UNIT-3

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
CONTROL STRATEGIES
Environmental Pollution + Control Strategies

Comprise of Air, water and
land pollution
Implementation of various
technologies, environmental
policies, acts, legislations to
protect our environment

1
Different Kinds of Pollution – A summary

2
Awareness about our Environment-Global scale

3
 Basic Law of Environmental Pollution
Control
The Law for Environmental Pollution Control
defines environmental pollution as any activity, by
corporations or individuals, which compromises
the health and/or environment of other persons in
a localized area, where the causal link is clearly
established.

4
Worsening Air pollution in Early 1970’s

5
Worsening Air pollution in Early 1970’s

6
 Global Environmental Issues since 1960
 Depletion of Ozone layer
Major Issues of
 Acid rains complex nature
on a global scale
 Global warming

This lead to different nations coming together to

understand cause and effect and take
management action to control pollution. 7
 What is an International Convention ?
 A convention is intended to build international
consensus that a particular ecological, wildlife
or pollution problem exists ?

8
 Purpose of a Convention or Treaty ?
 A convention aims for the countries to sign in
and recognize the existence of problem and
there is a need of concern for suitable action.

 Aims to conduct future research and

monitoring of the issue.

 Asking for the submission of regular reports

to enforce the convention. 9
 Implementation of a convention
 First and foremost, the country signs the
convention, at ministerial level, agreeing to the terms
and conditions.
 The national government ratifies the country’s
commitment to participate in convention activities
such as passing of a suitable bill in the parliament.
 Thirdly, many countries agree to sign the convention
and agree for their active involvement.
10
 Protocols for control action
 Protocol mechanism ---- Breaking larger
problems into smaller problems.

 Solve easier issues first and major issues second.

 Example: The convention of air pollutants first

aims at reduce the level of SO2 emissions and
later control more complicated nitrogen
emissions. 11
 Environmental Conventions
Atmospheric Conventions Year

1. United Nations Framework Convention 1992

on Climate change

2. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework 1997

Convention on Climate Change

3. Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone 1985

Layer 12
 Environmental Conventions
Biodiversity related Conventions Year

1. Convention on Biological Diversity 1992

2. Convention on migratory species 1979

3. Agreement on the conservation of Seals 1990

In the Wadden sea

4. World heritage Convention 1972

13
 Useful Videos
Salient points from the Vienna Convention
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Aq_A1TU0LI

14
 Managing Air Quality – Control strategies to mitigate
air pollution
A Control strategy related to air quality is a set of
specific techniques and measures identified and
implemented to achieve reductions in air pollution to
attain an air quality standard or goal.
1. Considerations in Designing an Effective Air Quality Control
Strategy
2. Controlling Sources of Pollution
3. Need for Controls Applied Regionally or Nationally in Addition
to Locally
4. What are the Steps in Developing a Control Strategy? 15
 Considerations in design of an effective pollution
control strategy
 Environmental considerations: factors such as ambient air quality
conditions, relevant meteorological conditions, location of the emissions
source, legal requirements, noise levels, and any ancillary pollution from the
control system itself.

 Technological considerations : factors such as pollutant characteristics (such

as abrasiveness, reactivity and toxicity), gas stream characteristics,
performance characteristics of the control system, and necessary utilities (for
example, water for wet scrubbers).

 Economic considerations : factors such as capital cost, operating costs,

equipment maintenance, equipment lifetime, and administrative and
enforcement costs. 16
 Controlling sources of pollution
 Prevention approaches to reduce, eliminate and control
pollution at its source only.
Question arises how it can be done ?
Solution: A) usage of less toxic raw materials
B) usage of less polluting industrial process

 Usage of clean air technologies: Extensive usage of Air pollution

control technologies.
Examples: Mechanical Collectors, Wet scrubbers, fabric filters,
electrostatic precipitators, adsorption and absorption and biological
degradation
17
 Controlling emissions arising from transportation can include
emission controls on vehicles as well as use of cleaner fuels.

Question: How to control emissions from transportation ?

Solution: Usage of hybrid cars, Electric cars etc.
Tesla is now worth more than Ford after delivering a record number
of cars for the quarter

 Economic incentives, such as emissions trading, banking, and

emissions caps can be used. These strategies may be combined
with the "command-and-control" type regulations which have
traditionally been used by air pollution control agencies.
18
Need for Regional or National control in Addition to Local
 Air pollution is not limited to any particular geographic
boundaries:
 Example: SO2 and NOx can react together to form PM2.5 particles
and NOx can react with VOC and sunlight to form groundwater
ozone pollution.
 These air pollutants, both PM and can travel great distances
affecting air quality and public health locally and regionally in
areas downwind.
 The control strategies in local areas need to include the control
measures which are mandated and implemented regionally,
nationally and if possibly globally.
19
 Role of Legislation and Judiciary in EPC Strategy
 Legislation: A set of laws and regulations enforced to
protect the environment.
A company wants to set up a coal
burning power plant

Place to set up the Type of Pollutants How to control How to control

Power Plant after burning coal harmful emissions ? harmful emissions ?

How this plan harm lesser

number of people living
downhill the plant

These all considerations are to be taken care in accordance with

20
environmental law
21
 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
 This Act was enacted in the Year 1986.
 Motivation to bring this law comes from proclamation adopted by
United Nations Conference on Human Environment at
Stockholm, 1972.
 Although many laws dealing directly or indirectly with
environment but they are specific to certain types of pollution.
 Goal: To study, plan and implement long term requirements of
environmental safety and give directions to, as well as, coordinate a
system of speedy and adequate response to emergency situations
threatening the environment.
 This Act was thus passed to protect the environment, as there was a
growing concern over the deteriorating state of the environment 22
 Objectives of EPA, 1986

The Act seeks to supplement the existing laws on control of

Pollution by enacting a general legislation for environmental
protection and to fill the gaps in regulations relating to major
environmental hazards.

