper
cent
agesandv
ice-
ver
sa
k.
)Cal
cul
ateper
cent
agechangei
nagi
venquant
it
y
l
.) Appl
yrat
es,
rat
ios,
per
cent
agest
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ionsandpr
opor
ti
on.

Cont
ent
a.
)Rat
es
b.
)Sol
vi
ngpr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngr
ates
c.
)Rat
io
d.
)Compar
ingquant
it
iesusi
ngr
ati
o
e.
)Incr
easeanddecr
easei
nagi
venr
ati
o
f
.) Compar
ingr
ati
os
g.
)Pr
opor
ti
on:
dir
ectandi
nver
se
h.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsondi
rectandi
nver
sepr
opor
ti
ons
i
.) Fr
act
ionsanddeci
mal
sasper
cent
ages
j
.) Per
cent
agei
ncr
easeanddecr
ease
k.
)Appl
i
cat
ionofr
ates,
rat
ios,
per
cent
agesandpr
opor
ti
ont
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Rat
es
Ar
atei
sameasur
eofquant
it
y,andcompar
ingonequant
it
ywi
thanot
herofdi
ff
erentki
nd.

Exampl
e
Ifacartakest
wohourstotraveladist
anceof160km.t henwewil
lsaythati
tistrav
ell
i
ngatan
averagerat
eof80km perhour
.I ft
wokilogramsofmai zemeali
ssoldf
orsh.38.00,t
henwesay
thatmaizemeali
ssel
li
ngattherateofsh.19.00perki
l
ogr am.

Exampl
e
Whati
sther
ateofconsumpt
ionperdayi
ftwel
vebagsofbeansar
econsumedi
n120day
s?

Sol
uti
on.
Rat
eofconsumpt
ion=numberofbags/
numberofday
s

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12
=
120
=1/
10bagsperday

Exampl
e
Al
abor
er’
swagei
ssh.
240perei
ghthour
swor
kingday
.Whati
sther
ateofpay
mentperhour
?

Sol
uti
on
Rat
e=amountofmoneypai
d/numberofhour
s

240
=
8
=sh.
30perhour

Rat
io
Arati
oisawayofcompar i
ngtwosi milarquanti
ti
es.Forexampl
e,ifal
i
asis10yearsol
dandhis
br
otherbasheri
s14year
sold.Thenal i
asagei s10/14ofBashir
’sage,andt
hei
ragesaresai
dto
beintherat
ioof10t
o14.Wr i
tt
en,10:14.
Al
i
asage:
Bashi
r’
sage=10:
14
Bashi
r’
sage:
ali
asage=14:
10
I
nstati
ngar at
io,t
heuni
tsmustbet
hesame.Ifonamap2cm rep5km ontheact
ualground,
t
hentherat
ioofmapdist
ancet
omapdist
ancei
s2cm:5x100000cm,
whichi
s2:500000.
Ar
ati
oisexpr
essedi
nit
ssi
mpl
estf
ormi
nthesamewayasaf
ract
ion,
E.
g.10/
14=5/
7,hence10:
14=5:
7.
Si
mil
arl
y,2:
500000=1:
250000,
Apr oport
ionisacompar i
sonoft
woormor er
ati
os.I
f,example,a,bandcarethr
eenumbers
sucht hata:b:c=2:3:
5,t
hena,b,caresai
dtobeproporti
onalto2,3,5andtherel
ati
onshi
p
shouldbei nt
erpr
etedt
omeana/2=b/3=c/
5.
Si
mil
arl
y,wecansayt
hata:
b=2:
3,b:
c=3:
5a:
c=2:
5
Ex
ampl
e3
I
fa:
b=3:
4andb:
c=5:
7fi
nda:
c
Sol
uti
on
a:
b=3:
4…………………(
i)
b:
c=5:
7………………….
(i
i)
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Consi
dert
her
ighthandsi
de;
Mul
ti
ply(
i)by5and(
ii
)by4t
oget
,a:
b=15:
20andb:
c=20:
28
Thus,
a:b:
c=15:
20:
28anda:
c=15:
28

I
ncr
easeanddecr
easei
nagi
venr
ati
o
Toi
ncreaseordecr
easeaquant
it
yinagi
venr
ati
o,weexpr
esst
her
ati
oasaf
ract
ionandmul
ti
ply
i
tbythequant
it
y.

Exampl
e
I
ncr
ease20i
nther
ati
o4:
5

Sol
uti
on
Newv
alue=5/
4x20
=5x5
=25

Exampl
e
Decr
ease45i
nther
ati
o7:
9

Sol
uti
on
Newv
alue =7/
9x45
=7x5
=35

Exampl
e
Thepri
ceofapeni
sadj
ust
edi
nther
ati
o6:
5.I
ftheor
igi
nalpr
icewassh.
50.Whati
sthenew
pri
ce?

Sol
uti
on
Newpr
ice:
oldpr
ice=6:
5
Newpr
ice/
oldpr
ice=6/
5
Newpr
ice =6/
5x50
=sh.60

Not
e:
Whenar at
ioexpressesachangei
naquant
it
yani
ncr
easeordecr
ease ,i
tisusual
l
yputi
nthe
f
orm ofnewvalue:oldval
ue

Compar
ingr
ati
os
I
nordertocompar er
ati
os,t
heyhav
etobeexpr
essedasf
ract
ionsf
ir
st,i
e.,a:
b=a/
b.t
he
r
esul
tantf
ract
ioncant
henbecompar
ed.

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Exampl
e
Whi
chr
ati
oisgr
eat
er,
2:3or4:
5?
Sol
uti
on2:
3=2/
3,4:
5=4/
5
2/
3=10/
15,
4/5=12/
15=4/
5>2/
3
Thus,
4:5>2:
3

Di
str
ibut
ingaquant
it
yinagi
venr
ati
o
I
faquant
it
yist
obedi
vi
dedi
nther
ati
oa:
b:c,
thef
ract
ionoft
hequant
it
yrepr
esent
edby
:

a
(
i) Awi
l
lbe
a+b+c
a
(
ii
) B wi
l
lbe
a+b+c
a
(
ii
i) C wi
l
lbe
a+b+c
Exampl
e
A72-hact
arefar
mi stobeshar
edamongt
hreesonsi
nther
ati
o2:
3:4.Whatwi
l
lbet
hesi
zesi
n
hect
aresoft
hethreeshar
es?

Sol
uti
on
Tot
alnumberofpar
tsi
s2+3+4=9
Thesheshar
esar
e:2/
9x72ha=16ha
3/
9x72ha=24ha
4/
9x72ha=36ha

Di
rectandinversepr
opor
ti
on
Di
rectpropor
tion
Thet
abl
ebel
owshowst
hecostofv
ari
ousnumber
sofcupsatsh.20percup.

No.ofcups 1 2 3 4 5

Cost(
sh.
) 20 40 60 80 100

Ther ati
ooft henumber sofcupsinthefourt
hcolumntothenumberofcupsi nt
hesecond
columni s4:2=2:
1.Therati
oofthecorr
espondi
ngcost
sis80:
40=2:
1.Byconsi
der
ingtherat
ioof
costsinanyt wocolumnsandthecorr
espondi
ngrat
ioandt
henumberofcups,
youshouldnoti
ce
thattheyarealwaysthesame.
I
ftwoquant
iti
esaresucht hatwhent
heonei
ncr
eases(
decr
eases)i
npar
ti
cul
arr
ati
o,t
heot
her
oneal
soi
ncreases(
decreases)i
nther
ati
o,

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IT,
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als

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Exampl
e
Acart
rav
els40km on5l
i
tresofpet
rol
.Howf
ardoesi
ttr
avel
on12l
i
tresofpet
rol
?

Sol
uti
on
Pet
rol
isi
ncr
easedi
nther
ati
o12:
5
Di
stance=40x12/
5km

Exampl
e
Atrai
ntakes3hourst
otravelbet
weentwostat
ionsatanav
eragespeedof40km perhour
.At
whataver
agespeedwoul
ditneedtotr
avel
tocovert
hesamedist
ancein2hour
s?

Sol
uti
on
Ti
mei
sdecreasedint
her
ati
o2:
3Speedmustbei
ncr
easedi
nther
ati
o3:
2av
eragespeedi
s40x
3/
2km =60km/ h

Exampl
e
Tenmenworkingsi
xhoursadayt
ake12daystocompl
eteaj
ob.Howl
ongwi
l
litt
akeei
ghtmen
worki
ng12hoursadayt
ocomplet
ethesamejob?

Sol
uti
on
Numberofmendecr
easesi
nther
ati
o8:
10
Ther
efor
e,t
henumberofday
stakeni
ncr
easesi
nther
ati
o10:
8.
Numberofhour
sincr
easedi
nther
ati
o12:
6.
Ther
efor
e,numberofday
sdecr
easesi
nther
ati
o6:
12.

10 6
Numberofday
staken=12x x
8 12
=7½day
s

Per
cent
ages
Aper
cent
age(
%)i
saf
ract
ionwhosedenomi
nat
ori
s100.Forexampl
e,27%means27/
100.

Conv
ert
ingf
ract
ionsanddeci
mal
sint
oper
cent
ages
Towr
it
eadeci
mal
orf
ract
ionasa%:
mul
ti
plyby100.
Forexampl
e

0.
125 =0.
125100=12.
5%

2 2 2
= 100 (
i.
e. Of100%)=40%
5 5 5

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2
Or =25100=40%
5

Exampl
e
Change2/
5int
oper
cent
age.

Sol
uti
on
2 x
=
5 100
2
x= x100
5
=40%

Exampl
e
Conv
ert0.
67i
ntoaper
cent
age:
sol
uti
on

67
0.
67=
100
67
Asaper
cent
age,
0.67= x100
100
=67%

Per
cent
agei
ncr
easeanddecr
ease
Aquanti
tycanbeexpr
essedasaper
cent
ageofanot
herbyf
ir
stwr
it
ingi
tasaf
ract
ionoft
he
gi
venquant
it
y.

Exampl
e
Afar
merhar
vest
ed250bagsofmai
zei
naseason.I
fhesol
d200bags,whatper
cent
ageofhi
s
cr
opsdoest
hisr
epr
esent
?
Letxbet
heper
cent
agesol
d.

200
Then,
x/100=
250
200
So,
x == x100
250
=80%

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Exampl
e
Amanear
ningsh.4800permont
hwasgi
vena25%payr
ise.Whatwashi
snewsal
ary
?

Sol
uti
on
Newsal
ary=25/
100x4800+4800
=1200+4800
=sh.6000

Exampl
e
Adr
esswhi
chwascost
ingsh.1200nowgoesf
orsh.960.Whati
stheper
cent
agedecr
ease?

Sol
uti
on
Decr
easei
ncosti
s1200-960=sh.240
Per
cent
agedecr
ease=240/
1200x100
=20%

Exampl
e
Therati
oofjohn’
sear
ningst
omuse’searni
ngsis5:
3.I
fjohn’
searni
ngsi
ncr
easeby12%, hi
snew
fi
gur
ebecomessh.5600.Fi ndthecor
respondi
ngper
centagechangei
nmuse’sear
ningsift
he
sum ofthei
rnewear
ningsi
ssh.9600

Sol
uti
on
John’
sear
ningsbef
oret
hei
ncr
easei
s100/
112x5600=sh.5000
John’
sear
nings/
muse’
sear
nings=5/
3
Musa’
sear
ningsbef
oret
hei
ncr
ease=3/
5x5000
=sh.3000
Musa’
snewear
nings =9600-5600
=sh.4000
Musa’
schangei
near
nings =4000-
1000
=sh.3000
Per
cent
agechangei
nmuse’
sear
nings=1000/
3000x100
1
=33 %
3

Endoft
opi
c

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Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.Akinyiboughtandbeansf r
om awhol esaler.Shet henmixedt hemai zeandbeansi nthe
rati
o4: 3sheboughtt hemai zeatKshs21perkgandt hebeans42perkg.I fshewast o
makeapr ofitof30%.Whatshoul dbet heselli
ngpr i
ceof1kgoft hemi xture?
2.Wat erfl
owsf rom at apatther eof27cm3 persecondi
at ntoar ectangul arcont
ainerof
l
engt h60cm,br eadth30cm andhei ght40cm.I fat6.00PM t hecont ai
nerwashal fful
l
,
whatwi ll
bet hehei ghtofwaterat6.04pm?
3.Twobusi nessmenj oi
ntl
yboughtami ni buswhi chcouldferry25pay i
ngpassenger swhen
ful
l.Thef arebet weent wotownsAandBwasKshs80perpassengerf oroneway .The
minibusmadet hreeroundtripsbetweent het wot ownsdai ly
.Thecostoff uelwasKshs
1500perday .Thedr i
verandt heconduct orwer epaiddailyallowancesofKshs200and
Kshs150r espect i
vely.
Af urtherKshs 4000 perdaywas setasi de formai ntenance,insur ance and loan
repayment .
(
a) (
i) Howmuchmoneywascol
l
ect
edf
rom t
hepassenger
sthatday
?
(
ii
) Howmuchwast
henetpr
ofi
t?
(
b) Onanot
herday,
themini
buswas80%f ul
lontheav
eragef
orthethr
eeroundtr
ips,
howmuchdideachbusi
nessmangeti
ftheday’
spr
ofi
twassharedi
ntherat
io2:3?
4.Wai
nainahast wodai
ryf
arms,AandB.Farm Apr
oducesmi
l
kwi
th3¼per
centf
atand
f
arm Bproducesmil
kwit
h4¼percentf
at.
(
a) Det ermine
(
i) Thetotalmassofmi
l
kfati
n50kgofmi
l
kfr
om f
arm Aand30kgofmi
l
k
fr
om farmB
(
ii
) Theper
cent
ageoff
ati
nami
xtur
eof50kgofmi
l
kAand30kgofmi
l
kfr
om
B
(
b) Therangeofv al
uesofmassofmil
kfr
om far
m Bthatmustbeused i
na50kg
mixt
uresothatthemixt
uremayhav
eatl
east4per
centf
at.
5.I
nthey
ear2001,t
hepr
iceofasof
aseti
nashopwasKshs12,000
(
a) Cal cul
atet
heamountofmoneyr
ecei
vedf
rom t
hesal
esof240sof
aset
sthaty
ear
.
(
b) (
i) I
nthey
ear2002t
hepr
iceofeachsof
aseti
ncr
easedby25%whi
l
e
t
henumber ofsetssolddecr
easedby10%.Cal
cul
atet
heper
cent
age
i
ncr
easei
ntheamountr
ecei
vedfrom t
hesal
es
(
ii
) I
ftheendofyear2002,t
hepri
ceofeachsof
asetchangedi
nther
ati
o16:
15,cal
cul
atet
hepri
ceofeachsof
asetint
heyear2003.

(
c) Thenumberofsofaset
ssol
dint
hey
ear2003wasP%l
esst
hant
henumbersol
d
i
ntheyear2001.

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Calcul
atetheval
ueofP,gi
vent
hatt
heamount
srecei
vedf
rom sal
esi
fthet
wo
yearswereequal
.
6.Asolut
ionwhosev olumeis80l i
tr
esismadeupof40% ofwaterand60% ofal
cohol
.
Whenxlit
resofwaterisadded,
theper
cent
ageofal
cohol
dropst
o40%.
(
a) Fi ndtheval
ueofx
(
b) Thi
rt
yli
tresofwaterisaddedtot
henew sol
uti
on.Cal
cul
atet
heper
cent
ageof
al
cohol
intheresul
ti
ngsol
uti
on
(
c) If5li
tr
esofthesol
uti
oni
n(b)aboveisaddedto2li
tr
esoftheori
ginalsol
uti
on,
cal
cul
atei
nthesimpl
estf
orm,t
herati
oofwatertot
hatofal
coholi
ntheresult
ing
sol
uti
on.
7.Threebusinesspar tner
s,Asha,Nangi
laandCher opcont r
ibutedKshs60, 000,Kshs85, 000
andKshs105,000r especti
vel
y.Theyagreedtoput25%oft hepr ofi
tbackint obusiness
eachy ear.Theyal soagreedtoputaside40%oft her emainingpr ofi
ttocat erfortaxes
andinsurance.Ther estoftheprof
itwoul
dt henbeshar edamongt hepar t
nersint herati
o
ofthei
rcont r
ibut
ions.Attheendoft hef
irstyear,t
hebusi nessr eal
izedagr osspr ofi
tof
Kshs225, 000.
(a) Cal cul
atetheamountofmoneyCher opreceivedmor et hanAshaatt heendoft he
f
ir
sty ear.
(
b) Nangil
afurt
herinvestedKshs25,000i nt
ot hebusi
nessatt hebeginningoft he
secondyear
.Givent hatt
hegrossprof
itattheendofthesecondyearincreasedin
therat
io10:
9,cal
culateNangi
l
a’sshareoftheprofi
tattheendofthesecondy ear
.

8.Kipketercancul
ti
vat
eapi eceoflandi
n7hr swhil
eWanjikucandothesameworkin5
hours.Findt
heti
met heywouldt
aketocul
ti
vatet
hepieceoflandwhenwor
kingt
oget
her
.

9.MogakaandOndi
soworki
ngt oget
hercandoapi
eceofwor
kin6days.Mogakaworki
ng
al
one,t
akes5daysl
ongerthanOnduso.Howmanydaysdoesi
ttakeOndusotodothe
workal
one.

10.Acertai
namountofmoneywasshar
edamong3chi
l
dreni
nther
ati
o7:
5:3t
hel
argest
shar
ewasKshs91.Fi
ndthe
(a) Tot al
amountofmoney
(
b) Di
ff
erencei
nthemoneyr
ecei
vedast
hel
argestshar
eandt
hesmal
l
estshar
e.

CHAPTERTWELVE

LENGTH

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthet
opict
hel
earnershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)St
atet
heunit
sofmeasuri
nglengt
h
b.
)Conv
ertuni
tsofl
engt
hfr
om onef
ormt
oanot
her
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c.
)Expr
essnumber
stor
equi
rednumberofsi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
d.
)Fi
ndt
heper
imet
erofapl
anef
igur
eandci
rcumf
erenceofaci
rcl
e.

Cont
ent
a.
)Uni
tsofl
engt
h(mm,
cm,
m,km)
b.
)Conv
ersi
onofuni
tsofl
engt
hfr
om onef
ormt
oanot
her
c.
)Si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
d.
)Per
imet
er
e.
)Ci
rcumf
erence(
incl
udel
engt
hofar
cs)

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Lengthi
sthedi
stancebet
weent
wopoi
nts.TheSIuni
tofl
engt
hismet
res.Conv
ersi
onofuni
tsof
l
ength.

1ki
l
omet
er(
km)=1000met
res
1hect
omet
er(
hm)=100met
res
1decamet
er(
Dm)=10met
res
1deci
met
er(
dm)=1/
10met
res
1cent
imet
er(
cm)=1/
100met
res
1mi
l
li
met
er(
mm)=1/
1000met
res

Thef
oll
owi
ngpr
efi
xesar
eof
tenusedwhenr
efer
ri
ngt
olengt
h:
Mega–1000000
Ki
l
o–1000
Hect
o–100
Deca-
10
Deci
-1/
10
Cent
i-
1/100
Mi
l
li
-1/
1000
Mi
cro-
1/1000000

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Si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
Theaccuracywithwhichwest ateorwr i
teameasurementmaydependonitsrelat
ivesi
ze.I
t
wouldbeunr eal
ist
ictost atethedi st
ancebetweentownsA andB as158. 27km.amor e
reasonabl
efi
gureis158km. 158.27km i
sthedi
stanceexpr
essedt
o5signi
fi
cantfi
guresand158
km to3signi
fi
cantfi
gures.

Exampl
e
Ex
presseachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngnumber
sto5,
4,3,
2,and1si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es:
(
a)906315

(
b)0.
08564

(
c)40.
0089

(
d)156000

Sol
uti
on

number 5s.
f. 4s.
f 3s.
f 2s.
f 1s.
f.

