Uni

ver
sit
yofCal
oocanCi
ty
Col
l
egeofLi
ber
alAr
ts&Sci
ences
Mat
hemat
icsDepar
tment
Lear
ningModul
einNumberTheor
y(LM6)
Topi
c Pr
imeFact
ori
zat
ionandSomeSpeci
alNumber
s
Sub-
Topi
c
Dur
ati
on 3hour
s
I
ntr
oduct
ion Inlastlessony oulearnedhowt oprovemathemati
cal
statementsusi ngtheconceptsofdi v
isi
bil
it
y.I
nthismodule
youwi l
l l
earnhowt oexpressalargeoddcomposi t
enumberi n
primef act
orizati
onusi ngtheFermat’
smet hodandhowtof i
nd
thenumberofposi tiv
edi vi
sor
sofanumberandt hesum ofthe
positi
vediv i
sorsofanumber .
Def
ini
ti
ons Composi
teNumber–anat
ural
numberni
ssai
dtobe
composi
tei
fithasanont
ri
vi
aldi
vi
sor
;thati
s,i
thasadi
vi
sord
n
sucht
hat1<d<n.I
fso,n=dcwher
ec=
d

Pr
imeNumber–anat
ural
numberpi
ssai
dtobepr
imei
fp>
1andphasnonont
ri
vi
aldi
vi
sor
.

Methodsof 1.CandyBarMet
hod–t
hismet
hodi
sdonebyusi
ngsquar
es
Deter
mini
ng
ofpaper
stor
epr
esentt
henumber
.Fori
nst
ance,
sev
ensquar
es
Pri
mes
ar
eusedt
orepr
esentt
henumber7,
whi
l
etensquar
esar
eused
t
orepr
esentt
henumber10.I
fiti
spossi
blet
ofor
m 2ormor
e
r
ect
angl
esofdi
ff
erentdi
mensi
onsusi
ngal
lsquar
es
r
epr
esent
ingt
henumber
,thent
hegi
vennumberi
scomposi
te.
Ot
her
wise,
pri
me.

2.Si
eveofEr
atot
henes

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90

91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

Theor
em 1:Ev
eryi
ntegergr
eat
ert
han1i
sexpr
essi
bleasa
pr
oductofpr
imes.

Pr
oof
:

Usi
ngi
ndi
rectpr
oof
.Supposet
her
ear
esomei
nteger
s
t
hatar
enotexpr
essi
bleaspr
oduct
sofpr
imes.Letnbet
he
l
eastofsuchi
nteger
.Thennmustbecomposi
teandt
her
e
exi
stsawi
th1<a<nsucht
hata│n.Bydef
ini
ti
onof
Theor
ems
di
vi
sibi
l
ity
,ther
eexi
stsanumberbsucht
hata<b<nandn=
ab.Bymi
nimal
i
tyofn,
bot
haandbmustbeexpr
essi
bleas
pr
oductofpr
imes,
thusa=p1·p2·p3·
….·pkandb=q1·q2·q3
·…·qk whi
chi
sacont
radi
cti
onoft
heassumpt
ion.

Theor
em 2:I
fni
scomposi
te,
thenni
sdi
vi
sibl
ebyapr
imep
≤n

Pr
oof
:

I
fni
scomposi
te,
thent
her
eexi
stsi
nteger
saandb
wi
th1<a<b<nsucht
hatn=ab.Suppose

a> n .Si
nceb>a,
thenab>a2>n.Thi
sisacont
radi
cti
on.
Thus,a≤ n.Byt
heor
em 1,
ther
eexi
stsani
ntegerpf
or
whi
chp│a;
thus,p│nandp≤a≤ n.Thus,p≤ n.

Theor
em 2gi
vesr
iset
otestofpr
imal
i
tybyt
ri
aldi
vi
sion
asexpl
ainedbel
ow.

Letp1=2,p2=3,p3=5andsoon.Gi
vent
hatn>1,
letkbe
t
he

l
argesti
nt hatpk≤ n .I
egersucht fpi│n f
orsomei
,thati
s
1≤i
≤k,t
henni
scomposi
te.Ot
her
wiseni
spr
ime.
Exampl
e1:Det
ermi
nei
f103i
spr
imeorcomposi
te.

Sol
uti
on:

p4=7andp5=11and72<103<112,sok=4.Thi
s
means,
wesi
mpl
yat
temptt
odi
vi
de103byt
hef
ir
stf
our
pr
imes,
namel
y2,
3,5and7.I
feachpr
imenumberdoesnot
di
vi
de103,
thus103i
sapr
ime.

Theor
em 3:Eucl
id’
sLemma.Letpbepr
imeandsupposep
│ab.Then,
eit
herp│aorp│b.(
ProofofLemmai
nthenext
l
esson)

I
f3│(
5)(
6),t
hen3│5or3│6whi
chi
str
ue.

Theor
em 4:Fundament
alTheor
em ofAr
it
hmet
ic.Ev
ery
nat
uralnumbergr
eat
ert
han1i
suni
quel
yexpr
essi
bleasa
pr
oductofpr
imes.