The Act confers wide powers on the Central Government. The

Act makes the central government, the repository of wide powers.
(whereas the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
and the Air (Prevention and Control) Act, 1981 entrust the task of
control of pollution on agencies created by the statute namely state
and central pollution control boards.) 23
 Objectives of EPA, 1986
 The objective of the E.P. Act is much wider in comparison to water
Act and Air Act. (While the Air Act and Water Act deal with
prevention and control of specific kinds of pollution, the E.P. Act
deals with prevention and control of all sorts of pollution. Besides
prevention and control, the Act aims at protection and
improvement of the Environment.

 The Act seeks to supplement the existing laws on control of

Pollution by enacting a general legislation for environmental
protection and to fill the gaps in regulations relating to major
environmental hazards.
24
The EPA Act consists of – (a) 26 Sections divided into four
chapters.

Chapter I – Secs. 1 and 2 (PRELIMINARY)

Chapter II – Secs. 3 to 6 (GENERAL POWERS OF THE CENTRAL
GOVERNMENT)
Chapter III – Secs. 7 to 17 (PREVENTION, CONTROL, AND
ABATEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION)
Chapter IV – Secs. 18 to 26 (MISCELLANEOUS)
(b) Seven Schedules dealing with emission standards of air, noise,
effluents etc. have been appended to the Act. (c) Various Rules
Including Environment (Protection) Rules have been framed under the
Act 25
THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT

 The act was passed in the year 1981 to clean our air by controlling
pollution.
 Sources of air pollution such as industry, vehicles, power plants, etc.
are not permitted to release particulate matter, lead, carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) or other toxic substances beyond a prescribed
level.
 Under this act, Pollution Control Boards (PCBs) have been set up by
Government to measure pollution levels in the atmosphere.
 The most important aspect is for people themselves to appreciate the
dangers of air pollution and reduce their own potential as polluters.
26
 OBJECTIVES OF AIR ACT, 1981
(a) To provide for the Prevention, Control and abatement
of air pollution.

(b) To provide for the establishment of Central and State

Boards with a view to implement the Act.

(c) To confer on the Boards the powers to implement the

provisions of the Act and assign to the Boards functions
relating to pollution.
27
 CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
 The main function of the Central Board is to implement
legislation created to improve the quality of air and to prevent and
control air pollution in the country.

 The Board advises the central government on matters

concerning improving the air quality and coordinate activities,
assists state pollution control boards and lays down standards for
the quality of air.

 It collects and disseminates information in respect of matters

relating to air pollution and acts as per said in the act.
28
 STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
The State Boards have the power to advice the State Government on any
matter concerning the prevention and control of air pollution.

They have the right to inspect at all reasonable times any control equipment,
industrial plant, or manufacturing process and give orders to take the
necessary steps to control pollution.

They are expected to inspect air pollution control areas at intervals.

They are empowered to provide standards for emissions to be laid down for
different industrial plants with regard to quantity and composition of
emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere and may establish or recognize
a laboratory to perform this function. 29
 STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

 The State Governments have been given powers to declare air

pollution control areas after consulting with the State Board and
also give instructions for ensuring standards of emission from
automobiles and restriction on use of certain industrial plants.

 Penalties: Persons managing industry are to be penalized if they

produce emissions of air pollutants in excess of the standards laid
down by the State Board. The Board also makes applications to the
court for restraining persons causing air pollution.

30
 Role of an Individual to control Air Pollution
 When you see a polluting vehicle take down the number and send a
letter to the Road Transport Office (RTO) and the Pollution Control
Board (PCB).

 If you observe an industry polluting air, inform the Pollution

Control Board in writing and ascertain if action is taken.

 Use cars only when absolutely necessary. Walk or cycle as much as

possible instead of using fossil fuel powered vehicles.

 Share a vehicle space with relatives and friends. Carpools minimize

the use of fossil fuels. 31
 Role of an Individual to control Air Pollution
 Do not smoke in a public place. It is illegal and endangers not only
your own health but also that of others.

 Do not use air fresheners and other aerosols and sprays which
contain CFCs that deplete the ozone layer.
32
 THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF
POLLUTION) ACT
 This Act was formulated in the year 1974.

 Aim: prevent pollution of water by industrial, agricultural and

household wastewater that can contaminate our water sources.

 The main objectives of the Water Act are to provide for

prevention, control and abatement of water pollution and the
maintenance or restoration of the wholesomeness of water. It is
designed to assess pollution levels and punish polluters. The Central
Government and State Governments have set up Pollution Control
Boards that monitor water pollution. 33
 Functions of the Pollution Control Boards
with respect to Water Act
 The Government gave powers to the PCBs to deal with the
problems of water pollution in the country.
 The Government has also suggested penalties for violation of the
provisions of the Act.
 Central and State water testing laboratories have been set up to
enable the Boards to assess the extent of water pollution and
standards have been laid down to establish guilt and default.

