Technical Journal, University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Taxila, Pakistan Vol. 26 No.

3-2021
ISSN:1813-1786 (Print) 2313-7770 (Online)

Characterization and Standardization of Sand for

Geotechnical Laboratory Testing in Pakistan
A.D. Kaleem1, N. Ahmad2, R.A. Khalid3, A. Danish4, M. Safdar5, F. Butt6, S. Sharib7
1,2,6
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
3,4
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, National University of Modern
Languages, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
5
Earthquake Engineering Center, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology,
Peshawar, Pakistan
2
naveed.ahmad@uettaxila.edu.pk

Abstract- Different countries have characterized
their indigenous sand resources and have proposed
some standard sands for research purposes.
Knowing their index and engineering properties,
any further research conducted on such soils
enriches the databank for researchers. Current
study is focused on standardization of sand for
geotechnical engineering laboratory research in
Pakistan. Sand samples were collected from five
different locations of Punjab and Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa provinces of Pakistan, based on
annual sand production data. Material
characterization was done using standards as
approved by American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM). The tests carried out were
color, specific gravity, grain size distribution,
minimum and maximum dry density, direct shear,
mineral composition, shape of grains (metallurgy
microscope) and hydraulic conductivity. For
standardization, properties of indigenous sands
were compared with internationally used Ottawa F-
65 & F-50 sands. From test results, Khushab sand
has been recommended as standard sand for
geotechnical laboratory testing in Pakistan.
Keywords- Sand, Characterization, Standardization,
Laboratory Testing, Geotechnical Engineering.
I. INTRODUCTION
Sand is a granular material composed of
finely divided rock and mineral particles. It is
defined by size being finer than gravel and coarser
than silt. Unified Soil Classification System
(USCS) defines sand as particles with a diameter of
between 0.074 mm to 4.75 mm [1].
Sand can either be collected from natural sources
or produced by crushing of rocks. Natural sources
of sand include pit and river sands. Pit sands are
usually coarser in size compared to river sands.
Due to increased demand, sand is also being
produced by crushing of rocks, also known as
manufactured sand. Sand samples collected for
current research comprise of pit sand and river
sand.
Many countries in the world have standardized
their local sources of sand for geotechnical
engineering related research [2-4]. Ottawa sand is
considered as standard sand in USA and Canada,
Toyoura sand is Japanese standard sand, while
Quartzanium is used as standard laboratory testing
sand in India. In Pakistan, Lawrencepur sand is
being used for most of the concrete related research
[5], but no significant work has been carried out for
standardization of some sand for geotechnical
laboratory research. In this research, efforts have
been made to characterize and standardize
geotechnical laboratory testing sand in Pakistan.
II. RESEARCH METHODLOGY
Based on annual mineral production reports
of Mines and Mineral Department, Government of
Punjab, and keeping in view location of laboratory
facilities, sand samples were collected from five
different locations within Punjab and Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. According to latest
mineral wise production data in (M. Tons) for the
month of July 2018 to June 2019 (on the basis of
royalty collection) Mianwali and Khusab were
biggest sources of producing silica sand i.e.
354,061 and 79,750 M. Tons [6], respectively.
Hence these two sources and three nearest sources
of sand Lawerencepur-Attock, Golra-Attock and
Ghazi-Haripur were identified for sampling
purpose. Researchers have worked on prediction
[7] and management [8] of sand production to
utilize the natural recourses efficiently.
Manually collected bulk samples were stored in
bags, and sample I.D was marked on each bag for
identification purpose. Meanwhile, latitude and
longitude of sampling locations were also recorded.
Sample descriptions details have been provided in
Table 1.
Collected sand samples were brought in best
available laboratories in the vicinity and were

