Module 2:

1-B HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION

HEALTH HAZARDS (IH)

B.E.S.O. SAFETY TRAININGS & CONSULTANCY SERVICES

DOLE Accredited OSH Training Organization: No. 1030-103020-127

thebesoproject@gmail.com BESO STO

 OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of the module, participants will be able to:

• Explain the principles of Industrial Hygiene

• Identify health hazards in the workplace
 CONTENTS

• Definition of Industrial Hygiene and Health Hazards

• Classification of Health Hazards (Industrial Hygiene)

– Physical
– Chemical
– Biological
– Ergonomics

• Health Hazards Identification

• Department Order 136-14: Globally Harmonized System

of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals

• Labels and Safety Data Sheet

 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
(DEFINITION)

Industrial Hygiene (IH)

• is the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, control and

prevention of hazards from work that may result in injury,
illness, or affect the well-being of workers and the
environment

• these hazards or stressors are typically divided into the

categories chemical, physical, ergonomic, biological, and
psychosocial
 HEALTH HAZARDS
(DEFINITION)

may mean conditions that cause legally compensable

illnesses or may mean any conditions in the workplace
that impair the health of employees enough to make
them lose time from work or to cause significant
discomfort.
CLASSIFICATION OF HEALTH
HAZARDS
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
ORGANIC
SOLVENTS
HEAVY
METALS

GASES
DUSTS

ACIDS
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(HAZARDOUS FORM)

TYPE OF CHEMICAL HAZARDOUS FORM

Organic Solvent Vapor
Acid and Base Mists
Dust Particulate Matter
Heavy Metal Fumes

• Paint is an organic solvent type of chemical. The hazardous form is

created when you have a painting activity.
• Once dust is dispersed, the hazardous form is Particulate Matter.
• A fume (smoke-like emission) is the hazardous form of heavy metal
created when you use a lead (heavy metal) in soldering activity.
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(FORMS OF CHEMICAL)

• Solids such as dusts, fumes,

fibers (e.g. wood dust,
bitumen fumes and asbestos
fiber).

• Liquids, mists (e.g. liquid

bleach and mineral oil mist).

• Gases, vapors (e.g. carbon

monoxide gas and solvent
vapor).
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL EXPOSURE)

May put workers at risk of developing health problems:

HEALTH PROBLEMS

• Heart Ailments • Lung Damage • Sterility

• Central Nervous System Damage • Kidney Damage • Burns

• Cancer • Liver Damage • Rashes

Chemicals can only become hazardous when they become

airborne and in excessive concentration.
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(1. ORGANIC SOLVENT – VAPORS)

• Organic solvents are used in

many products such as paints,
thinners and glues.

Examples: toluene, xylene, white

spirit, acetone and ethyl acetate.

Examples of vapors found in occupational setting:

• Gasoline – used for fuel.
• Organic Solvents – used as paint thinners (toluene and
turpentine) and glue solvents (acetone and methyl ethyl
ketone)
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(2. ACID - MIST)

Mists
• are tiny droplets of liquid suspended in the air
• generated on jobsites by spraying liquids, such as, paints /
coatings, form oil, pesticides, etc.
• measured as a concentration of airborne particles in a given
space (weight/volume); and are measured in either milligrams
or micrograms per cubic meter of air (mg/m³) or (µg/m³).
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(2. ACIDS – MISTS EXAMPLES)
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(3. DUSTS)

Dusts

• are solid particles that are formed by handling, crushing,

grinding, drilling or blasting of materials
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(3. DUSTS – TYPES)

Respirable dust, particles

that are less than 10
microns (µm) in diameter,
can enter deep into the
lungs where damage can
occur.
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(3. DUSTS – EXAMPLES)

• Silica dust
– Building materials such as stone,
bricks and concrete
• Metal dust
– Leaded paint
– Grinded metal
• Asbestos dust
– Thermal and acoustic insulation
– Fire resistant walls and partitions
– Asbestos cement sheets and flooring
• Wood dust
– Flooring
– Wood fixtures
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(3. DUSTS – OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES)

• manufacture of glass, ceramics (pottery, porcelain and

enamel) and stone objects
• etching glass
• manufacture of cleansing agents and abrasives
• chemical and pharmaceutical industry (handling of
powdered chemicals)
• rubber manufacturing industry
• manufacture of lead storage batteries (bulk lead oxide)
• formulation of pesticides
• agricultural work (ploughing, harvesting, grain storage)
• food industry (bakeries, animal products)
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(4. HEAVY METALS – FUMES)

Fumes are solid particles that are formed when a metal or

other solid vaporizes and the molecules condense (or solidify)
in cool air.

