Aptitude Maths Oda

Adama ODA Special Boarding School Academic Year 2017
Scholastics Aptitude Test (SAT) For Preparatory

Table of Contents
Contents Page
SECTION ONE
1.1 Numbers ............................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problems on Numbers ........................................................................................................................ 11
1.3 Problems on G.C.F and L.C.M .......................................................................................................... 15
1.4 Surds and Indices ................................................................................................................................ 19
1.5 Square Root and Cube Root .............................................................................................................. 22
1.6 Simplification .................................................................................................................................... 23
1.7 Decimal Fraction ................................................................................................................................ 28
1.8 Logarithm ........................................................................................................................................... 31
1.9 Area..................................................................................................................................................... 34
1.10 Volume and Surface Area ............................................................................................................... 38
1.11 Probability ....................................................................................................................................... 41
1.12 Permutation and Combination ......................................................................................................... 45
1.13 Logical Reasoning ........................................................................................................................... 49
1.14 Height and Distance ........................................................................................................................ 51
1.15 Problems on Trains .......................................................................................................................... 55
SECTION TWO
2.1 Ratio and Proportion .......................................................................................................................... 58

2.2 Average ............................................................................................................................................. 62
2.3 Odd Man Out and Series .................................................................................................................... 65
2.4 Time and Distance .............................................................................................................................. 67
2.5 Time and Work ................................................................................................................................... 71
2.6 Simple Interest .................................................................................................................................... 75
2.7 Problems on Ages ............................................................................................................................... 76
2.8 Percentage .......................................................................................................................................... 79
2.9 Partnership .......................................................................................................................................... 82
2.10 Clock ................................................................................................................................................. 84
2.11 Calendar ............................................................................................................................................ 86
2.12 Races and Games ............................................................................................................................. 89
2.13 Profit and Loss.................................................................................................................................. 91
2.14 Chain Rule ....................................................................................................................................... 94
2.15 Boats and Streams ........................................................................................................................... 96
2.16 Banker's Discount ............................................................................................................................ 99
ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 1

About Aptitudes
Aptitudes are natural abilities
Aptitudes are natural talents, special abilities for doing, or learning to do, certain kinds of things easily
and quickly. They have little to do with knowledge or culture, or education, or even interests. They have
to do with heredity. Musical talent and artistic talent are examples of such aptitudes.
Some people can paint beautifully but cannot carry a tune. Others are good at talking to people but slow
at paperwork. Still others can easily repair a car but find writing difficult. These basic differences among
people are important factors in making one person satisfied as a banker, another satisfied as an engineer,
and still another satisfied working as an editor. My aptitude testing will identify your natural abilities.
Career fields use particular patterns of aptitudes

Every occupation, whether it is engineering, medicine, law or management, uses certain aptitudes.
The work you are most likely to enjoy and be successful in is work that uses your aptitudes.
For example, if you are an engineer but possesses aptitudes not used in engineering, your work might
seem unrewarding. If you lack the engineer's aptitudes, your work may be difficult or unpleasant.
Testing will help in choosing work that fits you

With extensive research over 80 years, the Johnson O'Connor Research Foundation has been able to
isolate many aptitudes, and the various tests that you take at laboratories are for the most part measures
of these aptitudes.
The primary purpose of taking aptitude tests is to find areas in which you have ability. In this manual
aptitude testing program assists you in discovering the course of study and the type of work that will fit
your aptitude pattern; it will help you to understand why certain courses of study and occupations are
likely to be more satisfying or rewarding than others. As Johnson O'Connor put it many years ago:
The individual, who knows his own aptitudes, and their relative strengths, chooses more intelligently
among the world's host of opportunities.

SECTION ONE
1.1 NUMBERS
Some Basic Formulae:
a. (a + b)(a - b) = (a2 - b2)
b. (a + b)2 = (a2 + b2 + 2ab)
c. (a - b)2 = (a2 + b2 - 2ab)
d. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
e. (a3 + b3) = (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)
f. (a3 - b3) = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2)
g. (a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ac)
h. When a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
General Questions
1. Which one of the following is not a prime number?

A. 31 B. 61 C. 71 D. 91
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
91 is divisible by 7. So, it is not a prime number.
2. It is being given that (232 + 1) is completely divisible by a whole number. Which of the following
numbers is completely divisible by this number?
A. (216 + 1) B. (7  223) C. (216 - 1) D. (296 + 1)
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Let 232 = x. Then, (232 + 1) = (x + 1).
Let (x + 1) be completely divisible by the natural number  .
Then, (296 + 1) = [(232)3 + 1] = (x3 + 1) = (x + 1) (x2 - x + 1), which is completely divisible by N,
since (x + 1) is divisible by  .
3. What is the unit digit in {(6374)1793  (625)317  (341491)}?
A. 0 B. 2 C. 3 D. 5
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Unit digit in (6374)1793 = Unit digit in (4)1793
= Unit digit in [(42)896  4]
= Unit digit in (6 x 4) = 4
Unit digit in (625) = Unit digit in (5)317 = 5
317
Unit digit in (341)491 = Unit digit in (1)491 = 1

The required digit = Unit digit in (4  5  1) = 0.
4. The difference of two numbers is 1365. On dividing the larger number by the smaller, we get 6 as
quotient and the 15 as remainder. What is the smaller number?
A. 240 B. 270 C. 295 D. 360
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let the smaller number be x. Then larger number = (x + 1365).
x + 1365 = 6x + 15
5x = 1350
x = 270
Smaller number = 270.

5. If the number 517a324 is completely divisible by 3, then the smallest whole number in the place of a
will be:
A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. None of the above
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Sum of digits = (5 + 1 + 7 + x + 3 + 2 + 4) = (22 + x), which must be divisible by 3.
x = 2.
6. Which one of the following numbers is exactly divisible by 11?
A. 235641 B. 245642 C. 315624 D. 415624
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
(4 + 5 + 2) - (1 + 6 + 3) = 1, not divisible by 11.
(2 + 6 + 4) - (4 + 5 + 2) = 1, not divisible by 11.
(4 + 6 + 1) - (2 + 5 + 3) = 1, not divisible by 11.
(4 + 6 + 1) - (2 + 5 + 4) = 0, so, 415624 is divisible by 11.
Note: Test for divisibility by 11.

Here an easy way to test for divisibility by 11. Take the alternating sum of the digits in the number,
read from left to right. If that is divisible by 11, so is the original number. So, for instance, 2728 has
alternating sum of digits 2-7+2-8 = -11. Since -11 is divisible by 11, so is 2728.
Similarly, for 31415, the alternating sum of digits is 3-1+4-1+5 = 10. This is not divisible by 11, so
neither is 31415.
7. Which of the following number is divisible by 24?
A. 35718 B. 63810 C. 537804 D. 3125736
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
24  3  8 , where 3 and 8 co-prime.
Clearly, 35718 is not divisible by 8, as 718 is not divisible by 8. Similarly, 63810 is not divisible by 8
and 537804 is not divisible by 8.
Consider option (D),
Sum of digits = (3 + 1 + 2 + 5 + 7 + 3 + 6) = 27, which is divisible by 3.
Also, 736 is divisible by 8.
 3125736 is divisible by (3  8), i.e., 24.
Note: Divisibility by 24
How to check a number is divisible by 24?
It is very simple, check the number is divisible by 3 and 8, if it is divisible by both, then clearly the
number is divisible by 24.
8. If n is a natural number, then (6n2 + 6n) is always divisible by:
A. 6 only B. both 6 and 12 C. 12 only D. 18 only
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
(6n2 + 6n) = 6n (n + 1), which is always divisible by 6 and 12 both, since n (n + 1) is always even.
9. What will be remainder when (6767 + 67) is divided by 68?
A. 1 B. 63 C. 66 D. 67
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
(xn + 1) will be divisible by (x + 1) only when n is odd.
(6767 + 1) will be divisible by (67 + 1)
(6767 + 1) + 66, when divided by 68 will give 66 as remainder.

10. If the product 4864  9 P 2 is divisible by 12, then the value of P is equal to:
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Clearly, 4864 is divisible by 4.
So, 9P2 must be divisible by 3. So, (9 + P + 2) must be divisible by 3.
P = 1.
11. Which one of the following is the common factor of (4743 + 4343) and (4747 + 4347)?
A. (47 - 43) B. (47 + 43) C. (4743 + 4343) D. None of the above
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
When n is odd, (xn + an) is always divisible by (x + a).
Each one of (4743 + 4343) and (4747 + 4347) is divisible by (47 + 43).
12. 476 ** 0 is divisible by both 3 and 11. The non-zero digits in the hundred's and ten's places are
respectively:
A. 7 and 4 B. 7 and 5 C. 8 and 5 D. None of the above
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Let the given number be 476 xy 0.
Then (4 + 7 + 6 + x + y + 0) = (17 + x + y) must be divisible by 3.
And, (0 + x + 7) - (y + 6 + 4) = (x - y -3) must be either 0 or 11.
x-y-3=0 y=x-3
(17 + x + y) = (17 + x + x - 3) = (2x + 14)
x= 2 or x = 8.
x = 8 and y = 5.
13. If the number 97215 * 6 is completely divisible by 11, then the smallest whole number in place of *
will be:
A. 3 B. 2 C. 1 D. 5
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Given number = 97215x6
(6 + 5 + 2 + 9) - (x + 1 + 7) = (14 - x), which must be divisible by 11.
x=3
14. Which of the following numbers will completely divide (4915 - 1)?
A. 8 B. 14 C. 46 D. 50
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
(xn - 1) will be divisibly by (x + 1) only when n is even.
(4915 - 1) = {(72)15 - 1} = (730 - 1), which is divisible by (7 +1), i.e., 8.
15. A boy multiplied 987 by a certain number and obtained 559981 as his answer. If in the answer both
9 are wrong and the other digits are correct, then the correct answer would be:
A. 553681 B. 555181 C. 555681 D. 556581
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
987 = 3  7  47
So, the required number must be divisible by each one of 3, 7, and 47
553681  (Sum of digits = 28, not divisible by 3)
555181  (Sum of digits = 25, not divisible by 3)
555681 is divisible by 3, 7, and 47.

16. When a number is divided by 13, the remainder is 11. When the same number is divided by 17, then
remainder is 9. What is the number?
A. 339 B. 349 C. 369 D. Data inadequate
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
x = 13p + 11 and x = 17q + 9
13p + 11 = 17q + 9
17q - 13p = 2
13 p  2
q
17
13 p  2
The least value of p for which q  is a whole number is p = 26
17
x = (13 x 26 + 11)
= (338 + 11)
= 349
17. n is a whole number which when divided by 4 gives 3 as remainder. What will be the remainder
when 2n is divided by 4?
A. 3 B. 2 C. 1 D. 0
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let n = 4q + 3. Then 2n = 8q + 6 = 4(2q + 1) + 2.
Thus, when 2n is divided by 4, the remainder is 2.
18. Which of the following numbers will completely divide (325 + 326 + 327 + 328)?
A. 11 B. 30 C. 16 D. 25
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
(325 + 326 + 327 + 328) = 325  (1 + 3 + 32 + 33) = 325  40
= 324  3  4  10
= (324  4  30), which is divisible by30.
19. What will be remainder when 17200 is divided by 18?
A. 17 B. 16 C. 1 D. 2
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
When n is even. (xn - an) is completely divisibly by (x + a)
(17200 - 1200) is completely divisible by (17 + 1), i.e., 18.
(17200 - 1) is completely divisible by 18.
On dividing 17200 by 18, we get 1 as remainder.
20. (1 + 22 + 32 + ... + 102) =?
2
A. 330 B. 345 C. 365 D. 385

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
1
We know that (12 + 22 + 32 + ... + n2) = n(n  1)(2n  1)
6
1 
Putting n = 10, required sum =   10  11  21  385
6 
21. The sum of how many terms of the series 6 + 12 + 18 + 24 + ... is 1800?
A. 16 B. 24 C. 20 D. 22
Answer: Option B
Explanation:

This is an arithmetic progression (A.P.) in which a = 6, d = 6 and Sn = 1800
n
Then, 2a  (n  1)d   1800
2
n
 2  6  (n  1)6  1800
2
3n (n + 1) = 1800
n(n + 1) = 600
n2 + n - 600 = 0
n2 + 25n - 24n - 600 = 0
n(n + 25) - 24(n + 25) = 0
(n + 25)(n - 24) = 0
n = 24
Number of terms = 24.
22. What is the unit digit in (795 - 358)?
A. 0 B. 4 C. 6 D. 7
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Unit digit in 795 = Unit digit in [(74)23  73]
= Unit digit in [(Unit digit in(2401))23  (343)]
= Unit digit in (123  343)
= Unit digit in (343)
=3
Unit digit in 3 = Unit digit in [(34)14  32]
58
= Unit digit in [Unit digit in (81)14  32]

= Unit digit in [(1)14  32]
= Unit digit in (1  9)
= Unit digit in (9)
=9
Unit digit in (795 - 358) = Unit digit in (343 - 9) = Unit digit in (334) = 4.
768  768  768  232  232  232
23. is equal to:
768  768  768  232  232  232
A. 1000 B. 536 C. 500 D. 268
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
The given expression  2

 
a3  b3
 a  b   768  232  1000
 a  ab  b 2 
24. If x and y are positive integers such that (3x + 7y) is a multiple of 11, then which of the following
will be divisible by 11?
A. 4x + 6y B. x + y + 4 C. 9x + 4y D. 4x - 9y
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
By hit and trial, we put x = 5 and y = 1 so that (3x + 7y) = (3  5 + 7  1) = 22, which is divisible by 11.
(4x + 6y) = (4  5 + 6  1) = 26, which is not divisible by 11;
(x + y + 4) = (5 + 1 + 4) = 10, which is not divisible by 11;
(9x + 4y) = (9  5 + 4  1) = 49, which is not divisible by 11;
(4x - 9y) = (4  5 - 9  1) = 11, which is divisible by 11.
25. In a division sum, the remainder is 0. As student mistook the divisor by 12 instead of 21 and
obtained 35 as quotient. What is the correct quotient?
A. 0 B. 12 C. 13 D. 20

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Number = (12  35)
Correct Quotient = 420 ÷ 21 = 20
3
26. If 60% of of a number is 36, then the number is:
5
A. 80 B. 100 C. 75 D. 90
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let the number be x. Then
3
60% of of x  36
5
60 3
   x  36
100 5
 25 
 x   36     100
 9 
Required number = 100
27. What is the unit digit in (4137)754?
A. 1 B. 3 C. 7 D. 9
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Unit digit in (4137)754 = Unit digit in {[(4137)4]188  (4137)2}
= Unit digit in {292915317923361  17114769}
= (1 x 9) = 9
28. Which one of the following can't be the square of natural number?
A. 32761 B. 81225 C. 42437 D. 20164
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
The square of a natural number never ends in 7.
42437 is not the square of a natural number.
29. 666 ÷ 6 ÷ 3 =?
A. 37 B. 333 C. 111 D. 84
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
1 1
The given expression  666    37
6 3
30. The difference between the place values of two sevens in the numeral 69758472 is
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Required difference = (700000 - 70) = 699930
31. Which of the following is the simplified form of 217  217  183  183 ?
A. 79698 B. 80578 C. 80698 D. 81268
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
(217)2 + (183)2 = (200 + 17)2 + (200 - 17)2
= 2  [(200)2 + (17)2] [Ref: (a + b) 2 + (a - b) 2 = 2(a2 + b2)]
= 2[40000 + 289]
= 2  40289 = 80578.

32. Which of the following numbers will completely divide (461 + 462 + 463 + 464)?
A. 3 B. 10 C. 11 D. 13
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
(461 + 462 + 463 + 464) = 461  (1 + 4 + 42 + 43) = 461  85
= 460  (4  85)
= (460  340), which is divisible by 10.
33. Which one of the following cannot be the square of natural number?
A. 30976 B. 75625 C. 28561 D. 143642
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
The square of a natural number never ends in 2.
143642 is not the square of natural number.
34. (1000)9 ÷ 1024 =?

A. 10000 B. 1000 C. 100 D. 10
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
The given expression 

1000
9

10 
3 9
 10 27 24  10 3  1000
24 24
10 10
Exercises 1.1
Choose the best answer from the given alternatives
1. If n  9  28  26 ,which of the following is NOT an integer?
n n n n
A. B. C. D.
18 32 21 36
2 2
2. If a  b  10 and a  b  5 ,then a  b is equal to:
1
A. 50 B. C. 5 D. 2
2
3. Which one of the following is an expression for 3 more than the product of 6 and t?
A. 6t  3 B. 3t  6 C. t  9 D. 18t  3
4. If the product of four integers is negative, how many of the integers can be negative at most?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
5. If a is 9 more than b, b is 4 more than c, and d is 3 more than c, then what is the positive difference
between a and d?
A. 13 B. 12 C. 11 D. 10
6. In each expression below N represents a negative integer. Which expression could have a negative
value?
A. N 2 B. 6  N C.  N D. 6  N
7. If a  3b  13 and 3a  3b  15, then what is the arithmetic mean of a and b?
A. 3.5 B. 3 C. 2.5 D. 2
8. If 7 x  17  49, then what is the value of 7 x  49 ?
A. 7 B. 4 7 C. 8 5 D. 9
9. If x  16x7, which one of the following is NOT an integer?
A. x  2 B. x  3 C. x  4 D. x  7
10. If the product of three consecutive positive integers is equal to their sum, what is the largest integer?
A. 3 B. 2 C. 1 D. 0
11. If x and y are integers such that 2 x  4  0 and 2 y  4  0, then which one of the following must be
true?
A. xy is negative. C. xy is odd.
B. xy is positive. D. xy is even.
12. In which of the following is the first number or expression equal to the second number or expression?
1 1   5  1
3  4   10  1
A.  ; 7 C.   ;
 1 1   1  2
 3  4  10  10 
B. 2526  2675; 2500 D. 8   12  5; 5   8  12
13. The closest value of the product of 408 and 500 is:
A. 20,000 B. 40,000 C. 200,000 D. 400,000
5 6  55
14. Which of the following is equal to ?
4
1 5
A. B. C. 55 D. 5
4 4
15. Divide 64 by a quarter and add 5. What is the resulting number?
A. 261 B. 256 C. 21 D. 11
16. If n  3, then what is the value of 2 2 n  1?
A. 13 B. 17 C. 33 D. 65
17. Which one of the following expressions has an even integer value for all integers a and c ?
A. 8a  2ac C. 2a  c
B. 3a  3c D. a  2c