(
a) 906315 906320 906300 906000 910000 900000

(
b) 0.
085641 0.
085641 0.
08564 0.
0856 0.
085 0.
09

(
c) 40.
0089 40.
009 40.
01 40.
0 40 40

(
d) 156000 156000 156000 156000 160000 200000

Theaboveexampleshow how wewoul

droundof
fameasur
ementt
o agi
vennumberof
si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es
Zer
omaynotbeasi
gni
fi
cant
.Forexampl
e:
(
i) 0.
085 -zer
oisnotsi
gni
fi
cantt
her
efor
e,0.
085i
sat
wo-si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
e.

(
ii
) 2.
30–zer
oissi
gni
fi
cant
.Ther
efor
e2.
30i
sat
hree-
signi
fi
cantf
igur
e.

(
ii
i) 5000–zer omayormaynotbesi gni
fi
cantfigure.Ther
efore,5000t othr
ee
si
gnif
icantf
igur
eis500( zer
oaf t
er5issi
gnif
icant)
.Toonesi gni
fi
cantf
igur
eis5
000.Zeroaf
ter5isnotsi
gnif
icant
.

(
iv) 31.
805Or305–zer oissi
gni
fi
cant
,ther
efor
e31.
805i
sfi
vesi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
e.305
i
sthreesi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
e.

Per
imet
er
Theperimet
erofapl aneisthetot
allengthofi
tsboundar
ies.Per
imet
eri
sal
engt
handi
s
ther
efor
eexpressedi
nthesameuni
tsaslengt
h.

Squar
eshapes
5cm

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I
tsper
imet
eri
s5+5+5+5=2(
5+5)
=2(
10)
=20cm
Hence 5x4=20

Soper
imet
erofasquar
e=Si
desx4

Rect
angul
arshapes
Fi
gur
e12.
2isar
ect
angl
eofl
engt
h5cm andbr
eadt
h3cm.
5cm

3cm

I
tsper
imet
eri
s5+3+5+3=2(
5+3)
cm
=2x8
=16cm
Hence per
imet
erofar
ect
angl
e p=2(
L+W)

Tr
iangul
arshapes
Tof
indt
heper
imet
erofat
ri
angl
eaddal
lthet
hreesi
des.

c
a

b
Per
imet
er=(
a+b+c)uni
ts,
wher
ea,
bandcar
ethel
engt
hsoft
hesi
desoft
het
ri
angl
e.

Theci
rcl
e
Theci
rcumf
erenceofaci
rcl
e=2πrorπD

Exampl
e
(
a)Fi
ndt
heci
rcumf
erenceofaci
rcl
eofar
adi
us7cm.

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(
b)Theci
rcumf
erenceofabi
cycl
ewheel
is140cm.f
indi
tsr
adi
us.

Sol
uti
on
(
a)C=πd

=22/
7x7
=44cm
(
b)C=πd

=2πr
=2x22/
7xr
=140÷44/
7
=22.
27cm

Lengt
hofanar
c
Anarcofaci r
cleispartofit
scircumf er
ence.Fi gur
e12.10(a)showstwoarcsAMBandANB.
Ar
cAMB, whichislesst
hanhal ft
heci r
cumf erenceofthecir
cle,
iscal
l
edtheminorar
c,whil
earc
ANB,whi
chi sgreat
erhalfofthecircumferencei scall
edthemajorar
c.Anarcwhichishal
fthe
ci
rcumf
erenceofthecir
cleiscall
edasemi circle.

Exampl
e
Anarcofaci
rcl
esubtendsanangl
e60att
hecent
reoft
heci
rcl
e.Fi
ndt
hel
engt
hoft
hear
cift
he
radi
usoft
hecir
clei
s42cm.(π=22/7)
.
Sol
uti
on
Thel
engt
h,l
,oft
hear
cisgi
venby
:
L=θ/
360x2πr
.
Θ=60,
r=42cm
Ther
efor
e,l
=60/
360x2x22/
7x42
=44cm

Exampl
e
Thelengt
hofanarcofacircl
eis62.
8cm.f
indt
her
adi
usoft
heci
rcl
eift
hear
csubtendsan
angl
e144att
hecentr
e,(
takeπ=3.
142)
.
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Sol
uti
on
L=θ/
360x2πr=62.
8and θ=144
144
Ther
efor
e, x2x3.
142xr=62.
8
360
360
R=62.
8x x2x3.
142
144
=24.
98cm

Exampl
e
Fi
ndtheanglesubt
endedatt
hecent
reofaci
rcl
ebyanar
cofl
engt
h11cm i
fther
adi
usoft
he
ci
rcl
eis21cm.

Sol
uti
on
L=θ/
360x2xπr=11cm andr=21m
L=θ/
360x2x22/
7x21=11
Thus,
θ=11x360x7/2x
22x21

=300

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
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ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
) Twocoi lswhichar
emadebywi ndi
ngcopperwi r
eofdi
ff
erentgaugesandlengt
hhavethe
samemass.Thef ir
stcoilismadebywi nding270metresofwirewithcrosssect
ional
diameter2.
8mm whi l
ethesecondcoilismadebywi ndi
ngacer tai
nlengthofwir
ewi t
h
cross-
secti
onaldi
ameter2.1mm.Findt
hel engt
hofwir
einthesecondcoil.
2. Thefi
gurebel
owr epresent
samodelofahutwi
thHG=GF=10cm andFB=6cm.The
foursl
anti
ngedgesoftheroofareeach12cm l
ong.

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Cal
cul
ate
Lengt
hDF.
Angl
eVHF
Thel
engt
hoft
hepr
oject
ionofl
i
neVHont
hepl
aneEFGH.
Thehei
ghtoft
hemodel
hut
.
Thel
engt
hVH.
Theangl
eDFmakeswi
tht
hepl
aneABCD.
3. Asquarefloori
sfi
tt
edwit
hr ect
angul
arti
lesofperi
meter
s220cm.eachr ow(ti
l
elength
wi
se)carr
ies20lessti
l
esthaneachcolumn(ti
lesbr
eadthwi
se)
.Ift
helengthofthef
loor
i
s9.6m.
Cal
cul
ate:
a.Thedi
mensi
onsoft
het
il
es
b.Thenumberoft
il
esneeded
c. Thecostoffit
ti
ngtheti
les,i
fti
l
esar
esol
dindozensatsh.1500perdozenand
thel
abourcosti
ssh.3000
CHAPTERTHI
RTEEN

AREA

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthetopi
cthelear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)St
ateuni
tsofarea
b.
)Conv
ertuni
tsofar
eaf
rom onef
ormt
oanot
her
c.
)Cal
cul
atet
hear
eaofar
egul
arpl
anef
igur
eincl
udi
ngci
rcl
es
d.
)Est
imat
ethear
eaofi
rr
egul
arpl
anef
igur
esbycount
ingsquar
es
e.
)Cal
cul
atet
hesur
facear
eaofcubes,
cuboi
dsandcy
li
nder
s.

Cont
ent
a.
)Uni
tsofar
ea(
cm ,
m,
2 km ,
2Ares,
2ha)
b.
)Conv
ersi
onofuni
tsofar
ea
c.
)Ar
eaofr
egul
arpl
anef
igur
es
d.
)Ar
eaofi
rr
egul
arpl
aneshapes
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e.
)Sur
facear
eaofcubes,
cuboi
dsandcy
li
nder
s

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Uni
tsofAr
eas
Thear
eaofaplaneshapeistheamountoft hesurfaceencl
osedwi
thinit
sboundar
ies.I
tis
nor
mal
lymeasur
edi
nsquareuni
ts.Forexampl
e,asquareofsi
des5cm hasanar
eaof
5x5=25cm
Asquar
eofsi
des1m hasanar
eaof1m,
whi
l
easquar
eofsi
de1km hasanar
eaof1km
Conv
ersi
onofuni
tsofar
ea
1m²=1mx1m
=100cm x100cm
=10000cm²
1km ² =1km x1km
=1000m x1000m
=1000000m²
1ar
e =10m x10m
=100m²
1hect
are(
ha)=100Ar
es
=10000m²

Ar
eaofaregul
arplanef
igur
es
Ar
easofr
ectangl
e

5cm

3cm

Ar
ea,
A=5x3cm

=15m2
Hence,
thear
eaoft
her
ect
angl
e,A=LXW squar
euni
ts,
wher
eli
sthel
engt
handbbr
eadt
h.

Ar
eaofat
ri
angl
e

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H
Base
Ar
eaofat
ri
angl
e
A=1/
2bhsquar
euni
ts

Ar
eaofpar
all
elogr
am
Ar
ea=1/
2bh+1/
2bh
=bhsquar
euni
ts

Not
e:
Thi
sfor
mul
aei
sal
sousedf
orar
hombus

Ar
eaofat
rapezi
um
Thefi
gur
ebelowshowsat rapezi
um i
nwhi
chthepar
all
elsi
desareauni
tsandbuni
ts,
long.The
per
pendi
cul
ardi
stancebet
weent het
wopar
all
elsi
desi
shunits.
Ar
eaofat
ri
angl
eABD=1/
2ahsquar
euni
ts
Ar
eaoft
ri
angl
eDBC=½bhsquar
euni
ts
Ther
efor
ear
eaoft
rapezi
um ABCD=1/
2ah+1/
2bh
=1/
2h(
a+b)squar
euni
ts.
Thus,t
heareaofatr
apezium i
sgivenbyahalft
hesum oft
hel
engt
hofpar
all
elsi
desmul
ti
pli
ed
bytheper
pendi
cul
ardist
ancebetweenthem.

1
Thati
s,ar
eaoft
r um = (a+b)
apezi h
2

Ar
eaofaci
rcl
e
2
Thear
eaAofaci
rcl
eofr
adi
usri
sgi
venby
:A=πr

Thear
eaofasect
or
Asect
ori
sar
egi
onboundedbyt
wor
adi
iandanar
c.
Supposewewantt
ofi
ndt
hear
eaoft
heshadedpar
tint
hef
igur
ebel
ow

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Thear
eaoft
hewhol
eci
rcl
eisπr
²
Thewhol
eci
rcl
esubt
ends360ͦatt
hecent
re.
Ther
efor
e,360ͦ cor
respondst
oπr
²
1ͦ cor
respondst
o1/
360ͦxπr
²
60ͦ cor
respondst
o60ͦ/
360ͦ xπr
²
Hence,
thear
eaofasect
orsubt
endi
nganangl
eθatt
hecent
reoft
heci
rcl
eisgi
venby

θ 2
A= 0 xπr
360
Exampl
e
Fi
ndt hear
eaofthesect
orofaci
rcl
eofr
adi
us3cm i
ftheangl
esubt
endedatt
hecent
rei
s140
ͦ(takeπ=22/
7)

Sol
uti
on
Ar
eaAofasect
ori
sgi
venby
θ
A=3600 xπr
2

Her
e,r=3cm andθ=1400
140 22
Ther
efor
e,A=3600 x x3x3
7
=11cm²

Exampl
e
Theareaofasectorofaci
rcl
eis38.
5cm²
.Fi
ndt
her
adi
usoft
heci
rcl
eift
heangl
esubt
endedat
thecent
r s900(
ei Takeπ=22/7)

Sol
uti
on
Fr
om t
hef
ormul
aa=θ/
360xπr
²,weget90/
360x22/
7xr
²=38.
5

38.
5x360x7
Ther
efor
e,r
²=
90x22
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Thus,
r=7

Exampl
e
Theareaofacir
cleradi
us63cm i
s4158cm²
.Cal
cul
atet
heangl
esubt
endedatt
hecent
reoft
he
ci
rcl
e.(Takeπ=22/7)
Usi
nga=θ/
360xπr
²,

4158x7x360
Θ=
22x63x63
=1200

Sur
facear
eaofsol
i
ds
Consi
deracuboidABCDEFGHshowni nt hef
igur
ebel
ow.Ift
hecuboi
discutthr
oughaplane
par
all
eltotheends,t
hecutsur
facehasthesameshapeandsizeast
heendfaces.PQRSi
sa
pl
ane.Theplanei
scall
edt
hecross-
sect
ionoft
hecuboi
d

Asoli
dwithunif
orm cr
oss-
sect
ioni
scal
l
edapr
ism.Thef
oll
owi
ngar
esomeoft
hepr
isms.The
f
oll
owingaresomeofthepri
sms.

Thesur
facear
eaofapr
ism i
sgi
venbyt
hesum oft
hear
eaoft
hesur
faces.
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Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsacuboi
dofl
engt
hl,
breat
hbandhei
ghth.i
tsar
eai
sgi
venby
;
A=2l
b+2bh+2hl
=2(
lb.+bh+hl
)
Foracubeof
fsi
de2cm;
A=2(
3x2²
)
=24cm²

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hesur
facear
eaofat
ri
angul
arpr
ism shownbel
ow.

Ar
eaoft
het
ri
angul
arsur
faces=½x5x12x2cm²
=60cm²
Ar
eaoft
her
ect
angul
arsur
faces=20x13+5x20+12x20
=260+100+240=600cm²
Ther
efor
e,t
het
otal
sur
facear
ea=(
60+600)cm²
=660cm²

Cy
li
nder
Apr
ism wi
thaci
rcul
arcr
oss-
sect
ioni
scal
l
edacy
li
nder
,seet
hef
igur
ebel
ow.

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Ifyour ol
lapieceofpaperaroundthecurvedsurf
aceofacyli
nderandopeni tout,y
ouwi l
lgeta
rectanglewhosebr eat
histhecir
cumferenceandl engt
hist
hehei ghtofthecyl
inder.Theends
aret wocir
cles.Thesurf
aceareaSofacy l
inderwi
thbaseandheighthisther
efor
egivenby ;
S=2πr
h+2πr
²

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hesur
facear
eaofacy
li
nderwhoser
adi
usi
s7.
7cm andhei
ght12cm.
Sol
uti
on
S=2π(
7.7)x12+2π(
7.7)cm²
=2π(
7.7)x12+(
7.7)cm²
=2x7.
7π(
12+7.
7)cm²
=2x7.
7xπ(
19.
7)cm²
=15.
4π(
19.
7)cm²
=953.
48cm²

Ar
eaofi
rr
egul
arshapes
Thear
eaofi
rr
egul
arshapecannotbef
oundaccur
atel
y,buti
tcanbeest
imat
ed.Asf
oll
ows;
(
i) Draw agri
dofuni
tsquar
esont
hef
igur
eorcopyt
hef
igur
eonsuchagr
id,seet
he
fi
gur
ebelow

(
ii
) Countal
ltheuni
tsquar
esf
ull
yencl
osedwi
thi
nthef
igur
e.

(
ii
i) Countal
lpar
ti
all
yencl
oseduni
tsquar
esanddi
vi
det
het
otalbyt
wo,i
.e.
.,t
reateach
Page| 73
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oneoft
hem ashal
fofauni
tsquar
e.

(
iv) Thesum oft
henumber
sin(
ii
)and(
ii
)gi
vesanest
imat
eoft
hear
easoft
hef
igur
e.

Fr
om t
hef
igur
e,t
henumberoff
ull
squar
esi
s9
Numberofpar
ti
alsquar
es=18
Tot
alnumberofsquar
es=9+18/
2
=18
Appr
oxi
mat
ear
ea=18sq.uni
ts.

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
)Cal
cul
atet
hear
eaoft
heshadedr
egi
onbel
ow,
giv
ent
hatACi
sanar
cofaci
rcl
ecent
reB.
eABD=750
AB=BC=14cm CD=8cm andangl (
4mks)

A
14cm

B 750

14cm

C
8cm
B

2.
) Thescal
eofamapi
s1:
50000.Al
akeont
hemapi 16cm2.f
s6. indt
heact
ual
areaoft
he
l
akei
nhact
ares.
(
3mks)

3.
) Thef
igur
ebel
owi
sar
hombusABCDofsi
des4cm.BDi
sanar
cofci
rcl
ecent
reC.Gi
ven
hatABC=1380.Fi
t ndt
hear
eaofshadedr
egi
on.
(
3mks)

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4.
) Thef
igur
ebel
owsowst
heshapeofKamau’
sfar
m wi
thdi
mensi
onsshowni
nmet
ers

140

100

20m

80m

Fi
ndt
hear
eaofKamau’
sfar
minhect
ares (
3mks)

5.
) I
nthef
igur
ebel
owABandACar
etangent
stot
heci
rcl
ecent
reOatBandCr
espect
ivel
y,
t eAOC=600
heangl

Cal
cul
ate
(
a)Thel
engt
hofAC

6.
) Thef
igur
ebel
owshowst
hef
loorofahal
l
.Apar
toft
hisf
loori
sint
heshapeofa
r
ect
angl
eof l
engt
h20m andwi
dth16m andt
her
esti
sasegmentofaci
rcl
eofr
adi
us12m.
Uset
hef
igur
eto f
ind:
-

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(
a)Thesi
zeofangl
eCOD
(
2mks)

(
b)Thear
eaoff
igur
eDABCO (
4mks)

(
c)Ar
eaofsect
orODC
(
2mks)

(
d)Ar
eaoft
hef
looroft
hehouse.
(
2mks)

7.
) Theci
rcl
ebel
owwhosear
eai 05cm2ci
s18. rcumscr
ibesat
ri
angl
eABCwher
eAB=6.
3cm,
BC=5.
7cm andAC=4.
8cm.Fi
ndt
hear
eaoft
heshadedpar
t

8.
) I
nt hef
igur
ebel
ow,PQRSisar ectangl
einwhi
chPS=10kcm andPQ=6kcm.M andNar
e
midpoi
ntsofQRandRSrespectiv
ely

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a) Findt heareoftheshadedr egi

on (4marks)
b) Givent hattheareaofthetri
angleMNR=30cm2.f indthedi
mensionsofthe
rectangl e (2mar
ks)
c) Calcul atethesizesofangles and giv
ingyouranswerto2deci
mal
places (4marks)
9.
) Thefi
gurebel owshowst wocircleseachofradi
us10.5cm withcent
resAandB.the
ci
rcl
estoucheachot heratT

Gi
vent
hatangl eYBC=1600andl
eXAD=angl i
nesXY,
ATBandDCar
epar
all
el,
cal
cul
atet
he
ar
eaof
:
d)Themi norsectorAXTD (
2marks)
e) Fi
gureAXYBCD (
6mar
ks)
f) Theshadedregion (
2marks)

10.
) Thef
loorofar
oom i
sint
heshapeofar
ect
angl
e10.
5m l
ongby6m wi
de.Squar
eti
l
esof
l
engt
h30cm ar
etobef
it
tedont
othef
loor
.
(
a)Cal
cul
atet
henumberoft
il
esneededf
ort
hef
loor
.
(b)Adeal
erwi
shest
obuyenought
il
esf
orf
if
teensuchr
ooms.Thet
il
esar
epackedin
car
tons
Page|77
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als

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eachcont
aini
ng20t
il
es.Thecostofeachcar
toni
sKshs.800.Cal
cul
ate
(
i)t
het
otal
costoft
het
il
es.
(ii
)Ifi
naddi
ti
on,
thedeal
erspendsKshs.2,
000andKshs.600ont
ranspor
tand
subsi
stence
r
espect
ivel
y,atwhatpr
iceshoul
dhesel
leachcar
toni
nor
dert
omakeapr
ofi
tof
12.
5%
(
Giv
eyouranswert
othenear
estKshs.
)

11.) Thef
igur
ebel
owi
saci
rcl
eofr
adi
us5cm.Poi
ntsA,
BandCar
ethev
ert
icesoft
he
tr
iangl
e

ABCi chABC=60oandACB=50owhi
nwhi chi
sint
heci
rcl
e.Cal
cul
atet
hear
eaof
ABC) B

60o

50o
A C

12.
) Mr
.Wany
amahasapl
ott
hati
sinat
ri
angul
arf
orm.Thepl
otmeasur
es170m,
190m
and210m,
butt
heal
ti
tudesoft
hepl
otaswel
last
heangl
esar
enotknown.Fi
ndt
hear
ea
oft
hepl
oti
nhect
ares

13.
) Thr
eesi
renswai
lati
nter
val
soft
hir
tymi
nut
es,
fif
tymi
nut
esandt
hir
tyf
ivemi
nut
es.
I
ftheywai
ltoget
herat7.
18a.
m onMonday
,whatt
imeanddaywi
l
ltheynextwai
ltoget
her
?