 The Central and State Boards are entitled to certain powers and
functions.
34
 Central Board
 It has the power to advise the Central Government on any matters
concerning the prevention and control of water pollution.
 The Board coordinates the activities of the State Boards and also
resolves disputes.
 The main function of the Central Board is to promote the
cleanliness of rivers, lakes, streams and wells in the country.
 The Central and State Boards are entitled to certain powers and
functions.
 The Board lays down or modifies the rules in consultation with the
State Boards on standards of disposal of waste. 35
 Role of Business in Control of Environment Pollution
 Sustainable Audit: Performing a sustainable audit and that reviews
your current policies and practices which are sustainable.
 Schedule regular sustainability audits to ensure ongoing
compliance with external and internal environmental protection
protocols prevention or more simply, P2, is the "ounce of
 Pollution
prevention" approach to environmental protection. Business can
look for ways to avoid waste generation in the first place.
 Adopt New Technologies and Materials: made changes in their
product materials, ingredients and packaging. Advances in
technology have resulted in the production of more sustainable
materials and production methods. 3636
 Role of Business in reduction of Environment Pollution
 Evaluate Internal Processess in your business
What to do to control resource consumption through organization ?

(a) Recycling: Place recycling bins around the office for easier trash
disposal.
(b) Reducing consumption: Encourage employees to minimize waste
by reducing unnecessary printing, turning lights off in rooms that
are not being used and bringing their own mugs and reusable water
bottles from home.
(c) Travel policies: Travel uses fuel and other resources. If there ways
for your company to cut back on unnecessary travel and make use
of technology, such as video conferencing, instead. 3737
 Role of Business in reduction of Environment Pollution
 Facility selection and development: How green are your facilities?
Whether you are in a warehouse, office building, retail storefront or
have a presence in multiple structures, buildings matter. Does the
building pay for a recycling service to regularly haul away
recyclable materials? Is the lighting energy efficient? Take all of
these things into consideration when making decisions about leasing
or purchasing a commercial property.
 Consumer Education: Sharing your commitment to sustainable
business practices with consumers is important. Not only will your
product stories and explanations enhance your brand image, but also,
they can influence your customers to live more sustainably.
38
Case Studies of Pollution control Strategy

39
 Aiir Qualliity
METROS CITIES/URBAN AREAS
65 non-attainment cities Concerns
Dominant Sources: Vehicular Emissions, Small/Medium
Scale Industries, Gensets, Biomass burning, etc.
Pollutants: NOx, SPM/RSPM & CO

CRITICALLY POLLUTED AREAS

24 critically polluted areas
Dominant Sources: Industries-Power Plants, Refineries,
Chemical Plants, etc.)
Pollutants: NOx ,SPM/RSPM, SO2 VOCs, PAHs, etc.

RURAL AREAS
Indoor air pollution: Use of Biomass, Coal, kerosene,
etc.
Outdoor air pollution: Unpaved roads, Biomass burning,
Gen-sets etc.
Pollutants: SPM/RSPM, CO, etc. 40
 Institutional Mechanism
Central Level
1. Ministry of Environment & Forests
2. Central Pollution Control Board
3. Environment Pollution Control Authority
4. Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas
5. Ministry of Road Transport & Highways
6. Other Central Ministries/Agencies
6. R&D Centers & other Institutions
State Level
1. Department of Environment Pollution
2. Control Board/Committees
3. Local Bodies/Authorities 41
Emission in Metropolitan Cities
Air pollution from vehicles in
Delhi

Air pollution from vehicles in

Mumbai

42
 Control Strategies
Adopted
 Air Quality Standards notified (1982 & 1994) and Air Pollution
Control areas declared
 Emission Standards notified for Industries Vehicles (in-use &
new), Gensets, etc.
 Fuel quality improvements. (Coal, gasoline & diesel).
 Relocation of polluting industries, phasing out polluting vehicles,
introduction of mass transportation, etc.
 Road map for control of emissions from new and in-use vehicles developed
up to year 2010.
 Use of Alternate fuel (CNG,LPG,Ethanol, petrol, Bio-diesel, Hydrogen,etc.)
43
 Control Strategies Adopted (Continued)

• CREP developed for 17 categories of industries

• Specific control strategies for major industries

• Initiatives for small scale sector

• City specific AQM action plans

44
 Industry Specific Control
Strategies
THERMAL POWER PLANT:
Ash utilization time frame laid down (26% utilization)
Enforcement of PM Emission Standards (70% compliant)
Mandatory use of beneficiated coal
Promotion of clean coal technologies. (FBC, PFBC,
IGCC, etc.)
Tall stack dispersion
 Control Strategies And Policies Adopted
Oil Refineries
Control of SO2 emissions by using high efficiency
SRU, adequate stack height & low sulphur fuels.
(Mathura refinery emissions restricted to 10.8
MT/day; Total SO2 emission 175 MT/Day from
123 MMTPA capacity)

SO2 emission standards being revised & NOx &

VOC standards to be introduced
Leak Detection & Repair Programme to reduce
fugitive emissions 46
 Initiatives Taken to Control Air Pollution From Industrial
Sector
Brick Kiln
1. Replacement of movable chimney by fixed chimney.
(saving of coal by 10%)

2. Better firing and feeding practices. (saving of coal by

10%)

3. Use of vertical shaft brick kiln (saving of coal by 10-16%

over BTK)
47
 STEPS TAKEN
TO IMPROVE
AIR QUALITY IN
NCR-DELHI

48
 Industrial Pollution
Control Strategies
 Use of beneficiated coal (having ash 34%) made mandatory in Thermal
Power Plant.
 Closure of hazardous air polluting industries.
 Shifting of highly polluting industries from non- conforming areas
(residential area) to conforming area (approved industrial area).
 Emission standard for DG Sets (Portable and Stationery sets)
 Notification and approved fuel for UT of Delhi
 Upgradation of ESP’s in three coal based power station in Delhi.
 Use of LDO instead of coal in small boilers.
49
 Approved Fuel for U.T. of Delhi