1.2 PROBLEMS ON NUMBERS
Some Basic Formulae:
a. (a + b)(a - b) = (a2 - b2)
b. (a + b)2 = (a2 + b2 + 2abab)
c. (a - b)2 = (a2 + b2 - 2ab
ab)
d. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
e. (a3 + b3) = (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)
f. (a3 - b3) = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2)
g. (a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc)) = (a
( + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ac)
h. When a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
General Questions
1. If one-third of one-fourth
fourth of a number is 15, then three-tenth
three tenth of that number is:
A. 35 B. 36 C. 45 D. 54
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
1 1
Let the number be x. Then, of of x  15  x  15  12  180
3 4
 3 
So, required number    180   54
 10 
2. Three times the first of three consecutive odd integers is 3 more than twice the third. The third integer is:
A. 9 B. 11 C. 13 D. 15
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Let the three integers be x, x + 2 and x + 4.
Then, 3x = 2(x + 4) + 3 x = 11.
Third integer = x + 4 = 15.
3. The difference between a two-digitdigit number and the number obtained by interchanging the positions of
its digits is 36. What is the difference between the two digits of that number?
A. 3 B. 4 C. 9 D. Cannot be determined
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let the ten's digit be x and unit's digit be y. Then, (10x + y) - (10y + x) = 36
9(x - y) = 36
x - y = 4.
4. The difference between a two-digitdigit number and the number obtained by interchanging the digits is 36.
What is the difference between the sum and the difference of the digits of the number if the ratio
between the digits of the number is 1: 2?
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Since the number is greater than the number obtained on reversing the digits, so the ten's digit is
greater than the unit's digit.
Let ten's and unit's digits be 2x and x respectively.
Then, (10 x 2x + x) - (10x + 2xx) = 36
9x = 36
x = 4.
Required difference = (2x + x)) - (2x - x) = 2x = 8.
ODA SBS// SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 11

5. A two-digit number is such that the product of the digits is 8. When 18 is added to the number, then
the digits are reversed. The number is:
A. 18 B. 24 C. 42 D. 81
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
8
Let the ten's and unit digit be x and respectively.
x
 8 18
Then, 10 x    18  10 x   x
 x x
10x + 8 + 18x = 80 + x2
2
9x2 + 18x - 72 = 0
x2 + 2x - 8 = 0
(x + 4)(x - 2) = 0
x = 2.
6. The sum of the squares of three numbers is 138, while the sum of their products taken two at a time
is 131. Their sum is:
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Let the numbers be a, b and c.
Then, a2 + b2 + c2 = 138 and (ab + bc + ca) = 131.
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca) = 138 + 2 x 131 = 400.
(a + b + c) = 400 = 20.
7. A number consists of two digits. If the digits interchange places and the new number is added to the
original number, then the resulting number will be divisible by:
A. 3 B. 5 C. 9 D. 11
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Let the ten's digit be x and unit's digit be y.
Then, number = 10x + y.
Number obtained by interchanging the digits = 10y + x.
(10x + y) + (10y + x) = 11(x + y), which is divisible by 11.
8. In a two-digit, if it is known that its unit's digit exceeds its ten's digit by 2 and that the product of the
given number and the sum of its digits is equal to 144, then the number is:
A. 24 B. 26 C. 42 D. 46
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Let the ten's digit be x.
Then, unit's digit = x + 2.
Number = 10x + (x + 2) = 11x + 2.
Sum of digits = x + (x + 2) = 2x + 2.
(11x + 2)(2x + 2) = 144
22x2 + 26x - 140 = 0
11x2 + 13x - 70 = 0
(x - 2)(11x + 35) = 0
x = 2.
Hence, required number = 11x + 2 = 24.

9. Find a positive number which when increased by 17 is equal to 60 times the reciprocal of the
number.
A. 3 B. 10 C. 17 D. 20
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
60
Let the number be x. Then, x + 17 
x
x2 + 17x - 60 = 0
(x + 20)(x - 3) = 0
x = 3.
10. The product of two numbers is 9375 and the quotient, when the larger one is divided by the smaller,
is 15. The sum of the numbers is:
A. 380 B. 395 C. 400 D. 425
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
x xy 9375
Let the numbers be x and y. Then, xy = 9375 and  15  
y x 15
 
 y
2
y = 625.
y = 25.
x = 15y = (15  25) = 375.
Sum of the numbers = x + y = 375 + 25 = 400.
11. The product of two numbers is 120 and the sum of their squares is 289. The sum of the number is:
A. 20 B. 23 C. 169 D. None of these
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let the numbers be x and y.
Then, xy = 120 and x2 + y2 = 289.
(x + y)2 = x2 + y2 + 2xy = 289 + (2  120) = 529
x + y = 529 = 23.
12. A number consists of 3 digits whose sum is 10. The middle digit is equal to the sum of the other two
and the number will be increased by 99 if its digits are reversed. The number is:
A. 253 B. 145 C. 370 D. 352
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Let the middle digit be x.
Then, 2x = 10 or x = 5. So, the number is either 253 or 352.
Since the number increases on reversing the digits, so the hundred's digits is smaller than the unit's
digit.
Hence, required number = 253.
13. What is the sum of two consecutive even numbers, the difference of whose squares is 84?
A. 34 B. 38 C. 42 D. 46
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Let the numbers be x and x + 2.
Then, (x + 2)2 - x2 = 84 4x + 4 = 84
4x = 80
x = 20.
The required sum = x + (x + 2) = 2x + 2 = 42.

Exercises 1.2
1. Suppose that  1  x  0.
Quantity A Quantity B
x3  1 x 2  2x  2
Which one of the following is true?

A. Quantity A is greater than quantity B.
B. Quantity A is less than quantity B.
C. The two quantities are equal.
D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.
2. If x and y are prime numbers greater than 2, which of the following must be true?
I. x  y is even.
II. xy is odd.
III. x 2  y 2 is even.
A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II, and III
3. If m is a number between 0 and 1, which of the following is NOT more than m?
1
A. m 2 B. C. 2m D. m
m
4. Suppose that a  b  c  0 and compare the following two quantities.
c c
b a
A. The two quantities are equal. C. Quantity A is greater than quantity B.

B. Quantity B is greater than quantity A. D. The two quantities cannot be compared.
5. Consider the following two quantities.
The number of prime numbers that The number of prime numbers
are divisible by 3. that are divisible by 5.
A. The two quantities are equal.

B. Quantity A is less than quantity B.
C. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.
D. Quantity A is greater than quantity B.
a a
6. If y  and x  , what is y in terms of x?
a  b  b
1 1 x
A.  B. 1  x C. 1  D.
x x x 1
1
7. If x  0 and 2 x  1   x  1, then x  ______
2
1
A. 1 B. 2 2 C. D. 2
2

1.3 PROBLEMS ON G.C.F AND L.C.M
1. Factors and Multiples:

If number a divided another number b exactly, we say that a is a factor of b. In this case, b is called a
multiple of a.
2. Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.) or Greatest Common Measure (G.C.M.) or Greatest
Common Divisor (G.C.D.):
The H.C.F. of two or more than two numbers is the greatest number that divides each of them
exactly.
There are two methods of finding the H.C.F. of a given set of numbers:
 Factorization Method: Express the each one of the given numbers as the product of prime
factors. The product of least powers of common prime factors gives H.C.F.
 Division Method: Suppose we have to find the H.C.F. of two given numbers, divide the larger by
the smaller one. Now, divide the divisor by the remainder. Repeat the process of dividing the
preceding number by the remainder last obtained till zero is obtained as remainder. The last
divisor is required H.C.F.
Finding the H.C.F. of more than two numbers: Suppose we have to find the H.C.F. of three numbers,
then, H.C.F. of [(H.C.F. of any two) and (the third number)] gives the H.C.F. of three given number.
Similarly, the H.C.F. of more than three numbers may be obtained.
3. Least Common Multiple (L.C.M.):
The least number which is exactly divisible by each one of the given numbers is called their L.C.M.
There are two methods of finding the L.C.M. of a given set of numbers:
 Factorization Method: Resolve each one of the given numbers into a product of prime factors. Then,
L.C.M. is the product of highest powers of all the factors.
 Division Method (short-cut): Arrange the given numbers in a row in any order. Divide by a number
which divided exactly at least two of the given numbers and carry forward the numbers which are
not divisible. Repeat the above process till no two of the numbers are divisible by the same number
except 1. The product of the divisors and the undivided numbers is the required L.C.M. of the given
numbers.
4. Product of two numbers = Product of their H.C.F. and L.C.M.
5. Co-primes: Two numbers are said to be co-primes if their H.C.F. is 1.
6. H.C.F. and L.C.M. of Fractions:
1. H.C.F. = H.C.F. of Numerators
= L.C.M. of Denominators
2. L.C.M. = L.C.M. of Numerators
= H.C.F. of Denominators
8. H.C.F. and L.C.M. of Decimal Fractions:
In a given numbers, make the same number of decimal places by annexing zeros in some numbers, if
necessary. Considering these numbers without decimal point, find H.C.F. or L.C.M. as the case may
be. Now, in the result, mark off as many decimal places as are there in each of the given numbers.
9. Comparison of Fractions:
Find the L.C.M. of the denominators of the given fractions. Convert each of the fractions into an
equivalent fraction with L.C.M as the denominator, by multiplying both the numerator and
denominator by the same number. The resultant fraction with the greatest numerator is the greatest.

General Questions
1. Find the greatest number that will divide 43, 91 and 183 so as to leave the same remainder in each
case.
A. 4 B. 7 C. 9 D. 13
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Required number = H.C.F. of (91 - 43), (183 - 91) and (183 - 43)
= H.C.F. of 48, 92 and 140 = 4.
2. The H.C.F. of two numbers is 23 and the other two factors of their L.C.M. are 13 and 14. The larger
of the two numbers is:
A. 276 B. 299 C. 322 D. 345
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Clearly, the numbers are (23 x 13) and (23 x 14).
Larger number = (23 x 14) = 322.
3. Six bells commence tolling together and toll at intervals of 2, 4, 6, 8 10 and 12 seconds respectively.
In 30 minutes, how many times do they toll together?
1. 4 B. 10 C. 15 D. 16
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
L.C.M. of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 is 120.
So, the bells will toll together after every 120 seconds (2 minutes).
30
In 30 minutes, they will toll together  1  16 times.
2
4. Let N be the greatest number that will divide 1305, 4665 and 6905, leaving the same remainder in
each case. Then sum of the digits in N is:
A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 8
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
N = H.C.F. of (4665 - 1305), (6905 - 4665) and (6905 - 1305)
= H.C.F. of 3360, 2240 and 5600 = 1120.
Sum of digits in N = (1 + 1 + 2 + 0) = 4
5. The greatest number of four digits which is divisible by 15, 25, 40 and 75 is:
A. 9000 B. 9400 C. 9600 D. 9800
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Greatest number of 4-digits is 9999.
L.C.M. of 15, 25, 40 and 75 is 600.
On dividing 9999 by 600, the remainder is 399.
Required number (9999 - 399) = 9600.
6. The product of two numbers is 4107. If the H.C.F. of these numbers is 37, then the greater number is:
A. 107 B. 101 C. 111 D. 185
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Let the numbers be 37a and 37b.
Then, 37a  37b  4107 ab  3
Now, co-primes with product 3 are (1, 3).
So, the required numbers are (37  1, 37  3) i.e., (37, 111).
Greater number = 111.

7. Three numbers are in the ratio of 3: 4: 5 and their L.C.M. is 2400. Their H.C.F. is:
A. 40 B. 80 C. 120 D. 200
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Let the numbers be 3x, 4x and 5x. Then, their L.C.M. = 60x.
So, 60x = 2400 or x = 40.
The numbers are (3  40), (4  40) and (5  40).
Hence, the required H.C.F. = 40.
8. The G.C.D. of 1.08, 0.36 and 0.9 is:
A. 0.03 B. 0.9 C. 0.18 D. 0.108
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Given numbers are 1.08, 0.36 and 0.90. H.C.F. of 108, 36 and 90 is 18,
H.C.F. of given numbers = 0.18.
9. The product of two numbers is 2028 and their H.C.F. is 13. The number of such pairs is:
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let the numbers 13a and 13b.
Then, 13a  13b  2028
ab  12
Now, the co-primes with product 12 are (1, 12) and (3, 4).
[Note: Two integers a and b are said to be co-prime or relatively prime if they have no common positive
factor other than 1 or, equivalently, if their greatest common divisor is 1]
So, the required numbers are (13  1, 13  12) and (13  3, 13  4).
Clearly, there are 2 such pairs.
10. The least multiple of 7, which leaves a remainder of 4, when divided by 6, 9, 15 and 18 is:
A. 74 B. 94 C. 184 D. 364
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
L.C.M. of 6, 9, 15 and 18 is 90.
Let required number be 90k + 4, which is multiple of 7.
Least value of k for which (90k + 4) is divisible by 7 is k = 4.
The required number = (90  4) + 4 = 364.
11. The least number which should be added to 2497 so that the sum is exactly divisible by 5, 6, 4 and 3 is:
A. 3 B. 13 C. 23 D. 33
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
L.C.M. of 5, 6, 4 and 3  60
On dividing 2497 by 60, the remainder is 37.
Number to be added = (60 - 37) = 23.
12. The least number which when divided by 5, 6 , 7 and 8 leaves a remainder 3, but when divided by 9
leaves no remainder, is:
A. 1677 B. 1683 C. 2523 D. 3363
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
L.C.M. of 5, 6, 7 and 8  840
The required number is of the form 840k + 3
Least value of k for which (840k + 3) is divisible by 9 is k = 2.
Required number = (840  2 + 3) = 1683.

13. A, B and C start at the same time in the same direction to run around a circular stadium. A
completes a round in 252 seconds, B in 308 seconds and c in 198 seconds, all starting at the same
point. After what time will they again at the starting point?
A. 26 minutes and 18 seconds C. 45 minutes
B. 42 minutes and 36 seconds D. 46 minutes and 12 seconds
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
L.C.M. of 252, 308 and 198  2772
So, A, B and C will again meet at the starting point in 2772 sec. i.e., 46 min. 12 sec.
14. The GCF of two numbers is 11 and their LCM is 7700. If one of the numbers is 275 , then the other is:
A. 279 B. 283 C. 308 D. 318
Answer: Option C
 11  7700 
Explanation: Other number     308
 275 
15. The greatest possible length which can be used to measure exactly the lengths 7 m, 3 m, 85 cm,12 m
and 95 cm is:
A. 15 cm B. 25 cm C. 35 cm D. 42 cm
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
The required length = H.C.F. of 700 cm, 385 cm and 1295 cm = 35 cm.
16. Three numbers which are co-prime to each other are such that the product of the first two is 551 and
that of the last two is 1073. The sum of the three numbers is:
A. 75 B. 85 C. 81 D. 89
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Since the numbers are co-prime, they contain only 1 as the common factor. Also, the given two
products have the middle number in common.
So, middle number  GCF 551, 1073  29 ;
 551   1073 
First number     19 ; Third number     37
 29   29 
The required sum  19  29  37   85
9 12 18 21
17. The H.C.F. of , , and is equal to:
10 25 35 40
3 252 3 63
A. B. C. D.
5 5 1400 700
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
The required H.C.F. = H.C.F. of 9, 12, 18, and 21 = 3 and L.C.M. of 10, 25, 35, and 40 =1400
18. If the sum of two numbers is 55 and the H.C.F. and L.C.M. of these numbers are 5 and 120
respectively, then the sum of the reciprocals of the numbers is equal to:
55 601 11 120
A. B. C. D.
601 55 120 11
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Let the numbers be a and b. Then, a + b = 55 and ab = 5  120 = 600.
1 1 a  b 55 11
The required sum    
a b ab 600 120

Exercises 1.3
1. What will be the least number which when doubled will be exactly divisible by 12, 18, 21 and 30?
A. 196 B. 630 C. 1260 D. 2520
2. What is the greatest common factor of 42,126 and 210?
A. 6 B. 14 C. 21 D. 42
3. The greatest possible length which can be used to measure exactly the lengths 7 m, 3 m 85 cm, 12 m
95 cm is:
A. 15 cm B. 25 cm C. 42 cm D. 35 cm
4. The H.C.F. of two numbers is 11 and their L.C.M. is 7700. If one of the numbers is 275, then the
other is:
A. 279 B. 283 C. 308 D. 318
1.4 SURDS AND INDICES

Laws of Indices:
i. am  an = am + n
am
ii. n  a m  n
a
iii. (am)n = amn
iv. (ab)n = anbn
n
a an
v.    n
b b
vi. a0 = 1 , a  0
Surds:
1
Let a be rational number and n be a positive integer such that a  n a .Then, a is called a surd of
n
order n.
Laws of Surds:
1
n
i. a  an
n
ii. ab  n a  n b
n
a a
iii. n  ,b0
b n
b
n
iv. an  a
m n
v. a  mn a

General Questions
1. (17)3.5  (17)? = 178

A. 2.29 B. 2.75 C. 4.25 D. 4.5
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Let (17)3.5  (17)x = 178.
Then, (17)3.5 + x = 178.
3.5 + x = 8
x = (8 - 3.5)
x = 4.5
2. Given that 100.48 = x, 100.70 = y and xz = y2, then the value of z is close to:
A. 1.45 B. 1.88 C. 2.9 D. 3.7
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
xz = y2 10(0.48z) = 10(2  0.70) = 101.40
0.48z = 1.40
140 35
z=   2.9 (approx.)
48 12
3. If 5a = 3125, then the value of 5(a - 3) is:
A. 25 B. 125 C. 625 D. 1625
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
5a = 3125 5a = 55
a = 5.
5(a - 3) = 5(5 - 3) = 52 = 25.
4. The simplified form of (256)0.16  (256)0.09 =?
A. 4 B. 16 C. 64 D. 256.25
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
(256)0.16  (256)0.09 = (256) (0.16 + 0.09)
= (256)0.25
= (256) (25/100)
= (256) (1/4)
= (44) (1/4)
= 44(1/4)
= 41
=4
b  c  a  c  a  b   a  b c 
 xb   xc   xa 
5. Which of the following is the simplified form of  c    a    b  ?
x
  x  x 
abc ab + bc + ca
A. x B. 1 C. x D. xa + b + c
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Given Exp.  x b c b  c  a   x c  a c  a b   x a b a b c 
= x (b - c) (b + c) - a (b - c). x(c - a) (c + a) - b(c - a) . x (a - b)(a + b) - c(a - b)
= x (b2 - c2 + c2 - a2 + a2 - b2) 2)
. x-a (b - c) - b(c - a) - c (a - b)
0 0
= (x  x )
= (1  1) = 1.