14.
) Af ar
merdecidestoputt
wo-t
hir
dsofhisfarm undercr
ops.Ofthi
s,heputaquar
terunder
maizeandfour
-f
if
thsoftheremai
nderunderbeans.Theresti
splant
edwithcar
rot
s.
I
f0.
9acr
esar
eundercar
rot
s,f
indt
het
otal
areaoft
hef
arm

CHAPTERFOURTEEN
Page|
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ehi V
ghschool
noO
t
eLU
sMEA
s, N
etbook DC
s,
gui
deA
bPA
ookCI
s,
CTY
PA,
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IT,
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eri
als

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Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthetopi
cthelear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)St
ateuni
tsofvolume
b.
)Conv
ertuni
tsofv
olumef
rom onef
ormt
oanot
her
c.
)Cal
cul
atev
olumeofcubes,
cuboi
dsandcy
li
nder
s
d.
)St
ateuni
tsofcapaci
ty
e.
)Conv
ertuni
tsofcapaci
tyf
rom onef
ormt
oanot
her
f
.) Rel
atev
olumet
ocapaci
ty
g.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngv
olumeandcapaci
ty.

Cont
ent
a.
)Uni
tsofv
olume
b.
)Conv
ersi
onofuni
tsofv
olume
c.
)Vol
umeofcubes,
cuboi
dsandcy
li
nder
s
d.
)Uni
tsofcapaci
ty
e.
)Conv
ersi
onofuni
tsofcapaci
ty
f
.) Rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenv
olumeandcapaci
ty
g.
)Sol
vi
ngpr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngv
olumeandcapaci
ty

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Vol
umei
stheamountofspaceoccupi
edbyasol
i
dobj
ect
.Theuni
tofv
olumei
scubi
cuni
ts.
Acubeofedge1cm hasav
olumeof1cm x1cm x1cm =1cm³
.

Conv
ersi
onofuni
tsofv
olume
Acubeofsi
de1m hasav
olumeof1m³
But1m =100cm
1m x1m x1m =100cm x100cm x100cm
Thus,
1m =(
0.01x0.
01x0.
01)m³
=0.
000001m³
=1x10¯
⁶m³
Acubesi
de1cm hasav
olumeof1cm³
.
But1cm=10mm
1cm x1cm x1cm =10mm x10mm x10mm
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Thus,
1cm³
=1000mm³

Vol
umeofcubes,
cuboi
dsandcy
li
nder
s
Cube
Acubeisasoli
dhav
ingsi
xpl
anesquar
efacesi
nwhi
cht
heangl
ebet
weent
woadj
acentf
acesi
s
ar
ight
-angl
e.
Vol
umeofacube=ar
eaofbasexhei
ght
=l
²xl
=l
³

Cuboi
d
Acuboi
disasol
i
dwi
thsi
xfaceswhi
char
enotnecessar
il
ysquar
e.
Vol
umeofacuboi
d=l
engt
hxwi
dthxhei
ght
=asq.uni
tsxh
=ahcubi
cuni
ts.

Cy
li
nder
Thi
sisasol
i
dwi
thaci
rcul
arbase.
Vol
umeofacy
li
nder=ar
eaofbasexhei
ght
=πr
²xh
=πr
²hcubi
cuni
ts

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hev
olumeofacuboi
dofl
engt
h5cm,
breadt
h3cm andhei
ght4cm.

Sol
uti
on
Ar
eaofi
tsbase=5x4cm²
Vol
ume =5x4x3cm³
=60cm³

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt hevolumeofasol
i
dwhosecr
oss-
sect
ioni
sar
ight
-angl
edt
ri
angl
eofbase4cm,hei
ght5
cm andlength12cm.

Sol
uti
on
Ar
eaofcr
oss-
sect
ion=1/
2x4x5
=10cm²
Ther
efor
evol
ume =10x12
=120cm³

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hev
olumeofacy
li
nderwi
thr
adi
us1.
4m andhei
ght13m.

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Sol
uti
on
Ar
eaofcr
oss-
sect
ion=22/
7x1.
4x1.
4
=6.
16m²
Vol
ume=6.
16x13
=80.
08m³
I
ngener
al,
vol
umevofacy
li
nderofr
adi
usrandl
engt
hlgi
venbyv
=πr
²l

Capaci
ty
Capaci
tyi
stheabi
l
ityofacont
ainert
ohol
dfl
uids.TheSIuni
tofcapaci
tyi
sli
tr
e(l
)
Conv
ersi
onofuni
tst
ocapaci
ty
1cent
il
it cl
er( )
=10mi
l
li
li
tr
e(ml
)
1deci
l
itedl
r =10cent
il
it
r cl
e( )
1l
i
tr l
e()=10deci
l
itr dl
es( )
1Decal
i
tr Dl
e( )=10l
i
tr l
es()
1hect
oli
tr
e(Hl
)=10decal
i
tre(Dl
)
1ki
l
oli
tr
e(kl
)=10hect
oli
tr Hl
es( )
1ki
l
oli
tr
e(kl
)=1000l
i
tr l
es()
1l
i
tr l
e()=1000mi
l
li
li
tr ml
es( )

Rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenv
olumeandcapaci
ty
Acubedofanedge10cm hol
ds1l
i
treofl
i
qui
d.
1l
i
tre=10cm x10cm x10cm
=1000cm³
1m³=10⁶cm³
1m³=10³l
i
tres.

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
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als

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1.)Al
lthewat
eri
spour
edi
ntoacy
li
ndr
ical
cont
ainerofci
rcul
arr
adi
us12cm.I
fthecy
li
nderhas
hei
ght45cm,
cal
cul
atet
hesur
facear
eaoft
hecy
li
nderwhi
chi
snoti
ncont
actwi
thwat
er.

2.
)TheBr
it
ishgov
ernmenthi
redt
wopl
anest
oai
rl
if
tfoot
bal
lfanst
oSout
hAf
ri
caf
ort
he
Wor
ldcupt
our
nament
.Eachpl
anet
ook10½hour
stor
eacht
hedest
inat
ion.

Boeng747hascar
ryi
ngcapaci
tyof300peopl
eandconsumesf
uel
at120l
i
tresper
mi
nut
e.I
tmakes5t
ri
psatf
ull
capaci
ty.Boeng740hascar
ryi
ngcapaci
tyof140peopl
e
andconsumesf
uel
at200l
i
trespermi
nut
e.I
tmakes8t
ri
psatf
ull
capaci
ty.I
fthe
gov
ernmentsponsor
edt
hef
ansonewayatt
hecostof800dol
l
arsperf
an,
cal
cul
ate:

(
a)Thet
otal
numberoff
ansai
rl
if
tedt
oSout
hAf
ri
ca.
(
2mks)

(
b)Thet
otal
costoff
uel
usedi
fonel
i
trecost
s0.
3dol
l
ars. (
4mks)

(
c)Thet
otal
col
l
ect
ioni
ndol
l
arsmadebyeachpl
ane.
(
2mks)

(
d)Thenetpr
ofi
tmadebyeachpl
ane.
(
2mks)

3.
)Ar
ect
angul
arwat
ert
ankmeasur
es2.
6m by4.
8m att
hebaseandhaswat
ert
oahei
ght
of3.
2m.Fi
ndt
hev
olumeofwat
eri
nli
tr
est
hati
sint
het
ank
4.
)Threeli
tr
esofwat
er(
densi
ty cm3)i
1g/ saddedt
otwel
vel
i
tresofal
cohol
(densi
ty
3
0.
8g/
cm .
Whati
sthedensi
tyoft
hemi
xtur
e?
5.
)Ar
ect
angul
art
ankwhosei
nter
nal
dimensi
onsar
e2.
2m by1.
4m by1.
7m i
sthr
eef
if
thf
ull
ofmi
l
k.
(
a)Cal
cul
atet
hev
olumeofmi
l
kinl
i
tres
(b)Themil
kispackedinsmallpacketsintheshapeofari
ghtpyrami
dwithanequi
l
ateral
basetr
iangleofsi
des10cm.Thev er
ti
calheightofeachpacketi
s13.6cm.Ful
lpacket
sobt
ained
aresol
datshs.30perpacket
.Calcul
ate:
(
i)Thev
ol ncm3ofeachpackett
umei othenear
estwhol
enumber
(
ii
)Thenumberoff
ull
packet
sofmi
l
k
(
ii
i)Theamountofmoneyr
eal
i
zedf
rom t
hesal
eofmi
l
k
6.
)An890kgcul v
erti
smadeofahol l
owcy l
i
ndricalmateri
alwit
houterradi
usof76cm and
ani
nnerr
adiusof64cm.Itcrossesaroadofwi dth3m,determi
nethedensit
yofthe
3
mat
eri
alssusedini
tsconstr
uctioninKg/m cor r
ectto1decimalplace.

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CHAPTERFI
FTEEN

MASSSWEI
GHTANDDENSI
TY

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthet
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)Def
inemass
b.
)St
ateuni
tsofmass
c.
)Conv
ertuni
tsofmassf
rom onef
ormt
oanot
her
d.
)Def
inewei
ght
e.
)St
ateuni
tsofwei
ght
f
.) Di
sti
ngui
shmassandwei
ght
g.
)Rel
atev
olume,
massanddensi
ty.

Cont
ent
a.
)Massanduni
tsofmass
b.
)Wei
ghtanduni
tsofwei
ght
c.
)Densi
ty
d.
)Pr
obl
em sol
vi
ngi
nvol
vi
ngr
eal
li
feexper
iencesonmass,
vol
ume,
densi
tyandwei
ght
.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Mass
Themassofanobjecti
sthequant
it
yofmat t
erinit.Massisconstantquanti
ty,wher
everthe
obj
ectis,
andmat
teri
sanyt
hingt
hatoccupi
esspace.Thethr
eestat
esofmat teraresol
id,
li
quid
andgas.
TheSIuni
tofmassi
stheki
l
ogr
am.Ot
hercommonuni
tsar
etone,
gram andmi
l
li
gram.
Thef
oll
owi
ngt
abl
eshowsuni
tsofmassandt
hei
requi
val
enti
nki
l
ogr
ams.

Wei
ght
Thewei ghtofanobjectoneart
histhepul loftheeart
honi t
.Thewei ghtofanyobj ectvari
es
from oneplaceontheeart
h’ssurf
acetot heother
.Thisisbecausetheclosur
et heobjectisto
thecentreoftheear
th,t
hemorethegrav
itati
onalpul
l,
hencethemor ei
tsweight.Forexample,an
objectweighsmoreatseal
evelt
henontopofamount ai
n.

Uni
tsofwei
ght
TheSIunitofweighti
snewton.Thepulloft
heear t
h,sunandthemoononanobj ectiscall
edthe
for
ceofgravityduetotheear
th,
sunandmoonr espect
ivel
y.Theforceofgrav
ityduetotheear t
h
onanobjectofmass1kgi sappr
oximatel
yequalto9.8N.Thestrengthoft
heear t
h’sgrav
itat
ional
pul
l(sy
mbol ‘g’
)onanobjectonthesur
faceoftheearthisabout9.8N/Kg.
Wei
ghtofanobj
ect=massofanobj
ectxgr
avi
tat
ion

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Wei
ghtN=masskgxgN/
kg

Densi
ty
Thedensi
tyofasubst
ancei
sthemassofauni
tcubeoft
hesubst
ance.Abodyofmass(
m)kg
andvol
ume(v)m³has:
(
i) Densi
ty(
d)=mass(
m)/densi
ty(
d)

(
ii
) Mass(
m)=densi
ty(
d)xv
olume(
v)

(
ii
i) Vol
ume(
v)=mass(
m)/densi
ty(
d)

Uni
tsofdensi
ty
TheSIuni
tsofdensi
tyi
skg/
m³.t
heot
hercommonuni
tisg/
cm³
1g/
cm³=1000kg/
m³

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hemassofani
cecubeofsi
de6cm,
ift
hedensi
tyoft
hei
cei
s0.
92g/cm³
.

Sol
uti
on
Vol
umeofcube=6x6x6=216cm³
Mass=densi
tyxv
olume
=216x0.
92
=198.
72g

Exampl
e
Fi
ndt
hev
olumeofcor
kofmass48g.gi
vent
hatdensi
tyofcor
kis0.
24g/
cm³

Sol
uti
on
Vol
ume=mass/
densi
ty
=48/
0.24
=200cm³

Exampl
e
Thedensi
tyofi
roni
s7.
9g/
cm³
.whati
sthi
sdensi
tyi
nkg/
m³
Sol
uti
on
1g/
cm³=1000kg/
m³
7.
9g/
cm³=7.
9x1000/
1
=7900kg/
m³

Exampl
e
Arect
angularslabofglassmeasur
es8cm by2cm by14cm andhasamassof610g.cal
cul
ate
t
hedensit
yoft heglassinkg/
m³

Sol
uti
on
Vol
umeoft
hesl
ab=8x2x14
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=224cm³
Massoft
hesl
ab=610g
Densi
ty =610/
244
=2.
5x1000kg=25000kg/
m³

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
)Asquar
edbr
asspl
atei
s2mm t
hickandhasamassof1.
05kg.Thedensi
tyofbr
assi
s
8.
4g/
cm.Cal
cul
atet
hel
engt
hoft
hepl
atei
ncent
imet
ers. (
3mks)

2.
)Aspher
ehasasur
f ea18cm2.Fi
acear ndi
tsdensi
tyi
fthespher
ehasamassof100g.
(3mks)

3.
)Ny
ahur
uruMuni
cipal
Counci
li
stoconst
ructaf
loorofanopenwhol
esal
emar
ketwhosear
ea
s800m2.Thef
i loori
stobecov
eredwi
thasl
abofuni
for
mthi
cknessof200mm.I
nor
dert
omake
t
hesl
ab,
sand,
cementandbal
l
astar
etobemi
xedsucht
hatt
hei
rmassesar
eint
her
ati
o3:
2:3.
The massofdr
ysl
abofv
olume1m3i
s2000kg.Cal
cul
ate

(
a)(
i)Thev
olumeoft
hesl
ab
(
2mks)

(
ii
)Themassoft
hedr
ysl
ab.
(
2mks)

(
ii
i)Themassofcementt
obeused.
(
2mks)

(
b)I
fonebagoft
hecementi
s50kg,
findt
henumberofbagst
obepur
chased.
(
1mk)

(
c)I
fal
orr
ycar
ri
es10t
onnesofbal
l
ast
,cal
cul
atet
henumberofl
orr
iesofbal
l
astt
obe
pur
chased. (
3mks)

4.
)Aspher
ehasasur
facear 0cm2.Fi
eaof18. ndi
tsdensi
tyi
fthespher
ehasamassof100
gr
ammes.

(
3mks)
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5.
)Apieceofmet
alhasav
olumeof20cm3andamassof300g.Cal
cul
atet
hedensi
tyoft
he
met
al
i m3.
nkg/
6.
)2.5li
tr
esofwat
erdensit
y1g/cm3isaddedt
o8l
i
tresofal
cohol
densi
ty0. cm3.
8g/
Cal
cul
atet
hedensi
tyofthemixt
ure

CHAPTERTEN

TI
ME
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthetopi
cthelear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)Conv
ertuni
tsofti
mef r
om oneformt
oanother
b.
)Rel
atet
he12hourand24hourcl
ocksy
stems
c.
)Readandi
nter
prett
rav
elt
ime-
tabl
es
d.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngt
rav
elt
imet
abl
es.

Cont
ent
a.
)Uni
tsoft
ime
b.
)12hourand24hourcl
ocksy
stems
c.
)Tr
avel
time-
tabl
es
d.
)Pr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngt
rav
elt
imet
abl
es

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Uni
tsoft
ime
1week=7day
s
1day=24hour
s
1hour=60mi
nut
es
1mi
nut
es=60seconds

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als

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Exampl
e
Howmanyhour
sar
ether
einoneweek?

Sol
uti
on
1week=7day
s
1day=24hour
s
1week=(
7x24)hour
s
=168hour
s

Exampl
e
Cov
ert3h45mi
nint
omi
nut
es

Sol
uti
on
1h=60mi
n

3h=(
3x60)mi
n

3h45mi
n=(
(60x3)+45)mi
n

=(
180+45)mi
n

=225mi
n

Exampl
e
Ex
press4h15mi
ninsec

Sol
uti
on
1hour=60mi
n

1mi
n=60sec
4h15mi
n=(
4x60+15)mi
n
=240+15mi
n
=255mi
n
=255x60sec
=15300sec.

The12andt
he24hoursy
stems
I
nthe12hoursy stem,ti
meiscountedfr
om mi dni
ght
.Theti
mef r
om mi
dni
ghtt
omi
ddayi
s
wri
tt
enasam .whil
ethatf
rom mi
ddaytomidni
ghtiswri
tt
enaspm.
I
nthe24hoursy
stem,
timei
scount
edf
rom mi
dni
ghtandexpr
essedi
nhour
s.

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Tr
avel
timet
abl
e
Travelt
imet
abl
esshowst
heexpect
edar
ri
valanddepar
tur
eti
mef
orv
ehi
cles.Shi
ps,aer
opl
anes,
tr
ains.

Exampl
e
Thetabl
ebel
owshowsat
imet
abl
eforapubl
i
cser
vicev
ehi
clepl
yi
ngbet
weent
wot
ownsAandD
vi
atownsBandC.

Town Ar
ri
val
time Depar
tur
eti
me

A 8.
20A.
M
B 10.
40P.
M 11.
00A.
M
C 2.
30P.
M 2.
50 P.
M
D 4.
00P.
M

(
a)Whatt
imedoest
hev
ehi
clel
eav
etownA?

(
b)Atwhatt
imedoesi
tar
ri
vei
ntownD?

(
c)Howl
ongdoesi
ttaket
otr
avel
from t
ownAt
oD.

(
d)Whatt
imedoest
hev
ehi
clet
akest
otr
avel
from t
ownC t
oD?

Sol
uti
on
(
a)8.
20A.
M

(
b)4.
00P.
M

(
c)Ar
ri
val
timei
ntownDwas4.
00p.
m.i
tdepar
tur
efr
om t
ownAwas8.
20a.
m.

Ti
met
aken=(
12.
00-
8.20+4h)
=3h40mi
n+4h
=7h40mi
n
(
d)Thev
ehi
clear
ri
vedi
ntownDat4.
00p.
m.i
tdepar
tedf
rom t
ownCat2.
50p.
m.

Ti
met
aken=4.
00-
2.50
=1h10mi
n

Endoft
opi
c

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dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
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ore
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ngtosl
eep!

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als

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PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
) Av
ant
rav
ell
edf
rom Ki
tal
etoKi
sumuadi
stanceof160km.Theav
eragespeedoft
hev
an
f
ort
hef
ir
st100km was40km/
handt
her
emai
ningpar
toft
hej
our
neyi
tsav
eragespeed
was30km/
h.Cal
cul
atet
heav
eragespeedf
ort
hewhol
ejour
ney
.
(
3mks)

2.
) Awat chwhichloosesahal
f-
minut
eeveryhourwassettor
eadthecor
rectt
imeat0545h
onMonday .Deter
mi netheti
me,i
nthe12hoursyst
em,thewatchwil
lshowonthefol
l
owing
Fr
idayat1945h.

3.) Thet i
met
abl
ebelowshowsthedepart
ureandar
ri
val
timef
orabuspl
yi
ngbet
weent
wo
towns M andR,
300km apar
t 0710982617

Town Ar
ri
val Depar
tur
e

M 0830h

N 1000h 1020h

P 1310h 1340h

Q 1510h 1520h

R 1600h

(
a)Howl
ongdoest
hebust
aket
otr
avel
from t
ownM t
oR?
(
b)Whati
stheav
eragespeedf
ort
hewhol
ejour
ney
?