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Technical Journal, University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Taxila, Pakistan
ISSN:1813-1786 (Print) 2313-7770 (Online)
tested as per specifications proposed by American
Society for Testing Materials (ASTM). The
laboratories used were, Soil Mechanics and
Foundation Engineering Laboratory, Civil
Engineering Department, UET Taxila; Material
Testing Laboratory, Askari Cement Factory, Wah
Cantt; Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory,
COMSATS University, Wah Cantt, and Civil
Engineering Laboratory, Directorate Civil Works
Wah Cantt.
Specifications used for different tests include Grain
Table 1: Samples Locations
Sr. No. Location Sample ID
1 Lawerencepur-Attock- A-LAP.1
Punjab
2 Lawerencepur-Attock- B-LAP.2
Punjab
3 Golra-Attock-Punjab C1-GAP.1
4 Golra-Attock-Punjab C2-GAP.2
5 Khusab-Punjab D-KP
6 Ghazi-Haripur-KPK E-GHK
7 Mianwali-Punjab F-MP
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 Particle Size Distribution Using Sieve Analysis
Sand comprises of particles of various shapes and
sizes. Sieve Analysis Test is used to separate
particles into size ranges and to find quantitatively
the mass of particles in each range. As per Unified
Soil Classification System (USCS), all sand
samples were poorly graded (SP) with less than
1.6% of fines. Grain size distribution curves for
different samples tested are given in Figure 1.
Values for effective grain size D , coefficient of
50
uniformity Cu, coefficient of curvature Cc, and
classification of sand as per Unified Soil
Classification System (USCS) for all the sands
tested have been compared with standard values for
Ottawa Sand. From comparison, it has been
observed that sand sample F-MP collected from
Mianwali-Punjab has grain size distribution
characteristics closest to that of Ottawa Sand. Grain
Size Distribution Characteristics of sand samples
are given in Table 2.
3.2 Description and Identification
Color is an important property for identifying soils
of same geologic origin. As per ASTM-D2488-09a
specifications, color of soil should be observed in
wet state.
Samples collected from all sources showed grey
color as shown in Table 3. Odor of samples was
unusual and inorganic. While shape of sand
particles was found to be sub angular. Shape of
sand particles was determined using Metallurgical
2
Vol. 26 No. 3-2021
size distribution (ASTM-6913), Description and
Identification (ASTM-D2488 − 09a), Specific
Gravity (ASTM D 854-14), Minimum dry density,
ρd min (ASTM-D-4254-00) and Maximum dry
density, ρd max. (ASTM-D-4253-00), Minimum
Void Ratio emin. (ASTM-4253-00) and Maximum
Void Ratio emax. (ASTM-4254-00), Chemical
Composition XRF Model: Cubix PW-2400, Angle
of Internal Friction – (ASTM D3080) and
Permeability Hydraulic Conductivity –ASTM
D2434 (Constant Head).
Latitude Longitude
33°49'42.00"N 72°28'21.00"E
33°49'55.00"N 72°28'20.00"E
33°48'9.00"N 72°28'31.00"E
33°48'10.00"N 72°28'31.00"E
32°17'42.00"N 72°24'11.00"E
33°58'14.00"N 72°38'25.00"E
32°41'15.00"N 71°26'47.00"E
Microscope present at Mechanical Engineering
Department UET-Taxila. All sand samples were
compared with Ottawa sand and it was found that
shape of sand samples collected from all sources is
similar to shape of Ottawa Sand i.e. sub angular as
shown in Table.3. Similar findings were made by
researchers using their local sands [9-10].
3.3 Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity of sand is closely linked with
mineralogy of sand. It is unitless quantity defined
as ratio of density of a substance to that of water at
4o C. In case of soils, it is used to determine many
complicated properties, e.g., void ratio, degree of
saturation, critical hydraulic gradient, zero aid void,
etc. Specific gravities of sand samples studied in
this research ranged between 2.65 to 2.68, while
specific gravity of Ottawa Sand was 2.65. Specific
gravity values obtained during this study are shown
in Figure 2.
3.4 Minimum and Maximum Dry Density
In order to find minimum and maximum dry
densities of sand, mould having volume of 2830
cm3 was used. Samples were oven dried for a
period of 24 hours before testing. For finding
maximum dry density, vertical vibratory table was
used and sample was vibrated for period of 8
minutes at a frequency of 60 Hz. Values for
minimum dry density ranged between 1311.95
kg/m3 to 1491 kg/m3 , while those for maximum dry
density varied between 1691.54 kg/m3 to 1877.11
kg/m3 for different sand types used in the research.
Technical Journal, University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Taxila, Pakistan Vol. 26 No. 3-2021
ISSN:1813-1786 (Print) 2313-7770 (Online)

On comparison with Ottawa sand, minimum and
maximum dry densities for samples D-KP collected
from Khusab and C2-GAP-2 collected from Golra-
Attck were found to be closed to the respective
values obtained for Ottawa Sand. Detail is shown
in Figure 3.
3.5 Minimum and Maximum Void Ratio
Void ratio is important property for determining
behavior of soil. It is defined as volume of voids
present in sand to total volume of solids.
Void ratio is an important soil property and its
variation has been studied by researchers in the
past [11-12]. Minimum and maximum void ratios
for sand samples tested ranged between 0.42 to
0.58 and 0.78 to 1.03, respectively. Void ratio
values for all samples have been compared with
Ottawa F-50 as shown in Table 4. It was observed
that sand sample C2-GAP-2 collected from Golra-
Attock had shown nearest void ratio values
compared to that of Ottawa-Sand.