6. If m and n are whole numbers such that mn = 121, the value of (m - 1)n + 1 is:
A. 1 B. 10 C. 121 D. 1000
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
We know that 112 = 121.
Putting m = 11 and n = 2, we get:
(m - 1)n + 1 = (11 - 1)(2 + 1) = 103 = 1000.
1 1 1
7. The simplified form of b  a  c  a    a b  c  b   b  c  ?
1 x x 1 x x 1 x  x a c 
A. 0 B. 1 C. xa - b – c D. None of the above
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
1 1 1
The given expression  b c
 a c
 b
 x x   x x   x xa 
1  a  a  1  b  b  1  c  c 
 x x   x x   x x 
xa xb xc
  
 xa  xb  xc  
xa  xb  xc  
xa  xb  xc 

x a
x xb c

x a
 xb  xc 
1
n
8. What is the simplified form of

243 5  32 n1 ?
9 n  3 n1
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
n
The given expression 

243 5  32n1
9 n  3 n 1
n

3 5 5
 3 2 n1
3 2 n  3 n 1
3 n  3 2 n 1
 2n
3  3 n 1
3n  2 n 1
 2 n n1
3
33n 1
 3n 1
3
 33 n 13n 1  3 2  9
1 1
9. n  m    ______ ? 1
1 a 1  a m n 
1
A. 0 B. C. 1 D. am + n
2
Answer: Option C

Explanation:
1 1 1 1
n  m   m n   
1 a 1 a  a   am 
n
1  m  1  n 
 a   a 
am an
 
 am  an  
am  an 
m n
a a


am  an 
1
1.5 SQUARE ROOT AND CUBE ROOT
 Square Root:
If x2 = y, we say that the square root of y is x and we write y  x . Thus, 4  2, 196  14, etc
 Cube Root:
The cube root of a given number x is the number whose cube is x. We, denote the cube root of x by
3
x
Thus, 3 8  2  2  2 , 3 243  7  7  7 , etc
Note:
 xy  x  y
x x x y xy
   
y y y y
General Questions
x 162
1. What should come in place of both x in the equation  ?
128 x
A. 12 B. 14 C. 144 D. 196
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
x 162
Let  . Then x 2  128  162
128 x
 64  2  18  9
 8 2  6 2  32
 8 63
2
 x  144
 x  144  12
2. The least perfect square, which is divisible by each of 21, 36 and 66 is:
A. 213444 B. 214344 C. 214434 D. 231444
Answer: Option A

Explanation:
L.C.M. of 21, 36, 66 = 2772.
Now, 2772 = 2  2  3  3  7  11
To make it a perfect square, it must be multiplied by 7  11.
So, required number = 22  32  72  112 = 213444
3. If a = 0.1039, then the value of 4a 2  4a  1  3a is:
A. 0.1039 B. 0.2078 C. 1.1039 D. 2.1039
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
4a 2  4a  1  3a = (1) 2  (2a ) 2  2  1  2a  3a
2
= 1  2a   3a
= (1 - 2a) + 3a
= (1 + a)
= (1 + 0.1039)
= 1.1039
4. How many two-digit numbers satisfy the property, the last digit (unit's digit) of the square of the
two-digit number is 8?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. None of these
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
A number ending in 8 can never be a perfect square.
1.6 SIMPLIFICATION
 BODMAS’ Rule:
This rule depicts the correct sequence in which the operations are to be executed, so as to find out
the value of given expression.
Here B - Bracket,
O - of,
D - Division,
M - Multiplication,
A - Addition and
S - Subtraction
Thus, in simplifying an expression, first of all the brackets must be removed, strictly in the order
(), {} and | |. After removing the brackets, we must use the following operations strictly in the
order:
I. Of II. Division III. Multiplication IV. Addition V. Subtraction.
 Modulus of a Real Number:
 a, if a  0
Modulus of a real number a is defined as: a  
 a, if a  0
Thus, |5| = 5 and |-5| = - (-5) = 5.
 Virnaculum (or Bar):
When an expression contains Virnaculum, before applying the 'BODMAS' rule, we simplify the
expression under the Virnaculum.

General Questions
1. A man has Birr 480 in the denominations of one-rupee notes, five-rupee notes and ten-rupee notes.
The number of notes of each denomination is equal. What is the total number of notes that he has?
A. 45 B. 60 C. 75 D. 90
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Let number of notes of each denomination be x.
Then x + 5x + 10x = 480
16x = 480
x = 30.
Hence, total number of notes = 3x = 90.
2. There are two examinations rooms A and B. If 10 students are sent from A to B, then the number of
students in each room is the same. If 20 candidates are sent from B to A, then the number of students
in A is double the number of students in B. The number of students in room A is:
A. 20 B. 80 C. 100 D. 200
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Let the number of students in rooms A and B be x and y respectively.
Then, x - 10 = y + 10 x - y = 20.... (i) and x + 20 = 2(y - 20) x - 2y = - 60.... (ii)
Solving (i) and (ii) we get: x = 100, y = 80.
The required answer A = 100.
3. The price of 10 chairs is equal to that of 4 tables. The price of 15 chairs and 2 tables together is Birr
4000. The total price of 12 chairs and 3 tables is:
A. Birr 3500 B. Birr 3750 C. Birr 3840 D. Birr 3900
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Let the cost of a chair and that of a table be Birr x and Birr y respectively.
Then,
5
Then, 10x = 4y or y  x
2
15x + 2y = 4000
5
15x + 2  x  4000
2
20x = 4000
x = 200.
5 
So, y    200   500
2 
Hence, the cost of 12 chairs and 3 tables = 12x + 3y
= Birr (2400 + 1500)
= Birr 3900.
2
4. A sum of Birr 1360 has been divided among A, B and C such that A gets of what B gets and B gets
3
1
of what C gets. B's share is:
4
Answer: Option C

Explanation:
Let C's share = Birr x
x 2 x x
Then, B's share = Birr , A's share = Birr     Birr
4 3 4 6
x x
   x  1360
6 4
17 x
  1360
12
1360  17
x  Birr 960
12
 960 
Hence, B's share = Birr    Birr 240
 4 
5. One-third of Bersan's savings in National Savings Certificate is equal to one-half of his savings in
Public Provident Fund. If he has Birr1, 50,000 as total savings, how much has he saved in Public
Provident Fund (in Birr)?
A. 30,000 B. 50,000 C. 60,000 D. 90,000
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Let savings in National Savings Certificate and Public Provident Fund be Birr x and Birr (150000 - x)
1 1
respectively. Then, x  150,000  x 
3 2
x x
   75,000
3 2
5x
  75,000
6
Savings in Public Provident Fund = Birr (150,000 – 90,000) = Birr 60,000
6. A fires 5 shots to B's 3 but A kills only once in 3 shots while B kills once in 2 shots. When B has
missed 27 times, A has killed:
A. 30 birds B. 60 birds C. 72 birds D. 90 birds
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Let the total number of shots be x. Then,
5
Shots fired by A = x
8
3
Shots fired by B = x
8
1 5 5
Killing shots by A = of x x
3 8 24
24
1 3 3
Shots missed by B = of x  x
2 8 16
3
x  27 or x 
16  27 
 144
16 3
5x  5 
Birds killed by A =    144   30
24  24 

7. Eight people are planning to share equally the cost of a rental car. If one person withdraws from the
arrangement and the others share equally the entire cost of the car, then the share of each of the
remaining persons increased by:
1 1 1 7
A. B. C. D.
7 8 9 8
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
1
Original share of 1 person =
8
1
New share of 1 person =
7
1 1 1
Increase =    
 7 8  56
1
 1 8 1
Required fraction = 56     
1  56 1  7
8
8. To fill a tank, 25 buckets of water is required. How many buckets of water will be required to fill the
same tank if the capacity of the bucket is reduced to two-fifth of its present?
A. 10 B. 35 C. 62.5 D. Cannot be determined
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Let the capacity of 1 bucket = x. Then, the capacity of tank = 25x.
2x
New capacity of bucket =
5
25 x
Required number of buckets =
2x
5
 5 x  125
  25 x     62.5
 2  2
9. In a regular week, there are 5 working days and for each day, the working hours are 8. A man gets
Birr 2.40 per hour for regular work and Birr 3.20 per hours for overtime. If he earns Birr 432 in 4
weeks, then how many hours does he work for?
A. 160 B. 175 C. 180 D. 195
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Suppose the man works overtime for x hours.
Now, working hours in 4 weeks = (5  8  4) = 160.
160  2.40 + x  3.20 = 432
3.20x = 432 - 384 = 48
x = 15.
Hence, total hours of work = (160 + 15) = 175.
10. Free notebooks were distributed equally among children of a class. The number of notebooks each
child got was one-eighth of the number of children. Had the number of children been half, each child
would have got 16 notebooks. Total how many notebooks were distributed?
A. 256 B. 432 C. 512 D. 640
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Let total number of children be x.

1 x
Then, x  x   16  x  64
8 2
1 1 
Number of notebooks = x 2    64  64   512
8 8 
11. A man has some hens and cows. If the number of heads be 48 and the number of feet equals 140,
then the number of hens will be:
A. 22 B. 23 C. 24 D. 26
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Let the number of hens be x and the number of cows be y.
Then, x + y = 48.... (i) and 2x + 4y
4 = 140 x + 2y = 70 .... (ii)
Solving (i) and (ii) we get: x = 26, y = 22.
The required answer = 26.
12. Bekan gets on the elevator at the 11th floor of a building and rides up at the rate of 57 floors per
minute. At the same time, e, Chala gets on an elevator at the 51st floor of the same building and rides
down at the rate of 63 floors per minute. If they continue travelling at these rates, then at which floor
will their paths cross?
A. 19 B. 28 C. 30 D. 37
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Suppose their paths cross after x minutes.
Then, 11 + 57x = 51 - 63x 120 = 40
120x
1
x
3
1 1 
Number of floors covered by Bekan in   min    57   19
3 3 
th
So, their paths cross at (11 +19) i.e., 30 floor.

1.7 DECIMAL FRACTION
 Decimal Fractions:
Fractions in which denominators are powers of 10 are known as decimal fractions.
1 1 99
Thus,  1 tenth  0.1;  1 hundredth  0.01;  99 hundredths  0.99 ;
10 100 100
7
 7 thousandths  0.007 , etc.
1000
 Conversion of a Decimal into Vulgar Fraction:
Put 1 in the denominator under the decimal point and annex with it as many zeros as is the number
of digits after the decimal point. Now, remove the decimal point and reduce the fraction to its lowest
terms.
25 1 2008 251
Thus, 0.25   ; 2.008  
100 4 1000 125
 Annexing Zeros and Removing Decimal Signs:
Annexing zeros to the extreme right of a decimal fraction does not change its value. Thus, 0.8 = 0.80
= 0.800, etc.
If numerator and denominator of a fraction contain the same number of decimal places, then we
remove the decimal sign.
1.84 184 8
Thus,  
2.99 299 13
 Operations on Decimal Fractions:
a. Addition and Subtraction of Decimal Fractions: The given numbers are so placed under each other
that the decimal points lie in one column. The numbers so arranged can now be added or
subtracted in the usual way.
b. Multiplication of a Decimal Fraction by a Power of 10: Shift the decimal point to the right by as
many places as is the power of 10.
Thus, 5.9632  100 = 596.32; 0.073  10000 = 730.
c. Multiplication of Decimal Fractions: Multiply the given numbers considering them without
decimal point. Now, in the product, the decimal point is marked off to obtain as many places of
decimal as is the sum of the number of decimal places in the given numbers.
Suppose we have to find the product (.2 x 0.02 x .002).
Now, 2  2  2 = 8. Sum of decimal places = (1 + 2 + 3) = 6.
0.2  0 .02  0 .002 = 0.000008
d. Dividing a Decimal Fraction by a Decimal Fraction: Multiply both the dividend and the divisor by
a suitable power of 10 to make divisor a whole number.
Now, proceed as above.
0.00066 0.00066  100 0.066
Thus,    0.006
0.11 0.11  100 11
 Comparison of Fractions:
Suppose some fractions are to be arranged in ascending or descending order of magnitude, then
convert each one of the given fractions in the decimal form, and arrange them accordingly.
3 6 7
Let us to arrange the fractions , and in descending order.
5 7 9
3 6 7
Now,  0.6,  0.857 and  0.777...
5 7 9
6 7 3
Since, 0.857  0.777...  0.6 so  
7 9 5

 Recurring Decimal:
If in a decimal fraction, a figure or a set of figures is repeated continuously, then such a number is
called a recurring decimal.
n a recurring decimal, if a single figure is repeated, then it is expressed by putting a dot on it. If a set
of figures is repeated, it is expressed by putting a bar on the set.
1 22
Thus,  0.333...,  3.142857142857...  3.142857
3 7
Pure Recurring Decimal: A decimal fraction, in which all the figures after the decimal point are
repeated, is called a pure recurring decimal.
Converting a Pure Recurring Decimal into Vulgar Fraction: Write the repeated figures only once in
the numerator and take as many nines in the denominator as is the number of repeating figures.
5 53 67
Thus, 0. 5  , 0.53  , 0.067 
9 99 999
Mixed Recurring Decimal: A decimal fraction in which some figures do not repeat and some of them
are repeated, is called a mixed recurring decimal.
Example: 0.1733333…  0.17 3
Converting a Mixed Recurring Decimal into Vulgar Fraction : In the numerator, take the difference
between the number formed by all the digits after decimal point (taking repeated digits only once)
and that formed by the digits which are not repeated. In the denominator, take the number formed by
as many nines as there are repeating digits followed by as many zeros as is the number of non-
repeating digits.
16  1 15 1 2273  22 2251
Thus, 0.1 6    , 0.2273  
90 90 6 9900 9900
General Questions
1. Evaluate :
2.39 2  1.612
2.39  1.61
A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
a 2  b 2 a  b a  b 
Given Expression   ab
a b ab
2 2

2.39   1.61
 2.36  1.61  4
2.39  1.61
2. What decimal of an hour is a second?
A. 0.0025 B. 0.0256 C. 0.00027 D. 0.000126
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
1 1
Required decimal   0.00027
60  60 3600
3. The value of
0.963  0.13 is:
0.962  0.096  0.12
A. 0.86 B. 0.95 C. 0.97 D. 1.06
Answer: Option A

Explanation:
3 3
Given expression 
0.96   0.1
0.962  0.096  0.12
 a 3  b3 
  2 
2 
 a  ab  b 
 a  b 
 0.96  0.1
 0.86
4. If 2994 ÷ 14.5 = 172, then 29.94 ÷ 1.45 =?
A. 0.172 B. 1.72 C. 17.2 D. 172
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
29.94 299.4

1.45 14.5
 2994 1 
   , [Here, Substitute 172 in the place of 2994/14.5]
 14.5 10 
172
  17.2
10
5. The expression (11.98  11.98 + 11.98  x + 0.02  0.02) will be a perfect square for x equal to:
A. 0.02 B. 0.2 C. 0.04 D. 0.4
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Given expression = (11.98)2 + (0.02)2 + 11.98  x.
For the given expression to be a perfect square, we must have
11.98  x = 2  11.98  0.02 or x = 0.04
6. The price of commodity X increases by 40 Birr every year, while the price of commodity Y
increases by 15 Birr every year. If in 2001, the price of commodity X was Birr 4.20 and that of Y
was Birr 6.30, in which year commodity X will cost 40 Birr more than the commodity Y?
A. 2010 B. 2011 C. 2012 D. 2013
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Suppose commodity X will cost 40 Birr more than Y after z years.
Then, (4.20 + 0.40z) - (6.30 + 0.15z) = 0.40
0.25z = 0.40 + 2.10
2.50 250
z   10
0.25 25
X will cost 40 Birr more than Y 10 years after 2001 i.e., 2011.
7. How many digits will be there to the right of the decimal point in the product of 95.75 and .02554?
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Sum of decimal places = 7.
Since the last digit to the extreme right will be zero (since 5  4 = 20), so there will be 6 significant
digits to the right of the decimal point.

Exercises 1.7
1. Which of the following is equal to the fraction

c  x  ?
x
c c
A. c 2  1 B. c C. 1 D. x
x x
 m  
l   
n 
2. If the value of the following expression   is to be halved by doubling exactly one of the
 o 
   
  p  
five numbers l , m, n, o or p , which one should be doubled?
A. p B. o C. n D. m
3. 4.036 divided by 0.04 gives :

A. 1.009 B. 10.09 C. 100.9 D. None of these
1.8 LOGARITHM
1. Logarithm:
If a is a positive real number, other than 1 and am = x, then we write: m = logax and we say that
the value of log x to the base a is m.
Examples:
a. 103 =1000 log10 1000 = 3.
b. 34 = 81 log3 81 = 4.
1 1
c. 2 3   log 2  3
8 8
2. Properties of Logarithms:
1. loga (xy) = loga x + loga y
x
2. log a    log a x  log a y
 y
3. log a a  1
4. log a 1  0
5. loga (xn) = n(loga x)
1
6. log a x 
log x a
log b x log x
7. log a x  
log b a log a
3. Common Logarithms:
Logarithms to the base 10 are known as common logarithms.

4. The logarithm of a number contains two parts, namely 'characteristic' and 'mantissa'.
Characteristic: The internal part of the logarithm of a number is called its characteristic.
Case I: When the number is greater than 1.
In this case, the characteristic is one less than the number of digits in the left of the decimal point
in the given number.
Case II: When the number is less than 1.
In this case, the characteristic is one more than the number of zeros between the decimal point
and the first significant digit of the number and it is negative. Instead of -1, -2 etc. we write 1
(one bar), 2 (two bar), etc.
Examples:-
Number Characteristic Number Characteristic
654.24 2 0.6453 1
26.649 1 0.06134 2
8.3547 0 0.00123 3
Mantissa:
The decimal part of the logarithm of a number is known is its mantissa. For mantissa, we look
through log table.
General Questions
1. Which of the following statements is not correct?