CHAPTERSEVENTEEN

LI
NEAREQUATI
ONS

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
hetopi
cthelear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)sol
vel
i
nearequat
ionsi
noneunknown
b.
)sol
vesi
mul
taneousl
i
nearequat
ionsbysubst
it
uti
onandel
i
minat
ion

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c.
)Li
nearequat
ionsi
noneandt
wounknown.

Cont
ent
a.
)Li
nearequat
ionsi
noneunknown
b.
)Si
mul
taneousl
i
nearequat
ions
c.
)Li
nearequat
ionsi
noneandt
wounknownsf
rom gi
venr
eal
li
fesi
tuat
ions

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Li
nearequati
onsarest
rai
ghtl
ineequat
ionsinv
olvi
ngoneort wounknowns.Inthi
schapt
er,we
wi
lldeal
withthef
ormati
onandsol
vingofsuchequati
onsconsi
dert
hefoll
owingcases.

Exampl
e
Sol
vef
ort
heunknownsi
neachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngequat
ions
3x+4=10

x
–2=4
3
p+5
=5/
4
3
Sol
uti
on
3x+4=10
3x+4–4=10–4 (
tomakext
hesubj
ectsubt
ract4onbot
hsi
des)
3x=6
X=2

x
–2=4
3
x
–2+2=4+2 (
tomakext
hesubj
ectadd2t
obot
hsi
des)
3
x
=6
3
X=18

p+5 5
=
3 4
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p+5 5
3x( )= x3
3 4

5
P+5= x3
4

5
4(
p+5)= x4
4
4p+20=15
4p=-
5

-
5
P=
4
=-1¼

Solv
inganequati
onwi
thf
ract
ionsordeci
mals,
ther
ei sanopti
onofcl
ear
ingt
hef
ract
ionsor
deci
malsinordert
ocr
eat
easimplerequat
ioni
nvol
vingwholenumber
s.
1.Tocl
earf
ract
ions,
mul
ti
plybot
hsi
desoft
heequat
ion(
dist
ri
but
ingt
oal
lter
ms)byt
he
LCDofal
lthef
ract
ions.
2.Tocl
eardeci
mal
s,mul
ti
plybot
hsi
desoft
heequat
ion(
dist
ri
but
ingt
oal
lter
ms)byt
he
l
owestpowerof10t
hatwi
l
lmakeal
ldeci
mal
swhol
enumber
s.

St
epsf
orSol
vi
ngaLi
nearEquat
ioni
nOneVar
iabl
e:
1.Si
mpl
i
fybot
hsi
desoft
heequat
ion.
2.Uset
headdi
ti
onorsubt
ract
ionpr
oper
ti
esofequal
i
tyt
ocol
l
ectt
hev
ari
abl
eter
msonone
si
deoft
heequat
ionandt
heconst
antt
ermsont
heot
her
.
3.Uset
hemul
ti
pli
cat
ionordi
vi
sionpr
oper
ti
esofequal
i
tyt
omaket
hecoef
fi
cientoft
he
v
ari
abl
eter
m equal
to1.
4.Checkyouranswerbysubst
it
uti
ngy
oursol
uti
oni
ntot
heor
igi
nal
equat
ion.
Not
e:
Al
lot
herl
i
nearequat
ionswhi
chhav
eonl
yonesol
uti
onar
ecal
l
edcondi
ti
onal
.

Exampl
e
Sol
vef
ort
heunknowni
neachi
noft
hef
oll
owi
ngequat
ions

x+1 x-
1
a.
) - =1/
8
2 3

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3y 14y-3y -
1
b.
) - =
2 5 4

c.
2 (2)
)1-y-2 y-
3
=0

Sol
ution
a.
) ( ) ( )
x+1
2
x24-
x-
1
3
x24=1/8x24(mul
ti
plybot
hsi
desbyt
heL.
C.M of2,
3and8)

12(
x+1)
−8(
x–2)=3

12x+12−8x–16=3
4x+28=3
4x=-
25
1
x= -
6
4

b.
)
3y
2
(
x20-
14y
5
-3)
x20=
y-
1
4 ()
x20(
mul
ti
plybot
hsi
desbyt
heL.
C.M of25and4)

30y
-4(
14y-
3)=5(
y–4)
-
26+12=5y-
20
31y=32
32 1
y= =1
31 31

)(
c. 1x2)
y
( )()
- x2 -
2
2
y
-
2
3
x2=0x2

2-
y-2(
y-3)=0

2-
y-2y+6=0
8-
3y=0

8 2
3y= =2
3 3

Pr
obl
emsl
eadi
ngt
oLi
nearequat
ions
Equat
ionsar
ever
yusef
uli
nsol
vi
ngpr
obl
ems.Thebasi
ctechni
quei
stodet
ermi
newhatquant
it
y

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i
tisthatwearetr
yingtofi
ndandmaket hattheunknown.Wet hent
ranslat
ethepr
oblem int
oan
equati
onandsolveit
.Youshouldal
waystrytominimizethenumberofunknowns.Forexample,
i
fwear etol
dthatapieceofrope8metr
esl ongiscutintwoandonepi eceisxmetr
es,thenwe
canwritet
heremaini
ngpieceas(8–x)metres,r
atherthani
ntr
oduci
ngasecondunknown.

Wor
dpr
obl
ems
Equati
onsari
seineverydayli
fe.Forexampl eMaryboughtanumberofor angesfrom Anita’
s
ki
osk.ShethenwenttoMar kskioskandboughtthesamenumberofor anges.Markthem gave
herthr
eemoreoranges.Theorangesfrom thetwoki
oskswer ewrappedindif
fer
entpaperbags.
Onreachi
ngherhouse,shefoundthataquar t
eroft
hefi
rstLotorangesandaf i
ft
hoft hesecond
werebad.I
fintot
alsi
xorangeswer ebad,
findhowmanyor angessheboughtfrom Ani
ta’ski
osk.

Sol
uti
on
Lett
henumberofor
angesboughtatAni
ta’
ski
oskbex.
Then,
thenumberofor
angesobt
ainedf
rom Mar
kski
oskwi
l
lbex+3.

x+3
NumberofBador
angesf
rom Mar
kski
oskwas .
5
x x+3
Tot
alnumberofBador
angesi
sequal
to= +
4 5
x x+3
= +
Thus, =6
4 5
Mul
ti
plyeacht
erm oft
heequat
ionby20(
L.C.
M of4and5)t
ogetr
idoft
hedenomi
nat
or.

x
=20x +20
4 (x+53)=6x20
5x+4(
x+3)=120
5x+4x+12=120(
Remov
ingbr
acket
s)
Subt
ract
ing12f
rom bot
hsi
des.
9x=108
X=12
Thus,
thenumberofor
angesboughtf
rom Ani
ta’
ski
oskwas12.

Not
e:
Ifanyoper
ati
oni
sper
for
medononesi
deofanequat
ion,
i
tmustal
sobeper
for
medont
heot
her
side.

Exampl
e
x+3 x-
4
Sol
vef
orxi
ntheequat
ion: - =4
2 3

Sol
uti
on
El
i
minat
ethef
ract
ionsbymul
ti
ply
ingeacht
erm by6(
L.C.
M,of2and3)
.

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x+3 x-
4
6x( ) -
6( )=4x6
2 3
3(
x+3)–2(
x–4)=24
3x+9-
2x+8=24(
not
ethechangei
nsi
ghwhent
hebr
acketar
eremov
ed)
x+17=24
x=7

Li
nearEquat
ionsi
nTwoUnknowns
Manypr oblemsi nvol
vef i
ndingv al
uesoftwoormoreunknowns.Theseareof
tenli
nkedvi
aa
numberofl inearequat
ions.Forexample,i
fIt
elly
out
hatt
hesum oft wonumber
sis89andthei
r
di
ffer
encei s33,wecanl ett hel gernumberbexandt
ar hesmal eroneyandwr
l i
tethegi
ven
i
nformationasapai rofequat i
ons:
x+y=89(
1)
x–Y=33.(
2)
Thesearecalledsi
multaneousequat i
onssinceweseekv uesofxandyt
al hatmakesbot
h
equat
ionstr
uesimult
aneously.Int
hiscase,i
fweaddt heequati
onsweobt n2x=122,
ai sox=61.
Wecant hensubst
it
utethi
sv aluebackint
oeitherequat
ion,
sayt hef
ir
st,
then61+y=89givngy
i
=28.

Exampl
e
Thecostoftwoski
rt
sandthr
eebl
ousesissh600.
Ift
hecostofoneski
rtandt
wobl
ousesoft
he
samequali
tysh350,
fi
ndt
hecostofeachit
em.

Sol
uti
on
Lett
hecostofoneski
rtbexshi
ll
i
ngsandt
hatofonebl
ousebeyshi
l
li
ngs.Thecostoft
woski
rt
s
andthr
eeblousesi
s2x+3yshil
l
ings.
Thecostofoneski
rtandt
wobl
ousesi
sx+2yshi
l
li
ngs.
So,
2x+3y=600……………….
.(I
)
X+2y=350……………………….
.(I
I)
Mul
ti
ply
ingequat
ion(
II
)by2t
ogetequat
ion(
II
I)
.
2x+4y=700………………(
II
I)
.
2x+3y=600…………………(
I)
Subt
ract
ingequat
ion(
I)f
rom (
II
),y=100.
Fr
om equat
ion(
II
),
X+2y=350buty=100
X+200=350
X=150
Thust
hecostofoneski
rti
s150shi
l
li
ngsandt
hatofabl
ousei
s100shi
l
li
ngs.
I
nsol
vi
ngtheproblem above,
wer educedtheequat
ionsfrom t
wounknownst oasingl
eunknown
i
nybyel
iminat
ing.Thi
sistheeli
mi nat
ionmethodofsolv
ingsimul
taneousequat
ions.

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Exampl
es
a.
)a+b=7
a-
b=5
b.
)3a+5b=20
6a-
5b=12
c.
)3x+ 4y=18
5x+ 6y=286y
=28

i
ons
a.
)
a+b=7-
--
--
--
(i
)7-
--
--
--
(i
)
-
-(
ii
)
Addi
ngIt
oII
2a=12→a=6
Subt
ract
ingI
Ifr
om I;
2b=2
b=1
b.
)3a+5b=20-
--
--
--
(i
)-
--
--
--
(i
)
-
--
--
-(
ii
)
Toeli
minateb,
wesi
mpl
yaddt
het
woequat
ionsel
i
minat
eb,
wesi
mpl
yaddt
het
wo
equat
ions
9a=32
32
a=
9
Fi
ndt
hev
alueofb

c.
)3x+ 4y=18-
--
--
--
--
--
(i
)-
--
--
--
--
-(
i)
-
--
--
--
(i
i)
Hereiti
snoteasyt
oknowtheobv
iousunknownt
obeel
i
minat
edknowt
heobv
ious
unknowntobeeli
minat
ed
t(
II
I)and(
IV)r
espect
ivel
yandsubt
ract
ing(
IV)f
rom (
II
I)
;
d.
)15x+ 20y=90-
--
--
--
--
--
(i
ii
)
15x+ 18y=84-
--
--
--
--
--
(i
v)-
-(
iv)
2y=6
Ther
efor
ey=3

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Subst
it
uti
ngy=3i
n(I
);
3x+12=18
Ther
efor
ex=2
Not
ethatt
heL.
C.M of3and5i
s15.
Toel
i
minat
ey;
Mul
ti
ply
ing(
I)by3,
(II
)by2t
oget(
V)and(
VI)andSubt
ract
ing(
V)f
rom (
VI)
;
9x+ 12y=54-
--
--
--
--
--
(v)
10x+ 12y=56-
--
--
--
--
--
(vi
)vi
)
t
ract
ingx=2i
n(i
i
);
10+6y=28
6y=18
Ther
efor
ey=3.

Not
e;
 I
tisadv
isabl
etost
udyt
heequat
ionanddeci
dewhi
chv
ari
abl
eiseasi
ert
oel
i
minat
e.
 I
tisnecessar
ytochecky
oursol
uti
onbysubst
it
uti
ngi
ntot
heor
igi
nal
equat
ions.

Sol
uti
onbysubst
it
uti
on
2x+3y=600-
--
--
--
-(
-)
i
x+2y=350-
--
--
--
--
--
(i
i)
Taki
ngequat
ion(
II
)al
one;
x+2y=350
Subt
ract
ing2yf
rom bot
hsi
des;
x=350-
2y-
--
--
--
--
-(
ii
i)
y--
--
--
--
--
(i
ii
)
sv
alueofxi
nequat
ion(
i)
;
2(
350–2y
)+3y=600
700–4y+3y=600
Y=100
Subst
it
uti
ngt
hisv
alueofyi
nequat
ion(
ii
i)
;
x=350-
2y
=350-
200
x=150

Thi
smet
hodofsol
vi
ngsi
mul
taneousequat
ionsi
scal
l
edt
hesubst
it
uti
onmet
hod

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Endoft
opi
c

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dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.Aclot
hdeal
ersold3shir
tsand2trouser
sforKshs840and4shi
rt
sand5t
rouser
sfor
Kshs1680f
indthecostof1shi
rtandthecostof1tr
ouser
2.Sol
vethesi
mult
aneousequati
ons
2x–y=3
x2–xy=-
4
3.Thecostof5ski r
tsandbl ousesi sKshs1750.Mueni boughtthreeoftheskirt
sand
oneoft heblousesf orKshs850.Fi ndthecostofeachi tem.
4.Aki nyiboughtthreecupsandf ourspoonsf orKshs324.Wanj iruboughtfivecupsand
Fatumaboughtt wospoonsoft hesamet ypeast hoseboughtbyAki nyi
,Wanjikupai
d
Kshs228mor ethanFat uma.Fi ndt hepr i
ceofeachcupandeachspoon.
5.Mar yhas21coi nswhoset otalvalueisKshs.72.Ther ear et
wiceasmanyf ive
shi
lli
ngscoinsast herear et enshi l
lingcoins.Ther estoneshill
ingscoins.Findthe
numberoft enshi l
l
ingscoi nst hatMar yhas. (4mks)
6.Themassof6si mil
arar tbooksand4si mi larbiol
ogybooksi s7. 2kg.Themassof2
suchar tbooksand3suchbi ol
ogybooksi s3. 4kg.Findt hemassofonear tbook
andt hemassofonebi ologybook
7.Kar anibought4penci lsand6bi ros–pensf orKshs66andTachor abought2penci l
s
and5bi ropensf orKshs51.
(a) Fi ndthepriceofeachi tem
(
b) MusomaspentKshs.228tobuyt
hesamet
ypeofpenci
l
sandbiro–pensift
he
numberofbi
ropensheboughtwer
e4morethant
henumberofpenci
l
s,f
indthe
numberofpenci
l
sbought.
8.Sol
vet
hesi
mul
taneousequat
ionsbel
ow
2x–3y=5
-
x+2y=-
3
9.Thel engt hofaroom is4met r
esl
ongerthanit
swidt
h.Findt
helengt
hoftheroom i
f
i
tsareai s32m2
10.HadijaandKagendoboughtt hesametypesofpensandexerci
sebooksfr
om the
samet y
pesofpensandexer ci
sebooksfrom t
hesameshop.Hadij
abought2pens
and3exer ci
sebooksforKshs78.Kagendobought3pensand4exerci
sebooksfor
Kshs108.
Calculatethecostofeachi
tem
11.Infour
teenyearsti
me,amot herwil
lbetwi
ceasoldasherson.Foury ear
sago,the
sum ofthei
rageswas30y ears.Fi
ndhowoldthemot herwas,whenthesonwasbor n.
12.ThreeyearsagoJumawast hreeti
mesasol dasAli
.Intwoyearsti
met hesum of
thei
rageswillbe62.Det
erminethei
rages.
13.Twopai r
softrouser
sandthreeshir
tscost
sat ot
alofKshs390.Fiv
esuchpai r
sof
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tr
ouser
sandtwoshir
tscostat otal
ofKshs810.Fi
ndthepri
ceofapairoftr
ousers
andashir
t.
14.Ashopkeepersel
l
stwo-typesofpangastypexandtypey.Twelvexpangasandfive
ty
peypangascostKshs1260, whil
eninet
ypexpangasandfif
teent
ypeypangas
cost1620.Mugal
aboughteighteenty
peypangas.Howmuchdi dhepayforthem?

CHAPTEREI
GHTEEN

COMMERCI
ALARI
THMETI
C

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthet
opict
helear
nershoul
dbeablet
o:
a.)St
atet
hecurr
enci
esofdif
fer
entcount
ri
es
b.
)Conv
ertcur
rencyf
rom onef
ormi
ntoanot
hergi
vent
heexchanger
ates
c.
)Cal
cul
atepr
ofi
tandl
oss
d.
)Expr
esspr
ofi
tandl
ossasper
cent
ages
e.
)Cal
cul
atedi
scountandcommi
ssi
on
f
.)Expr
essdi
scountandcommi
ssi
onasper
cent
age.

Cont
ent
a.
)Cur
rency
b.
)Cur
rentcur
rencyexchanger
ates
c.
)Cur
rencyconv
ersi
on
d.
)Pr
ofi
tandl
oss
e.
)Per
cent
agepr
ofi
tandl
oss
f
.)Di
scount
sandcommi
ssi
ons
g.
)Per
cent
agedi
scount
sandcommi
ssi
ons

I
ntr
oduct
ion
I
ncommer cialari
thmeti
cwedealwi thcal
cul
ati
onsinv
olvingbusi
nesstr
ansacti
on.Themedium
ofanybusinesst r
ansacti
onsisusuall
ycall
edthecurrency.TheKenyacurrencyconsi
stofa
basi
cunitcalledashi l
li
ng.100centsareequi
val
enttooneKeny anshi
ll
i
ngs,whileaKeny an
poundi
sequi v
alenttotwentyKenyashi
l
li
ngs.

Cur
rencyExchangeRat
es
TheKeny ancurrencycannotbeusedforbusi
nesstransacti
onsinothercount
ri
es.Tofaci
l
itat
e
i
nternat
ionalt
rade,manycur r
enci
eshavebeengivendiff
erentval
uesrelat
ivet
oanother
.These
areknownasexchanger ates.
Thet abl
ebelow showstheexchanger at
esofmajorint
ernati
onalcur
renci
esatthecl
oseof
businessonacertai
ndayintheyear2015.
Thebuy
ingandsell
ingcolumnrepr
esent
sther
atesat
whichbanksbuyandsellt
hesecurrenci
es.
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Not
e
Theratesar
enotal way
sfixedandtheykeeponcharging.Whenchangi
ngtheKenyancur
rencyto
for
eigncurr
ency,thebanksel l
stoyou.Theref
ore,weuset hesell
ingcol
umnr at
e.Conversel
y
whenchangingforeigncurrencyt
oKeny anCurrency
,t hebankbuysfrom y
ou,soweuset he
buyi
ngcolumnrate.
Cur
rency Buy
ing Sel
l
ing
DOLLAR 102.
1472 102.
3324
STGPOUND 154.
0278 154.
3617
EURO 109.
6072 109.
8522
SARAND 7.
3332 7.
3486
KES/USHS 33.
0785 33.
2363
KES/TSHS 20.
9123 21.
0481
KES/RWF 7.
2313 7.
3423
AEDI
RHAM 27.
8073 27.
8653
CAN$ 77.
6018 77.
7661
JAPNESEYEN 84.
0234 84.
1964
SAUDIRI
YAL 27.
2284 27.
2959
CHI
NESEYUAN 16.
0778 16.
1082
AUSTRALI
AN$ 71.
8606 72.
0420

Exampl
e
Conv
erteachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngcur
renci
est
oit
sst
atedequi
val
ent
a.
)Us$305t
oKsh
b.
)530Di
rham t
oeur
o

Sol
uti
on
a.
)Thebankbuy
sUs1atKsh 102.
1472
Ther
efor
eUS$305=Ksh(
102.
1472x305)
=Ksh31,
154.
896
=Ksh31,
154.
00(
Tot
henear
estshi
l
li
ngs)
Thebankbuy
s1Di
rham atKsh27.
8073
Ther
efor
e530Di
rham =Ksh(
21.
8073x530)
=Ksh11,
557.
00 (
Tot
henear
estshi
l
li
ngs)
Thebanksel
l
s1Eur
oat109.
8522
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Ther
efor
e530Di
rham =11,
557/
109.
8522
=105.
170Eur
os

Exampl
e
Dur
ingacer
tai
nmont
h,t
heexchanger
atesi
nabankwer
easf
oll
ows;

Buy
ing(
Ksh.
) Sel
l
ing(
Ksh.
)

1US$ 91.
65 91.
80

1Eur
o 103.
75 103.
93

Atouri
stlef
tKeny atotheUni
tedSt
ateswithKsh.
1000,
000.
Ontheai
rpor
theexchangedallt
he
moneyt odollar
sandspent190dol l
arsonairti
cket
.Whil
einUShespent4500dol lar
sf or
upkeepandpr oceededtoEur
ope.WhileinEur
opehespentatot
alof2000Euros.How many
Eurosdi
dher emainwith? (
3marks)

Sol
uti
on

Pr
ofi
tandLoss
Thediff
erencebetweent
hecostpr i
ceandt hesell
i
ngpr
iceisei
therprof
itorl
oss.I
fthesel
li
ng
pri
ceisgreatert
hanthecostpri
ce,thedif
ferencei
saprof
itandifthesel
li
ngpri
ceislesst
han
thetot
alcostpri
ce,t
hedi
ff
erenceisaloss.