#4 Coarse #10 Medium #40 Fine #200 SILT/CLAY

GRAVEL SAND SAND SAND
100
90 A-LAP-1

80
B-LAP.2
70
% Passing

C1-GAP-1
60
50 C2-GAP-2

40
D-KP
30
E-GHK
20
10 F-MP

0
10 1 0.1 0.01
Particle Diameter (mm)
Fig. 1. Grain size distribution curves of sand samples

Table. 2: Grain Size Distribution Characteristics of Different Sand Samples

Sr. No. Sample I.D Standard D (mm) Cu Cc USCS
50

1 Ottawa-F-50 ASTM-6913 0.25 1.83 0.95 SP

2 Otawa-F-65 ASTM-6913 0.20 1.61 0.96 SP
3 A-LAP.1 ASTM-6913 0.62 2.33 1.19 SP
4 B-LAP.2 ASTM-6913 0.585 3.13 0.90 SP
5 C1-GAP.1 ASTM-6913 0.75 3.35 1.01 SP
6 C2-GAP.2 ASTM-6913 0.52 2.15 1.02 SP
7 D-KP ASTM-6913 0.50 2.49 1.21 SP
8 E-GHK ASTM-6913 0.34 1.93 1.06 SP
9 F-MP ASTM-6913 0.27 1.88 1.01 SP

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Technical Journal, University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Taxila, Pakistan Vol. 26 No. 3-2021
ISSN:1813-1786 (Print) 2313-7770 (Online)

Table. 3: Description and Identification of Different Sand Samples

Sr. Location Sample I.D Color Odor Shape
No. Dry/wet (Metallurgy microscope)
1 USA/CANADA Ottowa-F-50 - - Sub angular
2 USA/CANADA Ottowa-F-65
3 Lawerencepur-Attock- A-LAP.1 Grey Unusual Sub angular
Punjab
4 Lawerencepur-Attock- B-LAP.2 Grey Unusual Sub angular
Punjab
5 Golra-Attock-Punjab C1-GAP.1 Grey Unusual Sub angular
6 Golra-Attock-Punjab C2-GAP.2 Grey Unusual Sub angular
7 Khusab-Punjab D-KP Grey Unusual Sub angular
8 Ghazi-Haripur-KPK E-GHK Grey Unusual Sub angular
9 Mianwali-Punjab F-MP Grey Unusual Sub angular

Specific Gravity
2.69
Specific Gravity

2.68
2.67 2.68 2.68
2.66 2.67 2.67
2.65 2.66 2.66
2.64 2.65 2.65
2.63

Location
Fig. 2. Specific gravity values of different sand samples

Minimum & Maximum Dry Density

2000 1863.93 1877.11
1759 1779.53 1772.36 1718.14
1800 1694.41 1691.54
1600 1446 1471.71 1488.95 1491.00 1469.55 1433.46 1370.48 1311.95
1400
1200
Kg/m3

1000
800
600
400
200
0

Minimum Dry Density Maximum Dry Density

Location
Fig.3: Minimum and maximum dry density values for different sand samples

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Technical Journal, University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Taxila, Pakistan Vol. 26 No. 3-2021
ISSN:1813-1786 (Print) 2313-7770 (Online)

Table. 4: Minimum and Maximum Void Ratios for Different Sand Samples
Sr. No. Sample I.D Location e e e e
max min max min
(% (%
difference) difference)
1 Ottawa-F-50 USA/Canada 0.78 0.48 - -
2 Ottawa-F-65 USA/Canada 0.83 0.51 - -
3 A-LAP.1 Lawerencepur 0.82 0.50 1.22 2.00
4 B-LAP.2 Lawerencepur 0.80 0.44 3.75 15.92
5 C1-GAP.1 Golra-Attock 0.78 0.42 6.41 21.43
6 C2-GAP.2 Golra-Attock 0.82 0.51 1.22 0.00
7 D-KP Khusab-Jhelum 0.85 0.54 2.35 5.56
8 E-GHK Ghazi-KPK 0.95 0.58 12.63 12.07
9 F-MP Mianwali-Indus 1.03 0.57 19.42 10.53