• Diesel (as per specifications given in the notification dated 2-4-

96 of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, annexed hereto)
• Liquid petroleum Gas (LPG)
• Compressed Natural Gas(CNG)
• Kerosene
• Naphtha (for power station)
• Aviation turbine fuel (for aircraft)
• Fire wood (only for domestic use in rural areas and
crematorium)
• Bio - Gas
50
 Impacts of Interventions on
the Air Pollutants
Sulphur Dioxide(SO2) levels in Ambient Air
30 4.5

4
25
3.5

Vehicle Registration in
20
3

15 2.5
Values in

2
10
µg/m3

1.5

Millions
5
1

0 0.5
1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04

Residential Industrial Traffic Intersection Vehicle Population

Year 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04

Year 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04
Year 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04
Year 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04
Year 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04
 Impacts of Interventions on the Air
Pollutants
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
levels in Ambient Air
610 4.5

4
510
3.5

Vehicle Registration in
410
3

310 2.5
Values in

2
210
µg/m3

1.5

Millions
110
1

10 0.5
1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04

Residential Industrial Traffic Intersection Vehicle Population

Year 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04

Residential 345 349 311 304 397 311 330
Industrial 363 361 439 354 442 349 339
Traffic Intersection 426 418 490 476 533 509 500 52
Vehicle Population 3 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.8 4.1
 Impacts of Interventions on
the Air Pollutants
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) levels in Ambient Air
100 4.5

90 4
80
3.5
70

Vehicle Registration in
3
60
2.5
50
Values in

2
40
µg/m3

1.5
30

Millions
20 1

10 0.5
1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04

Residential Industrial Traffic Intersection Vehicle Population

Year 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04

Residential 29 27 29 28.7 33 37.9 40
Industrial 35 34 34 29 35 36 42
Traffic Intersection 63 60 59 67 75 94 89
Vehicle Population 3 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.8 4.1 53
 Case Study of Chemical Lime Company in Canada
key products include lime, hydrated lime and crushed
limestone.
Major Goals:
 Improve operational efficiency and operate equipment at
optimum capacity
 Reduce material wastage and waste disposal costs
 Reduce fugitive dust emissions
 Use heat released from lime cooling operations to improve
fuel efficiency
54
 Case Study of Chemical Lime Company in Canada

Achievements:
1. Fines discharge reduced by 50-70%
2. Spillage of quicklime reduced by around 2 tonnes per
shift
3. Process water recycling and runoff water utilization
reduces sewer system overloading
4. Fines emissions reduced by 50-70%.
5. Considerable reductions in fugitive dust losses
55
GOVERNMENT POLICIES
TO CONTROL POLLUTION

56
Policy Statement for the Abatement of
Pollution, 1992

 Objective: The objective of the document is to

integrate environmental considerations into
decision-making at all levels

 The document lays down steps to be taken to

prevent pollution at source, encourage, develop
and apply the best available practicable technical
solutions. 57
 Policy Statement for the Abatement of Pollution, 1992
 Lays emphasis on adoption of best available and
practicable technologies as the key element for pollution
prevention.
 Focus on promotion of clean and low waste
technologies.
 Waste Minimization, recycling and reuse
 Improvement of water quality
 Environment audit, natural resource accounting,
development of mass based standards, institutional and
human resource development
Source: http://iced.cag.gov.in/?page_id=1034 58
 National Environmental Policy, 2006
 Policy Statement on Abatement of Pollution 1992, National Agriculture Policy
2000, National Population Policy 2000 and National Water Policy, 2002 have
also contributed towards environmental management.

 The National Environment Policy, 2006 seeks to extend the coverage, and fill in
gaps that still exist, in light of existing knowledge and experience.

 The present day consensus reflects three foundational aspirations:

 First, that human beings should be able to enjoy a decent quality of life.
 Secondly, that humanity should become capable of respecting the finiteness
of the biosphere.
 Thirdly, that neither the aspiration for the good life, nor the recognition of
biophysical limits should preclude the search for greater justice in the world
Source: http://iced.cag.gov.in/?page_id=1037 59
 National Environmental Policy, 2006
 The National Environment Policy is a response to India’s
commitment to a clean environment, mandated in the Constitution in
Articles 48 A and 51 A (g), strengthened by judicial interpretation of
Article 21.

 It is recognized that maintaining a healthy environment is not the

state’s responsibility alone, but also that of every citizen.

 While the state must galvanize its efforts, there should also be
recognition by each individual – natural or institutional, of its
responsibility towards maintaining and enhancing the quality of the
environment. 60
GOVERNMENT MEASURES
TO CONTROL POLLUTION

61
Measures Taken By the Government to Control Pollution
 Issuance of National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
 Formulation of environmental regulations / statutes.
 Setting up of monitoring network for assessment of ambient air
quality.
 Introduction of cleaner / alternate fuels like gaseous fuel (CNG,
LPG etc.), ethanol blend etc in open market.
 Implementation of Bharat Stage IV (BS-IV) norms in 63 selected
cities and universalization of BS-IV by 2017.
 Taxing polluting vehicles and incentivizing hybrid and electric
vehicles.
 Notification of Construction and Demolition Waste Management
Rules. 62
Measures Taken By the Government to Control Pollution
 Ban on burning of leaves, biomass, municipal solid waste.
 Promotion of public transport such as metro, buses, e-rickshaws and
promotion of car pooling, Pollution Under Control, lane discipline,
vehicle maintenance.
 Revision of already existing environmental standards and
formulation of new standards for prevention and control of pollution
from industries.
 Preparation of action plan for sewage management and restoration
of water quality in aquatic resources by State Governments.
 Implementation of National River Conservation Plan for abatement
of pollution in identified stretches of various rivers and undertaking
conservation activities.
63
SWACHH BHARAT MISSION/ABHIYAN
What is Swachh Bharat Mission ?