A. log10 10 = 1 C. log10 1 = 0
B. log (2 + 3) = log (2  3) D. log (1 + 2 + 3) = log 1 + log 2 + log 3
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
a. Since loga a = 1, so log10 10 = 1.
b. ) log (2 + 3) = log 5 and log (2  3) = log 6 = log 2 + log 3
log (2 + 3) log (2  3)
c. Since loga 1 = 0, so log10 1 = 0.
d. log (1 + 2 + 3) = log 6 = log (1  2  3) = log 1 + log 2 + log 3.
So, (B) is incorrect.
2. If log 2 = 0.3010 and log 3 = 0.4771, the value of log5 512 is:
A. 2.870 B. 2.967 C. 3.876 D. 3.912
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
log 512
log 5 512 
log 5
log 2 9

 10 
log 
2

9 log 2

9  0.3010  2.709  3.876
log10  log 2 1  0.3010 0.699
a b
3. If log  log  loga  b  , then:
b a
A. a + b = 1 B. a - b = 1 C. a = b D. a2 - b2 = 1
Answer: Option A

Explanation:
a b
log  log  loga  b 
b a
a b
 loga  b   log    1
b a
So, a + b = 1.
4. If log10 2 = 0.3010, the value of log10 80 is:
A. 1.6020 B. 1.9030 C. 3.9030 D. None of these
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
log10 80 = log10 (8  10)
= log10 8 + log10 10
= log10 (23) + 1
= 3 log10 2 + 1
= (3  0.3010) + 1
= 1.9030.
5. If log10 5 + log10 (5x + 1) = log10 (x + 5) + 1, then x is equal to:
A. 1 B. 3 C. 5 D. 10
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
log10 5 + log10 (5x + 1) = log10 (x + 5) + 1
log10 5 + log10 (5x + 1) = log10 (x + 5) + log10 10
log10 [5 (5x + 1)] = log10 [10(x + 5)]
5(5x + 1) = 10(x + 5)
5x + 1 = 2x + 10
3x = 9
x = 3.
6. If logx y = 100 and log2 x = 10, then the value of y is:
A. 210 B. 2100 C. 21000 D. 210000
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
log 2 x = 10 x = 210.
logx y = 100
y = x100
y = (210)100 = 21000. [put value of x]

1.9 AREA
1. Results on Triangles:
a. Sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°.
b. The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
c. Pythagoras Theorem:
In a right-angled triangle, (Hypotenuse) 2 = (Base) 2 + (Height) 2.
d. The line joining the mid-point of a side of a triangle to the positive vertex is called the median.
e. The point where the three medians of a triangle meet is called centroid. The centroid divided
each of the medians in the ratio 2: 1.
f. In an isosceles triangle, the altitude from the vertex bisects the base.
g. The median of a triangle divides it into two triangles of the same area.
h. The area of the triangle formed by joining the mid-points of the sides of a given triangle is one-
fourth of the area of the given triangle.
2. Results on Quadrilaterals:
a. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
b. Each diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into triangles of the same area.
c. The diagonals of a rectangle are equal and bisect each other.
d. The diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other at right angles.
e. The diagonals of a rhombus are unequal and bisect each other at right angles.
f. A parallelogram and a rectangle on the same base and between the same parallels are equal in
area.
g. Of all the parallelogram of given sides, the parallelogram which is a rectangle has the greatest
area.
Important Formulae
a. 1. Area of a rectangle = (Length  Breadth).
 Area   Area 
Length =   and Breadth =  
 Breadth   Length 
2. Perimeter of a rectangle = 2(Length + Breadth).
1
b. Area of a square = (side) 2 = (diagonal) 2.
2
c. Area of 4 walls of a room = 2 (Length + Breadth)  Height.
1
d. 1. Area of a triangle =  Base  Height.
2
2. Area of a triangle = s( s  a )(s  b)(s  c) , where a, b, c are the sides of the triangle and
1
s = (a + b + c).
2
3
3. Area of an equilateral triangle =  (side) 2.
4
a
4. Radius of incircle of an equilateral triangle of side a =
2 3
a
5. Radius of circumcircle of an equilateral triangle of side a =
3

6. Radius of incircle of a triangle of area  and semi-perimeter r =
s
e. 1. Area of parallelogram = (Base  Height).
1
2. Area of a rhombus =  (Product of diagonals).
2

1
3. Area of a trapezium =  (sum of parallel sides)  distance between them.
2
f. 1. Area of a circle =  R2, where R is the radius.
2. Circumference of a circle = 2  R.
2R
3. Length of an arc = , where  is the central angle.
360
360
1 R 2
4. Area of a sector = (arc  R) =
2 360
g. 1. Circumference of a semi-circle =  R.
R 2
2. Area of semi-circle =
2
General Questions
1. The ratio between the length and the breadth of a rectangular park is 3: 2. If a man cycling along the
boundary of the park at the speed of 12 km/hr completes one round in 8 minutes, then the area of the
park (in sq. m) is:
A. 15360 B. 153600 C. 30720 D. 307200
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
 12000  8 
Perimeter = Distance covered in 8 min. =  m  1600m
 60 
Let length = 3x metres and breadth = 2x metres.
Then, 2(3x + 2x) = 1600 or x = 160.
Length = 480 m and Breadth = 320 m.
Area = (480  320) m2 = 153600 m2.
2. An error 2% in excess is made while measuring the side of a square. The percentage of error in the
calculated area of the square is:
A. 2% B. 2.02% C. 4% D. 4.04%
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
100 cm is read as 102 cm.
A1 = (100  100) cm2 and A2 (102  102) cm2.
(A2 - A1) = [(102)2 - (100)2]
= (102 + 100)  (102 - 100)
= 404 cm2.
 404 
Percentage error =   100 %  4.04%
 100  100 
3. The ratio between the perimeter and the breadth of a rectangle is 5: 1. If the area of the rectangle is
216 sq. cm, what is the length of the rectangle?
A. 16 cm B. 18 cm C. 24 cm D. Data inadequate
Answer: Option B

Explanation:
2(l  b) 5
 2l + 2b = 5b
b 1
3b = 2l
2
b l
3
2
Then, Area = 216 cm
l x b = 216
2
 l  l  216
3
l2 = 324
l = 18 cm.
4. The percentage increase in the area of a rectangle, if each of its sides is increased by 20% is:
A. 40% B. 42% C. 44% D. 46%
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Let original length = x metres and original breadth = y metres.
Original area = (xy) m2.
 120  6   120  6 
New length =  x m   x m , New breadth =  y m   y m
 100  5   100  5 
6 6   36 
New Area =  x  y m 2   xy m 2
5 5   25 
 36 
The difference between the original area = xy and new-area  xy  is
 25 
= (36/25)xy - xy
= xy(36/25 - 1)
= xy(11/25) or (11/25)xy
 11 1 
Increase % =  xy   100 %  44%
 25 xy 
5. A rectangular park 60 m long and 40 m wide has two concrete crossroads running in the middle of
the park and rest of the park has been used as a lawn. If the area of the lawn is 2109 sq. m, then what
is the width of the road?
A. 2.91 m B. 3 m C. 5.82 m D. None of the above
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Area of the park = (60  40) m2 = 2400 m2.
Area of the lawn = 2109 m2.
Area of the crossroads = (2400 - 2109) m2 = 291 m2.
Let the width of the road be x metres. Then, 60x + 40x - x2 = 291
x2 - 100x + 291 = 0
(x - 97)(x - 3) = 0
x = 3.
6. A man walked diagonally across a square lot. Approximately, what was the percent saved by not
walking along the edges?
A. 20 B. 24 C. 30 D. 33
Answer: Option C

Explanation:
Let the side of the square (ABCD) be x metres.
Then, AB + BC = 2x metres.
AC = 2x = (1.41x) m.
Saving on 2x metres = (0.59x) m.
 0.59 x 
Saving % =   100 %  30% (approx.)
 2x 
7. What is the least number of squares tiles required to pave the floor of a room 15 m 17 cm long and 9
m 2 cm broad?
A. 814 B. 820 C. 840 D. 844
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Length of largest tile = H.C.F. of 1517 cm and 902 cm = 41 cm.
Area of each tile = (41  41) cm2.
 1571  902 
Required number of tiles =    814
 41  41 
8. The length of a rectangular plot is 20 meters more than its breadth. If the cost of fencing the plot @
26.50 per meter is Birr 5300, what is the length of the plot in meters?
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Let breadth = x metres.
Then, length = (x + 20) metres.
 5300 
Perimeter =  m  200m
 26.50 
2[(x + 20) + x] = 200
2x + 20 = 100
2x = 80
x = 40.
Hence, length = x + 20 = 60 m.
9. A rectangular field is to be fenced on three sides leaving a side of 20 feet uncovered. If the area of
the field is 680 sq. feet, how many feet of fencing will be required?
A. 34 B. 40 C. 68 D. 88
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
We have: l = 20 ft and lb = 680 sq. ft. So, b = 34 ft.
Length of fencing = (l + 2b) = (20 + 68) ft = 88 ft.

1.10 VOLUME AND SURFACE AREA

 Cuboid
Let length = l, breadth = b and height = h units. Then
a. Volume = (l  b  h) cubic units.
b. Surface area = 2(lb + bh + lh) sq. units.
c. Diagonal = l 2  b 2  h 2 units.
 Cube
Let each edge of a cube be of length a. Then,
a. Volume = a3 cubic units.
b. Surface area = 6a2 sq. units.
c. Diagonal = 3 a units.
 Cylinder
Let radius of base = r and Height (or length) = h. Then,
a. Volume = (  r2h) cubic units.
b. Curved surface area = (2  rh) sq. units.
c. Total surface area = 2  r(h + r) sq. units.
 Cone
Let radius of base = r and Height = h. Then,
a. Slant height, l = h 2  r 2 units.
1 
b. Volume =  r 2 h  cubic units.
3 
c. Curved surface area = (  rl) sq. units.
d. Total surface area = (  rl +  r2) sq. units.
 Sphere
Let the radius of the sphere be r. Then,
4 
a. Volume =   r 3  cubic units.
3 
b.  
Surface area = 4 r 2 sq. units.
 Hemisphere
Let the radius of a hemisphere be r. Then,
2 
a. Volume =   r 3  cubic units.
3 
b.  
Curved surface area = 2 r 2 sq. units.
 
c. Total surface area = 3 r 2 sq. units.
Note: 1 litre = 1000 cm3.

General Questions
1. In a shower, 5 cm of rain falls. The volume of water that falls on 1.5 hectares of ground is:
A. 75 cu. m B. 750 cu. m C. 7500 cu. m D. 75000 cu. m
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
1 hectare = 10,000 m2
So, Area = (1.5  10000) m2 = 15000 m2.
5 1
Depth = m m
100 20
 1 
Volume = (Area  Depth) = 15000  m 3  750m 3
 20 
2. A hall is 15 m long and 12 m broad. If the sum of the areas of the floor and the ceiling is equal to the
sum of the areas of four walls, the volume of the hall is:
B. 720 B. 900 C. 1200 D. 1800
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
2(15 + 12)  h = 2(15  12)
180 20
h= m m
27 3
 20 
Volume = 15  12  m 3  1200m 3
 3 
3. A hollow iron pipe is 21 cm long and its external diameter is 8 cm. If the thickness of the pipe is 1
cm and iron weighs 8 g/cm3, then the weight of the pipe is:
A. 3.6 kg B. 3.696 kg C. 36 kg D. 36.9 kg
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
External radius = 4 cm,
Internal radius = 3 cm.
 22 
 
Volume of iron    (4) 2  (3) 2  21 cm 3
 7 
 22 
   7  1  21cm 3
 7 
3
 462cm
Weight of iron = (462  8) gm = 3696 gm = 3.696 kg.
4. A boat having a length 3 m and breadth 2 m is floating on a lake. The boat sinks by 1 cm when a
man gets on it. The mass of the man is:
A. 12 kg B. 60 kg C. 72 kg D. 96 kg
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Volume of water displaced = (3  2  0.01) m3
= 0.06 m3.
Mass of man = Volume of water displaced  Density of water
= (0.06  1000) kg= 60 kg.
5. The slant height of a right circular cone is 10 m and its height is 8 m. Find the area of its curved
surface.
A. 30 m 2 B. 40 m 2 C. 60 m 2 D. 80 m 2
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Given: l = 10 m, h = 8 m.
So, r  l 2  h 2  10 2  8 2  6 m .
Curved surface area =  rl = (   6  10) m2 = 60  m2.
6. A cistern 6m long and 4 m wide contains water up to a depth of 1 m 25 cm. The total area of the wet
surface is:
A. 49 m2 B. 50 m2 C. 53.5 m2 D. 55 m2
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Area of the wet surface = [2(lb + bh + lh) - lb]
= 2(bh + lh) + lb
= [2 (4  1.25 + 6  1.25) + 6  4] m2
= 49 m2.
7. The curved surface area of a cylindrical pillar is 264 m2 and its volume is 924 m3. Find the ratio of
its diameter to its height.
A. 3 : 7 B. 7 : 3 C. 6 : 7 D. 7 : 6
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
 r 2 h 924  2   7 1 1
  r   924    7m and 2 rh  264  h   264      6m
2 rh 264  264   22 2 7 
2r 14
Required ratio    7:3
h 6
8. A cistern of capacity 8000 litres measures externally 3.3 m by 2.6 m by 1.1 m and its walls are 5 cm
thick. The thickness of the bottom is:
A. 90 cm B. 1 dm C. 1 m D. 1.1 cm
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let the thickness of the bottom be x cm.
Then, [(330 - 10)  (260 - 10)  (110 - x)] = 8000  1000
320  250  (110 - x) = 8000  1000
8000  1000
(110 - x)   100
320  250
x = 10 cm = 1 dm.
9. What is the total surface area of a right circular cone of height 14 cm and base radius 7 cm?
A. 344.35 cm2 B. 462 cm2 C. 498.35 cm2 D. None of the above
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Given: h = 14 cm, r = 7 cm. So, l  7 2  14 2  245  7 5 cm .
Total surface area   rl  r 2
 22 22 
  77 5   7  7  cm 2
 7 7 
2
= [154(5 + 1)] cm
= (154  3.236) cm2
= 498.35 cm2.
10. A large cube is formed from the material obtained by melting three smaller cubes of 3, 4 and 5 cm
side. What is the ratio of the total surface areas of the smaller cubes and the large cube?
A. 2 : 1 B. 25 : 18 C. 3 : 2 D. 27 : 20
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Volume of the large cube = (33 + 43 + 53) = 216 cm3.
Let the edge of the large cube be a.
So, a3 = 216 a = 6 cm.
Required ratio  
 
 6  3 2  4 2  5 2  50
   25 : 18
 6  62  36
1.11 PROBABILITY
 Experiment:
An operation which can produce some well-defined outcomes is called an experiment.
 Random Experiment:
An experiment in which all possible outcomes are know and the exact output cannot be predicted in
advance, is called a random experiment.
Examples:
a. Tossing a fair coin.
b. Rolling an unbiased dice.
c. Drawing a card from a pack of well-shuffled cards.
d. Picking up a ball of certain colour from a bag containing balls of different colours.
Details:
a. When we throw a coin, then either a Head (H) or a Tail (T) appears.
b. A dice is a solid cube, having 6 faces, marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 respectively. When we throw a
die, the outcome is the number that appears on its upper face.
c. A pack of cards has 52 cards. It has 13 cards of each suit; name Spades, Clubs, Hearts and
Diamonds.
Cards of spades and clubs are black cards. Cards of hearts and diamonds are red cards.
There are 4 honours of each unit. There are Kings, Queens and Jacks. These are all called face
cards.
 Sample Space:
When we perform an experiment, then the set S of all possible outcomes is called the sample space.
Examples:
1. In tossing a coin, S = {H, T}
2. If two coins are tossed, the S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}.
3. In rolling a dice, we have, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
 Event:
Any subset of a sample space is called an event.
 Probability of Occurrence of an Event:
Let S be the sample and let E be an event. Then, E  S .
n( E )
 P( E ) 
n( S )
 Results on Probability:
i. P(S) = 1
ii. 0  P (E)  1
iii. P(  ) = 0
iv. For any events A and B we have : P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A B)
v. If A denotes (not-A), then P(A) = 1 - P(A).

General Questions
1. Tickets numbered 1 to 20 are mixed up and then a ticket is drawn at random. What is the probability
that the ticket drawn has a number which is a multiple of 3 or 5?
1 2 8 9
A. B. C. D.
2 5 15 20
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Here, S = {1, 2, 3, 4, ...., 19, 20}.
Let E = event of getting a multiple of 3 or 5 = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 5, 10, 20}.
n( E ) 9
 P( E )  
n( S ) 20
2. A bag contains 2 red, 3 green and 2 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at random. What is the
probability that none of the balls drawn is blue?
10 11 2 5
A. B. C. D.
21 21 7 7
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Total number of balls = (2 + 3 + 2) = 7.
Let S be the sample space.
Then, n(S) = Number of ways of drawing 2 balls out of 7
 7 C2 
7  6  21
2  1
Let E = Event of drawing 2 balls, none of which is blue.
n (E) = Number of ways of drawing 2 balls out of (2 + 3) balls.
 5C 2 
5  4  10
2  1
n( E ) 10
 P( E )  
n( S ) 21
3. In a box, there are 8 red, 7 blue and 6 green balls. One ball is picked up randomly. What is the
probability that it is neither red nor green?
1 3 7 9
A. B. C. D.
3 4 19 21
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Total number of balls = (8 + 7 + 6) = 21.
Let E = event that the ball drawn is neither red nor green
= event that the ball drawn is blue.
 n( E )  7
n( E ) 7 1
 P( E )   
n( S ) 21 3
4. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. What is the probability of getting two numbers whose product
is even?
1 3 3 5
A. B. C. D.
2 4 8 16
Answer: Option B

Explanation:
In a simultaneous throw of two dice, we have n(S) = (6  6) = 36.
Then, E = {(1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 6), (4, 1), (4,
2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 2), (5, 4), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
 n( E )  27
n( E ) 27 3
 P( E )   
n( S ) 36 4
5. In a class, there are 15 boys and 10 girls. Three students are selected at random. The probability that
1 girl and 2 boys are selected, is:
21 25 1 3
A. B. C. D.
46 117 50 25
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Let S be the sample space and E be the event of selecting 1 girl and 2 boys.
Then, n(S) = Number ways of selecting 3 students out of 25
 25C 3 
25  24  23  2300
3  2  1
10
n( E )  C1  C 215


 10 
15  14  1050
 2  1 
n( E ) 1050 21
 P( E )   
n( S ) 2300 46
6. In a lottery, there are 10 prizes and 25 blanks. A lottery is drawn at random. What is the probability of
getting a prize?
1 2 2 5
A. B. C. D.
10 5 7 7
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
10 10 2
P (getting a prize)   
10  25 35 7
7. A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. The probability of getting a queen of club or a king of heart
is:
1 2 1 1
A. B. C. D.
13 13 26 52
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Here, n(S) = 52.
Let E = event of getting a queen of club or a king of heart.
Then, n( E )  2
n( E ) 2 1
 P( E )   
n( S ) 52 26
8. A bag contains 4 white, 5 red and 6 blue balls. Three balls are drawn at random from the bag. The
probability that all of them are red, is:
1 3 2 2
A. B. C. D.
22 22 91 77
Answer: Option C

Explanation:
Then, n(S) = number of ways of drawing 3 balls out of 15
15 C 3 
15  14  3  455
3  2  1
Let E = event of getting all the 3 red balls.
 n( E )  5 C 3  3 C 2 
5  4  10
2  1
n( E ) 10 2
 P( E )   
n( S ) 455 91
9. Two cards are drawn together from a pack of 52 cards. The probability that one is a spade and one is
a heart, is:
3 29 47 13
A. B. C. D.
20 34 100 102
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Then, n(S)  52 C 2 
52  51  1326
2  1
Let E = event of getting 1 spade and 1 heart.
 n(E) = number of ways of choosing 1 spade out of 13 and 1 heart out of 13
 
 13C1 13 C1 13  13  169
n( E ) 169 13
 P( E )   
n( S ) 1326 102
10. One card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. What is the probability that the card drawn is
a face card (Jack, Queen and King only)?
1 3 1 9
A. B. C. D.
13 13 4 52
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Clearly, there are 52 cards, out of which there are 12 face cards.
12 3
P (getting a face card)  
52 13

