Saddle made - bifurcation

Consider I= f- car) = r -129 ,

KEIR, REIR .

Éq pts f- cx2=o→
-

.
:
No solutions if
✓ ee . r >o

r -128=0--8 ↳ x*=o if r=o

↳ x*=±Fi it reo

Remark No eq .
pts v20

At
# of
eqrpts One
eq.pt r -0 A- Bifurcation .

cat point
changes pp
r=O
* Two eq.pt rao

Bifurcation

Potential function :
fcxn-E-c-ol.UA#-irx-IH-
Graphical analysis .

"" *
" V ↳c) = -
r✗ -

13×3
.

A >0

÷¥→
F- O f
.

→*¥x i
semis table
.

*:÷¥
no

stable
Linear of fear)=r -5
stability analysis of 1
All we need is the
sign at
eq solutions
.
.

a) no → ✗ = Ifr
'
f g) = -

2X

•
✗
*
= fr → f' (F) =
→ Trio stable
'
f- C- F)
*
•
✗ = -
B = zrr 20 unstable

Bifurcation diagram
-

ar r= -

→ →
→ or
it

→
:-.
→
i. →

i.
Unstable branch
stable branch
 Vector field for food = r -
se .

E- IF it rzo
I
£9 .
solutions r→E=o → ×=o
if neo

↳ Meee
points for no

ryo f

←¥←x
f
simarbikra
←#
r
-

- O

*
rko
.

t.it ¥
(
me r

'
or

.
-

-
-
-

<
Is there form of f- for
any general
-

saddle node bifurcation ?

Then it must be quadratic dice to eeq .

Solutions .
It must look Like

f n
r > ra

÷ .

slowing
down .

Where rc is the value of t where we

heave bifurcation

Thus in general the bifurcation point

, ,

is
GE.ro) and the bifurcation
diagram should be :

?¥:r I
 Normal form

To find form for fG*r) let 's

a
general , Taylor
expand it near the bifurcation
point :
10 Flo

fear )=fc¥r% + ex -

¥ !*.it-4¥ / * r,

+
6*1%-8%-1 , ,
+ G- rp%¥ / .
+ G- G-
ri8¥r|µ ,
Gary

1- • or

Cr=rc)
By analyzing the
green ✗t
that
curve on the previous
bifurcation point
the
page
we see
,

f- Gee re)=o , ,
¥
Also ,
at the bifurcation point
, ¥ must be
nonzero ,
because then ,
by the implicit function theorem
we have that r=rc¥) and f- Gdjrc# 7=0 has
- -

solution Then
by keeping only the
✗
.

ÑÉ zero
powers of andx r we have
 f-c =r±Ñ ed

1- car > =

:¥;-r→+÷¥ *i×→t ¥5
fair = • Cr -

)
ra + bcx -

This called the normal

is of saddle
node bifurcation All vector fields with similar
.
form
7- have this of bifurcation
type
Actually by ( r ri
rescaling
a → r
'

b. (x -

x*J→±E .

The minimal normal form reads

7- c =r -1×2
?⃝
⑨ ix-r-x-e-t-fcx.rs
- -

Yi 72 f- 70
¥ ,
,
f co

f- Ye yzcolyiyaol Ye Yolo
-

So Cx ) Ye
ya
-

r
- -
-

,
- I
↳

t÷¥÷¥÷¥
b. e yea
Yah
-

Ye yolo
-

l
'
I
'
'

.
× × Yi
Y,

Ye Yero
everywhere
Ye ya
- -

Y ,
=
Ga
at two points
No eq .
solution at one point
Sol
two
eg. solution,
One eg
. .

Where is the bifurcation point ?

=y2
fire) Con )
r
y
-

!
, -

d÷=d÷
 Bifurcation ( Homework
)
diagram
X t

t÷÷
d -
-
saddle made
bifurcation
in
.

I
-
-

Vd
-
-

tr
×
First plot rcxtxt e- and then rotate
to xcr) that
get shown above
.
is .

We check it toxin has soedohok

actuary
aan a .

needle bifurcation
by just f- Car? around

the bifurcation point .

Cho)
expanding
Y
e-
f- Gsr ) = r -
x
-

= r -

x -

( xtI.it
t -
.
. .

) =

(r -

)
e -
E →
Normal form with a- I

2nd b %
-

-
-
We scale
can
xctully it as .

(r Ia i
-

D → r and → -
- -

to normal form
get the real

E which
f- Car) e r - is similar

to the second

example