It is a mission of Government of India to

achieve universal sanitation coverage and to put
focus on sanitation, which our respected Prime
Minister of India launched in the form of Swachh
Bharat Mission on 2nd October, 2014.
64
65
66
67
68
SWACHH BHARAT MISSION/ABHIYAN
The Mission Coordinator for SBM is Secretary, Ministry of
Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS) with two Sub-
Missions,

(a) Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin)

(b) Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban)

Together, they aim to achieve Swachh Bharat by 2019, as a

fitting tribute to Mahatma Gandhi on his 150th Birth
Anniversary. 69
 Objectives of SBM
 To bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in the
rural areas, by promoting cleanliness, hygiene and eliminating
open defecation.
 To accelerate sanitation coverage in rural areas to achieve the
vision of Swachh Bharat by 2nd October 2019.
 To motivate communities to adopt sustainable sanitation practices
and facilities through awareness creation and health education.
 To encourage cost effective and appropriate technologies for
ecologically safe and sustainable sanitation.
 To develop, wherever required, community managed sanitation
systems focusing on scientific Solid & Liquid Waste Management
systems for overall cleanliness in the rural areas.
70
SWACHH BHARAT MISSION/ABHIYAN
WORK DONE BY THE GOVERNMENT TILL
DATE (24.04.2019)

• 9,26,21,984 Toilets built since 2nd October,

2014
• 5,57,344 Open Defecation free villages
• 4465 Open free Defecation villages in Namami
Gange
• 617 Open free Defecation villages
• 30 Defecation free states/UT 71
 NAMAMI GANGE PROGRAMME
‘Namami Gange Programme’, is an Integrated
Conservation Mission, approved as ‘Flagship
Programme’ by the Union Government in June 2014
with budget outlay of Rs.20,000 Crore to
accomplish the twin objectives of effective
abatement of pollution, conservation and
rejuvenation of National River Ganga.
Official Anthem: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8v1zHd4ZOk
Namami gange campaign in Kanpur: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LClRzVRoh4E
72
 Issues Covered under Namami Gange
 Sewerage Treatment Infrastructure
 River –Front Development
 River Surface cleaning
 Biodiversity
 Afforestation
 Industrial effluent monitoring
 Ganga Gram
73
 Issues Covered under Namami Gange
 Sewerage Treatment Infrastructure
 63 sewerage management projects under
implemntation in states of Uttarakhand, Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.
 12 new sewerage management projects launched
in these states.
 Under construction for creating sewerage
capacity of 1187.33 MLD.
 Hybrid Annuity PPP model based two projects in
Jagjeetpur, Haridwar and Ramanna, Varanasi. 74
 Issues Covered under Namami Gange
 River front Development
 28 River-Front Development projects
 33 Entry level Projects for construction
 Modernization and renovation of 182 Ghats and
118 crematoria has been initiated.

 River surface cleaning

 For collection of floating solid waste from the
surface of the Ghats and River and its disposal
 Work under process at 11 locations.
75
 Issues Covered under Namami Gange
 Bio-Diversity Conservation
 Fish and Fishery Conservation in Ganga River.
 5 Bio-Diversity center’s at Dehradun, Narora,
Allahabad, Varanasi and Barrackpore has been
developed for restoration of identified priority species.
 Afforestation
 Forestry interventions for Ganga through Wildlife
Institute of India.
 Setting up of Central Inland Fisheries Research
Institute and Centre for Environment Education has
been initiated. 76
 Issues Covered under Namami Gange
 Afforestation
 Forestry interventions for Ganga for a period of 5
years (2016-2021) at project cost of Rs.2300 Crores.
 Work has been commenced in 7 districts of
Uttarakhand for medicinal plants.
 Public Awareness
 Events, workshops, seminars and conferences
TV/Radio, print media advertisements, advertorials,
featured articles and advertorials were published.
 Ganga Theme Song released widely, played on digital
media to enhance the visibility of the programme.
77
 Issues Covered under Namami Gange
 Industrial effluent monitoring
 Real Time Effluent Monitoring Stations (EMS) has
been installed in 572 out of 760 Grossly Polluting
Industries (GPIs).
 Closure notice have been issued to 135 GPIs.
 Deadlines for compliance to stipulated norms
 Ganga Grams
 Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation
(MoDWS) identified 1674 Gram Panchayats situated
on the bank of River Ganga in 5 State
(Uttarakhand,UP,Bihar,Jharkhand,West Bengal) 78
 Issues Covered under Namami Gange
 Ganga Grams
 Rs. 578 Crores has been released to Ministry of
Drinking Water and Sanitation (MoDWS) for
construction of toilets in 1674 Gram Panchayats of 5
Ganga Basin States.
 Consortium of 7 IITs has been engaged in the
preparation of Ganga River basin Plan.
 65 villages has been adopted by 13 IITs to develop as
model villages.
79
 Governemnt Mechanisms for Clean Air
Programme
National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)

Question: What is need of NCAP ?

Answer
(a) Air pollution is biggest environmental challenge.
(b) Indian cities rank very high in most polluted cities of
the World
80
 National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
 Salient features
 The NCAP will be a mid-term, five-year action plan
with 2019 as the first year.
 The approach for NCAP includes collaborative, multi-
scale and cross-sectoral coordination between the
relevant central ministries, state governments and local
bodies.
 There will be use of the Smart Cities program to
launch the NCAP in the 43 smart cities falling in the
list of the 102 non-attainment cities. 81
 National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
 Salient features
 The NCAP will be institutionalized by respective
ministries and will be organized through inter-sectoral
groups, which include, Ministry of Road Transport and
Highway, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas,
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Ministry of
Heavy Industry, Ministry of Housing and Urban
Affairs, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Health,
NITI Aayog, CPCB, experts from the industry,
academia, and civil society. 82
 National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
 Salient features
 Increasing number of monitoring stations in the
country including rural monitoring stations,
technology support.
 Emphasis on awareness and capacity building
initiatives, setting up of certification agencies for
monitoring equipment, source apportionment studies,
emphasis on enforcement, specific sectoral
interventions etc.
83
Non-Attainment cities with respect to
Ambient Air Quality India
(2011-2015) and WHO report 2014/2018

HOMEWORK

84
 Global Initiatives for
Environmental Management

85
 What is Environmental Management ?

It is a goal or vision to the application of a set of tools, to

establish new perspectives towards the environment and
human societies.
86
 Who is an Environmental Manager ?