1.12 PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION
 Factorial Notation:
Let n be a positive integer. Then, factorial n denoted n! is defined as: n! = n (n - 1) (n - 2) ... 3.2.1.
Examples:
a. We define 0! = 1.
b. 4! = (4  3  2  1) = 24.
c. 5! = (5  4  3  2  1) = 120.
 Permutations:
The different arrangements of a given number of things by taking some or all at a time, are called
permutations.
Examples:
a. All permutations (or arrangements) made with the letters a, b, c by taking two at a time are (ab,
ba, ac, ca, bc, cb).
b. All permutations made with the letters a, b, c taking all at a time are:
( abc, acb, bac, bca, cab, cba)
 Number of Permutations:
Number of all permutations of n things, taken r at a time, is given b
n n!
Pr  n(n  1)(n  2)...(n  r  1) 
(n  r )!
Examples:
a. 6P2 = (6  5) = 30.
b. 7P3 = (7  6  5) = 210.
c. Cor. number of all permutations of n things, taken all at a time = n!
 An Important Result:
If there are n subjects of which p1 are alike of one kind; p2 are alike of another kind; p3 are alike of third
kind and so on and pr are alike of rth kind,
such that (p1 + p2 + ... pr) = n.
n!
Then, number of permutations of these n objects is =
( p1 !)( p 2 !).....( p r !)
 Combinations:
Each of the different groups or selections which can be formed by taking some or all of a number of
objects is called a combination.
Examples:
1. Suppose we want to select two out of three boys A, B, C. Then, possible selections are AB, BC and
CA.
Note: AB and BA represent the same selection.
2. All the combinations formed by a, b, c taking ab, bc, ca.
3. The only combination that can be formed of three letters a, b, c taken all at a time is abc.
4. Various groups of 2 out of four persons A, B, C, D are: AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD.
5. Note that ab,ba are two different permutations but they represent the same combination.
 Number of Combinations:
The number of all combinations of n things, taken r at a time is:
n n! n(n  1)(n  2)....to r factors
Cr   .
r!(n  r )! r!
Note:
a. nCn = 1 and nC0 = 1.
b. nCr = nC(n - r)

Examples:
a. 11
C4
11  10  9  8  330
4  3  2  1
16 16  15  14 16  15  14
b. C13 = 16C(16 - 13) = 16C3 =   560
3! 3  2 1
General Questions
1. From a group of 7 men and 6 women, five persons are to be selected to form a committee so that at
least 3 men are there on the committee. In how many ways can it be done?
B. 756 B. 564 C. 645 D. 735
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
We may have (3 men and 2 women) or (4 men and 1 woman) or (5 men only).
Required number of ways = (7C3  6C2) + (7C4  6C1) + (7C5)
 7 65 65 7
   C 3  C1    C 2 
6 7
 
 3  2  1 2  1 
 765   76
 525    6   
 3  2 1   2 1 
= (525 + 210 + 21)
= 756.
2. In how many different ways can the letters of the word 'LEADING' be arranged in such a way that
the vowels always come together?
A. 360 B. 480 C. 720 D. 5040
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
The word 'LEADING' has 7 different letters. When the vowels EAI are always together, they can be
supposed to form one letter. Then, we have to arrange the letters LNDG (EAI).
Now, 5 (4 + 1 = 5) letters can be arranged in 5! = 120 ways. The vowels (EAI) can be arranged
among themselves in 3! = 6 ways.
Required number of ways = (120  6) = 720.
3. Out of 7 consonants and 4 vowels, how many words of 3 consonants and 2 vowels can be formed?
A. 210 B. 1050 C. 25200 D. 21400
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Number of ways of selecting (3 consonants out of 7) and (2 vowels out of 4)
= (7C3  4C2)
 765 43
  
 3  2 1 2 1 
= 210.
Number of groups, each having 3 consonants and 2 vowels = 210.
Each group contains 5 letters.
Number of ways of arranging 5 letters among themselves = 5!
= 5  4  3  2  1 = 120.
Required number of ways = (210  120) = 25200.
4. In how many ways can the letters of the word 'LEADER' be arranged?
A. 72 B. 144 C. 360 D. 720
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
The word 'LEADER' contains 6 letters, namely 1L, 2E, 1A, 1D and 1R.
6!
Required number of ways =  360
(1!)(2!)(1!)(1!)(1!)
5. In a group of 6 boys and 4 girls, four children are to be selected. In how many different ways can
they be selected such that at least one boy should be there?
A. 159 B. 194 C. 205 D. 209
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
We may have (1 boy and 3 girls) or (2 boys and 2 girls) or (3 boys and 1 girl) or (4 boys).
Required number of ways = (6C1  4C3) + (6C2  4C2) + (6C3  4C1) + (6C4)
= (6C1  4C1) + (6C2  4C2) + (6C3  4C1) + (6C2)
 65 43  65 4   65
 6  4       4   
 2 1 2 1   3  2 1   2 1 
= (24 + 90 + 80 + 15)
= 209.
6. How many 3-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 9, which are divisible by
5 and none of the digits is repeated?
A. 5 B. 20 C. 10 D. 15
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Since each desired number is divisible by 5, so we must have 5 at the unit place. So, there is 1 way of
doing it.
The tens place can now be filled by any of the remaining 5 digits (2, 3, 6, 7, 9). So, there are 5 ways of
filling the tens place.
The hundreds place can now be filled by any of the remaining 4 digits. So, there are 4 ways of filling
it.
Required number of numbers = (1  5  4) = 20.
7. A box contains 2 white balls, 3 black balls and 4 red balls. In how many ways can 3 balls be drawn
from the box, if at least one black ball is to be included in the draw?
A. 32 B. 48 C. 64 D. 96
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
We may have (1 black and 2 non-black) or (2 black and 1 non-black) or (3 black).
Required number of ways = (3C1  6C2) + (3C2  6C1) + (3C3)
 6 5   3 2 
 3   6  1
 2 1   2 1 
= (45 + 18 + 1 = 64.
8. In how many different ways can the letters of the word 'DETAIL' be arranged in such a way that the
vowels occupy only the odd positions?
A. 32 B. 48 C. 36 D. 60
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
There are 6 letters in the given word, out of which there are 3 vowels and 3 consonants.
Let us mark these positions as under: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Now, 3 vowels can be placed at any of the three places out 4, marked 1, 3, 5.
Number of ways of arranging the vowels = 3P3 = 3! = 6. Also, the 3 consonants can be arranged at the
remaining 3 positions. Number of ways of these arrangements = 3P3 = 3! = 6.
 Total number of ways = (6  6) = 36.

9. In how many ways can a group of 5 men and 2 women be made out of a total of 7 men and 3
women?
A. 63 B. 90 C. 126 D. 135
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Required number of ways = (7C5  3C2) = (7C2  3C1)
 76 
  3   63
 2 1 
10. In how many different ways can the letters of the word 'MATHEMATICS' be arranged so that the
vowels always come together?
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
In the word 'MATHEMATICS', we treat the vowels AEAI as one letter. Thus, we have MTHMTCS
(AEAI). Now, we have to arrange 8 letters, out of which M occurs twice, T occurs twice and the rest
are different.
8!
Number of ways of arranging these letters =  10080
(2!)(2!)
Now, AEAI has 4 letters in which A occurs 2 times and the rest are different.
4!
Number of ways of arranging these letters =  12
2!
Required number of words = (10080  12) = 120960.

1.13 LOGICAL REASONING

General Questions
1. Tanya is older than Eric.

Cliff is older than Tanya.
Eric is older than Cliff.
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is:
A. True B. False C. Uncertain
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Because the first two statements are true, Eric is the youngest of the three, so the third statement must
be false.
2. The Kingston Mall has more stores than the Galleria.
The Four Corners Mall has fewer stores than the Galleria.
The Kingston Mall has more stores than the Four Corners Mall.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
From the first two statements, you know that the Kingston Mall has the most stores, so the Kingston
Mall would have more stores than the Four Corners Mall.
3. Class A has a higher enrollment than Class B.
Class C has a lower enrollment than Class B.
Class A has a lower enrollment than Class C.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
From the first two statements, we know that of the three classes, Class A has the highest enrollment, so
the third statement must be false.
4. A fruit basket contains more apples than lemons.
There are more lemons in the basket than there are oranges.
The basket contains more apples than oranges.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
There are fewer oranges than either apples or lemons, so the statement is true.
Easy method: (Try this method to solve without any confusion)
1. A fruit basket contains more apples than lemons = App > Lem
2. There are more lemons in the basket than there are oranges = Lem > Org
Now, Combine the above two results: App > Lem > Org
3. The basket contains more apples than oranges (App > ... > Org) = Yes.
Therefore, the given 3rd statement is true.
5. The temperature on Monday was lower than on Tuesday.
The temperature on Wednesday was lower than on Tuesday.
The temperature on Monday was higher than on Wednesday
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
We know from the first two statements that Tuesday had the highest temperature, but we cannot know
whether Monday's temperature was higher than Tuesday's
6. Three pencils cost the same as two erasers.
Four erasers cost the same as one ruler.
Pencils are more expensive than rulers.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Rulers are the most expensive item.
7. A four-person crew from Classic Colors is painting Mr. Field's house. Michael is painting the front
of the house. Ross is in the alley behind the house painting the back. Jed is painting the window
frames on the north side, Shawn is on the south. If Michael switches places with Jed, and Jed then
switches places with Shawn, where is Shawn?
A. in the alley behind the house C. in front of the house
B. on the north side of the house D. on the south side of the house
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
After all the switches were made, Shawn is in front of the house. Ross is in the alley behind the
house, Michael is on the north side, and Jed is on the south.
8. Ms. Forest likes to let her students choose who their partners will be; however, no pair of students
may work together more than seven class periods in a row. Adam and Baxter have studied together
seven class periods in a row. Carter and Dennis have worked together three class periods in a row.
Carter does not want to work with Adam. Who should be assigned to work with Baxter?
A. Carter B. Adam C. Dennis D. Forest
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Baxter should be assigned to study with Carter. Baxter cannot be assigned with Adam, because they
have already been together for seven class periods. If Baxter is assigned to work with Dennis, that
would leave Adam with Carter, but Carter does not want to work with Adam.
9. As they prepare for the state championships, one gymnast must be moved from the Level 2 team to
the Level 1 team. The coaches will move the gymnast who has won the biggest prize and who has
the most experience. In the last competition, Roberta won a bronze medal and has competed seven
times before. Jamie has won a silver medal and has competed fewer times than Roberta. Beth has
won a higher medal than Jamie and has competed more times than Roberta. Michele has won a
bronze medal, and it is her third time competing. Who will be moved to the Level 1 team?
A. Roberta B. Beth C. Michele D. Jamie
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Beth won the biggest prize, described as a higher medal than Jamie's, which we've been told was a
silver medal. Roberta and Michele both won bronze medals, which are lower ranking medals than
silver. Beth is also described as having competed more times than Roberta who has competed seven
times. Jamie is described as having competed fewer times than Roberta and Michele has competed
three times. Therefore, Beth has competed more times than the others and has won the biggest prize
to date.
10. Look at this series: 2, 1, (1/2), (1/4),... What number should come next?
A. (1/3) B. (1/8) C. (2/8) D. (1/16)
Answer: Option B

Explanation:
This is a simple division series; each number is one-half of the previous number.
In other terms to say, the number is divided by 2 successively to get the next result.
4/2 = 2, 2/2 = 1, 1/2 = 1/2, (1/2)/2 = 1/4, (1/4)/2 = 1/8 and so on.
11. Look at this series: 7, 10, 8, 11, 9, 12, ... What number should come next?
A. 7 B. 10 C. 12 D. 13
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
This is a simple alternating addition and subtraction series. In the first pattern, 3 is added; in the
second, 2 is subtracted.
12. Look at this series: 7, 10, 8, 11, 9, 12, ... What number should come next?
A. 7 B. 10 C. 12 D. 13
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
This is a simple alternating addition and subtraction series. In the first pattern, 3 is added; in the
second, 2 is subtracted.
13. Look at this series: 8, 6, 9, 23, 87,... What number should come next?
A. 128 B. 226 C. 324 D. 429
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
8  1 - 2 = 6, 6  2 - 3 = 9, 9  3 - 4 = 23, 23  4 - 5 = 87, 87  5 - 6 = 429...
1.14 HEIGHT AND DISTANCE
 Trigonometry:
In a right angled  OAB, where BOA =  ,
Perpendicular AB
A. sin   
Hyotenuse OB
Base AO
B. cos  
Hyotenuse OB
Perpendicular AB
C. tan   
Base OA
1 OB
D. csc  
sin  AB
1 OB
E. sec  
cos OA
1 OA
F. cot   
tab AB
 Trigonometric Identities:
o sin 2   cos 2   1
o 1  tan 2   sec 2 
o 1  cot 2   csc 2 

 Angle of Elevation:
Suppose a man from a point O looks up at an object P, placed above the level of his eye. Then, the angle
which the line of sight makes with the horizontal through O is called the angle of elevation of P as seen
from O.
Angle of elevation of P from O = AOP.
 Angle of Depression:
Suppose a man from a point O looks down at an object P, placed below the level of his eye, then the angle
which the line of sight makes with the horizontal through O is called the angle of depression of P as seen
from O.
General Questions
1. Two ships are sailing in the sea on the two sides of a lighthouse. The angle of elevation of the top of the
lighthouse is observed from the ships are 30 0 and 45 0 respectively. If the lighthouse is 100m high, the
distance between the two ships is:
A. 173 m B. 200 m C. 273 m D. 300 m
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Let AB be the lighthouse and C and D be the positions of the ships.
Then, AB = 100 m, ACB = 30° and ADB = 45°.
ODA SBS/ Practice Questions By Merga A. Angasu 52

AB 1
 tan 30 0   AC  AB  3  100 3 m
AC 3
AB
 tan 45 0  1  AD  AB  100 m
AD
 CD   AC  AD   1003  100
 1003  1
 1003  1
 100  2.73
 273 m
2. The angle of elevation of a ladder leaning against a wall is 60º and the foot of the ladder is 4.6 m away
from the wall. The length of the ladder is:
 2.3 m B. 4.6 m C. 7.8 m D. 9.2 m
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Let AB be the wall and BC be the ladder.
Then, ACB = 60º and AC = 4.6 m.

AC 1
 cos 60 0 
BC 2
 BC  2  AC
 2  4.6m
 9.2m
3. An observer 1.6 m tall is 203 away from a tower. The angle of elevation from his eye to the top of the
tower is 30º. The heights of the tower is:
A. 21.6 m B. 23.2 m C. 24.72 m D. None of the above
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Let AB be the observer and CD be the tower.
Draw BE CD. Then, CE = AB = 1.6 m, BE = AC = 20 3 m

DE 1
tan 30 0  
BE 3
20 3
 DE 
3
 20m
CD = CE + DE = (1.6 + 20) m = 21.6 m.
4. From a point P on a level ground, the angle of elevation of the top tower is 30º. If the tower is 100 m
high, the distance of point P from the foot of the tower is:
A. 149 m B. 156 m C. 173 m D. 200 m
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Let AB be the tower.
Then, APB = 30º and AB = 100 m.

AB 1
tan 30 0  
AP 3

 AP  AB  3 m 
 100 3 m
 100  1.73 m
 173 m
5. The angle of elevation of the sun, when the length of the shadow of a tree 3 times the height of the tree,
is:
A. 30º B. 45º C. 60º D. 90º
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Let AB be the tree and AC be its shadow.
Let  ACB  
AC
Then,  3  cot   3
AB
   30 0

1.15 PROBLEMS ON TRAINS
Important formulas
 a5
2. km/hr to m/s conversion: a km / hr   m / s
 18 
 a  18 
3. m/s to km/hr conversion: a m / s   km / hr
 5 
Formulas for finding Speed, Time and Distance
4. Time taken by a train of length l meters to pass a pole or standing man or a signal post is equal to the
time taken by the train to cover l meters.
5. Time taken by a train of length l meters to pass a stationery object of length b meters is the time taken by
the train to cover (l + b) meters.
6. Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in the same direction at u m / s and v m / s , where
u  v , then their relative speed is  u  v  m / s .
7. Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in opposite direction at u m / s and v m / s , then
their relative speed is  u  v  m / s .
8. If two trains of length a meters and b meters are moving in opposite directions at u m/s and v m/s, then:
ab
The time taken by the trains to cross each other    sec .
uv
9. If two trains of length a meters and b meters are moving in the same direction at u m/s and v m/s, then:
ab
The time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train    sec
uv
10. If two trains (or bodies) start at the same time from points A and B towards each other and after crossing
they take a and b seconds in reaching B and A respectively, then:  A' s speed  : B' s speed   b : a 
General Questions
1. A train running at the speed of 60 km/hr crosses a pole in 9 seconds. What is the length of the train?
A. 120 meters C. 324 meters
B. 180 meters D. 150 meters
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
 60  5 
Speed   m / s
 18 
 50 
  m / s
 3 
Length of the train = (Speed x Time).
 50  9 
 Length of the rain   m  150m
 3 

2. The length of the bridge, which a train 130 meters long and travelling at 45 km/hr can cross in 30
seconds, is:
A. 200 m B. 225 m C. 245 m D. 250 m
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
 45  5 
 18 
 25 
  m / s
 2 
Time = 30 sec .
Let the length of bridge be x meters.
x  130 25
Then 
30 2
 2130  x   750
 x  245m
3. A train passes a station platform in 36 seconds and a man standing on the platform in 20 seconds. If the
speed of the train is 54 km/hr, what is the length of the platform?
A. 120 m B. 240 m C. 300 m D. None of the above
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
 54  5 
 18 
 15m / s
Length of the train  15  20m  300m
Let the length of the platform be x meters.
15x  300
Then,  15
36
x + 300 = 540
x = 240 m.
4. A train 240 m long passes a pole in 24 seconds. How long will it take to pass a platform 650 m long?
A. 65 sec B. 89 sec C. 100 sec D. 150 sec
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
 240 
 24 
 10m / s
Therefore required time t:

 240  650 
t   sec
 10 
 89 sec
5. Two trains of equal length are running on parallel lines in the same direction at 46 km/hr and 36 km/hr.
The faster train passes the slower train in 36 seconds. The length of each train is:
A. 50 m B. 72 m C. 80 m D. 82 m
Answer: Option A

Explanation:
Let the length of each train be x meters.
Then, distance covered = 2x meters.
Relative speed  46  36km / hr
 10  5   25 
 m / s   m / s
 18   9 
2 x 25
 2x = 100
36 9
x = 50.
6. A train 360 m long is running at a speed of 45 km/hr. In what time will it pass a bridge 140 m long?
A. 42 sec B. 48 sec C. 45 sec D. 40 sec
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
 X 5
Formula for converting from km/hr to m/s: X km / hr   m / s
 18 
 45  5  25
Therefore, Speed   m / s  sec
 18  2
Total distance to be covered  360  140m  500m
 Dis tan ce 
Formula for finding Time   
 Speed 
 500  2 
Required time     40 sec
 25 
7. Two trains are moving in opposite directions @ 60 km/hr and 90 km/hr. Their lengths are 1.10 km and
0.9 km respectively. The time taken by the slower train to cross the faster train in seconds is:
A. 36 B. 45 C. 48 D. 49
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
 150  5   125 
Relative speed  60  90km / hr   m / sec   m / sec
 18   3 
Distance covered  1.10  0.9km = 2 km = 2000 m.
 2000  3 
Required time    sec
 125 
 48 sec
8. A jogger running at 9 km/hr alongside a railway track in 240 metres ahead of the engine of a 120 metres
long train running at 45 km/hr in the same direction. In how much time will the train pass the jogger?
A. 3.6 sec B. 18 sec C. 36 sec D. 72 sec
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Speed of train relative to jogger  45  9km / hr  36km / hr
 36  5 
 m / sec  10m / sec
 18 
Distance to be covered  240  120m  360m
 360 
Time taken    sec  36 sec
 10 

SECTION TWO
2.1 RATIO AND PROPORTION

 Ratio:
a
The ratio of two quantities a and b in the same units is the fraction and we write it as a: b.
b
In the ratio a : b, we call a as the first term or antecedent and b, the second term or consequent.
5
Example: The ratio 5: 9 represents with antecedent = 5, consequent = 9.
9
Rule: The multiplication or division of each term of a ratio by the same non-zeronon zero number does not affect
the ratio.
Example: 4: 5 = 8: 10 = 12: 15. Also, 4: 6 = 2: 3.
 Proportion:
The equality of two ratios is called proportion. If a: b = c: d, we write a: b :: c : d and we say that a, b, c,
d are in proportion. Here a and d are called extremes, while b and c are called mean terms terms.
Product of means = Product of extremes.
Thus, a : b :: c : d (b  c) = (aa  d).
 Fourth Proportional:
If a : b = c : d, then d is called the fourth proportional to a, b, c.
Third Proportional:
a : b = c : d, then c is called the third proportion to a and b.
Mean Proportional:
Mean proportional between a and b is ab .
 Comparison of Ratios:
a c
We say that (a : b) > (c: d)  
b d
 Compounded Ratio:
The compounded ratio of the ratios: (a: ( b), (c: d), (e: f) is (ace: bdf).
 Duplicate Ratios:
Duplicate ratio of (a: b) is (a2: b2).

