Atoms,moleculesandStoichiometry

Therela5veatomicmass,Ar,ofanelement,isthe
weightedaveragemassofanatomoftheelement
comparedto1/12themassofa12Catom.

CopiedfromNYJCchemistrylecture
notes,ACJCmoleconceptworksheetand
ACS(BR)Chemicalcalcula5onstutorial

Combus5onanalysis:FindempiricalformulaofCxHy,CxHyOz

Therela5veisotopicmassofanisotopeisthemassofanatom
oftheisotopecomparedto1/12themassofaa12Catom.
Therela5vemolecularmass,Mr,ofanelementorcompound,
istheweightedaveragemassofamoleculeoftheelementor
compoundcomparedto1/12themassofa12Catom.
Therela5veformulamass,Mr,ofacompound,isthe
weightedaveragemassofaformulaunitofthe
compoundcomparedto1/12themassofa12Catom.
E.g.Chlorineconsistsof2isotopes,35Cland37Clin
thera5o3:1.CalculatetheArofchlorine.
(35x3)+(37x1)
=35.5
Ar=
4
Therela5veisotopicmassshouldbeusedinsteadif
availablemoreaccurate.
E.g.
Isotope

Rela+veisotopic
mass

Rela+ve
abundances

35Cl

34.9689

75.77

37Cl

36.9658

24.23

CalculatetheArofchlorine
ArofCl= (75.77x34.9689)+(36.9658x24.23)=35.45(4s.f.)
100
Onemoleofsubstanceistheamountofsubstancethat
containsasmanypar5clesastherearecarbonatomsin
exactly12gof12C.
Thenumberofcarbonatomsin12gof12Cisfoundtobe
6.02x1023.(Avogadrosconstant)
g

NmV
n===cV=
LMVm
6.02x1023

gmol1

Molargasvolume
s.t.p.:0oC,1atmVm=22.4dm3
r.t.p.:25oC,1atmVm=24dm3

Theempiricalformulaofacompoundisthesimplest
formulathatshowstherela5venumberofatomsof
eachelementpresentinacompound.
Themolecularformulaofacompoundistheformula
thatshowstheactualnumberofatomsofeach
elementpresentinonemoleculeofthecompound.
E.g.Ahydrocarbon,X,consistsof83.7%carbon.
IthasMrof86.0.Calculatetheempiricaland
molecularformulaofX.
1.Usemass
ra5o(Donot
simplifyyet)
2.Findmol
ra5oby
dividingbyAr
3.Simplify
(Divideby
smallest
number)

1.Massra5oofC:H=83.7:16.3
83.716.3
2.Molra5oofC:H=:
ArofCArofH
83.716.3
=:=6.975:16.3
121

1.Weighcompound
2.Burncompoundcompletely,onlyproductsCO2+H2O
3.H2OandCO2aredrawn2utubes,substancein1utube
absorbsH2O.P4O10(l)+6H2O(g)4H3PO4(aq)
OtherUtubecontainssubstancethatabsorbsCO2.
2NaOH+CO2Na2CO3+H2O
4.Weigheachofthetubesbeforeandaeer
Increaseinmassofthe1sttubeisH2Oabsorbed.
Increaseinmassofthe2ndtubeisCO2absorbed.
Eudiometry:Steps
1.Writeoutthebalancedequa5onforcombus5on
e.g.CxHy+(x+y/4)O2xCO2+y/2H2O

2.Usemolera5otodeterminex: VCO2x
VC Hy=
1
7
3.=1:=3:7
x
3
3.DeterminethevolumeofO2used:
EmpiricalformulaofXisC3H7.
VO2used=VO2(excess)VO2(Unused)
Letthemolecularformulabe(C3H7)n,then
VO2usedx+y/4
MrofX86
n===2
=
4.Usemolera5otodeterminey: V 1
Mrofempiricalformula3x12+7
CxHy
MolecularformulaofXisC6H14.

Limi5ngreagentQ2data
NormalQ1data
Steps:
1.Writeequa5onformolera5o
2.Converttomoles
3.Usethemolera5otodeterminewhich
reactantproducesthesmallestamountof
product.Thisisthelimi5ngreagent.
E.g.nH2ifH2islimi5ngthenH2Oproduced=
Actualyield
Percentageyield=x100%
Theore5calyield
Massofsolute(g).
Massconc=
Volumeofsolu5on(dm3)

Back5tra5on
Nodeniteendpointtobedetected
Addexcessacid
Findleeoveracidby5tra5on
n(acidused)=n(acidatstart)n(acidleeatend)
Doubleindicator5tra5on
NaOH+HClreac5onoccursinasinglestage
Na2CO3+HClreac5onoccursin2stageswith
HCO3astheintermediateproduct.
Note:(2)and(3)
OH+H+H20(1)
requirethesame
CO32+H+HCO3(2)
HCO3+H+H2O+CO2(3) amountofH+ions
Withphenolphthaleinastheindicator,theendpoint
isseenatthecomple5onofreac5ons(1)and(2)
Withmethylorangeasindicator,theendpointis
seenatthecomple5onofall3reac5ons.