Diverse group of people including academics, policy-makers,

non-governmental organization (NGO) workers, company
employees, civil servants and a wide range of individuals or
groups who make decisions about the use of natural resources

Environmental management therefore involves many

stakeholders and requires a multidisciplinary perspective. 87
 Waste Management practices across the Globe
 Deposit-refund scheme for cans and drinking bottles in EU
and UK:

88
Waste Management practices across the Globe
 Deposit-refund scheme for cans and drinking bottles in EU
and UK:
 Incentivizes the consumer to return the bottle or can for
which he/she is compensated
 It reduces pressure on landfills, increasing the life cycle of
the product.
 Increase the rate of recycling.
 Around 43% of total plastic bottles and Cans in the UK each
are recycled.
 This initiative led to recycling of 99% of total used plastic
bottles.
89
Waste Management practices across the Globe
 Solid Waste Management in Kamikatsu (Japan):

Zero Waste Town of JAPAN

90
Waste Management practices across the Globe
 Solid Waste Management in Kamikatsu (Japan):
 Waste segregation into almost 34 different categories.
 80% of waste is recycled and only 20% goes to
landfills.
 There are no garbage trucks.
 Resident has to wash, sort, and bring their trash to the
recycling center.
 A worker is appointed to oversee the sorting process at
the center, making sure trash goes into the right bins.
91
Waste Management practices across the Globe
 Waste Management and Recycling in Sweden

92
 Waste Management practices across the Globe
 Waste Management and Recycling in Sweden
 99% of the waste in Sweden is recycled and only 1%
goes to landfills.
 Around 4.4 million tons of household waste produced
by the nation every year, 2.2 million are converted into
energy by a process called waste-to-energy (WTE).
 Separate the waste into hazardous wastes and recyclable
material, which are then sent to different waste-
management systems like incinerators and recycling.
93
94
 Waste Management practices across the Globe
 Waste Management at Alappuzha, Kerala, India
 Produces approximately 58 tonnes of solid waste a day.
 Running a Project called Nirmala Bhavanam Nirmala
Nagaram (Clean Homes Clean City) since November
2012.
 The city adopted decentralized waste management and
is pushing for 100 per cent segregation in all 23 wards
of the city.
 Around 80 per cent households now have biogas plants
and decentralized composting system. 95
Biogas Plant
96
Waste Management practices across the Globe
 Innovative Waste Management in Germany, USA,
Brazil and Colombia
 USA: They have eco-friendly robotic machine to clear debris
from river and collects in a dumpster in Baltimore regime.

97
 Waste Management practices across the Globe
ECOBOT-vending machines in Colombia: It gives rewards such as
movie tickets and vouchers and monetary compensation for every time
someone deposits a plastic bottle or bottle caps. There is a need for
diffusion of such technology to all places, given that these can be
easily adaptable to localized scenarios.

98
CENTRAL AND STATE GOVERNMENT
POLICIES AND MECHANISMS FOR
CONTROLLING VARIOUS KINDS OF
NATURAL RESOURCES

99
 What do you mean by natural resources ?
These are resources necessary for our day to day lives.

Abiotic Biotic

Air Water Soil Minerals Plants Animals Microbes

Solar Energy Climate

100
 Natural Resources – Challenges and Prospects
 Degrading Natural Resources and Agriculture crisis:
 Agriculture lost its growth momentum from that point on and
subsequently entered a near crisis situation, reflected in farmer
suicides in many areas.
 Natural resources and ecological foundations essential for
sustained advances in agricultural productivity are shrinking and
declining due to anthropogenic and socio-economic pressures,
climate change, monsoonal disturbances, increasing frequencies
of floods and droughts, sea level rise and glacial melting.
 Degraded and vulnerable land and water resources suffering from
soil erosion, soil acidity, salinity, alkalinity, water logging, water
depletion, water pollution. 101
 Natural Resources – Challenges and Prospects
 Soil and water:
 Land conservation, soil health and access to land for livelihood
are the main challenges.
 Farmer’s biological productivity, meeting our food, energy and
other requirements, depends on soil health.
 Soil health enhancement holds the key to raising small farm
productivity.
 The ultimate irrigation potential for the country has been
estimated at about 140 m ha (59 m ha through major and medium
irrigation projects, 17 m ha through minor irrigation schemes and
64 m ha through groundwater development). 102
 Natural Resources – Challenges and Prospects
 Soil and water:
 Many issues need to be addressed for water such as assessment
and judicious use of water resources, Ineffective utilization of
irrigation potential developed, distribution of irrigation water.
 Forest:
 Issues related to increased budget to forest sector, both in central
and state governments.
 Under the Land Ceiling Act, no land ceiling shall be imposed on
land under plantation of forests tree species.
 Conserving endangered tree species such as sandalwood, red
sanders, rosewood, deodar, taxus, Quercus semicarpifolia. 103
NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES
OF CENTRAL MINISTRIES AND DEPARTMENTS

