Mole Concept &

STOICHiOMETRY
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
 ATOM

Atom: The term atom was introduced by Dalton. Atom is the smallest particle of matter that takes
part in a chemical reaction. Atom is also defined as the smallest particle of an element that retains
all the properties of an element.

I. Dalton’s Atomic Theory

1. Matter is made up of very small indivisible particle called atoms.

2. All the atoms of a given element is identical in all respect i.e. mass, shape, size, etc.

3. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed by any chemical process or physical process.

4. Atoms of different elements are different in nature.

Atomic Weight
The atomic weight or the relative atomic mass (RAM) of an element is defined as the number of times an
1
atom of an element is heavier than the mass of 12 th of C-12 isotope’s atom.

The relative atomic mass of an element indicates the number of times one atom of that element is
1
heavier than 12 th of mass of C- 12 isotopes atom. For example, the atomic weight of calcium is 40. This
means that an atom of calcium is on average is 40 times the mass of 1/12 the mass of C- 12 isotope’s
atom.

Atomic weights of many elements are not whole numbers due to the presence of stable isotopes.

The number of atoms of a particular isotope present in 100 atoms of a natural sample of that element is
called its relative abundance which always remains constant for a given element. Natural chlorine is a
mixture of two isotopes with relative abundances 75% (Cl-35) and 25% (Cl-37) approximately.

Then, the atomic weight of chlorine is  75  35    25  37   35.5

100
 THE MOLE
The term ‘mole’ is a Latin word which means heap or pile. A mole of atom is a collection of atoms
whose total weight is equal to the gram atomic weight. As equal number of moles of different
elements contain equal number of atoms, it is very easy to express the amount of a substance in
terms of moles. Just as a dozen means twelve objects, in the similar fashion, a mole is a collection
of a ‘definite number’ of particles, viz., atoms, molecules, ions or electrons. This ‘definite number’ is
called Avogadro number which is equal to 6.023 × 1023. Thus, a mole can be defined as, “the
amount of a substance containing as many atoms, molecules, ions, electrons or other elementary
entities as there are carbon atoms in exactly 12g of C-12”.
Mole Concept and Avogadro’s Number:
Atomic Mass Unit (a.m.u.) and Gram atomic
Mass
Gram Molecular Weight or Molar mass
Molar Volume( PV= nRT) and Vapour Density
Practice
Answers 3,2,3 ,1
Ideal Gas Equation
Laws of Chemical Combinations
Calculation based on Chemical Equations
Calculations based on weight volume relationship
Calculations based on volume – volume relation
These calculations are based on i) Avogadro’s law and ii) Gay-Lussac’s law.

Gay-Lussac’s Law : When gases react, the volume of the reacing gases and the volumes of any
gaseous produce are in the ratio of small whole numbers provided the volumes are measured at
the same temperature and pressure.

Avogadro’s theory : equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain
equal number of molecules.

1 volume of hydrogen + 1 volume of chlorine 2 volumes of hydrogen chloride

n molecules of hydrogen + n molecules of chlorine 2n molecules of hydrogen chloride.

1, 2, 3,3
3,1, 2