Not
e
Sel
l
ingpr
ice-costpr
ice=pr
ofi
t

Pr
ofi
t
Per
cent
agepr
ofi
t= x100
Costpr
ice
Costpr
ice-sel
l
ingpr
ice=l
oss

Pr
ofi
t
Per
cent
agel
oss= x100
Costpr
ice
Exampl
e
Ol
l
ieboughtacowatsh18000andsol
ditatsh21000.
Whatper
cent
agepr
ofi
tdi
dhemake?

Sol
uti
on
Sel
l
ingpr
ice=sh21000
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Costpr
ice=sh18000
Pr
ofi
t=sh(
21000-
18,
000)
=sh3000

3000
Per
cent
agepr
ofi
t= x100
18000
2
=16 %
3
Exampl
e
Johnnyboughtadr
essat3500andl
atersol
ditatsh.
2800.
whatper
cent
agel
ossdi
dhei
ncur
s?
Costpr
ice=sh3500
Sel
l
ingpr
ice=sh2800
Loss=sh(
3500-2800)
=Sh700

700
Per
cent
agel
oss= x100=20%
3500

Di
scount
Ashopkeepermaydecidetosellanart
icl
eatr
educedprice.Thedif
fer
encebet
weenthemar ked
pri
ceandthereducedpri
ceisrefer
redt
oasthediscount
.Thediscounti
susual
lyexpr
essedasa
percent
ageoftheact
ualpri
ce.

Exampl
e
Thepr
iceofanart
icl
ei smarkedatsh120.
Adi
scounti
sal
l
owedandt
hear
ti
clesol
datsh
96.
Cal
cul
atet
heper
centagedi
scount
.

Sol
uti
on
Act
ual
pri
ce=sh120.
00
Reducedpr
ice=sh96.
00
Di
scount=sh(
120.
00–96.
00)
=sh24
Per
cent
agedi
scount=24/
120x100
=sh20%

Commi
ssi
on
Acommi ssi
oni
sanagr
eedr
ateofpay
ment
,usual
l
yexpr
essedasaper
cent
age,t
oanagentf
or
hi
sser
vices.

Exampl
e
Mr.Neasa,asal
esmani
nasoapindust
ry,sol
d250pi
ecesoft
oiletsoapatsh45.00and215
packet
sofdeter
mini
ngatsh75.
00perpacket.I
fhegota5% commi ssi
ononthesal
es,how
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muchmoneydi
dhegetascommi
ssi
on?

Sol
uti
on
Sal
esf
ort
het
oil
etsoapwas250x45=sh11250
Sal
esf
ort
hedet
ergentwas215x75=sh16125

5
Commi
ssi
on= (11250+16125)
100
5
x27375=sh1368
100

Exampl
e
Asal esmanearnsabasicsal
aryofsh.9,
000permont h.I
naddi
ti
onhei
sal
sopai
dacommissi
on
of5% f orsal
esabovesh.15, 000.Inacer t
ainmonthhesoldgoodswort
hsh.120,
000ata
discountof2½%.Cal
culatehi
st ot
alear
ningsthatmonth.
{3mar ks}

Sol
uti
on
sal
essh.
120,
000

97.5
netaf
terdi
scount ×120,
000=17,
000
100

sal
esabov
esh.
15,
000=117,
000-
15,
000l
esabov
esh.
15,
000=117,
000-
15,
000

5
commi
sii
on ×102,
000=5,
100
100

t
otl
ear
nings=9,
000+5,
1009,
000+5,
100
0

Endoft
opi
c

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dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
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fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

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PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.Thecashpr izeofat elev
isi
onsetisKshs25000.AcustomerpaidadepositofKshs
3750.Her epaidtheamountowi ngi n24equalmonthlyi
nstal
lments.I
fhewas
chargedsimpleint
erestattherat
eof40%p. ahowmuchwaseachi nst
all
ment?
2.MrNgenybor r
owedKshs560, 000from abanktobuyapi
eceofl
and.Hewasr equi
red
tor epaytheloanwi thsimpleinterestf
oraperiodof48mont hs.Therepayment
amount edtoKshs21, 000permonth.
Calculat
e
(
a)Thei
nter
estpai
dtot
hebank
(
b)Ther
ateperannum oft
hesi
mpl
eint
erest
3.Acardeal ercharges5%commi ssi
onf
orsel
l
ingacar.Hereceiv
edacommi ssi
onof
Kshs17,500f orsell
ingcar.Howmuchmoneydidt
heownerr eceiv
efr
om thesaleof
hiscar
?
4.Acompanysal esladysoldgoodswort
hKshs240,000fr
om t hi
ssalesheearneda
commissionofKshs4, 000
(a)Cal
culatetherateofcommi ssi
on
(
b)I
fshesol
dgoodwhoset
otal
mar
kedpr
icewasKshs360,
000andal
l
owed
adi
scountof2%cal
cul
atet
heamountofcommi
ssi
onsher
ecei
ved.
5.A busi nesswomanboughtt wo bagsofmai zeatt hesamepr iceperbag.She
discov er
edt hatonebagwasofhi ghquali
tyandt heotherofl owqual i
ty .Ont hehi gh
qualit
ybagshemadeapr ofitbyselli
ngatKshs1,040, wher easont hel owqual i
tybag
shemadeal ossbysel l
ingatKshs880.I fthepr ofitwast hreet imest hel oss,
calculatethebuy i
ngpr i
ceperbag.
6.Asal esmanget sacommi ssionof2.4% onsal esupt oKshs100, 000.Heget san
additi
onal commi ssi onof1. 5%onsal esabovethis.Calculatethecommi ssionheget s
onsal eswor thKshs280, 000.
7.Threepeopl eKor is,Wangar eandHassancont ri
but edmoneyt ostartabusi ness.Kor i
r
contri
but edaquar t
eroft het otalamountandWangar etwof ift
hsoft her emai nder.
Hassan’ scont r
ibutionwasoneandahal fti
mest hatofKor is.Theybor rowedt her est
ofthemoneyf rom t hebankwhi chwasKshs60, 000l esst hanHassan’ scont ri
bution.
Findthet otalamountr equiredt ostar
tthebusi
ness.
8.AKeny ant
ouri
stl
eftGer
manyforKeny
athroughSwit
zer
land.Whi
l
ei nSwit
zer
landhe
boughtawatchwort
h52deut
scheMarks.Fi
ndtheval
ueofthewatchin:
(a) Swi ssFr
ancs.
(
b) Keny
aShi
l
li
ngs
Uset
heexchanger
tesbel
ow:
1Swi
ssFr
anc=1.
28Deut
scheMar
ks.
1Swi
ssFr
anc=45.
21Keny
aShi
l
li
ngs
9. Asal
esmanearnsabasi
csal
aryofKshs.9000permont
h
I
naddit
ionhei
salsopai
dacommi ssi
onof5%forsal
esabov
eKshs15000
I
nacer t
ainmonthhesoldgoodswort
hKshs.120,000atadi
scountof2½ %.
Cal
cul
atehist
otal
ear
ningst
hatmont
h
10.I
nthi
squesti
on,mathemat
icalt
ableshoul
dnotbeused
AKenyanbankbuy
sandsel l
sforei
gncurr
enci
esasshownbel
ow
Page|
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Buy
ing Sel
l
ing
(
InKeny
ashi
l
li
ngs) I
nKeny
aShi
l
li
ngs
1HongKongdol
l
ar 9.
74 9.
77
1Sout
hAf
ri
canr
and 12.
03 12.
11
Atouri
stsar
riv
edinKeny awi t
h105000HongKongdol l
arsandchangedthewhol
e
amounttoKenyanshil
li
ngs.Whi l
einKeny
a,shepentKshs403897andchangedthe
bal
ancetoSouthAfri
canr andbeforel
eav
ingforSout
hAf r
ica.Cal
cul
atet
heamount,
i
nSouthAfri
canrandthatshereceiv
ed.
11.AKenyanbusinessmanboughtgoodsfr
om Japanwort
h2,950000Japanesey
en.On
ar
ri
valinKenyacustom dut
yof20%waschargedontheval
ueoft
hegoods.
I
ftheexchangerat
eswer easf
oll
ows
1USdol
l
ar=118JapaneseYen
1USdol
l
ar=76Keny
ashi
l
li
ngs
Cal
cul
atet
hedut
ypai
dinKeny
ashi
l
li
ngs

12.Twobusi nessmenjoint
lyboughtami nibuswhichcoul
df er
ry25payi
ngpassenger
s
whenf ul
l.ThefarebetweentwotownsAandBwasKshs.80perpassengerf orone
way .Theminibusmadet hr
eeroundt r
ipsbetweenthetwot ownsdai
l
y.Thecostof
fuelwasKshs1500perday .Thedriverandtheconductorwerepai
ddail
yal
l
owances
ofKshs200andKshs150r espect
ivel
y.
Af urt
herKshs4000perdaywassetasi deformaint
enance.
(
a)Onedayt
hemi
nibuswasf
ull
onev
eryt
ri
p.
(
i) Howmuchmoneywascol
l
ect
edf
rom t
hepassenger
sthatday
?
(
ii
) Howmuchwast
henetpr
ofi
t?
(
b)Onanot herday
,theminibuswas80%ontheaveragef
ort
hethr
eeround
tr
ips.Howmuchdi deachbusinessgeti
fthedayspr
ofi
twassharedi
nther
ati
o
2:
3?

13.Atravel
erhadst
erli
ngpounds918withwhichheboughtKenyashi
ll
ingsattherateof
Kshs84persterl
ingpound.Hedidnotspendt hemoneyasint
ended.Later,heused
theKenyanshi
ll
i
ngst obuyster
li
ngpoundatt herat
eofKshs.85persterl
ingpound.
Calcul
atet
heamountofmoneyi nst
erl
ingpoundslosti
nthewhol
etransacti
on.

14.Acommer
cialbankbuy
sandsel
l
sJapaneseYeni
nKeny
ashi
l
li
ngsatt
her
atesshown
bel
ow
Buyi
ng 0. 5024
Sel
l
ing 0.
5446
AJapaneset
our
istatt
heendofhist
ourofKeny
awasl ef
twit
hKshs.30000whi
chhe
conv
ert
edtoJapaneseYenthr
oughthecommerci
albank.HowmanyJapaneseYen
di
dheget?

Page|
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15.Inthemont hofJanuary
,ani nsur
ancesalesmanearnedKshs.6750whi
chwas
commissi
onof4.5%ofthepremiumspai
dtothecompany.
(a)Cal
cul
atethepr
emium pai
dtothecompany.
(
b)I
nFebr
uar
yther
ateofcommi
ssi educedby662/
onwasr 3%andt
he
pr
emiumsr
educedby10% cal
cul
atet
heamountear
nedbyt
hesal
esmani
nthe
mont
hofFebr
uary

16.Akinyi,Bundi,Cur
aandDi bainvestedsomemoneyi nabusinessintherati
oof
7:9:10:
14respecti
vel
y.Thebusinessreal
izedapr
ofi
tofKshs46800.Theyshar
ed12%
oft heprof
itequal
lyandtheremainderinther
ati
oofthei
rcont
ri
buti
ons.Cal
cul
atethe
totalamountofmoneyr ecei
vedbyDi ba.

17.At elephonebilli
ncl
udesKshs4320f oral ocalcall
sKshs3260f ort
rankcal
lsand
rentalchargeKshs2080.Av alueaddedtax(V.A.T)isthenchar
gedat15%,Fi
ndthe
totalbill
.
18.Dur i
ngacer t
ainperi
od.Theexchangerat
eswer easfoll
ows
1st erl
ingpound=Kshs102.0
1st
erl
i
ngpound=1.
7usdol
l
ar
1U.
Sdol
l
ar=Kshs60.
6
Aschoolmanagementintendedtoi mporttext
bookswor t
hKshs500,000fr
om UK.It
changedthemoneyt osterl
ingpounds.Lat erthemanagementf oundoutthatt
he
booksthester
li
ngpoundst odol l
ars.Unfort
unatel
yaf i
nanci
alcri
sisar
oseandthe
moneyhadt obeconvert
edt oKeny ashil
li
ngs.Calcul
atethetot
alamountofmoney
themanagementendedupwi th.

19.A frui
ter
erbought144pi neapplesatKshs100f orev er
ysixpineappl
es.Shesold
someoft hem atKshs72foreverythr
eeandtherestatKshs60foreveryt
wo.
Ifshemadea65%pr of
it
,calcul
atethenumberofpineappl
essol
datKshs72f orev
ery
three.

CHAPTERTEN

COORDI
NATESANDGRAPHS

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het
opict
helear
nershoul
dbeableto:
a.)Dr
awandl
abelt
hecomplet
eCartesi
anpl
ane
b.
)Locat
eandpl
otpoi
ntsont
heCar
tesi
anpl
ane
c.
)Chooseanduseappr
opr
iat
escal
eforagi
vendat
a
d.
)Makeat
abl
eofv
aluesf
oragi
venl
i
nearr
elat
ion
e.
)Usev
aluest
odr
awal
i
neargr
aph
f
.)Sol
vesi
mul
taneousl
i
nearequat
ionsgr
aphi
cal
l
y
Page|
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ghschool
not
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setbooks,
gui
debooks,
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als

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sApp0748842695
 enockmosomi
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g.
)Dr
aw,
readandi
nter
pretgr
aphs.

Cont
ent
a.
)Car
tesi
anpl
ane
b.
)Car
tesi
anco-
ordi
nat
e
c.
)Poi
ntsont
heCar
tesi
anpl
ane
d.
)Choi
ceofappr
opr
iat
escal
e
e.
)Tabl
eofv
aluesf
oragi
venl
i
nearr
elat
ion
f
.)Li
neargr
aphs
g.
)Gr
aphi
cal
sol
uti
onsofsi
mul
taneousl
i
nearequat
ions
h.
)Int
erpr
etat
ionofgr
aphs.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Theposi
tionofapointi
naplanisl
ocat
edusi
nganorder
edpai
rofnumber
scal
l
edco-or
dinat
es
andwrit
tenintheform(x,y
).Thef
ir
stnumberr
epr
esentst
hedist
anceal
ongt
hexaxisandis
call
ed
the x
co-

ordi
nates.The second numberr
epr
esent
sdi
stance al
ong t
he yaxi
sand i
t’
scal
l
ed t
he y
coordi
nates.
Thexandycoordi
natesint
ersectsat(
0,0)apointcal
l
edtheori
gin.Thesy
stem ofl
ocat
ing
poi
ntsusi
ngt
woaxesatri
ghtanglesi
scall
edCar
tesi
anpl
ansyst
em.
TolocateapointontheCart
esianplane,moveal
ongthex-axi
stothenumberi ndi
cat
edbythex-
coordi
nateandthenal hey
ongt -
axistothenumberi
ndicat
edbythey-coordi
nat
e.Forexampl
e,t
o
l
ocatethepointwit
hcoordi
nates(1,2),
move1unitt
ot heri
ghtoft
heor i
ginandthen2uni
tsup

TheCar
tesi
anpl
an
TheGr
aphofast
rai
ghtl
i
ne
Page|
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ehi
ghschool
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es,
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gui
debooks,
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eri
als

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sApp0748842695
 enockmosomi
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Considert
heLinearequat
iony=2x+1. Somecorr
espondi
ngvaluesofxandyar
egi
veni
nthe
tabl
ebelow.I
fwepl ott
hepoint
swenot
icethatt
heyal
lli
einast
raightl
i
ne.

Sol
uti
on
St
ep1wr
it
ether
ule y=2x+1
St
ep2Dr
awat
abl
eandchoosesi
mpl
exv
alues
St
ep3Uset
her
ulet
ofi
ndeachyv
alueandent
ert
heni
nthet
abl
e.
E.
g.whenx=-
2,y
=2x-
2+1=-
3.
whenx=-
1,y
=2x-
1+1=-
1
st
ep4Dr
awaCar
tesi
anpl
anandpl
ott
hepoi
nts.
St
ep5Joi
nthepoi
ntst
ofor
m ast
rai
ghtl
i
neandl
abel
thegr
aph

Not
e:
 Twopoi nt
sar
esuf
fi
cientt
odet
ermi
neast
rai
ghtl
i
ne,butweuset
het
hir
dpoi
ntasa
check.
 I
tisadv
isabl
etochoosepoi
ntswhi
chcanbepl
ott
edeasi
l
y.

Gr
aphi
ngsol
uti
onsofsi
mul
taneousl
i
nearequat
ion
Thegraphsoft heform ax+by=cr epr
esentsastrai
ghtl
i
ne.Whent wolinearequati
onsare
repr
esentedonthesameCar tesi
anpl
an,thei
rgraphsmayormaynotinter
sect.Forexample,i
n
solv
ingthesi
mul t
aneousequati
onsx+3y=5and5x+7y=9gr aphi
cal
ly,t
hegr aphsofthetwo
equati
onaredrawn.

Page|
107
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als

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Thet
woli
nesi
nter
sectatp(
-1,
2).
Thesol
uti
ont
othesi
mul
taneousequat
ionsi
s,t
her
efor
e,x=-
1andy=2.

Gener
algr
aphs
Graphsareappli
edwidel
yi nsci
enceandmanyotherfi
elds.Thegr
aphsshoul
dthei
rf
oebedrawn
i
nawayt hatconveyi
nformati
oneasilyandaccurat
ely.Themostofimportantt
echni
queof
dr
awi nggr
aphsisthechoiceofappropr
iat
escal
e.
Agoodscal
eisonewhichusesmostoft
hegr
aphpageandenabl
esust
opl
otpoi
ntsandr
ead
of
fval
ueseasi
l
yandaccurat
ely
.
Av
oidscal
eswhi
ch:
 Gi
vet
inygr
aphs.
 Cannotaccommodat
eal
lthedat
aint
het
abl
e.
I
tisgoodpr
act
icet
o:
 Label
theaxescl
ear
ly.
 Gi
vet
het
it
leoft
hegr
aph.