CENTRAL MINISTRIES INVOLVED IN

NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

 Ministry of Agriculture (MoA)

 Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD)
 Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF)
 National Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development
(NABARD)
104
 VARIOUS PROJECTS BY CENTRAL MINISTRIES FOR NRM
Ministry of Agriculture (Department of Agriculture & Cooperation)
NWDPRA - National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Area
RVP & FPR - River Valley Project & Flood Prone River
WDPSCA - Watershed Development Project for Shifting Cultivation Area
RAS - Reclamation of Alkali Soil
WDF - Watershed Development Fund
EAPs - Externally Aided Projects
Ministry of Rural Development ( Department of Land Resources)
DPAP - Drought Prone Area Programme
DDP - Desert Development Programme
IWDP - Integrated Wasteland Development Project
Ministry of Environment and Forests
NAEP - National Afforestation and Eco-Development Project
105
 National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA)

 Launched in year 1990-91 (Seventh Five Year Plan) on pilot basis.

 In the Eighth Plan, the NWDPRA was extended to twenty five
States and two Union Territories (Andaman & Nicobar Islands and
Dadar & Nagar Haveli).
River Valley Projects (RVP) and Flood Prone Rivers (FPR) Programme

 Construction of Contour Vegetative Hedge

 Contour/ Graded Bunding
 Horticulture Plantation and Contour/ Stagger Trenching
 Sowing and Planting of Plants
 Silvi-Pasture Development, Pasture Development, Afforestation.
 Water Harvesting Structures, Sediment Detention Structures etc 106
Reclamation of Alkali Soils (RAS)
 About 70.00 lakh ha is affected by salt problem, out of which about 35.81
lakh ha suffers from alkalinity in the country.
 States, namely, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka,
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan etc. are affected.
 An area of 0.70 m ha will be reclaimed with expenditure of Rs.121.74 crore.
Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP)
 launched by the Central Government in 1973-74 to tackle the special
problems faced by those fragile areas which are constantly affected
by severe drought conditions.
 The programme is under implementation in 972 blocks of 182 districts in 16
States; an area of 13.7 m ha is likely to have been treated at a cost of Rs.
4,842.50 crore. 107
 Forest Development Programmes Under the Ministry of
Environment and Forests

 Programmes aim afforestation in watershed areas under the National

Afforestation and Eco-development Project.
 Up to the end of the X Plan, a total area of 0.07 m ha was covered at
a cost of Rs. 47.53 crore.
 The programme has been conceived as a long-term measure for
restoration of ecological balance by conserving, developing and
harnessing land, water, livestock and human resources.
 Due to sand dune stabilization in ten districts of Rajasthan, special
projects are under implementation under DDP since 1999-2000 for
combating desertification by way of shelterbelt plantation
108
 Indian Culture and Traditional Wisdom for managing Environment
 In many parts of India, communities have inherited the rich
tradition of love and reverence for nature through ages.

109
 Indian Culture and Traditional Wisdom for managing Environment
 The culture of conservation of nature dates back to the ancient Vedic
Period. (Rig-Veda, Sama-Veda, Yajur-Veda and AtharvaVeda)
 Sun worship is of vital importance in Vedic worship; the sun was
worshipped in the form of gods like Sūrya, Mārtaṇḍa, Uṣa, Pūṣan,
Rudra, etc

Chhat Puja in UP, Bihar, Jharkhand and

110 W.B
 Indian Culture and Traditional Wisdom for managing Environment
 Tress have also been given huge importance the ancient Indian tradition.
 The four Vedas are full of references to various herbs, trees and flowers and their
significance.
 Trees and plants were considered as animate beings and to harm them was
regarded as a sacrilege.
 Padma (lotus) and trees like vaṭavṛkṣa (banyan) were given special attention.

111
 Indian Culture and Traditional Wisdom for managing Environment
 The worship of the pipal tree (also known as Boddhi tree, aśvattha in
Sanskrit, Ficus religiosa) became a folk ritual, and the pipal was called
the king of trees in Brahma Purāna.

112
 Indian Culture and Traditional Wisdom for managing Environment
 Flora and fauna and their associations with human beings were
depicted in epics like the Mahābhārata, the Rāmāyaṇa, and in Kālidāsa’s
compositions such as Meghadūta, Abhijñānaśakuntalā, etc. They provide
colourful portrayal of trees,
 Manusmṛti, an early Sanskrit text, gives a distinct classification of
plants and states that some of them can experience pleasure and pain
and have awareness.
 The tradition of sacred groves mentioned in the ancient period and
is still practised by folk and tribal communities. A sacred grove
consists of a bunch of old trees, at the outskirts of a village,
which were left untouched when the original settlers cleared the
forest to establish the village. These are regarded as abodes of gods
and goddesses or spirits and hence protected with utmost care. 113
 Indian Culture and Traditional Wisdom for managing Environment
 Wildlife: Wild animals and even domesticated ones were also given
pride of place and respect in the ancient tradition. Many Hindu gods
and goddesses have some particular animal or bird as their vehicles
or vāhana. These include lion, tiger, elephant, bull, horse, peacock,
swan, owl, vulture, ox, mouse, etc.

114
 Indian Culture and Traditional Wisdom for managing Environment
Bishnois and Conservation
 During medieval period, many religious sects became important and
one of them was Bishnois which became widely accepted in a climatically
hostile zone of Rajasthan.
 The followers of the sect advocated the banning of tree felling since
they believed that trees are the basis of a harmonious and prosperous
environment.
 Bishnois embraced the Khejri tree and protected it from local ruler
who ordered to cut all of them.
 During the Vedic period, the cow was considered a very valuable
animal; Aditi, the mother of the gods in the Rig-Veda, was often called ‘the
divine Cow.’ In the Mahābhārata. 115
116
117
 UNIT-IV

SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE

ENVIRONMENT

118
 Sustainability and Sustainable Development
Sustainability gives a platform or bridge between
social science and civic engineering & between
Environmental sciences and Technology.