Sub-duplicate ratio of (a: b) is a : b . 
Triplicate ratio of (a: b) is (a3: b3).
Sub-triplicate ratio of (a: b) is (a1/3: b1/3).
General Questions
4 2
1. A and B together have Birr 1210. If of A's amount is equal to of B's amount, how much amount
15 5
does B have?
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
4 2  2 15 
A  B  A    B
15 5 5 4 
3 A 3
 A  B    A: B  3: 2
2 B 2
 2
B's share = Birr 1210   = Birr 484.
 5
2. Two numbers are respectively 20% and 50% more than a third number. The ratio of the two numbers is:
A. 2 : 5 B. 3 : 5 C. 4 : 5 D. 6 : 7
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Let the third number be x.
120 6 150 3
Then, first number = 120% of x  x  x , Second number = 150% of x  x x
100 5 100 2
6 3 
Ratio of first two numbers   x : x   12 x : 15 x  4 : 5
5 2 
3. A sum of money is to be distributed among A, B, C, D in the proportion of 5: 2: 4: 3. If C gets Birr 1000
more than D, what is B's share?
A. Birr 500 B. Birr 1500 C. Birr 2000 D. None of the above
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Let the shares of A, B, C and D be Birr 5x, Birr 2x, Birr 4x and Birr 3x respectively.
Then, 4x - 3x = 1000
x = 1000.
B's share = Birr 2x = Birr (2  1000) = Birr 2000.
4. Seats for Mathematics, Physics and Biology in a school are in the ratio 5: 7: 8. There is a proposal to
increase these seats by 40%, 50% and 75% respectively. What will be the ratio of increased seats?
A. 2: 3: 4 B. 6: 7: 8 C. 6: 8: 9 D. None of the above
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Originally, let the number of seats for Mathematics, Physics and Biology be 5x, 7x and 8x respectively.
Number of increased seats are (140% of 5x), (150% of 7x) and (175% of 8x).
 140   150   175 
  5x  ,   7 x  , and   8x 
 100   100   100 
21
 7 x , x and 14 x
2
21
The required ratio  7 x : x : 14 x 14x: 21x: 28x
2
2: 3: 4.
5. The ratio of the number of boys and girls in a college is 7: 8. If the percentage increase in the number of
boys and girls be 20% and 10% respectively, what will be the new ratio?
A. 8 : 9 B. 17 : 18 C. 21 : 22 D. Cannot be determined
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Originally, let the number of boys and girls in the college be 7x and 8x respectively.
Their increased number is (120% of 7x) and (110% of 8x).
 120   110 
  7 x  and   8x 
 100   100 
 42x   44x 
  and  
 5   5 
 42 x 44 x 
The required ratio =  :   21 : 22
 5 5 

7. In a mixture 60 litres, the ratio of milk and water 2: 1. If this ratio is to be 1: 2, then the quantity of
water to be further added is:
A. 20 litres B. 30 litres C. 40 litres D. 60 litres
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
 2
Quantity of milk =  60   litres = 40 litres.
 3
Quantity of water in it = (60- 40) litres = 20 litres.
New ratio = 1 : 2
Let quantity of water to be added further be x litres.
 40 
Then, milk: water =  
 20  x 
 40  1
Now,  
 20  x  2
20 + x = 80
x = 60.
Quantity of water to be added = 60 litres.
8. Salaries of Motu and Samira are in the ratio 2: 3. If the salary of each is increased by Birr 4000, the new
ratio becomes 40: 57. What is Samira’s salary?
A. Birr 17,000 B. Birr 20,000 C. Birr 25,500 D. Birr 38,000
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Let the original salaries of Motu and Samira be Birr 2x and Birr 3x respectively.
2 x  4000 40
Then, 
3 x  4000 57
57(2x + 4000) = 40(3x + 4000)
6x = 68,000
3x = 34,000
Samira’s present salary = (3x + 4000) = Birr (34000 + 4000) = Birr 38,000.
9. The sum of three numbers is 98. If the ratio of the first to second is 2 :3 and that of the second to the
third is 5 : 8, then the second number is:
A. 20 B. 30 C. 48 D. 58
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
 3  3 24
Let the three parts be A, B, C. Then, A: B = 2: 3 and B: C = 5: 8 =  5   :  8    3:
 5  5 5
24
A: B: C = 2 : 3:  10 : 15 : 24
5
 15 
B =  98    30
 49 
1 2 3
10. If Birr 782 be divided into three parts, proportional to : : , then the first part is:
2 3 4
Answer: Option D

Explanation:
1 2 3
Given ratio = : : = 6: 8: 9.
2 3 4
 6 
1st part = Birr  782   = Birr 204
 23 
11. The salaries A, B, C are in the ratio 2: 3: 5. If the increments of 15%, 10% and 20% are allowed
respectively in their salaries, then what will be new ratio of their salaries?
A. 3: 3: 10 B. 10: 11: 20 C. 23: 33: 60 D. Cannot be determined
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Let A = 2k, B = 3k and C = 5k.
115  115  23k
A's new salary = of 2k =   2k  
100  100  10
110  110  33k
B's new salary = of 3k =   3k  
100  100  10
120  120 
C's new salary = of 5k =   5k   6 k
100  100 
 23 k 33 k 
New ratio  : : 6k   23: 33: 60
 10 10 
12. The fourth proportional to 5, 8, 15 is:
A. 18 B. 24 C. 19 D. 20
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let the fourth proportional to 5, 8, 15 be x.
Then, 5: 8: 15: x
5x = (8  15)
x
8  15  24
5
13. Two numbers are in the ratio 3: 5. If 9 is subtracted from each, the new numbers are in the ratio 12: 23.
The smaller number is:
A. 27 B. 33 C. 49 D. 55
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let the numbers be 3x and 5x.
3 x  9 12
Then, 
5 x  9 23
23(3x - 9) = 12(5x - 9)
9x = 99
x = 11.
The smaller number = (3  11) = 33.

2.2 AVERAGE
 Average:
 sum of observations 
Average =  
 Number of onservatio ns 
 Average Speed:
Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at y km/hr.
 2 xy 
Then, the average speed during the whole journey is  km / h .
x y
General Questions
1. In the first 10 over’s of a cricket game, the run rate was only 3.2. What should be the run rate in the
remaining 40 over’s to reach the target of 282 runs?
A. 6.25 B. 6.5 C. 6.75 D. 7
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
 282  (3.2  10)  250
Required run rate =     6.25
 40  40
2. A family consists of two grandparents, two parents and three grandchildren. The average age of the
grandparents is 67 years, that of the parents is 35 years and that of the grandchildren is 6 years. What is
the average age of the family?
4 5 1
A. 28 years B. 31 years C. 32 years D. None of the above
7 7 7
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
 67  2  35  2  6  3 
The required average   
 223 
 134  70  18 
 
 7 
222 5
  31 years
7 7
3. The average of 20 numbers is zero. Of them, at the most, how many may be greater than zero?
A. 0 B. 1 C. 10 D. 19
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Average of 20 numbers = 0.
Sum of 20 numbers (0  20) = 0.
It is quite possible that 19 of these numbers may be positive and if their sum is a then 20th number is (-a).
4. The average weight of 8 person's increases by 2.5 kg when a new person comes in place of one of them
weighing 65 kg. What might be the weight of the new person?
A. 76 kg B. 76.5 kg C. 85 kg D. Data inadequate
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Total weight increased = (8  2.5) kg = 20 kg.
Weight of new person = (65 + 20) kg = 85 kg.

5. The captain of a cricket team of 11 members is 26 years old and the wicket keeper is 3 years older. If the
ages of these two are excluded, the average age of the remaining players is one year less than the
average age of the whole team. What is the average age of the team?
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let the average age of the whole team by x years.
11x - (26 + 29) = 9(x -1)
11x - 9x = 46
2x = 46
x = 23.
So, average age of the team is 23 years.
6. The average monthly income of P and Q is Birr 5050. The average monthly income of Q and R is Birr
6250 and the average monthly income of P and R is Birr 5200. The monthly income of P is:
A. 3500 B. 4000 C. 4050 D. 5000
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let P, Q and R represent their respective monthly incomes. Then, we have:
P + Q = (5050  2) = 10100.... (i)
Q + R = (6250  2) = 12500.... (ii)
P + R = (5200  2) = 10400.... (iii)
Adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we get: 2(P + Q + R) = 33000 or P + Q + R = 16500.... (iv)
Subtracting (ii) from (iv), we get P = 4000.
P's monthly income = Birr 4000.
7. The average age of husband, wife and their child 3 years ago was 27 years and that of wife and the child
5 years ago was 20 years. The present age of the husband is:
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Sum of the present ages of husband, wife and child = (27  3 + 3  3) years = 90 years.
Sum of the present ages of wife and child = (20  2 + 5  2) years = 50 years.
Husband's present age = (90 - 50) years = 40 years.
8. A car owner buys petrol at Birr 7.50, Birr 8 and Birr 8.50 per litre for three successive years. What
approximately is the average cost per litre of petrol if he spends Birr 4000 each year?
A. Birr 7.98 B. Birr 8 C. Birr 8.50 D. Birr 9
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
 4000 4000 4000 
Total quantity of petrol consumed in 3 years      litres
 7.50 8 8.50 
2 1 2
 4000    litres
 15 8 17 
 76700 
  litres
 51 
Total amount spent = Birr (3  4000) = Birr 12000.
12000  51
Average cost = Birr
76700
6120
= Birr  Birr 7.98
767

9. In Dursa's opinion, his weight is greater than 65 kg but less than 72 kg. His brother doest not agree with
Dursa and he thinks that Dursa's weight is greater than 60 kg but less than 70 kg. His mother's view is
that his weight cannot be greater than 68 kg. If all are them are correct in their estimation, what is the
average of different probable weights of Dursa?
A. 67 kg B. 68 kg C. 69 kg D. Data inadequate
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Let Dursa's weight by x kg.
According to Dursa, 65  x  72
According to Dursa's brother, 60  x  70 .
According to Dursa's mother, x  68
The values satisfying all the above conditions are 66, 67 and 68.
 66  67  68   201 
Required average =     67 kg
 3   3 
10. The average weight of A, B and C is 45 kg. If the average weight of A and B be 40 kg and that of B and
C be 43 kg, then the weight of B is:
A. 17 kg B. 20 kg C. 26 kg D. 31 kg
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Let A, B, C represent their respective weights. Then, we have:
A + B + C = (45  3) = 135.... (i)
A + B = (40  2) = 80.... (ii)
B + C = (43  2) = 86.... (iii)
Adding (ii) and (iii), we get: A + 2B + C = 166.... (iv)
Subtracting (i) from (iv), we get: B = 31.
B's weight = 31 kg.
11. The average weight of 16 boys in a class is 50.25 kg and that of the remaining 8 boys is 45.15 kg. Find
the average weights of all the boys in the class.
A. 47.55 kg B. 48 kg C. 48.55 kg D. 49.25 kg
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
 50.25  16  45.15  8 
Required average   
 16  8 
 804  361.20 
 
 24 
1165.20

24
= 48.55
12. A library has an average of 510 visitors on Sundays and 240 on other days. The average number of
visitors per day in a month of 30 days beginning with a Sunday is:
A. 250 B. 276 C. 280 D. 285
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Since the month begins with a Sunday, to there will be five Sundays in the month.
 510  5  240  25  8550
The required average     = 285
 30  30

13. A pupil's marks were wrongly entered as 83 instead of 63. Due to that the average marks for the class
got increased by half (1/2). The number of pupils in the class is:
A. 10 B. 20 C. 40 D. 73
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Let there be x pupils in the class.
 1 x
Total increase in marks   x   
 2 2
x x
 83  63   20  x  40
2 2
2.3 ODD MAN OUT AND SERIES
General Questions
Direction: Find the odd man out.
1. 3, 5, 11, 14, 17, 21

A. 21 B. 17 C. 14 D. 3
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Each of the numbers except 14 is an odd number.
The number '14' is the only even number.
2. 8, 27, 64, 100, 125, 216, 343
A. 27 B. 100 C. 125 D. 343
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
The pattern is 23, 33, 43, 53, 63, and 73. But, 100 is not a perfect cube.
3. 10, 25, 45, 54, 60, 75, 80
A. 10 B. 45 C. 54 D. 75
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Each of the numbers except 54 is multiple of 5.
4. 396, 462, 572, 427, 671, 264
A. 396 B. 427 C. 671 D. 264
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
In each number except 427, the middle digit is the sum of other two.
5. 6, 9, 15, 21, 24, 28, 30
A. 28 B. 21 C. 24 D. 30
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Each of the numbers except 28 is a multiple of 3.
6. 1, 4, 9, 16, 23, 25, 36
A. 9 B. 23 C. 25 D. 36

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Each of the numbers except 23 is perfect square.
7. 1, 4, 9, 16, 20, 36, 49
A. 1 B. 9 C. 20 D. 49
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
The pattern is 12, 22, 32, 42, 52, 62, and 72. But, instead of 52, it is 20 which to be turned out.
8. 2, 5, 10, 17, 26, 37, 50, 64
A. 50 B. 26 C. 37 D. 64
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
(1*1)+1 , (2*2)+1 , (3*3)+1 , (4*4)+1 , (5*5)+1 , (6*6)+1 , (7*7)+1 , (8*8)+1
But, 64 is out of pattern.
9. 10, 14, 16, 18, 21, 24, 26
A. 26 B. 24 C.21 D. 18
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Each of the numbers except 21 is an even number.
10. 16, 25, 36, 72, 144, 196, 225
A. 36 B.72 C.196 D.225
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Each of the numbers except 72 is a perfect square.
11. 331, 482, 551, 263, 383, 362, 284
A. 263 B. 383 C. 331 D. 551
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
In each number except 383, the product of first and third digits is the middle one.
13. 835, 734, 642, 751, 853, 981, 532
A. 751 B. 853 C. 981 D. 532
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
In each number except 751, the difference of third and first digit is the middle one.
14. 41, 43, 47, 53, 61, 71, 73, 81
A. 61 B. 71 C. 73 D. 81
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Each of the numbers except 81 is a prime number.
15. 3, 5, 7, 12, 17, 19
A. 19 B. 17 C. 5 D. 12
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Each of the numbers is a prime number except 12.

2.4 TIME AND DISTANCE

 Speed, Time and Distance:
 Dis tan ce   Dis tan ce 
Speed    , Time    , Dis tan ce  Speed  Time
 Time   Speed 
 x5
 km/hr to m/sec conversion: x km / hr   m / sec
 18 
 x  18 
 m/sec to km/hr conversion: x m / sec   km / hr
 5 
 If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a: b, then the ratio of the times taken by then to cover the same
1 1
distance is : or b : a.
a b
 Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at y km/hr. Then, the average
 2 xy 
speed during the whole journey is  km / hr
x y
General Questions
1. A person crosses a 600 m long street in 5 minutes. What is his speed in km per hour?
A. 3.6 B. 7.2 C. 8.4 D. 10
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
 600 
Speed     2m / sec
 5  60 
 18 
  2  km / hr
 5
 7.2km / hr
2. An aero plane covers a certain distance at a speed of 240 km/hr in 5 hours. To cover the same distance in
2
1 hours, it must travel at a speed of:
3
A. 300 km/hr B. 360 km/hr h C. 600 km/hr D. 720 km/hr
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Distance = (240  5) = 1200 km.
Speed = Distance/Time
1200 2 5
Speed = km / hr . [We can write 1 hours as hours]
 5
3
3 3
 3
Required speed  1200  km / hr  720km / hr
 5
3. If a person walks at 14 km/hr instead of 10 km/hr, he would have walked 20 km more. The actual
distance travelled by him is:
A. 50 km B. 56 km C. 70 km D. 80 km
Answer: Option A

Explanation:
Let the actual distance travelled be x km.
x x  20
Then, 
10 14
14x = 10x + 200
4x = 200
x = 50 km.
4. A train can travel 50% faster than a car. Both start from point A at the same time and reach point B 75
km away from A at the same time. On the way, however, the train lost about 12.5 minutes while
stopping at the stations. The speed of the car is:
A. 100 kmph B. 110 kmph C. 120 kmph D. 130 kmph
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Let speed of the car be x kmph.
150 x  3 
Then, speed of the train =   x kmph
100  2 
75 75 125
 
x  3 x 10  60
2
75 50 5
  
x x 24
 25  24 
 x   120kmph
 5 
5. Excluding stoppages, the speed of a bus is 54 km/hr and including stoppages, it is 45 km/hr. For how
many minutes does the bus stop per hour?
A. 9 B. 10 C. 12 D. 20
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Due to stoppages, it covers 9 km less.
 9  60 
Time taken to cover 9km    min  10 min
 54 
6. In a flight of 600 km, an aircraft was slowed down due to bad weather. Its average speed for the trip was
reduced by 200 km/hr and the time of flight increased by 30 minutes. The duration of the flight is:
A. 1 hour B. 2 hours C. 3 hours D. 4 hours
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Let the duration of the flight be x hours.
600 600
Then,   200
x 1
x 
2
600 1200
   200
x 2x  1
x (2x + 1) = 3
2x2 + x - 3 = 0
(2x + 3)(x - 1) = 0
x = 1 hr. [Neglecting the negative value of x]