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

Rev
isi
onQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.
)Copyandcompl
etet
het
abl
eandhencedr
awt
hecor
respondi
nggr
aph.
Y=4x+3
Page|
108
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als

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x -
2 -
1 0 1 2

2.
)Dr
awt
hegr
aphoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:
a.
)Y+2x=5
b.
)y/
2+2x=5

CHAPTERTWENTY

ANGLESANDPLANEFI
GURES
Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
hetopi
cthel
earnershouldbeabl
eto:
a.)Nameandi
denti
fyt
ypesofangles
b.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngangl
esonast
rai
ghtl
i
ne
c.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngangl
esatapoi
nt
d.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngangl
esonat
ransv
ersal
cut
ti
ngpar
all
ell
i
nes
e.
)St
ateangl
epr
oper
ti
esofpol
ygons
f
.)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngangl
epr
oper
ti
esofpol
ygons
g.
)Appl
ytheknowl
edgeofangl
epr
oper
ti
est
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Cont
ent
a.
)Ty
pesofangl
es
b.
)Angl
esonast
rai
ghtl
i
ne
c.
)Angl
esatapoi
nt
d.
)Angl
esonat
ransv
ersal
(cor
respondi
ng,
alt
ernat
eandal
l
iedangl
es)
e.
)Angl
epr
oper
ti
esofpol
ygons
f
.)Appl
i
cat
iont
oreal
li
fesi
tuat
ions.

Page|
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debooks,
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als

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.com

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Afl
atsur
facesuchast
het
opofat
abl
eiscal
l
edapl
ane.Thei
nter
sect
ionofanyt
wost
rai
ght
l
i
nesisapoint
.

Repr
esent
ati
onofpoi
ntsandl
i
nesonapl
ane
Apointi
srepresentedonapl anebyamarklabel
ledbyacapi
tall
ett
er.Thr
oughanyt
wogi
ven
poi
ntsonaplane,onlyonest
raightl
i
necanbedrawn.

Thel
i
nepassest
hroughpoi
ntsAandBandhencecanbel
abel
l
edl
i
neAB.

Ty
pesofAngl
es
Whent
wol i
nesmeet,t
heyfor
m anangl
eatapoi
nt.Thepoi
ntwher
etheangl
eisf
ormedi
scal
l
ed
t
hever
texoftheangl
e.Thesy
mbol<isusedt
odenoteanangl
e.

Acut
eangl
e. Ref
lexangl
e.

Obt
useangl
e Ri
ghtangl
e

To obtai
nthesizeofarefl
exanglewhichcannotber ead di
rect
lyf
rom aprot
ract
or,
the
corr
espondi
ngacut
eorobt
useangl
eissubt
ract
edfom 3600.
r I
fanytwoangl
esXandYaresuch
that
:

i
.) Angl eY=900,
eX+angl theangl
esar
esai
dtobecompl
ement
aryangl
es.Eachangl
eis

Page|
110
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es,
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debooks,
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als

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 enockmosomi
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t
hensai
dtobet
hecompl
ementoft
heot
her
.

i
i
.) Angl
eX+angleY=1800,t
heanglesaresai
dtobesuppl
ement
aryangl
es.Eachangl
e
i
sthensai
dtobet
hesupplementoft
heother.

I
nthef
igur
ebel
ow<POQand<ROQar
eapai
rofcompl
ement
aryangl
es.

I
nthef
igur
ebel
ow<DOFand<FOEar
eapai
rofsuppl
ement
aryangl
es.

Angl
esonast
rai
ghtl
i
ne.
Thebel
owshowsanumberofangl
eswi
thacommonv
ert
ex0.
AOEi
sast
rai
ghtl
i
ne.

Twoanglesonei t
hersi
deofast
rai
ghtl
i
neandhav
ingacommonv
ert
exar
eref
err
edt
oas
adj
acentangl
es.
I
nthef
igur
eabov
e:
<AOBi
sadj
acentt
o<BOC
<BOCi
sadj
acentt
o<COD

Page|
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<CODi
sadj
acentt
o<DOE

Angl
esonastr
aightl
i o1800.
neaddupt
Angl
esatapoi
nt
Twointer
sect
ingst
rai
ghtli
nesfor
mf ourangl
eshav
ingacommonv er
tex.Theangl
eswhichar
e
onopposit
esi
desofthevert
exarecal
ledver
ti
cal
l
yopposi
teangl
es.Considert
hefol
l
owing:

I
nthefi
gur
eabove<COBand<AOCar
eadj
acentangl
esonast
rai
ghtl
i
ne.Wecannowshow
t
hata=casfol
l
ows:

a+b=1800(
Angl
esonast
rai
ghtl
i
ne)

c+d=1800(
Angl
esonast
rai
ghtl
i
ne)

a+b+c+d=1800+1800=3600
So,

Thi
sshowst
hatangl
esatapoi o3600
ntaddupt

Angl
esonat
ransv
ersal
At
ransv
ersal
isal
i
net
hatcut
sacr
osst
wopar
all
ell
i
nes.

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I
ntheabov
efi
gur
ePQandSTar
epar
all
ell
i
nesandRUcut
sthr
ought
hem.
RUi
sat
ransv
ersal
.
Name:
i
.) Cor
respondi
ngangl
esar
eAngl
esbande,
candh,
aandf
,dandg.
i
i
.) Al
ter
nat
eangl
esaandc,
fandh,
bandd,
eandg.
i
i
i.
) Co-
int
eri
ororal
l
iedangl
esar
efandd,
cande.

Angl
epr
oper
ti
esofpol
ygons
Apol
ygoni
sapl
anf
igur
ebor
der
edbyt
hreeoror
est
rai
ghtl
i
nes

Tr
iangl
es
At ri
anglei
sat hr
eesidedplanefi
gur
e.Thesum oft hethreeangl
esofat
ri
angl
eaddupt
o
0
180.tr
iangl
esar
eclassi
fi
edonthebasi
sofei
therangl
essides.

i
.) At
ri
angl
einwhi
choneoft
heangl s900i
esi scal
l
edar
ightangl
edt
ri
angl
e.
i
i
.) Ascal
enet
ri
angl
eisonei
nwhi
chal
lthesi
desandangl
esar
enotequal
.
i
i
i.
) Anisoscel
estr
iangl
eisoneinwhi
cht
wosi
desar
eequalandt
heequalsi
desmake
equalangl
eswi
ththethi
rdsi
de.
i
v.
) Anequil
ater
alt
ri
angl
eisonei
nwhi
chal
lthesi
dear
eequalandal
ltheangl
esar
e
equal

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Ext
eri
orpr
oper
ti
esofat
ri
angl
e

Angl
eDAB=p+q.
Si
mil
arl
y,Angl
eEBC=r+qandangl
eFCA=r+p.

Butp+q+r=1800

Butp+q+r=1800
Ther
efor
eangl
eDAB+angl
eEBC+angl
eFCA=2p+2q+2r
=2(
p+q+r
)

=2x1800

=3600

I
ngener
alt
hesum ofal
ltheext
eri
orangl
esofat
ri
angl
eis3600.

Quadr
il
ater
als
A quadr
il
ateralisaf our–si
ded plan f
igur
e.Theint
eri
oranglesofaquadr
il
ater
aladd put
3600.
Quadr
ilater
alsar
ealsocl
assi
fi
edintermsofsi
desandangl
es.

PROPERTIESOFQUADRI LATERALS
Proper
ti
esofPar
all
elogr
ams
I
napar
all
elogr
am,

1.Theparal
l
elsidesareparal
lel bydef i
nit
ion.
2.Theopposit
esidesarecongr uent .
3.Theopposit
eanglesarecongr uent.
4.Thedi
agonalsbisecteachother .
5.Anypai
rofconsecutiveanglesar esuppl ement
ary
.

Pr
oper
ti
esofRect
angl
es
I
nar
ect
angl
e,

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1.All
thepropert
iesofapar al
lel
ogr
am appl
ybydef
ini
ti
on.
2.All
anglesarerightangl
es.
3.Thediagonal
sar econgruent.

Pr
oper
ti
esofaki
te
1.Two di
sjoi
nt pai
rs of consecut
ive si
des ar
e congr
uent by
def
ini
ti
on.
2.Thedi
agonal
sareperpendi
cular.
3.Onedi
agonali
stheperpendicul
arbi
sectoroftheot
her
.
4.Oneofthedi
agonalsbi
sectsapairofopposit
eangl
es.
5.Onepai
rofopposit
eanglesarecongruent
.
Pr
oper
ti
esofRhombuses
I
nar
hombus,

1.All
theproper
ti
esofapar all
elogram applybydefini
ti
on.
2.Twoconsecutiv
esi desar econgr uentbydefi
nit
ion.
3.All
sidesarecongruent.
4.Thediagonal
sbisecttheangl es.
5.Thediagonal
sareper pendicularbisector
sofeachot her.
6.Thediagonalsdivi
det her hombusi ntofourcongr uentri
ght
t
ri
angl
es.
Pr
oper
ti
esofSquar
es
I
nasquar
e,

1.All
theproper
tiesofarectangl
eappl
ybydefi
niti
on.
2.All
theproper
tiesofarhombusapplybydefi
nit
ion.
3.Thediagonal
sf or
mfourisoscel
esri
ghtt
ri
angles.

Pr
oper
ti
esofI
soscel
esTr
apezoi
ds
I
nani
soscel
est
rapezoi
d,

1.Thel
egsarecongr uentbydefi
nit
ion.
2.Thebasesareparall
elbydefi
nit
ion.
3.Thel
owerbaseangl esarecongruent.
4.Theupperbaseanglesarecongruent.
5.Thedi
agonalsarecongruent.
6.Anyl
owerbaseangl eissuppl
ement ar
ytoanyupperbaseangl
e.

Pr
ovi
ngThataQuadr
il
ater
ali
saPar
all
elogr
am
Anyoneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngmet
hodsmi
ghtbeusedt
opr
ovet
hataquadr
il
ater
ali
sapar
all
elogr
am.

1.I
fbot
hpai
rsofopposi
tesi
desofaquadr
il
ater
alar
epar
all
el,t
heni
tisapar
all
elogr
am
(defi
nit
ion).
2.I
fbot hpairsofopposit
esidesofaquadril
at eralarecongruent,
theniti
sapar al
lelogram.
3.I
fonepai rofopposi
tesidesofaquadril
ateralar ebothparall
elandcongruent,thenitisa
parall
elogram.
4.I
ft hediagonalsofaquadril
ater
albi
secteachot her
,thentheitisaparal
lel
ogram.
5.I
fbot hpairsofopposit
eanglesofaquadrilateralarecongruent,t
heniti
sapar allel
ogram.

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Pr
ovi
ngThataQuadr
il
ater
ali
saRect
angl
e
Onecanpr
ovethataquadri
later
ali
sar ect
angl
ebyfir
stshowi
ngt
hati
tisapar
all
elogr
am and
t
henusi
ngeit
heroft
hefol
lowingmethodstocompl
etethepr
oof
.

1.I
faparal
lel
ogr
am cont
ainsatleastoner
ightangl
e, t
heniti
sarect
angl
e(def
ini
ti
on)
.
2.I
fthedi
agonal
sofaparall
elogram ar
econgruent
,theniti
sarect
angl
e.
One can also show t
hata quadr
il
ater
ali
sar
ect
angl
e wi
thoutf
ir
stshowi
ng t
hati
tisa
par
all
elogr
am.

3.I
fal
lfourangl
esofaquadr
il
ater
alar
eri
ghtangl
es,
theni
tisar
ect
angl
e.

Pr
ovi
ngThataQuadr
il
ater
ali
saKi
te
Topr
ovet
hataquadr
il
ater
ali
saki
te,
eit
heroft
hef
oll
owi
ngmet
hodscanbeused.

1.I
ftwodi
sjoi
ntpai
rsofconsecut
ivesi
desofaquadr
il
ater
alar
econgr
uent
,theni
tisaki
te
(
def
ini
ti
on)
.
2.I
foneoft
hedi
agonal
sofaquadr
il
ater
ali
stheper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
oroft
heot
her
di
agonal
,theni
tisaki
te.

Pr
ovi
ngThataQuadr
il
ater
ali
saRhombus
Toprov
et hataquadri
lat
erali
sar hombus,onemayshow t
hati
tisapar
all
elogr
am andt
hen
appl
yei
theroft
hefol
lowingmethods.

1.I
fapar
all
elogr
am cont
ainsapai
rofconsecut
ivesi
dest
hatar
econgr
uent
,theni
tisa
rhombus(defi
nit
ion)
.
2.I feitherdi
agonalofaparal
lel
ogram bi
sect
st woangl
esoftheparal
l
elogram,t
heniti
sa
rhombus.
One can also pr
ovet hata quadri
l
ateralisar hombus wi
thoutfi
rstshowing t
hatitisa
par
all
elogram.

3.I
fthedi
agonal
sofaquadr
il
ater
alar
eper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orsofeachot
her
,theni
tisa
r
hombus.
Pr
ovi
ngThataQuadr
il
ater
ali
saSquar
e
Thef
oll
owi
ngmet
hodcanbeusedt
opr
ovet
hataquadr
il
ater
ali
sasquar
e:
I
faquadr
il
ater
ali
sbot
har
ect
angl
eandar
hombus,
theni
tisasquar
e.

Pr
ovi
ngThataTr
apezoi
disanI
soscel
esTr
apezoi
d
Anyoneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngmet
hodscanbeusedt
opr
ovet
hatat
rapezoi
disi
soscel
es.

1.I
fthenonpar
all
elsi
desofatrapezoi
darecongr uent,
theniti
sisoscel
es(defi
nit
ion)
.
2.I
fthel
owerorupperbaseanglesofatrapezoidarecongruent
,theniti
sisoscel
es.
3.I
fthedi
agonalsofatr
apezoi
dar econgruent
,thenitisi
soscel
es.

Not
e:
 I
fapol
ygonhasnsi
des,
thent
hesum ofi
nter
iorangl
es(
2n-
4)r
ightangl
es.

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 Thesum ofext
eri
orangl
esofanypol
y s3600.
goni
 At
ri
angl
eissai
dtober
egul
ari
fal
li
tssi
desandal
li
tsi
nter
iorangl
esar
eequal
.

Thefi
gur
ebel
owi
sahexagonwi
thi
nter
iorangl
esg,
h,I,
kandIandext
eri
orangl
esa,b,
c,d,
e
,andf
.

Endoft
opi
c

Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
I
nthef
igur
ebel
ow,
li
nesABandLM ar
epar
all
el.

A B
y z

830
x
L 1300 M

Fi
ndt
hev
aluesoft
heangl
esmar
kedx,
yandz (
3mks)

CHAPTERONE
GEOMETRI
CCONSTRUCTI
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Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
het opi
cthel
earnershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)Usear
ulerandcompassesonlyto:
 const
ructaper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orofal
i
ne
 const
ructanangl
ebi
sect
or
 const
ructaper
pendi
cul
art
oal
i
nef
rom agi
venapoi
nt
 const
ructaper
pendi
cul
art
oal
i
net
hroughagi
venpoi
ntont
hel
i
ne
 const
ructangl
eswhosev
aluesar
emul
ti
plesof7½°
 const
ructpar
all
ell
i
nes
 di
vi
deal
i
nepr
opor
ti
onal
l
y
b.
)Usear ul
erandasetsquaret
oconst
ructpar
all
ell
i
nes,
div
ideal
i
nepr
opor
ti
onal
l
y,andt
o
const
ructper
pendi
cul
arli
nes
c.
)Constructar
egul
arpol
ygonusi
ngr
ulerandcompassesonl
y,andr
uler
,compassesand
pr
otr
actor
d.
)Const
ructi
rr
egul
arpol
ygonsusi
ngar
uler
,compassesandpr
otr
act
or.

Cont
ent
a.
)Const
ruct
ionofl
i
nesandangl
esusi
ngar
ulerandcompassesonl
y
b.
)Const
ruct
ionofper
pendi
cul
arandpar
all
ell
i
nesusi
ngar
ulerandasetsquar
eonl
y
c.
)Pr
opor
ti
onal
div
isi
onofal
i
ne
d.
)Const
ruct
ionofr
egul
arpol
ygons(
upt
oahex
agon)
e.
)Const
ruct
ionofi
rr
egul
arpol
ygons(
upt
oahexagon)
.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Const
ruct
ionI
nst
rument
s
Thefoll
owing mi
nimum setofi
nst
rument
sisr
equi
red i
n or
dert
o const
ructgood qual
i
ty
drawi
ngs:

o Twosetsquar
es.
o Apr
otr
act
or.
o A 15cm or150mm r
uler
o Compass
o Pr
otr
act
or
o Di
vi
der
o Aner
aser
/rubber
o Twopenci
l
s-a2HandanHB,t
oget
herwi
thsomeshar
peni
ngdev
ice–Razorbl
adeor
shaper
.

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Constructi
onofPerpendi
cul
arLi
nes
Perpendicul
arl
ines
Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsPQasaper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orofagi
venl
i
neAB.

Toobt
aint
heper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orPQ
 WithAandBascent r
e,andusi
ngt
hesamer
adi
us,
draw ar
csonei
thersi
deofAB t
o
i
ntersectatPandQ.
 Joi
nPt
oQ.

Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsPE,
aper
pendi
cul
arf
rom apoi
ntPt
oagi
venl
i
neAB.

Toconst
ructaper
pendi
cul
arl
i
nef
rom apoi
nt
 Todr
opaper
pendi
cul
arl
i
nef
rom poi
ntPt
oAB.

 Sett
hecompasspoi
ntatPandst
ri
keanar
cint
ersect
ingABatCandD.

 Wi
thCandDascent
resandanyr
adi
usl
argert
hanone-
hal
fofCD,

 St
ri
kear
csi
nter
sect
ingatE.

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als

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 Al
i
nef
rom Pt
hroughEi
sper
pendi
cul
art
oAB.

Toconst
ructaper
pendi
cul
arl
i
nef
rom apoi
nt
 Usi
ngPascent
reandanyconv
eni
entr
adi
us,
drawar
cst
oint
ersectt
hel
i
nesatAandB.
 UsingAascent
reandar
adi
uswhosemeasur
eisgr
eat
ert
hanAP,
drawanar
cabov
ethe
l
ine.
 Usi
ngBast
hecent
reandt
hesamer
adi
us,
drawanar
ctoi
nter
actt
heonei
n(i
i
)atpoi
ntQ.
 Usi
ngar
uler,
drawPQ.

FI
GUR21.
4
Const
ruct
ionofper
pendi
cul
arl
i
nesusi
ngasetsquar
e.
Twoedgesofasetsquar
eareperpendi
cul
ar.Theycanbeusedtodraw per
pendi
cul
arl
ines.
Whenoneoft
heedgesi
sputal
ongaline,
ali
nedrawnalongt
heot
heronei
sperpendi
cul
art
othe
gi
venl
ine.

Toconst
ructaper
pendi
cul
arf
rom apoi
ntpt
oal
i
ne
 Pl
acear
uleral
ongt
hel
i
ne.
 Pl
aceoneoft
heedgesofasetsquar
ewhi
chf
orm ar
ightangl
eal
ongt
her
uler
.
 Sl
i
det
hesetsquar
eal
ongt
her
ulerunt
ilt
heot
heredger
eachesp.
 Hol
dthesetsquar
efi
rml
yanddr
awt
hel
i
net
hroughPt
omeett
hel
i
neper
pendi
cul
arl
y.

Const
ruct
ionofAngl
esusi
ngaRul
erandapai
rofcompassonl
y
Thebasi
cangl
efr
om whi
chal
ltheot
her
scanbeder
ivedf
rom i
sthe600,
450and900

0
Const
ruct
ionofanAngl
eof60
 LetAbet
heapexoft
heangl
e
 Wi
thcent
reAdr
awanar
cBCusi
ngasui
tabl
eradi
us.
 Wi
thbast
hecent
redr
awanot
herar
ctoi
nter
sectar
cBCatD.

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 Dr
awal
i
neAEt
hroughD.Theangl s600
eEACi
0
Const
ruct
ionofanAngl
eof90
 LetAbet
heapexoft
heangl
e.
 Wi
thcent
reAdr
awanar
cBCofl
arger
adi
us.
 Dr
awanar
conBCusi
ngasui
tabl
eradi
usandmar
kitD.