 Sustainability looks to protect our natural

environment, human and ecological health, and
drives innovation without compromising our way
of life
119
120
 Sustainability and Sustainable Development
 Another Definition:
 Sustainable development is development
Sustainability is development
that meets the needs of the present, without
that satisfies the needs of the
compromising the ability of future
present without compromising
generations to meet their own needs.
the capacity of future
 Living within our environmental limits is
generations, guaranteeing the
one of the central principles of sustainable
balance between economic
development.
growth, care for the
 Sustainable development is not only
environment and social well-
about environment but also meet the
being.
diverse needs of all people in existing and
future communities, promoting personal https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o08
wellbeing, social cohesion and inclusion, ykAqLOxk ---- Video by United
and creating equal opportunity. Nations
121
122
 Environmental Sustainability Index

Sustainability = Sustain + Ability ---Meaning is

the ability to sustain
 The Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) is a measure of
overall progress towards environmental sustainability.
 The index provides a composite profile of national environmental
stewardship based on a compilation of indicators derived from
various datasets.
 method of quantifying and numerically marking
the environmental performance of a state's policies. 123
 ESI were developed by Yale University (Yale Center for
Environmental Law and Policy) and Columbia University (Center
for International Earth Science Information Network) in
collaboration with the World Economic Forum and the Joint
Research Centre of the European Commission.
 Issues under ESI were:
 Health Impacts
 Air Quality
 Water resources and agriculture
 Fisheries
 Forestry
 Biodiversity and Habitat
 Climate change 124
 Environmental Sustainability Index
 The Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) was
implemented and practiced between 1999 – 2005.
 ESI was succeeded by Environmental performance Index
(EPI) which measures a method of quantifying the states
policies.
 EPI has been developed by the same institutions who
formed ESI.
 Purpose of EPI is to measure Environmental Vitality and
Ecosystem vitality.
125
 Environmental Performance Index
Objectives

Environmental Ecosystem
Health (40%) vitality(60%)
Variables Variables

Health Air Water & Water Agriculture Forests

Impacts quality sanitation resources and
Fisheries
Variables are the key issues under which Biodiversity and habitat;
EPI/ESI is measured Climate change 126
 EPI SCORE 2018
RANK COUNTRY EPI SCORE Environmental Ecosystem
Health (40%) Vitality (60%)
1 Switzerland 87.42 93.57 83.32
2 France 83.95 95.71 76.11
3 Denmark 81.60 98.20 70.53
4 Malta 80.90 93.80 72.30
5 Sweden 80.51 94.41 71.24
6 United Kingdom 79.89 96.03 69.13
7 Luxembourg 79.12 95.07 68.48
8 Austria 78.97 86.38 74.03
9 Ireland 78.77 95.92 67.34
177 India 30.57 9.32 44.74
127
 CARBON FOOTPRINT
The total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and
indirectly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent
tons of carbon dioxide (CO2).

A human being’s carbon footprint is the sum of all emissions of

CO2 (carbon dioxide), which were induced by his/her activities in
a given time frame.
Example: gallon of petrol fuel consumed, 10.4 kg carbon dioxide (CO2)
is emitted.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas causing global warming.

128
CARBON FOOTPRINT

129
 WATER FOOTPRINT
The water footprint measures the amount of water used to produce
each of the goods and services we use.
The water footprint can also tell us how much water is being
consumed by a particular country – or globally – in a specific river
basin or from an aquifer.
Water Footprint answers all the below questions…..

1. Where is the water dependence in my company’s operations or supply

chain?
2. How well are regulations protecting our water resources?
3. How secure are our food or energy supplies?
4. Can I do something to reduce my own water footprint and help us manage
water for both people and nature? 130
 ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
 Environmental ethics deals with issues related to the rights of
individuals that are fundamental to life and well being.
 This concerns not only the needs of each person today, but also those
who will come after us. It also deals with the rights of other living
creatures that inhabit our earth.
1. Resource consumption and the need for equitable consumption
 Can individuals justifiably use resources so differently that one individual uses
resources many times more lavishly than other individuals who have barely enough
to survive ?
 There are rich and poor nations. There are rich and poor communities in every
country. And there are rich and poor families. In this era of modern economic
development, the disparity between the haves and have-nots is widening and need
to be minimized or eliminated. 131
2. Equitable use of forest resources:
We think of forests as being degraded due to fuel wood collection by
poor rural communities, but forget that the rich use much greater
quantities of timber. Biomass based industries include cotton textiles,
paper, plywood, rubber, soap, sugar, tobacco, jute, chocolate, food
processing and packaging. These need land, energy, irrigation and
forest resources.
3. Preserving natural resources for future generations:
 Can we use up all the resources of the world, leaving nothing for our
future generations? This ethical issue must be considered when we
use resources unsustainably.
 If we overuse and misuse resources and energy from fossil fuels, our
future generations would find survival much more difficult. 132
4. The right of Animals:
The plants and animals that share the earth with us too have a right to
live and share our earth’s resources and living space. We have no right
to push a species that has taken millions of years to evolve towards
extinction. Not only do wild and domesticated animals have a right to
life, but have the right to a dignified existence.
5. Environmental awareness and Education
 This brings us to the need for environmental education. The
Honorary Supreme Court of our country has ordered that every
young individual at school and college level be exposed to a course
on environment.
 It is not to create only an awareness of environmental issues, but also
to bring about pro environmental action. 133