3.6 Chemical Composition Using X-Ray
Fluorescence (XRF)
Chemical composition of sand was determined by
using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analyzer model
no. Cubix PW-2400 available at Askari Cement
Factory Wah Cantt. Chemical composition of sand
is found to be an important property for controlling
concrete strength [13] and is strongly affected by
source of sand [14-15]. It was found that sand
sample collected from Khusab had highest silicon
dioxide percentage of 72.05% while Ottawa sand
comprises of more than 99% of silicon dioxide.
Detailed chemical composition values are showed
in Table 5.
3.7 Angle of Internal Friction
Angle of internal friction of sand is very important
engineering property used to determine shear
strength under different normal stress
combinations.
Angle of internal friction of sand samples was
determined by using direct shear test. Remolded
sand samples at bulk density values as given in
Table 6 were used while preparing specimen.
Angle of internal friction of local sand samples
ranged between 320 to 340 compared to 31.80 as
reported for Ottawa Sand sample [12-16]. Detail of
Angle of internal friction values has been given in
Table 6.
3.8 Permeability Test–Constant Head
Hydraulic conductivity of sand describes the ease
with which fluid, usually water can flow through
interconnected pores of soil sample [17]. In this
study, hydraulic conductivity of sands was found
out by using Constant Head Permeability Test,
whose values are shown in Figure 4. Hydraulic
conductivity of sand samples was found at
minimum dry density and maximum dry density in
order to obtain range of permeability values.

Table. 5: Chemical Composition of Sand Samples

Sr. Sample I.D SiO Al O Fe O CaO MgO KO Na O SO
2 2 3 2 3 2 2 3
No. % %
% % % % % %

1 Ottawa-F-50 99 - - - - - - -
2 Ottawa-F-65 99 - - - - - - -
3 A-LAP.1 66.71 14.73 5.65 4.99 2.17 1.79 2.43 0.03
4 B-LAP.2 65.98 14.25 4.45 4.76 2.05 2.07 2.24 0.03
5 C1-GAP.1 65.61 14.78 5.25 5.12 2.24 1.92 2.53 0.03
6 C2-GAP.2 64.83 14.12 5.92 5.17 2.12 1.66 2.36 0.03
7 D-KP 72.05 7.71 4.36 7.04 1.24 1.38 1.34 0.03
8 E-GHK 66.79 14.58 5.08 4.79 2.26 1.66 2.60 0.03
9 F-MP 68.58 12.76 4.93 5.04 2.19 1.80 2.23 0.03

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Technical Journal, University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Taxila, Pakistan Vol. 26 No. 3-2021
ISSN:1813-1786 (Print) 2313-7770 (Online)

Table.6: Angle of Internal Friction Values for Different Sand Samples

Sr. No. Location Sample Standard Moisture Bulk Ф Percentage
I.D Content Density (Degrees) difference
(%) (kg/m3)
1 USA/CANADA Ottawa-F- ASTM- - - 31.8 -
50 3080
2 USA/CANADA Ottawa-F- ASTM- - - -
65 3080
3 Lawerencepur- A-LAP.1 ASTM- 1 1620 34 6.47
Attock-Punjab 3080
4 Lawerencepur- B-LAP.2 ASTM- 1 1630 34 6.47
Attock-Punjab 3080
5 Golra-Attock- C1- ASTM- 1.1 1650 34 6.47
Punjab GAP.1 3080
6 Golra-Attock- C2- ASTM- 1.1 1600 32 0.63
Punjab GAP.2 3080
7 Khusab-Punjab D-KP ASTM- 0.9 1530 33 3.64
3080
8 Ghazi-Haripur-KPK E-GHK ASTM- 1.2 1570 32 0.63
3080
9 Mianwali-Punjab F-MP ASTM- 1 1570 32 0.63
3080

Permeability of Sand
0.08 0.072
0.07
0.061
0.058
0.06
0.05 0.042
K (cm/sec)

0.041
0.038 0.036
0.04 0.032
0.031 0.029
0.03 0.025
0.022 0.021 0.02 0.021
0.02 0.016 0.016
0.011
0.01
0

Location

Loose Sand Dense Sand

Fig. 4: Coefficient of permeability values in loose and dense states

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Technical Journal, University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Taxila, Pakistan Vol. 26 No. 3-2021
ISSN:1813-1786 (Print) 2313-7770 (Online)