 Usi
ngt
hesamer
adi
usandpoi
ntDast
hecent
redr
awanar
cE.
 BDandDEar
eoft
hesamer
adi
us.
 Wi
thcent
reDdr
awanyar
cF.
 Wi
thcent
reEdr
awanar
cequal
inr
adi
ust
oDF.

 Joi
nAFwi
thast
rai
ghtl
i
ne.Angl s900
eBAFi

0
Const
ruct
ionofanAngl
eof45
Dr
awABandACatr i es450 t
ghtangl oeachother
.Wit
hcent
reAand wi
thlargeradi
us,drawan
ar
ctocutABatD andandACatE.Withcent
resEandDdrawar
csofequalradi
ustoint
ersectat
Dr
awastrai
ghtl
i
nefrom Athr
oughAngleBAFis450
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10 0 0
Const
ruct
ionofangl
esofmul
ti
pleof7 3015..
2

Thebi
sect
ionof600angl
eproduces300andt
hesuccessi
vebi
sect
ionoft
hisangl oduces150
epr
0
1
whi
chisbi
sectedt
oproduce7 asshownbelow.
2

awABandACat600t
 Dr oeachot
herasshownabov
e.
 Wi
thcent
reA,
andal
arger
adi
us,
drawanar
ctocutABatEandACatD.
 Wi
thcent
resEandDdr
awar
csofequal
radi
ust
oint
ersectatF.
 Dr
awal
i
nef
rom At
hroughF.

 Angl s300hal
eCAFi f600.

0
1
0
Toconst
ruct15 7
2
awACandAFat300 t
 Dr oeachot
herasdescr
ibedabov
e.
 Wi
thcent
resGandDdr
awar
csofequal
radi
ust
oint
ersectatH
 Dr
awal
i
nef
rom At
hroughH

 Angl s150.
eCAHi

10
 Wi
thcent
resJandDaf
urt
herbi
sect
ioncanbemadet
ogi
ve7
2

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Const
ruct
ionofpar
all
ell
i
nes
Toconst
ructal
inethr
oughagiv
enpointandpar
all
elt
oagi
venl
i
ne,
wemayusear
ulerandapai
r
ofcompassonl
y,orarul
erandasetsquar
e.

Usi
ngar
ulerandapai
rofcompassonl
y
Par
all
elogr
am met
hod
Thel
i
neEPpar
all
elt
oACi
sconst
ruct
edasf
oll
ows:

 Wi
thXast
hecent
reandr
adi
usPQ,
drawanar
c.
 Wi
thQast
hecent
reandr
adi
usPX,
drawanot
herar
ctocutt
hef
ir
star
catR.
 Joi
nXt
oR.

Pr
opor
ti
onal
Div
isi
onofl
i
nes
Li
nescanbepr
opor
ti
onat
elydi
vi
dedi
ntoagi
vennumberofequal
par
tsbyuseofpar
all
ell
i
nes.

Todi
vi
del
i
neAB
 Di
vi
del
i
neABi
ntot
enequal
par
ts.
 Thr
oughb,
drawal
i
neCBofanyconv
eni
entl
engt
hatasui
tabl
eangl
ewi
thAB.
 Usi
ngapai
rofcompasses,
mar
kof
f,
al
ongBC,
tenequal
int
erv
alsasshownabov
e.
 Joi
nCt
oA.
Byusi
ngasetsquar
eandar
uler
,dr
awl
i
nespar
all
elt
oCA.
 Thel
i
nei
sther
efor
edi
vi
dedt
enequal
par
tsori
nter
val
s.

Const
ruct
ionofRegul
arPol
ygons
Apol
ygoni
sregul
ari
fal
li
tssi
desandangl
esar
eequal
,ot
her
wisei
tisi
rr
egul
ar.

Not
e:
Forapol
ygonofnsi
des,
thesum ofi
nter
iorangl
esi
s(2n-
4)r
ightangl
es.
Thesi
zeofeach

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2n-
4 0
i
nter
iorangl
eoft
her
egul
arpol
ygoni
sther
efor
eequal
to( )90.
n

Thesum ofexter
iorangl
esofanypol
y s3600.
goni Eachext
eri
orangl
eofar
egul
arpol
ygoni
s
3600
ther
efor
eequal
to .
n

Const
ruct
ionofar
egul
arTr
iangl
e

Const
ruct
ionofar
egul
arQuadr
il
ater
al

Const
ruct
ionofar
egul
arpent
agon.

Toconst
ructar
egul
arpent
agonABCDofsi
des4cm.
(10-
4)
Eachoft
hei
nter
iorangl
es= ri es= 1080
ghtangl
5
 Dr
awal
i
neAB=4cm l
ong.

 Dr eABC=1080andBC=4cm
awangl

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als

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 Uset
hesamemet
hodt
olocat
epoi
ntsDand

Not
e;
Uset
hesamepr
ocedur
etoconst
ructot
herpoi
nts.

Const
ruct
ionofi
rr
egul
arpol
ygons
Const
ruct
ionoft
ri
angl
es
Toconst
ructat
ri
angl
egi
vent
hel
engt
hofi
tssi
des
 Dr
awal
i
neandmar
kapoi
ntAoni
t.
 Ont
hel
i
nemar
kof
fwi
thapai
rofcompassapoi
ntB,
3cm f
rom A.
 Wi
thBast
hecent
reandr
adi
us5cm,
drawanar
c
 Wi
thAast
hecent
reandr
adi
us7cm,
drawanot
herar
ctoi
nter
sectt
hear
cin(
ii
i)atC.
Joi
n
At
oCandBtoC.
Toconst
ructat
ri
angl
e,gi
vent
hesi
zoft
woangl
esandl
engt
hofonesi
de.

Const
ructat
ri
angl
eABCi ch<BAC=600,
nwhi <ABC==500andBC=4cm.
Thesket
chi
sshown
bel
ow.
 Dr
awal
i
neandmar
kapoi
ntBoni
t.
 Mar
kof
fapoi
ntCont
hel
i
ne,
4cm f
rom B.

 Usi
ngapr
otr
act
or,
measur eof=500and=700atBandCr
eanangl espect
ivel
y.
Toconst
ructat
ri
angl
egi
vent
wosi
desandoneangl
e.
Gi
vent
hel
engt
hsoftwosi
desandthesi
zeofthei
ncludedangl
e.Const
ructat
ri
angl
eABC,
in
0
whi
chAB=4cm,BC=5cm and<ABC=60.Draw asketchasshownbelow.
 Dr
awal
i
neBC=5cm al
ong

 Measur eof=600atBandmar
eanangl kof
fapoi
ntA,
4cm f
rom B.
 Joi
nAt
oC.

Toconst
ructat
rapezi
um.

Theconst
ruct
ionofat
rapezi
um ABCDwi
thAB=8cm ,
BC=5cm , eABC=600
CD=4cm andangl
andAB=8cm

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 Dr
awal
i
neAB=8cm.

 Const
r eof=600atB.
uctanAngl
 Usi
ngBast
hecent
reandr
adi
usof5cm,
mar
kanar
ctoi
nsectt
hel
i
nei
n(i
i
)atC.
 Thr
oughC,
drawal
i
nepar
all
elt
oAB
 Usi
ngCast
hecent
reandr
adi
usof4cm,
Mar
kanar
ctoi
nter
sectt
hel
i
nei
n(i
v)atD.
 Joi
nDt
oAt
ofor
mthet
rapezi
um.

Endoft
opi
c
Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.Usi
ngar
ulerandapai
rofcompassesonl
y,
a) Const
ructat
ri
angl
eABCi
nwhi
chAB=9cm, eBAC=37½0
AC=6cm andangl
a)Dr
opaper
pendi
cul
arf
rom Ct
omeetABatD.Measur
eCDandhencef
indt
hear
eaof
t
het
ri
angl
eABC
b)Poi
ntEdi
vi
desBCi
nther
ati
o2:
3.Usi
ngar
ulerandSetSquar
eonl
y,det
ermi
nepoi
ntE.
Measur
eAE.
2.
X
B
A

Ont
hedi
agr
am,
const
ructaci
rcl
etot
ouchl
i
neABatXandpassest
hrought
hepoi
ntC.
(
3mks)
3. Usi
ngr
ulerandpai
rofcompassesonl
yforconst
ruct
ionsi
nthi
squest
ion.
(
a)Const
ructt
ri
angl
eABCsucht
hatAB=AC=5. eABC=300.Measur
4cm andangl eBC
(
4mks)
(
b)Ont
hedi
agr
am abov
e,apoi
ntPi
sal
way
sont
hesamesi
deofBCasA.Dr
awt
he
l
ocusofPsucht
hatangl
eBACi
stwi
ceangl
eBPC (
2mks)
(
c)Dr
opaper
pendi
cul
arf
rom At
omeetBCatD.Measur
eAD (
2mks)
(
d)Det
ermi
net
hel
ocusQont
hesamesi
deofBCasAsucht
hatt
hear
eaoft
ri
angl
e
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4cm2
BQC=9. (
2
mks)
4. (
a)Wi
thoutusi
ngapr
otr
act
ororsetsquar
e,const
ructat
ri
angl
eABCi
nwhi
chAB=4cm,
BC=6cm andABC=67½0.TakeABast
hebase. (
3mks)
Measur
eAC.
(
b)Dr
awat
ri eA1BC1whi
angl chi
sindi
rect
lycongr
uentt
otr
iangl
eABC.
(
3mks)

5. Const
ructt
ri
angl
eABCi
nwhi
chAB=4.
4cm,
BC=6.
4cm andAC=7.
4cm.Const
ructan
escr
ibedci
rcl
eopposi
teangl
eACB (
5mks)
(
a)Measur
ether
adi
usoft
heci
rcl
e (
1mk)
(
b)Measur
etheacut
eangl
esubt
endedatt
hecent
reoft
heci
rcl
ebyAB (
1mk)
(
c)Apoi
ntPmov
essucht
hati
tisal
way
sout
sidet
heci
rcl
ebutwi
thi
ntr
iangl
eAOB,
wher
e
Oi
sthecent
reoft
heescr
ibedci
rcl
e.Showbyshadi
ngt
her
egi
onwi
thi
nwhi
chPl
i
es.
(
3mks)
6. (
a)Usi
ngar
ulerandapai
rofcompassesonl
y,const
ructapar
all
elogr
am PQRSi
nwhi
ch
PQ=8cm,
QR=6cm and PQR=1500 (
3mks)
(
b)Dr
opaper
pendi
cul
arf
rom St
omeetPQatB.Measur
eSBandhencecal
cul
atet
he
ar
eaoft
hepar
all
elogr
am. (
5mks)
(
c)Mar
kapoi
ntAonBSpr
oducedsucht
hatt
hear
eaoft
ri
angl
eAPQi
sequal
tot
hree
quar
ter
sthear
eaoft
hepar
all
elogr
am (
1mk)
(
d)Det
ermi
net
hehei
ghtoft
het
ri
angl
e. (
1mk)
7. Usi
ngar ul
erandapai
rofcompassesonly,constr
ucttr
iangl
eABCinwhichAB=6cm,BC
=8cm andangleABC=45o.Dropaperpendicul
arfr
om A toBCatM.MeasureAM and
AC
(4mks)
8. a)Usi
ngar ul
erandapai
rofcompassesonlyt oconst
ructatr
apezi
um ABCD

sucht
hat , , and (
5mks)
b)
From t
hepoi
ntDdr
opaper
pendi
cul
art
othel
i
neABt
omeett
hel
i
neatE.measur
eDE
hencecal
cul
atet
hear
eaoft
het
rapezi
um (
5mks)
9. Usingapairofcompassesandr uleronl
y;
(a)Const
ructtr
iangleABCsucht hatAB=8cm, BC=6cm andangleABC=300. (
3marks)
(b)MeasurethelengthofAC (
1mark)
(c)Drawacircl
ethattouchest hev er
ti
cesA,BandC. (
2marks)
(d)Measuretheradiusoftheci r
cle (
1mark)
(e)Henceorotherwise,cal
culatetheareaoftheci
rcl
eoutsidet
hetr
iangle. (
3mar
ks)
10. Usingarul
erandapai rofcompassesonl y
,constr
uctthel
ocusofapointPsuchthat
eAPB=600ont
angl hel
i
neAB=5cm. (
4mks)

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als

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A B
11. Usingasetsquar
e,r
ulerandpai
rofcompasesdi
vi
det
hegi
venl
i
nei
nto5equal
por
ti
ons.
(3mks)

12. Usi
ngar
ulerandapai
rofcompassesonl
y,dr
awapar
all
elogr
am ABCD,
sucht
hatangl
e
DAB=750.Lengt
hAB=6.
0cm andBC=4.
0cm f
rom poi
ntD,
dropaper
pendi
cul
art
omeet
l
i
neABatN
a)Measur
elengt
hDN
b)Fi
ndt
hear
eaoft
hepar
all
elogr
am (
10mks)

13. Usingarulerandapai
rofcompassesonly
,drawaparal
lel
ogr
am ABCDinwhi
chAB=
6cm,BC=4cm andangleBAD=60o.Byconst
ruct
ion,det
ermi
netheper
pendi
cul
ardi
stance
bet
weent
heli
nesABandCD

14. Wit
houtusi
ngapr
otr
act
or,
drawat
ri
angl eCAB=30o,
eABCwher AC=3.
5cm and
AB=6cm.measureBC

15. (a)Usi
ngarulerandapai rofcompassonl
y,constr
uctatri
angleABCinwhi
ch
angl
eABC=37. 5o, BC=7cm andBA=14cm
(b)Dropaperpendicularfrom AtoBCproducedandmeasur eit
sheight
(c)Useyourheightin(b)tof i
ndthear
eaofthetri
angleABC
(
d)Useconstructi
ont of i
ndtheradi
usofaninscri
bedcir
cleoftr
iangl
eABC

16. Int
hisquesti
onuseapairofcompassesandarul
eronl
y
a)Const
ructtri
angl
ePQRsucht hatPQ=6cm, QR=8cm and<PQR=135°
b)Const
ructthehei
ghtoftr
iangl
ePQRin(a)abov
e,t
aki
ngQRast hebase

17. Ont
heli
neACshownbel
ow, poi
ntBl
i
esabovetheli
nesucht 5oand]
hatBAC=52.
AB=4.
2cm. ( Usear
ulerandapai
rofcompassesfort
hisquest
ion)

A C
(
a)Const
ructBACandmarkpoi
ntB
(b)Dr
opaperpendi
cul
arf
rom Bt
omeett
hel
i
neACatpoi
ntF.Measur
eBF

CHAPTERTWENTYTW0

SCALEDRAWI
NG

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als

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Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendofthetopi
cthel
earnershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.)I
nter
pretagiv
enscal
e
b.
)Chooseanduseanappr
opr
iat
escal
e
c.
)Dr
awsui
tabl
esket
chesf
rom gi
veni
nfor
mat
ion
d.
)St
atet
hebear
ingofonepoi
ntf
rom anot
her
e.
)Locat
eapoi
ntusi
ngbear
inganddi
stance
f
.) Det
ermi
neangl
esofel
evat
ionanddepr
essi
on
g.
)Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngbear
ingsel
evat
ionsandscal
edr
awi
ng
h.
)Appl
yscal
edr
awi
ngi
nsi
mpl
esur
vey
ing.

Cont
ent
a.
)Ty
pesofscal
es
b.
)Choi
ceofscal
es
c.
)Sket
chi
ngf
rom gi
veni
nfor
mat
ionandscal
edr
awi
ng
d.
)Bear
ings
e.
)Bear
ings,
dist
anceandl
ocat
ingpoi
nts
f
.)Angl
esofel
evat
ionanddepr
essi
on
g.
)Pr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngbear
ings,
scal
edr
awi
ng,
angl
esofel
evat
ionanddepr
essi
on
h.
)Si
mpl
esur
vey
ingt
echni
ques.

I
ntr
oducti
on
Thescal
e
Therat
iooft
hedist
anceonamapt otheactualdi
stanceonthegr
oundi
scall
edthescal
eofthe
map.Therat
iocanbeinst
atementf
orm e.
g.50cm r epr
esent
s50,
000cm orasarepr
esent
ati
ve
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1
f
ract
ion(
R.F)
,1:
5,000,
000i
swr
it
tenas .
5,
000,
000
Exampl
e
Thescaleofamapi sgiveni
nast
atementas1cm r
epr
esent
s4km.conv
ertt
hist
oa
repr
esent
ati
vef
ract
ion(
R.F)
.

Sol
uti
on
Onecm r
epr
esent
s4x100,
000cm.1cm r
epr
esent
s400,
000

1
Ther
efor
e,t
her
ati
ois1:
400,
000andt
heR.
Fis
400,
000
Exampl
e
Thescal
eofamapi
sgi
venas1:
250,
000.
Wri
tet
hisasast
atement
.

Sol
uti
on
1:
250,
000means1cm ont
hemapr
epr
esent
s250,
000cm ont
hegr
ound.Ther
efor
e,1cm
250,
000
r
epr
esent
s km.
100,
000
I
.e.1cm r
epr
esent
s2.
5km.

Scal
eDi
agr
am
Whendur
ingusingscal
e,oneshoul
dbecar
efuli
nchoosi
ngt
her
ightscal
e,sot
hatt
hedr
awi
ng
f
it
sonthepaperwit
houtmuchdetai
l
sbei
nglef
t.

Bear
ingandDi
stances
Di
rect
ioni
sal
way
sfoundusi
ngacompasspoi
nt.

Acompasshasei ghtpoint
sasshow abov e.Thef
ourmai npoi
ntsofthecompassareNorth,
Sout
h,East,andWest .Theotherpoi
ntsar
esecondarypoint
sandtheyi
ncludeNor
thEast(
NE) ,
Sout
hEast( SE)
,SouthWest( SW)andNorthWest(NW) .
Eachanglef
ormedatthecent
reofthe
compassis450 t
heanglebetweenNandEi s900.

CompassBear
ing
Whenthedi
recti
onofapl acefrom anotherisgiv
eni ndegreesandintermsoffourmainpoint
s
0
ofacompass.E.g.N45 W,thenthedi r
ectionissaidtobegi v
enincompassbear i
ng.Compass
bear
ingi
smeasur edei
thercl
ockwiseoranticl
ockwisefrom Northorsout
handtheangleisacut
e.

Tr
uebear
ing
Nor
thEastdi
recti
on,wri
ttenasN450 Ecanbegi
veni
nthreef
i esas0450 measur
gur edcl
ockwi
se
f
rom Tr
ueNorth.Thi
sthree-fi
gur
ebearingi
scal
l
edthetr
uebeari
ng.

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Thet
ruebear
ingsduenor
thi
sgi
venas0000 . hEastas1350 anddueNor
Duesout thWestas3150.

Exampl
e
Fr
om t
ownP, atownQis60km awayonabeari
ngSouth80ºeast
.Athi
rdtownRi s100km f
rom
Ponthebeari
ngSouth40ºwest.Acycl
istt
rav
ell
i
ngat20km/hleavesPf orQ.Hest ays
atQforonehourandthenconti
nuestoR.Hest aysatRfor1½ hrs.andt henr
eturns
di
rect
lyt
oP.
(
a) Cal
cul
atet
hedi
stanceofQf
rom R.

P²=100²+60²-2(
100)(
60)Cos120
P²=13600–12000Cos120
P²=19600
P =140km

(
b) Cal
cul
atet
hebear
ingofRf
rom Q.

M1

M1

=38.
2° A1
Bear
ing270–38.
2=241.
8 B1

(
c) Whati
sthet
imet
akenf
ort
hewhol
eroundt
ri
p?