Pr
oof
:

Byt
heor
em 1,
ever
ynat
ural
numberi
sexpr
essi
bleasa
pr
oductofpr
imes.Supposet
her
eexi
stnat
ural
number
swi
th
mor
ethanonepr
imef
act
ori
zat
ionandni
sthesmal
l
estof
suchnumber
.Thenn=p1·
p2·
p3·…·pk=q1·q2·q3·…·qjf
or
somepr
imespiandqj.Now p1│q1·q2·q3·…·qj.Thus,
by
Eucl
i
d’sLemma,p1mustdi
vi
deoneofqj.Wi
thoutl
ossof
gener
ali
ty,
assumep1│q1.Butq1i
spr
ime.Thi
smeans

p1=q1.Letm =p2·p3·…·pk=q2·q3·…·qt.Ourassumpt
ion
ofni
mpl
i
est
hatm hasauni
quef
act
ori
zat
ion.Thusk=tand
p2·p3·…·pk=q2·q3·…·qt.Son=p1m =q1m.Thi
sisa
cont
radi
cti
on

Theuni
quepr
imef
act
ori
zat
ionofni
scal
l
edt
hecanoni
cal
pr
imef
act
ori
zat
ionofnandi
sgi
venby

a1 a2 a3 ak
n=p1 ·p2 ·p3 ·
··pk
 Wher
epi’
sar
edi
sti
nctandp1<p2<…pk

Exampl
e2:

Thecanoni
cal
pri
mef
act
ori
zat
i 323=3372
onof1,

Methodsof Met
hod1:UseofFactorTr
ee
Fi
ndingthe
CanonicalPrme Met
i hod2:Conti
nuousDivi
sionMethod
Fact
orizati
onofa Met
hod3:Fer
mat ’
sMethodofFactori
zati
on
gi
venComposi te
Number . Thi
stechni
queisuseful
tofindfact
orsofsome
l
argeoddcomposi
tenumber
s.I
fni
sanoddcomposi
te,
by
usi
ngTheor
em 1,n=abwi
th1<a<b.

b+a b-
a
Letx= and y=
2 2

Sol
vi
ngt
het
woequat
ionssi
mul
taneousl
yyi
elds

b=x+y and a=x–y

Ther
efor
e,n=ab=(
x–y)
(x+y
)

Hencet
ofact
orn,wesear
chf
orxandy
.

Exampl
e3:Uset
heFer
mat
’sMet
hodt
ofact
or667.

Sol
uti
on:Wenot
ethat252<667<262 sowecomput
efor
2
D=t–667 f
ort=26,
27,
2829,
…unt
ilD i
s
al
readyaper
fectsquar
e.

ft=26,D=262–667=9,aper
I fectsquar
e

Sox=tandy= D

Thusx=26andy=3 and

667=x2–y
2

=262–32

=(26–3)
(26+3)

667 = (
23)(
29)
Numberof Letƛ(
n)denot
ethenumberofposi
ti
vedi
vi
sor
sofn,andσ(
n)
Posi
ti
vedi
vi
sor
s denot
ethesum ofposi
ti
vedi
vi
sor
sofn.I
f
ofanumber(
n) a1 a2 a3 ak
andSum of
n=p1 ·p2 ·p3 ·
··pk
Posi
ti
veDi
vi
sor
s
t
hen
ofn.
ƛ(
n)=(
a1+1)
(a2+1)…(
ak+1) and

a1+1 a2+1 a3+1 ak+1

p1 -1 p2 -1 p3 -1 pk -1
σ(
n)= · · ·
··
·
p1-
1 p2-
1 p3-
1 pk-
1

Exampl
e4:Fi
ndt
henumberofposi
ti
vedi
vi
sor
sandt
hesum
ofposi
ti
vedi
vi
sor
sof75.

75=3·52

Thus,p1=3,a1=1,p2=5,a2=2

ƛ(
75)=(
1+1)
(2+1)=6

and σ(
75)=
32-1 53-1
3-
1 5-
1
=
8
2 ( )(1424)=(4)(31)=
124.

So 75has6posi
ti
vedi
vi
sor
sandt
hesum oft
hose6di
vi
sor
s
i
s124.
Act
ivi
tyNumber A.Deter
mi newhi
chofthefol
l
owi
ngnumber
sar
epr
ime.
6 Showy oursol
uti
on.Ref
ert
oexampl
e1.

1.229
2.383
3.671
4.819

B.UsetheFer
mat’smethodt
oexpresseachnumberi
n
l
ett
erAincanonical
pri
mefact
ori
zati
on.Ref
ert
oexampl
e
3

C.Findthenumberofposi
ti
vedi
vi
sorsandthesum of
posi
ti
vedivi
sor
sofeachnumberbelow.Ref
ertoexampl
e
4.

1.120
2.224
3.840
4.1,
800

Pr
epar
edandSubmi
tt
edby
:

OscarS.DeseoJr
.
Facul
ty