• This usually occurs during

welding/cutting of metals,
e.g., welding fumes.
• Fumes are also produced by
hot asphalt during hot tar
roofing and paving.
• Coal tar (naphtha) and
plastics also produces fumes
when heated.
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(4. HEAVY METALS – WELDING FUMES)

Welding Fumes Exposures

• Welding fumes contain a variety of chemicals depending
on what is being welded on, chemical makeup of welding
rods, fluxes, and shielding gases.

• Metals
- Aluminum, Antimony, Arsenic, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium,
Cobalt, copper, iron, Lead, Manganese, Nickel, Silver, Tin, Titanium,
Vanadium, Zinc

• Gases
- Shielding: Argon, Helium, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide
- Process: Nitric Oxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Ozone,
Hydrogen Fluoride, Carbon Dioxide
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(5. GASES – EXAMPLES)

Examples of Gases Found in Industry

Oxygen used for welding and cutting

Acetylene used for welding and cutting

Propane used for heating and fuel

Carbon Dioxide used as an inert gas and can be found naturally in sewers

Methane the main component of natural gas and found in earth deposits
break down of organic matter and can be found naturally in
Hydrogen Sulfide
sewers
highly toxic and produced by the incomplete combustion of
Carbon Monoxide
fuels
the welding arc can produce ozone, phosgene and carbon
Welding Gases
monoxide gases
Diesel Exhaust Nitrogen Dioxide
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(5. GASES – HAZARDOUS GASES)
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(5. GASES – CHEMICAL ASPHYXIANTS)
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(5. GASES – CHEMICAL ASPHYXIANTS)
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS

RADIATION
EXTREME
VIBRATION
TEMPERATURE

ABNORMAL
PRESSURE INADEQUATE
ILLUMINATION

NOISE
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS

“ Physical factors or hazards refer to temperature,

humidity, noise, ionizing radiation, abnormal pressure (due to
altitude), ventilation, illumination and the like which may
place added stress on the body.
”
– DOLE Memorandum Circular No. 01 Series of 2000
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(1. NOISE)

Noise refers to the unwanted

sound in the workplace.

A SIMPLE RULE OF THUMB:

If you are unable to hold a conversation in normal tones and at your
normal volume standing at arm’s length from a colleague, then the
noise level in the workplace could be too high! Remember however,
that your colleague may be able to lip read.
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(1. NOISE – DECIBEL SCALE)
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(1. NOISE – HAZARDOUS EXPOSURE)
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(1. NOISE – SIGNS OF HEARING LOSS)
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(2. VIBRATION)

Vibration describes the physical energy from a vibrating

object, and also what we feel when that energy is
transmitted to us.

• Vibration exposure occurs

when a vibrating object,
such as a machine, tool or
surface, transmits vibration
energy to a person's body.
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(2. VIBRATION – TYPES OF EXPOSURE)

Segmental vibration exposure

refers to exposure that is mainly transmitted
to, and concentrated on, a specific part of the
body – such as the hand, arm, or leg.

Whole body
vibration exposure
is when vibration is
transmitted
throughout all or most
of the body.
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(2. VIBRATION – OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE)

Industry Type of Vibration Common Source of Vibration

Agriculture Whole body Tractors
Boiler making Hand-arm Pneumatic tools
Whole body Tractors
Forestry
Hand-arm Chain saws
Furniture manufacture Hand-arm Pneumatic chisels
Iron and steel Hand-arm Vibrating hand tools
Lumber Hand-arm Chain saws
Machine tools Hand-arm Vibrating hand tools
Whole body Vehicle operation
Mining
Hand-arm Rock drills
Sheet Metal Hand-arm Stamping Equipment
Shipyards Hand-arm Pneumatic hand tools
Shoe-making Hand-arm Pounding machine
Textile Hand-arm Sewing machines, Looms
Transportation Whole body Vehicles
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(2. VIBRATION – FACTORS AFFECTING HAVS)

Category Factor

Exposure Frequency • Frequency of vibration worker is exposed to

• Length of time tool is in use each day
Exposure Time
• Total working hours of exposure
• Ergonomics of tool use (lifting, posture, repetitive
movements, position of hand and arm relative to the body)
• Surface area, location and mass of parts of the hand in
Tool Use Variables
contact with the source of vibration
• Grip forces
• Operator control of the tool
• Impact (higher vibration) vs. non-impact
• Weight of the tool
• Operating speed
Tool Characteristics
• State of tool maintenance
• Texture of tool handle (soft vs. rigid)
• Shape of tool handle
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(2. VIBRATION – FACTORS AFFECTING HAVS)

Category Factor

• Exposure to cold ambient temperatures.