Ti
mef
rom Pt
oR

B1foral
lthr
ee
Ti
mef
rom Qt
oR cor
rect

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Fr
om Rt
oP

Takent
rav
ell
i
ng=3+7+5 M1
=15hr
s

Exampl
e
Apor tBisonabear ing080of r
om aportAandadist
anceof95km.ASubmar i
neisstat
ionedat
o
apor tD,whichisonabear i
ngof200 fr
om A,andadist
anceof124km f rom B.Ashipl
eav esB
andmov esdirect
lySout hwardstoanI sl
andP,whichisonabear ingof140o from A.The
Submar i
neatDonr eali
zingthatt
heshipwasheadingtotheIsl
andP,deci destoheadstraight
fortheIslandtointercepttheship.Usi
ngascaleof1cm t orepresent10km,makeascal e
drawingshowingther el
ativ
eposit
ionsofA,B,
DandP. {4mar ks}

Hencef
ind:
b) Thedi
stancef
rom At
oD. {
2mar
ks}
4.
6±0.
1×10=46KM ±1KM
c) Thebear
ingot
heSubmar
inef
rom t
heshi
pwhent
heshi
pwasset
ti
ngof
ffr
om B.
{
1mark}

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240°±1°ORS60°W ±2°
d) Thebear
ingoft
heI
slandPf
rom D.
{
1mar
k}
122°±OR S58°E±1°
e) Thedistancet
heSubmari
nehadt
ocov
ert
oreacht
heI
sland P127±0.
1
×10=127±1KM {
2marks}

Angl
eofEl
evat
ionandDepr
essi
on

Angl
eofEl
evat
ion:
Theangleabov
et hehori
zontalt
hatanobserv
ermustl
ooktoseean
obj
ectthati
shigherthantheobserv
er.Example,
amanlooki
ngata
bi
rd.

Angl
eofDepr
essi
on:
Theanglebel
ow hori
zont
althatanobser
vermustl
ooktoseean
obj
ectthatislowerthantheobserv
er.Exampl
e,abir
dlooki
ng
downatabug.

Angl
esofdepr
essi
onandel
evat
ioncanbemeasur
edusi
ngani
nst
rumentcal
l
edcl
i
nomet
er
Tof
indt
hehei
ght
sort
hel
engt
hswecanusescal
edr
awi
ng.

Si
mpl
esur
veymet
hods
Thisinvol
vestakingf
iel
dmeasurementsoftheareasot
hatamapoft
hear
eacanbedr
awnt
o
scale.Pi
ecesoflandareusual
l
ysurv
eyedinordert
o:
 Fi
xboundar
ies
 Fort
ownpl
anni
ng
 Roadconst
ruct
ion
 Wat
ersuppl
i
es
 Mi
ner
aldev
elopment

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als

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Ar
easofi
rr
egul
arshapes
Ar
easofir
regularshapecanbef oundbysubdi
vi
dingt
hem i
ntoconv
eni
entgeomet
ri
calshapes
e.
g.t
ri
angl
es,rectangl
esort
rapezia.

Exampl
e
Thear
eai
nhect
aresoft
hef
iel
dcanbef
oundbyt
hehel
pofabasel
i
neandof
fset
sasshown.

Fi
g22.
26
XYi
sthebasel
i
ne360m.
SM,
RP andQNar
etheof
fset
s.
TakingXast
hest
art
ingpoi
ntoft
hesur
vey
,thei
nfor
mat
ioncanbeent
redi
naf
iel
dbookas
fol
lows.

Thesket
chi
sasf
oll
ows:
Usi
ngasui
tabl
escal
e.

Thear
eaoft
hesepar
atepar
tsi
sfoundt
hencombi
ned.
Ar
eaof
:

Tr
iangl s½x180x90=8100m2
eXPRi

Tr
iangl s½x180x90=8100m2
ePRYi

Tr
iangl s½x120x60=3600m2
eXSM i
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Tr
iangl s½x120x180=10800m2
eQNYi

Tr
apezi QN+SM)xSQm2
um SQNM =½(

180+60)x120m2
½(

=14400m2

Tot
al ea=8100+8100+3600+10800+14400=45000m2
ar

Endoft
opi
c
Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.Apoi ntBisonabear ngof0800f
i rom aportAandatadistanceof95km.Asubmar i
neis
stat
ionedatapor tD,whichi
sonabear ngof2000f
i rom AM andadi stanceof124km from B.
Ashipl eavesBandmov esdir
ectl
ysouthwardstoanisl
andP, whichisonabear i
ngof140
fr
om A.Thesubmar i
neatDonr eali
zi
ngthattheshi
pwasheadi ngfrotheisl
andP, deci
desto
headst rai
ghtf
ortheisl
andtoint
erceptt
heshi p
Usingascal
e0f1cm t
orepr
esent10km,
makeascal
edr
awi
ngshowi
ngt
her
elat
ive
posit
ionsofA,
B,D,
P.
Hencef
ind
(
i)Thedi
stancef
rom At
oD
(
ii
)Thebear
ingoft
hesubmar
inef
rom t
heshi
pwasset
ti
ngof
ffr
om B
(
ii
i)Thebear
ingoft
hei
slandPf
rom D
(
iv)Thedi
stancet
hesubmar
inehadt
ocov
ert
oreacht
hei
slandP
2.FourtownsR,T,KandGar esuchthatT i
s84km di rect
lyt
othenort
hR,andKisona
bearngof2950f
i r
om Ratadi st
anceof60km.Gi sonabear ngof3400f
i rom Kanda
di
stanceof30km.Usingascaleof1cm t orepresent10km, makeanaccur
atescal
e
drawi
ngt oshow ther
elat
iveposi
ti
onsofthetown.
Fi
nd

(
a)Thedi
stanceandt
hebear
ingofTf
rom K

(
b)Thedi
stanceandt
hebear
ingGf
rom T

(
c)Thebear
ingofRf
rom G

3. Twoaer
opl
anes,SandTleav
eairpor
tsAatthesameti
me.Sf
li
esonabear
ingof060at
750km/
hwhileTfl
iesonabear
ingof2100at900km/
h.

(
a) Usi
ngasui
tabl
escal
e,dr
awadi
agr
am t
oshowt
heposi
ti
onsoft
heaer
opl
ane
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af
tert
wohour
s.

(
b) Usey
ourdi
agr
am t
odet
ermi
ne

(
i)Theact
ual
dist
ancebet
weent
het
woaer
opl
anes

(
ii
)Thebear
ingofTf
rom S

(
ii
i)Thebear
ingofSf
rom T
4. ApointAisdi
rect
lybel
owawi ndow.AnotherpointBis15m from Aandatthesame
hor
izont
all
evel
.From Bangleofelevat
ionofthet opofthebott
om ofthewi
ndowis300
andtheangl
eofelevat
ionofthetopoft hewindowi s350.Cal
culat
ethever
ti
caldi
stance.
(
a) Fr
om Atothebot
tom oft
hewi ndow
(
b) Fr
om t
hebot t
om t
otopofthewi ndow
4. Fi
ndbycal
cul
ati
onthesum ofal
ltheint
eri
orangl
esi
nthef
igur
eABCDEFGHI
bel
ow

6. Shoppi
ngcenter
sX,YandZar esucht
hatYis12km sout
hofXandZi
s15km f
rom X.Z
0
i
sonabearingof330 fr
om Y.Fi
ndthebear
ingofZf
rom X.
7. Anelect
ri
cpylonis30m hi
gh.ApointSonthet opofthepyloni
sv er
tical
lyabov
eanother
poi
ntRont heground.Poi
ntsAandBar eont hesamehorizont
algroundasR.PointA
duesouthofthepy l
onandtheangleofel
evationofSfrom Ais260.PointBisduewest
ofthepyl
onandt heangl
eofelev
ati
onofSf rom Bis320
Fi
ndt
he
(
a) Di
stancef
rom AandB
(
b) Bear
ingofBf
rom A
8. Thef
igur
ebel
owi
sapol
ygoni
nwhi
chAB=CD=FA=12cm BC=EF=4cm
andBAF=-CDE=1200.ADi
sal
i
neofsy
mmet
ry.

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als

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Fi
ndt
hear
eaoft
hepol
ygon.
9. Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsat
ri
angl
eABC

a) Usi
ngar
ulerandapai
rofcompasses,
det
ermi
neapoi
ntDont
hel
i
neBC
sucht
hatBD:
DC=1:
2.

b) Fi
ndt
hear
eaoft
ri
angl
eABD,
giv
ent
hatAB=AC.

10. Aboatatpoi
ntxi
s200m t
othesout
hofpoi
ntY.Theboatsai
l
sXt
oanot
her
poi
ntZ.Poi
ntZi
s200m onabear
ingof3100f
rom X,
YandZar
eont
hesamehor
izont
al
pl
ane.
(
a)Cal
cul
atethebear
ingandt
hedist
anceofZfr
om Y
(
b)W i
sthepointont
hepathoft
heboatnear
estt
oY.
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als

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Cal
cul
atet
hedi
stanceWY
(c)Av ert
ical
towerst
andsatpoi
ntY.Theangl
eofpointXf
rom thetopoft
het s60
oweri
calcul
atetheangl
eofel
evati
onofthet
opofthetowerf
rom W.
11. Thefigurebelowshowsaquadri
lat
eral
ABCDinwhichAB=8cm, DC=12cm,BAD=
0 0 0
45,CBD=90 andBCD=30.

Fi
nd:
(
a)Thel
engthofBD
(
b)Thesi
zeoftheangl
eADB
12. Inthefi
gurebel
ow,ABCDEi
sar
egul
arpent
agonandABFi
sanequi
l
ater
alt
ri
angl
e

Fi
ndt
hesi
zeof

a)ADE
b)AEF
c) DAF
13. I
nthi
squest
ionuseapai
rofcompassesandar
uleronl
y

(
a)const
ructt
ri
angl
eABCsucht BC=8cm andABC1350
hatAB=6cm,
(
2marks)
(
b)Const
ructt
hehei
ghtoft
ri
angl
eABC i
na)abov
etaki
ngBCast
hebase
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(
1mar
k)
s3x0whi 0
14. Thesi
zeofanint
eri
orangl
eofaregul
arpol
ygoni l
eit
sext
eri
orangl
eis(
x-20).
Fi
ndthenumberofsi
desofthepol
ygon
15. Point
sLandM areequi
dist
antf
rom anot
herpoi
ntK.Thebear
ingofLf
r s3300.The
om Ki
beari
ngofM f
r s2200.
om Ki
Cal
cul
atet
hebear
ingofM f
rom L
16. Fourpoi
ntsB,C,
QandDlieonthesameplanepointBi
sthe42km duesouth-westof
townQ.PointCis50km onabearngof5600f
i r
om Q.Poi
ntD isequi
dist
antfrom B,
Q
andC.
(
a) Usi
ngthescal
e1cm r
epr
esent
s10km,
const
ructadi
agr
am showi
ngt
heposi
ti
on
ofB,C,
QandD
(
b) Det
ermi
net
he
(
i) Di
stancebet
weenBandC
(
ii
) Bear
ingDf
rom B

17. Twoaeropl
anesPandQ,l
eaveanair
portatthesamet
imef
li
esonabear
ingof2400at
900km/
hrwhileQf
li
esdueEastat750km/ hr
(
a) Usingascal
eof1vcm dr
awi
ngt
oshowt
heposi
ti
onsoft
heaer
opl
anesaf
ter40
minutes.
(
b) Usethescal
edr
awi
ngt
ofi
ndt
hedi
stancebet
weent
het
woaer
opl
aneaf
ter40
minut
es
(
c) Det
ermi
net
hebear
ingof
(
i) Pf
rom Qans2540
(
ii
) Qf
rom Pans740

18. AportBisnoabear
ingof080f
rom apor
tAandatadist
anceof95km.Asubmarineis
st
ati
onedportDwhi
chisonabear
ingof2000f
rom A,
andadist
anceof124km f
rom B.
Ashipleav
esBandmov esdi
rectl
ysouthwar dst oanisl
andP,whi
chi
sonabeari
ngof
1400fr
om A.Thesubmar i
neatDonr eali
zingt hatt
heshipwasheadi
ngf
ort
heisl
andP
deci
destoheadstr
aightfort
heisl
andt ointercepttheship.
Usingascaleof1cm t
orepr
esent10km,
makeascal
edr
awi
ngshowi
ngt
her
elat
ive
posit
ionofA,BD andP.
Hencef
ind:
(
i) Thedi
stancef
rom AandD
(
ii
) Thebear
ingoft
hesubmar
inef
rom t
heshi
pwhent
heshi
pwasset
ti
ngof
ffr
om B
(
ii
i) Thebar
ingoft
hei
slandPf
rom D
(
iv) Thedi
stancet
hesubmar
inehadt
ocov
ert
oreacht
hei
sland

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19. FourtownsR,T,KandGar esuchthatTis84km direct
lyt
othenor
thRandKi sona
0 0
beari
ngof295 fr
om Ratadi st
anceof60km.Gi sonabear i
ngof340 fr
om Kanda
di
stanceof30km.Usingascaleof1cm t or
epresent10km,makeanacutescal
e
drawi
ngtoshowt her
elat
iveposit
ionsoft
hetowns.
Fi
nd
(
a)Thedi
stanceandbear
ingofTf
rom K
(
b)Thebear
ingofRf
rom G

20. I
nt hefigur
ebel
ow,ABCDEi
sar
egul
arpent
agonandM i
sthemi
dpoi
ntofAB.DM
i
ntersectsEBatN.(
T7)

Fi
ndt
hesi
zeof

(
a)BAE

(
b)BED

(
c)BNM
21. Usearul
erandcompassesi
nthi
squest
ion.Drawaparal
lel
ogr
am ABCDinwhi
chAB=
8cm,BC=6cm andBAD=75.Byconstr
uction,det
ermi
netheper
pendi
cul
ardi
stance
bet
weenABandCD.

22. Theint
eri
orangl
esoft e2x0,
hehexagonar ½x0,
x+400,
1100,
1300and1600.Fi
ndt
he
val
ueofthesmall
estangl
e.

23. Thesizeofani
nter
iorangl
eofar
egul
arpol
y s1560.Fi
goni ndt
henumberofsi
desoft
he
pol
ygon.

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CHAPTERTWENTYTHREE
COMMONSOLI
DS

Speci
fi
cObj
ect
ives

Byt
heendoft
hetopi
cthelear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:
a.
)Ident
if
yandsketchcommonsol
ids
b.
)Ident
if
yver
ti
ces,
edgesandf
acesofcommonsol
i
ds
c.
)St
atet
hegeomet
ri
cpr
oper
ti
esofcommonsol
i
ds
d.
)Dr
awnet
sofsol
i
dsaccur
atel
y
e.
)Makemodel
sofsol
i
dsf
rom net
s
f
.)Cal
cul
atesur
facear
eaofsol
i
dsf
rom net
s

Cont
ent
a.
)Commonsol
i
ds(
cubes,
cuboi
ds,
pyr
ami
ds,
pri
sms,
cones,
spher
es,
cyl
i
nder
set
c)
b.
)Ver
ti
ces,
edgesandf
acesofcommonsol
i
ds.
c.
)Geomet
ri
cpr
oper
ti
esofcommonsol
i
ds.
d.
)Net
sofsol
i
ds.
e.
)Model
sofsol
i
dsf
rom net
s.
f
.) Sur
facear
eaofsol
i
dsf
rom net
s(i
ncl
udecubes,
cuboi
ds,
cones,
pyr
ami
dspr
isms)

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Asol
idisanobj
ectwhi
choccupi
esspaceandhasadef
ini
teorf
ixedshape.Sol
i
dsar
eei
ther
r
egul
arori
rr
egul
ar.

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Not
e:
 I
nter
sect
ionsoff
acesar
ecal
l
ededges.
 The poi
ntwher
ethree
ormoreedgesmeetiscal
l
eda
ver
tex.

Sket
chi
ngsol
i
ds
Todr
awar
easonabl
esket
chofasol
i
donapl
anpaper
,t
hef
oll
owi
ngi
deasar
ehepf
ul:

Useofi
somet
ri
cpr
oject
ions
I
nthi
smet
hodt
hef
oll
owi
ngpoi
ntsshoul
dbeobt
ained:
 Eachedgeshoul
dbedr
awnt
othecor
rectl
engt
h.
 Al
lrect
angul
arf
acesmustbedr
awnaspar
all
elogr
ams.
 Hor
izont
alandv
ert
ical
edgesmustbedr
awnaccur
atel
ytoscal
e.

 Thebaseedgesar
edr e300wi
awnatanangl tht
hehor
izont
all
i
nes.
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 Par
all
ell
i
nesar
edr
awnpar
all
el.

Exampl
es
a.) Cubenet

b.
) Cuboi
dnet

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c.
) Tr
iangul
arpr
ism net

d.
) Pent
agonal
pri
sm

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e.
) Squar
ebasepy
rami
d

f
.) Cy
li
ndernet

g.
) Conenet
Teacher
Co

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Conenet
h.
) Hexagonal
pri
sm

i
.) Tet
rahedr
on

j
.) Oct
ahedr
on

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k.
) Dodecagon

Exampl
e
Anantmov
edf
rom Yt
oXt
hemi
dpoi
ntofRSt
hroughPi
nther
ightpy
rami
dbel
ow

Y
15cm

P S
8cm O X
QO
R
Dr
awt
henetoft
hepy
rami
dshowi
ngt
hepat
hoft
heanthencef
indt
hedi
stancei
tmov
ed.

Sol
uti
on

Di
stance=15+

=27.
649cm

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Exampl
e
Dr
awt
henetoft
hesol
i
dbel
ow.

H 1c
G

E J
F C 1cm
5cm
2.

I B

D 3cm
3cm
A

Sol
uti
on

H G
B1 Scal
edr
awi
ng
J

G H C B J G

B1 Cor
rect
l
abel
ing

F E H A I F
I
Corr
ect
E F B1
measur
ement
ofGJandFI

Endof
t
opi
c
Di
dyouunder
standev
ery
thi
ng?
I
fnotaskateacher
,fr
iendsorany
bodyandmakesur
eyouunder
standbef
ore
goi
ngtosl
eep!

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PastKCSEQuest
ionsont
het
opi
c
1.Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsanetofapr
ism whosecr
oss–sect
ioni
sanequi
l
ater
alt
ri
angl
e.

a) Sket
cht
hepr
ism
b)St
atet
henumberofpl
anesofsy
mmet
ryoft
hepr
ism.
2.Thef
igur
ebel
owr
epr
esent
sasquar
ebasedsol
i
dwi
thapat
hmar
kedoni
t.

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Sket
chandl
abel
thenetoft
hesol
i
d.
3.Thefi
gur
ebel
owr
epr
esentsbel
owr
epr
esent
sapr
ism ofl
engt
h7cm
AB=AE=CD=2cm andBC–ED=1cm

Dr
awt
henetoft
hepr
ism (3mar
ks)
4.Thediagram bel
owr
epr
esent
sar
ightpy
rami
donasquar
ebaseofsi
de3cm.Thesl
antof
thepy
r amidi
s4cm.

(
a)Dr
awanetoft
hepy
rami
d (2mar
ks)
(
b) Ont
henetdr
awn,
measur
ethehei
ghtofat
ri
angul
arf
acef
rom t
het
opof
t
hePy
rami
d (1mar
k)
5. (
a) Drawaregularpent
agonofside4cm (1mar k)
(
b) Onthediagr
am drawn,const
ructaci
rcl
ewhi
cht
ouchesal
lthesi
desofthe
pent
agon (2mar ks)

6.Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsasol
i
dregul
art
etr
apackofsi
des6cm

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(
a) Dr
awanetoft
hesol
i
d
(
b) Fi
ndt
hesur
facear
eaoft
hesol
i
d

7.Thef
igur
ebel
owshowsasol
i
dmadebypast
ingt
woequal
regul
art
etr
ahedr
al

(
a) Dr
awanetoft
hesol
i
d
(
b) I
feachf
acei
sanequi
l
ater
alt
ri
angl
eofsi
de5cm,
findt
hesur
facear
eaoft
hesol
i
d.

8(
a)Sket
cht
henetoft
hepr
ism shownbel
ow

(
b)Fi
ndt
hesur
facear
eaoft
hesol
i
d

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