7. A man completes a journey in 10 hours. He travels first half of the journey at the rate of 21 km/hr and
second half at the rate of 24 km/hr. Find the total journey in km.
A. 220 km B. 224 km C. 230 km D. 234 km
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
1 1
 x  x
 2    2   10
21 24
x x
   20
21 24
15x = 168 x 20
x
168  20  224km
15
8. The ratio between the speeds of two trains is 7: 8. If the second train runs 400 km in 4 hours, then the
speed of the first train is:
A. 70 km/hr B. 75 km/hr C. 84 km/hr D. 87.5 km/hr
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Let the speed of two trains be 7x and 8x km/hr.
 400   100 
Then, 8x =    100  x     12.5
 4   8 
Speed of first train = (7  12.5) km/hr = 87.5 km/hr.
9. A man on tour travels first 160 km at 64 km/hr and the next 160 km at 80 km/hr. The average speed for
the first 320 km of the tour is:
A. 35.55 km/hr B. 36 km/hr C. 71.11 km/hr D. 71 km/hr
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
 160 164  9
Total time taken    hrs  hrs
 64 80  2
 2 164 
Average speed   320   km / hrs  71.11km / hr
 9 80 
5
10. A car travelling with of its actual speed covers 42 km in 1 hr 40 min 48 sec. Find the actual speed of
7
the car.
6
A. 17 km/hr B. 25 km/hr C. 30 km/hr D. 35 km/hr
7
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
4 51 126
Time taken = 1 hr 40 min 48 sec = 1hr 40 min  1 hrs  hrs
5 75 75
Let the actual speed be x km/hr.
5 126
Then, x   42
7 75
 42  7  75 
 x   35km / hr
 5  126 

11. In covering a distance of 30 km, Sena takes 2 hours more than Samira. If Sena doubles her speed, then
she would take 1 hour less than Samira. Sena's speed is:
A. 5 km/hr B. 6 km/hr C. 6.25 km/hr D. 7.5 km/hr
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Let Sena 's speed be x km/hr.
30 30
Then,  3
x 2x
6x = 30
x = 5 km/hr.
12. Robera is travelling on his cycle and has calculated to reach point A at 2 P.M. if he travels at 10 km/hr,
he will reach there at 12 noon if he travels at 15 km/hr. At what speed must he travel to reach A at 1
P.M.?
A. 8 km/hr B. 11 km/hr C. 12km/hr D. 14 km/hr
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Let the distance travelled by x km.
x x
Then,   2x
10 15
3x - 2x = 60
x = 60 km.
 60 
Time taken to travel 60 km at 10 km/hr   hrs  6hrs
 10 
So, Robera started 6 hours before 2 P.M. i.e., at 8 A.M.
 60 
Required speed   kmph  12kmph
 5 
14. It takes eight hours for a 600 km journey, if 120 km is done by train and the rest by car. It takes 20
minutes more, if 200 km is done by train and the rest by car. The ratio of the speed of the train to that of
the cars is:
A. 2 : 3 B. 3 : 2 C. 3 : 4 D. 4 : 3
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Let the speed of the train be x km/hr and that of the car be y km/hr.
120 480 1 4 1 200 400 25 1 2 1
Then,   8    ......(i ) and      ......(ii )
x y x y 15 x y 3 x y 24
Solving (i) and (ii), we get: x = 60 and y = 80.
Ratio of speeds = 60: 80 = 3: 4.
15. A farmer travelled a distance of 61 km in 9 hours. He travelled partly on foot @ 4 km/hr and partly on
bicycle @ 9 km/hr. The distance travelled on foot is:
A. 14 km B. 15 km C. 16 km D. 17 km
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Let the distance travelled on foot be x km.
Then, distance travelled on bicycle = (61 -x) km.
x 61  x 
So,  9 9x + 4(61 -x) = 9  36
4 9
5x = 80
x = 16 km.

16. A man covered a certain distance at some speed. Had he moved 3 kmph faster, he would have taken 40
minutes less. If he had moved 2 kmph slower, he would have taken 40 minutes more. The distance (in
km) is:
2 1
A. 35 B. 36 C. 37 D. 40
3 2
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Let distance = x km and usual rate = y kmph.
x x 40 x x 40
Then,    2 y ( y  3)  9 x ......(i ) and    y ( y  3)  3x ......(ii )
y y  3 60 y  2 y 60
On dividing (i) by (ii), we get: x = 40
2.5 TIME AND WORK

 Work from Days:
1
If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A's 1 day's work = .
n
 Days from Work:
1
If A's 1 day's work = , then A can finish the work in n days.
n
 Ratio:
If A is thrice as good a workman as B, then:
Ratio of work done by A and B = 3: 1.
Ratio of times taken by A and B to finish a work = 1: 3.
General Questions
1. A can lay railway track between two given stations in 16 days and B can do the same job in 12 days.
With help of C, they did the job in 4 days only. Then, C alone can do the job in:
1 2 3
A. 9 days B. 9 days C. 9 days D. 10 days
5 5 5
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
1 1 1
(A + B + C)'s 1 day's work = , A's 1 day's work = , B's 1 day's work =
4 16 12
1 1 1  1 7  5
C's 1 day's work =        
4  16 12   4 48  48
48
48 3
So, C alone can do the work in  9 days.
5 5

2. A, B and C can do a piece of work in 20, 30 and 60 days respectively. In how many days can A do the
work if he is assisted by B and C on every third day?
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
 1  1  1 1 1  6 1
A's 2 day's work =   2   , (A + B + C)'s 1 day's work =     
 20  10  20 30 60  60 10
1 1 1 1
Work done in 3 days      . Now , work is done in 3 days.
 10 10  5 5
Whole work will be done in (3  5) = 15 days.
3. A is thrice as good as workman as B and therefore is able to finish a job in 60 days less than B. Working
together, they can do it in:
1
2
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Ratio of times taken by A and B = 1: 3.
The time difference is (3 - 1) 2 days while B take 3 days and A takes 1 day.
If difference of time is 2 days, B takes 3 days.
3 
If difference of time is 60 days, B takes   60   90 days
2 
So, A takes 30 days to do the work.
1
A's 1 day's work =
30
1
B's 1 day's work =
90
 1 1  4 2
(A + B)'s 1 day's work =     
 30 90  90 45
45 1
A and B together can do the work in  22 days.
2 2
4. If 6 men and 8 boys can do a piece of work in 10 days while 26 men and 48 boys can do the same in 2
days, the time taken by 15 men and 20 boys in doing the same type of work will be:
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Let 1 man's 1 day's work = x and 1 boy's 1 day's work = y.
1 1
Then, 6 x  8 y  and 26 x  48 y 
10 2
1 1
Solving these two equations, we get: x  and y 
100 200
 15 20  1
(15 men + 20 boy)'s 1 day's work =   
 100 200  4
15 men and 20 boys can do the work in 4 days.
5. A can do a piece of work in 4 hours; B and C together can do it in 3 hours, while A and C together can do
it in 2 hours. How long will B alone take to do it?
A. 8 hours B. 10 hours C. 12 hours D. 24 hours
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
1 1 1
A's 1 hour's work  , (B + C)'s 1 hour's work  , (A + C)'s 1 hour's work  ,and
4 3 2
1 1 7  7 1 1
(A + B + C)'s 1 hour's work      . B's 1 hour's work      =
 4 3  12  12 2  12
B alone will take 12 hours to do the work.
6. A can do a certain work in the same time in which B and C together can do it. If A and B together could
do it in 10 days and C alone in 50 days, then B alone could do it in:
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
1 1
(A + B)'s 1 day's work  , C's 1 day's work  , (A + B + C)'s 1 day's work
10 50
1 1  6 3
    .....(i ) and A’s 1 day's work = (B + C)'s 1 day's work .....(ii )
 10 50  50 25
3
From (i) and (ii), we get: 2  (A's 1 day's work) 
25
3
A's 1 day's work 
50
1 3 2 1
B's 1 day's work      
 10 50  50 25
So, B alone could do the work in 25 days.
7. A does 80% of a work in 20 days. He then calls in B and they together finish the remaining work in 3
days. How long B alone would take to do the whole work?
1
2
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
 5
Whole work is done by A in  20    25 days.
 4
 4 1
Now, 1   i.e work is done by A and B in 3 days.
 5 5
Whole work will be done by A and B in (3  5) = 15 days.
1 1
A's 1 day's work  , (A + B)'s 1 day's work 
25 15
1 1  4 2
B's 1 day's work      
 15 25  150 75
75 1
So, B alone would do the work in  37 days.
2 2
8. A can finish a work in 18 days and B can do the same work in 15 days. B worked for 10 days and left
the job. In how many days, A alone can finish the remaining work?
1
A. 5 B. 5 C. 6 D. 8
2
Answer: Option C

Explanation:
1  2  2 1
B's 10 day's work    10   , Remaining work  1    .
 15  3  3 3
1
Now, work is done by A in 1 day.
18
1  1
work is done by A in 18    6 days
3  3
9. P can complete a work in 12 days working 8 hours a day. Q can complete the same work in 8 days
working 10 hours a day. If both P and Q work together, working 8 hours a day, in how many days can
they complete the work?
5 6 5 6
A. 5 B. 5 C. 6 D. 6
11 11 11 11
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
P can complete the work in (12  8) hrs. = 96 hrs.
Q can complete the work in (8  10) hrs. = 80 hrs.
1 1
P's1 hour's work  and Q's 1 hour's work 
96 80
 1 1  11
(P + Q)'s 1 hour's work     
 96 80  480
 480 
So, both P and Q will finish the work in   hrs.
 11 
 480 1  60 5
Number of days of 8 hours each     days  5 days.
 11 8  11 11

2.6 SIMPLE INTEREST

 Principal:
The money borrowed or lent out for a certain period is called the principal or the sum.
 Interest:
Extra money paid for using other's money is called interest.
 Simple Interest (S.I.):
If the interest on a sum borrowed for certain period is reckoned uniformly, then it is called simple interest.
Let Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum (p.a.) and Time = T years. Then
 P  R T 
a. Simple Interest   
 100 
 100  S .I   100  S .I   100  S .I 
b. P    ,R   ,T   
 R T   P T   PR 
General Questions
1. A sum of money at simple interest amounts to Birr 815 in 3 years and to Birr 854 in 4 years. The sum is:
A. Birr 650 B. Birr 690 C. Birr. 698 D. Birr 700
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
S.I. for 1 year = Birr (854 - 815) = Birr. 39.
S.I. for 3 years = Birr (39 x 3) = Birr 117.
Principal = Birr (815 - 117) = Birr 698.
2. Mr. Olana invested an amount of Birr 13,900 divided in two different schemes A and B at the simple
interest rate of 14% p.a. and 11% p.a. respectively. If the total amount of simple interest earned in 2
years be Birr 3508, what was the amount invested in Scheme B?
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Let the sum invested in Scheme A be Birr x and that in Scheme B be Birr (13900 - x).
 x  14 x 2   13900  x   11  2 
Then,     33508
 100   100 
28x - 22x = 350800 - (13900  22)
6x = 45000
x = 7500.
So, sum invested in Scheme B = Birr (13900 - 7500) = Birr 6400.
3. Chala took a loan of Birr 1200 with simple interest for as many years as the rate of interest. If he paid
Birr 432 as interest at the end of the loan period, what was the rate of interest?
A. 3.6 B. 6 C. 18 D. Cannot be determined
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let rate = R% and time = R years.
 1200  R  R 
Then,    432
 100 
12R2 = 432 R2 = 36
R = 6.

4. A sum of Birr 725 is lent in the beginning of a year at a certain rate of interest. After 8 months, a sum of
Birr 362.50 more is lent but at the rate twice the former. At the end of the year, Birr 33.50 is earned as
interest from both the loans. What was the original rate of interest?
A. 3.6% B. 4.5% C. 5% D. None of these
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Let the original rate be R%. Then, new rate = (2R) %.
1
Note: Here, original rate is for 1 year(s); the new rate is for only 4 months i.e. year(s).
3
 725  R  1   362.50  2 R  1 
    33.50
 100   100  3 
(2175 + 725) R = 33.50 x 100 x 3
(2175 + 725) R = 10050
(2900)R = 10050
10050
R  3.46
2900
Original rate = 3.46%
2.7 PROBLEMS ON AGES
Important Formulas on "Problems on Ages”:

 If the current age is x, then n times the age is nx.
 If the current age is x, then age n years later/hence = x + n.
 If the current age is x, then age n years ago = x - n.
 The ages in a ratio a : b will be ax and bx.
1 x
 If the current age is x, then of the age is
n n
General Questions
1. Father is aged three times more than his son Boni. After 8 years, he would be two and a half times of
Boni’s age. After further 8 years, how many times would he be of Boni’s age?
1 3
A. 2 times B. 2 times C. 2 times D. 3 times
2 4
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Let Boni’s present age be x years. Then, father's present age =(x + 3x) years = 4x years.
5
(4x + 8) =  x  8
2
8x + 16 = 5x + 40
3x = 24
x = 8.
Hence, required ratio =
4 x  16  48  2
x  16 24

2. The sum of ages of 5 children born at the intervals of 3 years each is 50 years. What is the age of the
youngest child?
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Let the ages of children be x, (x + 3), (x + 6), (x + 9) and (x + 12) years.
Then, x + (x + 3) + (x + 6) + (x + 9) + (x + 12) = 50
5x = 20
x = 4.
Age of the youngest child = x = 4 years.
3. A father said to his son, "I was as old as you are at the present at the time of your birth". If the father's
age is 38 years now, the son's age five years back was:
A. 14 years B. 19 years C. 33 years D. 38 years
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Let the son's present age be x years. Then, (38 - x) = x
2x = 38.
x = 19.
Son's age 5 years back (19 - 5) = 14 years.
4. A is two years older than B who is twice as old as C. If the total of the ages of A, B and C be 27, the
how old is B?
A. 7 B. 8 C. 9 D. 10
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Let C's age be x years. Then, B's age = 2x years. A's age = (2x + 2) years.
(2x + 2) + 2x + x = 27
5x = 25 x = 5.
Hence, B's age = 2x = 10 years.
5. Present ages of Samira and Hanan are in the ratio of 5: 4 respectively. Three years hence, the ratio of
their ages will become 11: 9 respectively. What is Hanan's present age in years?
A. 24 B. 27 C. 40 D. Cannot be determined
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Let the present ages of Samira and Hanan be 5x years and 4x years respectively.
5 x  3 11
Then,  9(5x + 3) = 11(4x + 3)
4x  3 9
45x + 27 = 44x + 33
45x - 44x = 33 - 27
x = 6.
Hanan's present age = 4x = 24 years.
6. Six years ago, the ratio of the ages of Kumela and Segni was 6: 5. Four years hence, the ratio of their
ages will be 11: 10. What is Segni's age at present?
A. 16 years B. 18 years C. 20 years D. Cannot be determined
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Let the ages of Kumela and Segni 6 years ago be 6x and 5x years respectively.
Then,
6 x  6  4  11 10(6x + 10) = 11(5x + 10)
5 x  6  4 10
5x = 10 x = 2.
Segni's present age = (5x + 6) = 16 years.
7. Sichale is younger than Rahma by 7 years. If their ages are in the respective ratio of 7: 9, how old is
Sichale?
A. 16 years B. 18 years C. 28 years D. 24.5 years
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Let Rahma 's age be x years.
Then, Sichale 's age = (x - 7) years.
x7 7
 
x 9
9x - 63 = 7x
2x = 63
x = 31.5
Hence, Sichale 's age =(x - 7) = 24.5 years.
8. The present ages of three persons in proportions 4: 7: 9. Eight years ago, the sum of their ages was 56.
Find their present ages (in years).
A. 8, 20, 28 B. 16, 28, 36 C. 20, 35, 45 D. None of the above
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let their present ages be 4x, 7x and 9x years respectively.
Then, (4x - 8) + (7x - 8) + (9x - 8) = 56
20x = 80
x = 4.
Their present ages are 4x = 16 years, 7x = 28 years and 9x = 36 years respectively.
9. Ayantu's father was 38 years of age when she was born while her mother was 36 years old when her
brother four years younger to her was born. What is the difference between the ages of her parents?
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Mother's age when Ayantu 's brother was born = 36 years.
Father's age when Ayantu 's brother was born = (38 + 4) years = 42 years.
The required difference = (42 - 36) years = 6 years.
10. A person's present age is two-fifth of the age of his mother. After 8 years, he will be one-half of the age
of his mother. How old is the mother at present?
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Let the mother's present age be x years.
2 
Then, the person's present age =  x  years.
5 
2  1
  x  8    x  8
5  2
2(2x + 40) = 5(x + 8)
x = 40.
11. Q is as much younger than R as he is older than T. If the sum of the ages of R and T is 50 years, what is
definitely the difference between R and Q's age?
A. 1 year B. 2 years C. 25 years D. Data inadequate
Answer: Option D

Explanation:
Given that:
1. The difference of age between R and Q = The difference of age between Q and T.
2. Sum of age of R and T is 50 i.e. (R + T) = 50.
Question: R - Q = ?.
Explanation: R - Q = Q – T and (R + T) = 2Q
Now given that, (R + T) = 50. So, 50 = 2Q and therefore Q = 25.
Question is (R - Q) =?
Here we know the value (age) of Q (25), but we don't know the age of R.
Therefore, (R-Q) cannot be determined.
12. The age of father 10 years ago was thrice the age of his son. Ten years hence, father's age will be twice
that of his son. The ratio of their present ages is:
A. 5: 2 B. 7: 3 C. 9: 2 D. 13: 4
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let the ages of father and son 10 years ago be 3x and x years respectively.
Then, (3x + 10) + 10 = 2[(x + 10) + 10]
3x + 20 = 2x + 40
x = 20.
Required ratio = (3x + 10): (x + 10) = 70: 30 = 7: 3.
2.8 PERCENTAGE
 Concept of Percentage:
By a certain percent, we mean that many hundredths. Thus, x percent means x hundredths, written as x%.
x 20 1
To express x% as a fraction: We have, x% = . Thus, 20% = 
100 100 5
a a a  1 1 
To express as a percent: We have,    100 % . Thus,    100 %  25%
b b b  4 4 
 Percentage Increase/Decrease:
If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then the reduction in consumption so as not to increase the
 R 
expenditure is:   100 %
 (100  R) 
If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, then the increase in consumption so as not to decrease the
 R 
expenditure is:   100 %
 (100  R) 
 Results on Population:
Let the population of a town be P now and suppose it increases at the rate of R% per annum, then:
n
 R 
a. Population after n years = P1  
 100 
P
b. Population n years ago = n
 R 
 1  
 100 

 Results on Depreciation:
Let the present value of a machine be P. Suppose it depreciates at the rate of R% per annum. Then:
n
 R 
a. Value of the machine after n years = P1  
 100 
P
b. Value of the machine n years ago = n
 R 
 1  
 100 
 R 
c. If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by   100 %
 (100  R) 
 R 
d. If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by   100 %
 (100  R) 
General Questions
1. Two students appeared at an examination. One of them secured 9 marks more than the other and his
marks was 56% of the sum of their marks. The marks obtained by them are:
A. 39, 30 B. 41, 32 C. 42, 33 D. 43, 34
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Let their marks be (x + 9) and x.
56
Then, x + 9 = x  9  x 
100
25(x + 9) = 14(2x + 9)
3x = 99
x = 33
So, their marks are 42 and 33.
2. A fruit seller had some apples. He sells 40% apples and still has 420 apples. Originally, he had:
A. 588 apples B. 600 apples C. 672 apples D. 700 apples
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Suppose originally he had x apples.
Then, (100 - 40) % of x = 420.
60
 x  420
100
 420  100 
x =   700
 60 
3. If A = x% of y and B = y% of x, then which of the following is true?
A. If x is smaller than y, then A is greater than B. D. A is smaller than B.
B. A is greater than B E. None of these
C. Relationship between A and B cannot be determined.
Answer: Option E
Explanation:
 x   y 
x% of y =   y    x  = y% of x
 100   100 
A = B.