Environment • Exposure to psychosocial aspects (e.g. events at home, relationships).
• Exposure to other physical and chemical agents
• Frequency, amplitude and direction of vibration.
Vibration Parameters • Area of the contact surface between the vibration source with the hand.
• Level of acceleration produced by the tool (vibration energy)
• Anti-vibration materials in use (e.g. gloves, boots).
Protective Practices
• Work rest periods
Material • Hardness of material being contacted (e.g. metal for grinding)

• Clothing
• Body size
• Posture
• Body tension
• Body composition
Worker • Medical history
• Susceptibility to vibration
• Smoking and use of drugs
• Skill and productivity
• Disease or prior injury to the fingers and hands
• Number of years of use with tool
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(3. INADEQUATE ILLUMINATION)

Typical risks from lighting originate from:

• lighting effects
• incorrect lighting design
• improper lighting installation, maintenance, replacement
and disposal
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(3. INADEQUATE ILLUMINATION – SOURCES OF LIGHTING)

• Natural Lighting: daylight

• Artificial Lighting: when

daylight fails or where the
daylight illumination is
insufficient
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(3. INADEQUATE ILLUMINATION – TYPES OF LIGHTING)

Three basic types of lighting:

• General
• Localized
• Local (or task)

Local or task
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(3. INADEQUATE ILLUMINATION – TYPES OF LIGHTING)

Local lighting is used when:

• a high level of illumination is

needed in a small area

• flexible directional lighting is

required, for example when
doing different tasks at a
workstation

• general lighting is unnecessary

or impossible to install because
of the layout of the work area
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(4. EXTREME TEMPERATURE – HOT ENV’T)

• Heat stress results from too

great an increase in body
temperature. It is the total heat
burden that the body is
subjected to by both external
and internal factors.

• Heat strain: the body’s

physiological response to heat
stress, for example sweating,
increased heart rate and
elevated core temperature.
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(4. EXTREME TEMPERATURE – HOT ENV’T)
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(4. EXTREME TEMPERATURE – HOT ENV’T)

Example of Workplaces

Iron and steel foundries Bakeries

Non-ferrous foundries Commercial kitchens
Brick-firing and ceramic plants Laundries
Glass products facilities Food canneries
Rubber products factories Chemical plants
Electrical utilities (particularly boiler rooms) Smelters
Mining sites Steam tunnels

Outdoor Operations
Farm work Landscaping
Oil and gas well operations Site development
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(4. EXTREME TEMPERATURE – COLD ENV’T)

• Cold is relevant to work in freezer plants, cold-storage

facilities and for a few outdoor occupations.

• Cold stress happens when your body cannot regulate its

temperature.
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(4. COLD ENVIRONMENT – STRESS FACTORS)

▪ Prolonged or
repeated exposure
▪ Inadequate clothing
or protective gear
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(5. ABNORMAL PRESSURE)

• Working above or below atmospheric pressure is limited to

a select number of jobs such as underwater diving.

Underwater work High-altitude work

• Exposure to pressure can occur during construction of bridges, rigging

of heavy objects underwater, inspection of pipelines, cutting or welding
underwater and aquatic scientific research activity and can affect
recreational diving instructors.
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(6. RADIATION)

Radiation
• the process of emitting energy as waves or particles, and the
energy thus radiated
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(6. RADIATION – IONIZING)

Ionizing radiation
• include all electromagnetic and particulate radiations that are
capable of producing ions, either directly or indirectly, during their
passage through matter
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(6. RADIATION – NON-IONIZING)

Non-ionizing radiation
• includes electric and magnetic fields, radio waves, microwaves,
infrared, ultraviolet, and visible radiation
ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
 ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
(DEFINITIONS)

Ergonomic hazards
• refer to workplace conditions that pose risk of injury to the
musculoskeletal system of the worker
 ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
(DISPLAY SCREEN EQUIPMENT)

Display Screen Equipment (DSE)