Table-7: Characterization of Local Sources of Sand

Sr. Description Lawrencpur Lawrencpu Golra Golra Khusa Ghazi Mianwal
No A-LAP-1 r C1- C2- b E-GHK i
B-LAP-2 GAP-1 GAP-2 D-KP F-MP
1 Grain size D50 = D50 = D50 = D50 = D50 = D50 = D50 =
distribution 0.62mm 0.59mm SP 0.75m 0.52m 0.50m 0.34mm 0.27mm
characteristic SP m SP m SP m SP SP SP
s
2 Color Shape Grey, Sub Grey, Sub Grey, Grey, Grey, Grey, Sub Grey,
angular angular Sub Sub Sub angular Sub
angular angular angular angular
3 GS 2.67 2.68 2.66 2.68 2.65 2.67 2.66
4 ρd min. 1471.71 1488.95 1491.0 1469.5 1433.46 1370.48.4 1311.95
3 0 5 6
(Kg/m )
5 ρd max. 1779.53 1863.93 1877.1 1772.3 1718.14 1694.41 1691.54
3 1 6
(Kg/m )
6 emin. 0.50 0.44 0.42 0.51 0.54 0.58 0.57
7 emax. 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.82 0.85 0.95 1.03
8 XRF-SiO2 66.71 % 65.98 % 65.61% 64.83 72.50 66.79 % 68.58%
% %
9 Ф (Degrees) 34
o
34
o
34
o
32
o
33
o
32
o
32
o

10 K (cm/sec) 0.036 to 0.021 to 0.031 0.029 0.020 to 0.016 to 0.011-

0.072 0.042 to to 0.041 0.032 0.021
0.061 0.058

Table-8: Comparison of Proposed Standard Sand Properties with Ottawa Sand

Sr. Description Khusab-Sand Ottawa Sand F-65/F-50
No.
1 Grain Size Distribution D (mm) = 0.50, SP D (mm) = 0.25, SP
50 50
2 Description and Grey, Subangular Shape Sub angular Shape
Identification
3 Specific Gravity 2.65 2.65
3 3
4 Minimum Dry Density
1433.46 kg/m 1446 kg/m
3 3
5 Maximum Dry Density
1718.14 kg/m 1759 kg/m
6 Minimum Void Ratio 0.54 0.48
e
min.
7 Maximum Void Ratio 0.85 0.78
e
max.
8 Chemical Composition SiO = 72.50 % SiO > 99 %
2 2
o o
9 Angle of Internal
33 31.8
Friction
10 Hydraulic Conductivity 0.020 to 0.041 K- 0.025 to 0.038 K-cm/sec
cm/sec

IV. CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
4.1 Characterization of Local Sources of Sand
Sand samples collected from five different places
of Punjab and KPK have been characterized. All
sand samples were poorly graded (SP) as per USCS
classification. Color of sand samples was grey in
moist state, while shape of sand particles was found
to be sub angular. Specific gravity values ranged
between 2.66 to 2.68. Minimum and maximum dry
densities of sand samples varied between 1311.95
3 3 3
Kg/m to 1491.00 Kg/m and 1691.54 Kg/m to
3
1877.11 Kg/m , respectively. Minimum void ratio
values ranged between 0.42 to 0.58, while
maximum void ratio values ranged between 0.78 to

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 Technical Journal, University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Taxila, Pakistan
ISSN:1813-1786 (Print) 2313-7770 (Online)
1.03. Quantity of SiO2 varied between 65.61% to
72.05%. Angle of internal friction was found to be
o o
between 32 to 34 . Permeability of sand samples
ranged between 0.011 cm/sec to 0.072 cm/sec.
Detail of all properties of sand are collectively
given under Table 7.
4.2 Standardization of Local Sources of Sand
Second aim of research objective was to
standardize local sources of sand after comparing it
with Ottawa-sand. Ottawa sand was selected as
reference sand for comparison with local sources of
sand due to availability of research data and
moreover it is being used widely in USA and other
countries [18].
After comparison, it has been observed that based
on physical and engineering properties, soil sample
collected from Khusab-Punjab having
identification D-KP with grey color, sub angular
shape of particles, specific gravity of 2.65,
minimum dry density and maximum dry density of
1433.46 kg/cum and 1718.14 kg/cum, respectively,
minimum void ratio and maximum void ratio
values of 0.54 and 0.85 respectively, 72.5% of
silicon dioxide as chemical composition, angle of
internal friction 330 and with minimum and
maximum premeability values of 0.020 K-cm/sec
and 0.041 K-cm/sec is more closer to Ottawa-F-50
and Ottawa F-65 sand of USA, hence it is
recommended to use Khushab sand as standard
laboratory testing sand for research purposes in
Pakistan. Detailed comparison between these two
sands is shown in Table 8.
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