Reg.

No :

Question Paper Code :

B.E. / B.Tech/M.E/M.Tech/MBA. DEGREE EXAMINATION,
January- 2022
<Seventh semester>
EE17701 / Protection and Switchgear
(Electrical and Electronics Engineering)
(Regulations 2017)

Time : Three Hours Maximum : 100 Marks

Answer ALL Questions

PART A (10x2=20 Marks)

1. Mention the different types of Neutral grounding.

The following are the various methods of neutral grounding. (i) Effective grounding (solid
grounding) (ii) Resistance grounding (iii) Reactance grounding (iv) Resonant grounding
(arc suppression coil grounding) (v) Voltage transformer grounding (vi) Grounding through
grounding transformer.

2. Identify various types of faults occurring in power system. (i) Symmetrical faults(ii)
Unsymmetrical faults; Single-phase to Ground (L-G) Fault’; Two-phase to Ground (2L-G)
Fault; Phase-to-Phase (L-L) Fault; Open-circuited Phases; Winding Faults; Simultaneous
Faults

3. Define the following terms as related to protective relaying: (a) pick-up current, (b) reset
value.
Pick-up current: The threshold value of the operating quantity above which the relay
operates is known as pick-up current.
Reset value: It is the value which elapses from the moment the actuating quantity falls
below its reset value to the instant when the relay comes back to its normal position.
4. A relay is connected to 400/5 ratio current transformer with current setting of 125%.
Evaluate the plug setting multiplier when circuit carries a fault current of 4700A.
Pick up value=Rated secondary current of C.T*Current setting
=(150/100)*5=6.25
Fault current in relay coil = 4700*5/400=58.75 A
Hence P.S.M = 58.75/6.25=9.4
 5. List the short comings of Merz Price scheme of protection applied to a power transformer.

In a power transformer, currents in the primary and secondary are to be compared. As these
two currents are usually different, the use of identical transformers will give differential
current, and operate the relay under no-load condition. Also, there is usually a phase
difference between the primary and secondary currents of three phase transformers. Even
CT’s of proper turn-ratio are used, the differential current may flow through the relay under
normal condition6. Write the importance of bus bar protection.

6. Give trip law for simple Impedance relay.

7. State the reason for low CT burden on numerical relay.

Numerical relays can be programmed to detect saturation of instrument transformers for
minimizing incorrect operations.

8. Write the merits and the demerits of a static relay over electromagnetic relay.
 Low power consumption as low as 1mW
 No moving contacts; hence associated problems of arcing, contact bounce, erosion,
replacement of contacts are avoided.
 No gravity effect on operation of static relays. Hence it can be used in ships, aircrafts etc.
 A single relay can perform several functions like over current, under voltage,
 single phasing protection by incorporating respective functional blocks. This is not possible
in electromagnetic relays.
 Static relay is compact.

9. State making capacity of circuit breaker.

The peak value of current (including d.c. component) during the first cycle of current wave
after the closure of circuit breaker is known as making capacity.

10. List are the advantages of air blast circuit breaker over oil circuit breaker.
 The risk of fire is diminished
 The arcing time is very small due to rapid buildup of dielectric strength between
contacts
 The arcing products are completely removed by the blast whereas oil deteriorates
with successive operations

PART B (5x13=65 Marks)

11. a. Describe the need and benefits of neutral grounding system and also explain the various
methods of neutral grounding with relevant phasor diagrams.
Advantages of neutral grounding: - 3 marks
 Voltages of the healthy phases do not exceed line to ground voltages i.e. they remain
nearly constant.
 The high voltages due to arcing grounds are eliminated.
 The protective relays can be used to provide protection against earth faults.
Types of neutral grounding: - 2 marks
Solid grounding - 2 marks
Resistance grounding - 2 marks
Reactance grounding - 2 marks
Resonant grounding - 2 marks

11. b. (i) Analyze the protective zone diagram for a simple power system network with neat
diagram. [B1] (6)

11. b. (ii) Discuss the symmetrical components methods to analyze an unbalanced system. [B2](7)

12. a. Analyze the working and operating characteristics of percentage current differential
relay with relevant diagrams. [B2]
 (OR)
12. b. With the help of R-X diagram explain the working of impedance relay and MHO relay in
detail. [B1]
Impedance relay : (7 marks)

MHO Relay: (6 marks)

Diagram and explanation - 6 marks

13. a. Briefly explain about phase to phase fault protection, phase to earth fault protection and
stator inter turn protection of alternator with relevant schematic diagrams. [B1]
 Differential protection against phase to earth fault and phase to phase fault:

Diagram (7 marks)
Explanation – 8 marks

(OR)

13. b. Mention the importance of Bus bar protection. With suitable diagrams explain bus bar
Protection schemes. [A2]

Importance of Bus bar protection (3 marks)

Differential protection (5 marks) Fault bus protection ( 5 marks)

14. a. Describe the synthesis of MHO relay using static phase comparator. [B2]
 Block diagram and explanation -13 marks

(OR)
14. b. With a block diagram explain about numerical differential protection of transformer [B2]

Diagram – 7 marks
Explanation – 6 marks
15. a. With a neat diagram explain clearly about the working principle of vacuum circuit
breaker.[B1]

Diagram – 5 marks
Explanation – 8 marks
(OR)

15. b. Explain the operation of Air blast circuit breaker with its merits. [B1]
 Diagram – 5 marks
Explanation - 8 marks

PART C
[Higher order Thinking Skill Question may be from any one of the Unit ]
(1x15=15 Marks)
16. a. Design the minimum value of neutral resistance to be connected in between neutral of
generator and ground when 80% of the generator winding is protected by Merz-Price
circulating-current system. The generator is a 3 phase star connected, rated 30 MVA, 6.6
kV. If the ratio of the C.Ts. is 600/5, the minimum operating current of the relay is 1.8
A and also find the percentage of winding which is unprotected against earth faults
when the machine is operating at normal voltage when neutral point earthing resistance
is 7 ohms and draw the relevant circuit diagram. [C1]
Circuit diagram – 5 marks
 Case (i)
Vph = 3810 V
R= 3.527 ohm – 5 marks
Case (ii)
% of winding unprotected = 39.68% - 5 marks

(OR)
16. b. A three phase, 50 Hz, 11 kV alternator is connected to a circuit breaker. The inductive
reactance upto the circuit breaker is 5Ω/phase. The distributed capacitance up to circuit
breaker between phase and neutral is 0.001 μF. Evaluate the peak restriking voltage across
the CB, frequency of restriking voltage, average rate of restriking voltage up to peak
restriking voltage and maximum RRRV and also develop the expression for reverse
restriking voltage across the circuit breaker.

Inductance per phase = XL/ (2ᴨf) = 0.0159 H

Capacitance per phase , C = 0.001 µF
(i) Maximum Value of Recobery voltage = E max = 8.98 kV
Peak re-striking voltage = 2Emax = 17.96 kV

(ii) Frequency of restriking voltage = fn = 39,914Hz

(iii) Peak re-striking voltage occurs at a time ‘t’ = t=1/(2fn) = 12.527 µ sec
(iv) Average rate of rise of re-striking voltage :
(peak re-striking voltage) / (Time upto first peak) = 17.96 kV / 12.527 µ sec
= 1433.703 x 103 kV/ sec.

The transient voltage that appears across the circuit breaker contacts immediately after the arc
extinction or at current zero during the arcing period is called Restriking Voltage.

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