• which includes visual display units, is a good example of a
common work activity which relies on an understanding of
ergonomics and the ill-health conditions which can be associated
with poor ergonomic design.
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
(BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS IN INDUSTRY)
 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
(BIOLOGICAL AGENTS)

• Biological hazards can be put into different categories. The most

common biological hazards in include:
Biological Agents Examples
• Microscopic organism that live in soil, water, organic
matter or the bodies of plants and animals.
Bacteria • Characterized by lack of distinct nucleus and the
inability to photosynthesize.
• Examples: E-coli, TB, and Tetanus
• A group of pathogens that consist mostly of nucleic
acids and that lack cellular structure.
Viruses • Totally dependent on their hosts for replication.
• Examples: Common cold, Influenza, SARS,
Hantavirus, Rabies
• Any major group of lower plants that lack chlorophyll
and live on dead or other living organisms.
Fungi
• Examples: Athlete’s foot, Mold, Rust, Mildew,
Smut, Yeast, Mushrooms
 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
(BIOLOGICAL AGENTS)

Biological Agents Examples

Bloodborne Pathogens • Hepatitis B Virus

- pathogenic microorganisms that • Hepatitis C virus
are present in human blood and • Human Immunodeficiency
can cause disease in humans Virus (HIV/AIDS)

• Contact dermatitis
Poisonous Plants • Rashes
• Breathing difficulty

Poisonous and Infectious

• Rabies
Animals
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
(OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE)
ROUTES OF EXPOSURE
 ROUTES OF EXCRETION

Gastro-intestinal Respiratory
(feces) (exhalation) Skin
Renal (urine) (sweat, hair, nails)
HEALTH HAZARDS
IDENTIFICATION
 HEALTH HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
(METHODS THAT CAN BE USED)

• Conducting walkthrough survey/ocular inspection

• Knowing your task
• Reviewing processes involved
• Knowing the raw materials used, products and by-products
• Gathering workers’ observations and complaints
• Using GHS labels and Safety Data Sheets
DEPARTMENT ORDER
NO. 136-14
SALIENT POINTS
 DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 136-14

DOLE Department Order No. 136-14

• otherwise known as the “Guidelines for the

Implementation of Globally Harmonized System (GHS) in
Chemical Safety Program in the Workplace” serves as
the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) to implement
the provisions of GHS in the industrial workplace sector.

GHS

• is an acronym for Globally Harmonized System of Classification and

Labeling of Chemicals
• the GHS is a system for standardizing and harmonizing the classification
and labeling of chemicals
DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 136-14
(GHS HAZARDS CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA)
DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 136-14
(GHS HAZARDS CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA)
 DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 136-14
(CHEMICAL SAFETY PROGRAM ELEMENTS)

The Chemical Safety Program to be initiated by the

establishment shall include the following elements:
• Facilities and Control Measures
• Workers’ right to know
• Storage requirements and
inventory
• Waste management
• Information and training
• Personal protective equipment
• Work environmental monitoring
• Occupational health and medical
surveillance
• Emergency preparedness and
response
LABELS AND SAFETY
DATA SHEET
LABELS AND SAFETY DATA SHEET
(GHS PICTOGRAMS)
LABELS AND SAFETY DATA SHEET
(STANDARD GHS LABEL FORMAT)
 LABELS AND SAFETY DATA SHEET
(SAFETY DATA SHEET CONTENT)
Section 1: Identification
Section 2: Hazards Identification
Section 3: Information on Ingredients
Section 4: First-aid Measures
Section 5: Fire-fighting Measures
Section 6: Accidental Release Measures
Section 7: Handling and Storage
Section 8: Personal Protection Equipment
Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties
Section 10: Stability and Reactivity
Section 11: Toxicological Information
Section 12: Ecological Information
Section 13: Disposal considerations
Section 14: Transport Information
Section 15: Regulatory Information Safety Data Sheet (SDS) should be
Section 16: Other Information
reviewed even before workers use it.
questions
 KEY POINTS

• Industrial Hygiene is the science and art devoted to the

identification, evaluation and control of hazards.
• The different types of health hazards are physical, chemical,
biological and ergonomics.
• Safety Officers have the role of classifying their establishments
through proper identification of the different health hazards as part
of the risk assessment process.
• Identification of different health hazards in workplaces can be
done by:
– Conducting walk-thru survey/ocular inspection
– Reviewing processes
– Knowing the raw materials, product and by-products
– Gathering workers’ observations and complaints
– Using GHS labels and Safety Data Sheets
THAT WOULD BE ALL. THANK YOU!