4. If 20% of a = b, then b% of 20 is the same as:
A. 4% of a B. 5% of a C. 20% of a D. None of the above
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
20
20% of a = b ab
100
 b   20 1  4
b% of 20 =   20    a  20   a  4% of a.
 100   100 100  100
5. In a certain school, 20% of students are below 8 years of age. The number of students above 8 years of
2
age is of the number of students of 8 years of age which is 48. What is the total number of students in
3
the school?
A. 72 B. 100 C. 80 D. 120
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let the number of students be x.
Then, number of students above 8 years of age = (100 - 20) % of x = 80% of x.
2
80% of x = 48  of 48
3
80
x = 80
100
x = 100.
6. Two numbers A and B are such that the sum of 5% of A and 4% of B is two-third of the sum of 6% of A
and 8% of B. Find the ratio of A : B.
A. 2: 3 B. 1: 1 C. 3: 4 D. 4: 3
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
2
5% of A + 4% of B = (6% of A + 8% of B)
3
5 4 2 6 8 
A B  A B
100 100 3  100 100 
1 1 1 4
A B A B
20 25 25 75
 1 1   4 1 
    A    B
 20 25   75 25 
1 1
 A B
100 75
Required ratio = 4: 3
7. Three candidates contested an election and received 1136, 7636 and 11628 votes respectively. What
percentage of the total votes did the winning candidate get?
A. 57% B. 60% C. 65% D. 90%
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Total number of votes polled = (1136 + 7636 + 11628) = 20400.
 11628 
Required percentage =   100 %  57%
 20400 

8. The population of a town increased from 1, 75,000 to 2, 62,500 in a decade. The average percent
increase of population per year is:
A. 4.37% B. 5% C. 6% D. 8.75%
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Increase in 10 years = (262500 - 175000) = 87500.
 87500 
Increase% =   100 %  50%
 175000 
 50 
Required average =  %  5%
 10 
2.9 PARTNERSHIP
A. Partnership:
When two or more than two persons run a business jointly, they are called partners and the deal is
known as partnership.
2. Ratio of Divisions of Gains:
1. When investments of all the partners are for the same time, the gain or loss is distributed among the
partners in the ratio of their investments.
Suppose A and B invest Birr x and Birr y respectively for a year in a business, then at the end of the
year: (A's share of profit): (B's share of profit) = x: y.
2. When investments are for different time periods, then equivalent capitals are calculated for a unit of
time by taking (capital  number of units of time). Now gain or loss is divided in the ratio of these
capitals.
Suppose A invests Birr x for p months and B invests Birr y for q months then,
(A's share of profit): (B's share of profit) = xp : yq.
3. Working and Sleeping Partners:
A partner who manages the business is known as a working partner and the one who simply invests
the money is a sleeping partner.
General Questions
A. A, B and C jointly thought of engaging themselves in a business venture. It was agreed that A would
invest Birr 6500 for 6 months, B, Birr 8400 for 5 months and C, Birr 10,000 for 3 months. A wants to be
the working member for which, he was to receive 5% of the profits. The profit earned was Birr 7400.
Calculate the share of B in the profit.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
For managing, A received = 5% of Birr 7400 = Birr 370.
Balance = Birr. (7400 - 370) = Birr 7030.
Ratio of their investments = (6500  6): (8400  5): (10000  3)
= 39000: 42000: 30000
= 13: 14: 10
 14 
B's share = Birr  7030   = Birr 2660.
 37 

7 4 6
B. A, B and C enter into a partnership in the ratio : : . After 4 months, A increases his share 50%. If the
2 3 5
total profit at the end of one year be Birr 21,600, then B's share in the profit is:
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
7 4 6
Ratio of initial investments =  : :  = 105: 40: 36
2 3 5
Let the initial investments be 105x, 40x and 36x.
 150 
A: B: C = 105 x  4  x150 x  8  : (40x  12) : (36x  12)
 100 
= 1680x: 480x: 432x = 35: 10: 9.
 10 
Hence, B's share = Birr  21600   = Birr 4000.
 54 
C. Three partners shared the profit in a business in the ratio 5: 7: 8. They had partnered for 14 months, 8
months and 7 months respectively. What was the ratio of their investments?
B. 5: 7: 8 B. 20: 49: 64 C. 38: 28: 21 D. None of the above
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let their investments be Birr x for 14 months, Birr y for 8 months and Birr z for 7 months respectively.
Then, 14x: 8y: 7z = 5: 7: 8.
14 x 5
Now,   98 x  40 y
8y 7
49
 y x
20
14 x 5 112 16
And,   112 x  35 z  z  x x
7z 8 35 5
49 16
x: y: z = x : x : x = 20 : 49 : 64
20 5
1
D. A and B entered into partnership with capitals in the ratio 4: 5. After 3 months, A withdrew of his
4
1
capital and B withdrew of his capital. The gain at the end of 10 months was Birr 760. A's share in this
5
profit is:
A. Birr330 B. Birr360 C. Birr 380 D. Birr 430
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
  1     1  
A: B = 4 x  3   4 x   4 x   7 : 5 x  3   5 x   5 x   7
  4     5  
= (12x + 21x): (15x + 28x)
= 33x: 43x
= 33: 43.
 33 
A's share = Birr  760   = Birr 330
 76 

E. A, B, C rent a pasture. A puts 10 oxen for 7 months, B puts 12 oxen for 5 months and C puts 15 oxen for
3 months for grazing. If the rent of the pasture is Birr 175, how much must C pay as his share of rent?
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
A: B: C = (10  7): (12  5): (15  3) = 70: 60: 45 = 14: 12: 9.
 9 
C's rent = Birr 175   = Birr 45
 35 
F. A and B started a business in partnership investing Birr 20,000 and Birr 15, 000 respectively. After six
months, C joined them with Birr 20,000. What will be B's share in total profit of Birr 25,000 earned at
the end of 2 years from the starting of the business?
A. Birr 7500 B. Birr 9000 C. Birr9500 D. Birr 10,000
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
A: B: C = (20,000  24): (15,000  24): (20,000  18) = 4: 3: 3
 3
B's share = Birr  25000   = Birr 7,500.
 10 
G. Arun, Kamila and Bekan invested Birr 8000, Birr 4000 and Birr 8000 respectively in a business. Arun
left after six months. If after eight months, there was a gain of Birr 4005, then what will be the share of
Kamila?
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Arun : Kamila : Bekan = (8,000  6) : (4,000  8) : (8,000  8)
= 48: 32: 64
= 3: 2: 4.
 2
Kamal's share = Birr  4005   = Birr 890.
 9
2.10 CLOCK
1. Minute Spaces:
The face or dial of watch is a circle whose circumference is divided into 60 equal parts, called minute
spaces.
Hour Hand and Minute Hand:
A clock has two hands; the smaller one is called the hour hand or short hand while the larger one is
called minute hand or long hand.
2.
a. In 60 minutes, the minute hand gains 55 minutes on the hour on the hour hand.
b. In every hour, both the hands coincide once.
c. The hands are in the same straight line when they are coincident or opposite to each other.
d. When the two hands are at right angles, they are 15 minute spaces apart.
e. When the hands are in opposite directions, they are 30 minute spaces apart.
f. Angle traced by hour hand in 12 hrs = 360°
g. Angle traced by minute hand in 60 min. = 360°.
h. If a watch or a clock indicates 8.15, when the correct time is 8, it is said to be 15 minutes too fast.
On the other hand, if it indicates 7.45, when the correct time is 8, it is said to be 15 minutes too slow.

General Questions
1. An accurate clock shows 8 o'clock in the morning. Through how may degrees will the hour hand rotate
when the clock shows 2 o'clock in the afternoon?
A. 144 0 B. 150 0 C. 168 0 D. 180 0
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
0
 360 
Angle traced by the hour hand in 6 hours =   6  = 180º
 12 
2. A clock is started at noon. By 10 minutes past 5, the hour hand has turned through:
A. 145º B. 150º C. 155º D. 160º
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Angle traced by hour hand in 12 hrs = 360º.
0
31  360 31 
Angle traced by hour hand in 5 hrs 10 min. i.e. hrs     = 155º
6  12 6
3. A watch which gains 5 seconds in 3 minutes was set right at 7 a.m. In the afternoon of the same day,
when the watch indicated quarter past 4 o'clock, the true time is:
7 7 3
A. 59 min. past 3 B. 4 p.m. C. 58 min. past 3 D. 2 min. past 4
12 11 11
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
37
Time from 7 a.m. to 4.15 p.m. = 9 hrs 15 min. = hrs.
4
3 min. 5 sec. of this clock = 3 min. of the correct clock.
37 1
 hrs of this clock = hrs of the correct clock.
720 20
37  1 720 37 
 hrs of this clock =     hrs of the correct clock.
4  20 37 4 
= 9 hrs of the correct clock.
The correct time is 9 hrs after 7 a.m. i.e., 4 p.m.
4. The angle between the minute hand and the hour hand of a clock when the time is 4.20, is:
A. 0º B. 10º C. 5º D. 20º
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
0
13  360 13 
Angle traced by hour hand in hrs =     130 0
3  12 3
0
 360 
Angle traced by min. hand in 20 min. =   20   120 0
 60 
The required angle = (130 - 120) º = 10º.
5. How many times are the hands of a clock at right angle in a day?
A. 22 B. 24 C. 44 D. 48
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
In 12 hours, they are at right angles 22 times.
In 24 hours, they are at right angles 44 times.

6. A watch which gains uniformly is 2 minutes low at noon on Monday and is 4 min. 48 sec fast at 2 p.m.
on the following Monday. When was it correct?
A. 2 p.m. on Tuesday C. 3 p.m. on Thursday
B. 2 p.m. on Wednesday D. 1 p.m. on Friday
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Time from 12 p.m. on Monday to 2 p.m. on the following Monday = 7 days 2 hours = 170 hours.
 4 34
The watch gains  2  4  min. or min. in 170 hrs.
 5 5
34
Now, min. is gained in 170 hrs.
5
 5 
2 min. are gained in 170   2  hrs = 50 hrs.
 34 
Watch is correct 2 days 2 hrs after 12 p.m. on Monday i.e., it will be correct at 2 p.m. on Wednesday.
2.11 CALENDAR
 Odd Days:
We are supposed to find the day of the week on a given date. For this, we use the concept of 'odd days'.
In a given period, the number of days more than the complete weeks are called odd days.
 Leap Year:
a. Every year divisible by 4 is a leap year, if it is not a century.
b. Every 4th century is a leap year and no other century is a leap year.
Note: A leap year has 366 days.
Examples:
a. Each of the years 1948, 2004, 1676 etc. is a leap year.
b. Each of the years 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 etc. is a leap year.
c. None of the years 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 1800, 2100 is a leap year.
 Ordinary Year:
The year which is not a leap year is called an ordinary years. An ordinary year has 365 days.
 Counting of Odd Days:
a. 1 ordinary year = 365 days = (52 weeks + 1 day.)
1 ordinary year has 1 odd day.
b. 1 leap year = 366 days = (52 weeks + 2 days)
1 leap year has 2 odd days.
c. 100 years = 76 ordinary years + 24 leap years
= (76  1 + 24  2) odd days = 124 odd days.
= (17 weeks + days) 5 odd days.
Number of odd days in 100 years = 5.
Number of odd days in 200 years = (5  2) 3 odd days.
Number of odd days in 300 years = (5  3) 1 odd day.
Number of odd days in 400 years = (5  4 + 1) 0 odd day.
Similarly, each one of 800 years, 1200 years, 1600 years, 2000 years etc. has 0 odd days.
 Day of the Week Related to Odd Days:
No. of days: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Day: Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Sat.

General Questions
1. It was Sunday on Jan 1, 2006. What was the day of the week Jan 1, 2010?
A. Sunday B. Saturday C. Friday D. Wednesday
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
On 31st December, 2005 it was Saturday.
Number of odd days from the year 2006 to the year 2009 = (1 + 1 + 2 + 1) = 5 days.
On 31st December 2009, it was Thursday.
Thus, on 1st Jan, 2010 it is Friday.
2. What was the day of the week on 28th May, 2006?
A. Thursday B. Friday C. Saturday D. Sunday
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
28 May, 2006 = (2005 years + Period from 1.1.2006 to 28.5.2006)
Odd days in 1600 years = 0, Odd days in 400 years = 0
5 years = (4 ordinary years + 1 leap year) = (4  1 + 1  2) 6 odd days
Jan. Feb. March April May
(31 + 28 + 31 + 30 + 28) = 148 days
148 days = (21 weeks + 1 day) 1 odd day.
Total number of odd days = (0 + 0 + 6 + 1) = 7 0 odd day.
Given day is Sunday.
3. What will be the day of the week 15th August, 2010?
A. Sunday B. Monday C. Tuesday D. Friday
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
15th August, 2010 = (2009 years + Period 1.1.2010 to 15.8.2010)
Odd days in 1600 years = 0
Odd days in 400 years = 0
9 years = (2 leap years + 7 ordinary years) = (2  2 + 7  1) = 11 odd days 4 odd days.
Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug.
(31 + 28 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 15) = 227 days
227 days = (32 weeks + 3 days) 3 odd days.
Total number of odd days = (0 + 0 + 4 + 3) = 7 0 odd days.
Given day is Sunday.
4. Today is Monday. After 61 days, it will be:
A. Wednesday B. Saturday C. Tuesday D. Thursday
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Each day of the week is repeated after 7 days.
So, after 63 days, it will be Monday.
After 61 days, it will be Saturday.
5. On what dates of April, 2001 did Wednesday fall?
A. 1st, 8th, 15th, 22nd, 29th C. 3rd, 10th, 17th, 24th
B. 2nd, 9th, 16th, 23rd, 30th D. 4th, 11th, 18th, 25th
Answer: Option D

Explanation:
We shall find the day on 1st April, 2001. 1st April, 2001 = (2000 years + Period from 1.1.2001 to 1.4.2001)
Odd days in 1600 years = 0, Odd days in 400 years = 0
Jan. Feb. March April
( 31 + 28 + 31 + 1 ) = 91 day 0 odd days.
Total number of odd days = (0 + 0 + 0) = 0
On 1st April, 2001 it was Sunday. In April, 2001 Wednesday falls on 4th, 11th, 18th and 25th.
6. The last day of a century cannot be:
A. Monday B. Wednesday C. Tuesday D. Friday
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
100 years contain 5 odd days.
Last day of 1st century is Friday.
200 years contain (5  2) 3 odd days.
Last day of 2nd century is Wednesday.
300 years contain (5  3) = 15 1 odd day.
Last day of 3rd century is Monday.
400 years contain 0 odd day.
Last day of 4th century is Sunday.
This cycle is repeated.
Last day of a century cannot be Tuesday or Thursday or Saturday.
7. Which of the following is not a leap year?
A. 700 B. 800 C. 1200 D. 2000
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
The century divisible by 400 is a leap year.
The year 700 is not a leap year.
8. January 1, 2008 is Tuesday. What day of the week lies on Jan 1, 2009?
A. Monday B. Wednesday C. Thursday D. Sunday
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
The year 2008 is a leap year. So, it has 2 odd days. 1st day of the year 2008 is Tuesday (Given)
So, 1st day of the year 2009 is 2 days beyond Tuesday. Hence, it will be Thursday.
9. January 1, 2007 was Monday. What day of the week lies on Jan. 1, 2008?
A. Monday B. Tuesday C. Wednesday D. Sunday
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
The year 2007 is an ordinary year. So, it has 1 odd day. 1st day of the year 2007 was Monday.
1st day of the year 2008 will be 1 day beyond Monday. Hence, it will be Tuesday.

2.12 RACES AND GAMES
 Races: A contest of speed in running, riding, driving, sailing or rowing is called a race.
 Race Course: The ground or path on which contests are made is called a race course.
 Starting Point: The point from which a race begins is known as a starting point.
 Winning Point or Goal: The point set to bound a race is called a winning point or a goal.
 Winner: The person who first reaches the winning point is called a winner.
 Dead Heat Race: If all the persons contesting a race reach the goal exactly at the same time, the race is
said to be dead heat race.
 Start: Suppose A and B are two contestants in a race. If before the start of the race, A is at the starting
point and B is ahead of A by 12 metres, then we say that 'A gives B, a start of 12 metres'.
To cover a race of 100 metres in this case, A will have to cover 100 metres while B will have to cover
only (100 - 12) = 88 metres.
In a 100 race, 'A can give B 12 m' or 'A can give B a start of 12 m' or 'A beats B by 12 m' means that
while A runs 100 m, B runs (100 - 12) = 88 m.
 Games: 'A game of 100, means that the person among the contestants who scores 100 points first is the
winner'. If A scores 100 points while B scores only 80 points, then we say that 'A can give B 20 points'.
General Questions
1. In a 100 m race, A can give B 10 m and C 28 m. In the same race B can give C:
A. 18 m B. 20 m C. 27 m D. 9 m
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
A: B = 100: 90. A: C = 100: 72.
B A 90 100 90
B: C =    
A C 100 72 72
When B runs 90 m, C runs 72 m.
 72 
When B runs 100 m, C runs   100 m  80m
 90 
B can give C 20 m.
2. A and B take part in 100 m race. A runs at 5 km/h. A gives B a start of 8 m and still beats him by 8
seconds. The speed of B is:
A. 5.15 km/h B. 4.14 km/h C. 4.25 km/h D. 4.4 km/h
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
 5 25  18 
A's speed =  5  m / sec  m / sec . Time taken by A to cover 100 m = 100   sec  72 sec .
 18  18  1825 
25
Time taken by B to cover 92 m = (72 + 8) = 80 sec.
 92 18 
B's speed =   km / hr  4.14km / hr .
 80 5 
3. At a game of billiards, A can give B 15 points in 60 and A can give C to 20 points in 60. How many
points can B give C in a game of 90?
A. 30 points B. 20 points C. 10 points D. 12 points
Answer: Option C

Explanation:
A: B = 60: 45. A: C = 60: 40.
B  B A   45 60  45 90
        90 : 80
C  A C   60 40  40 80
B can give C 10 points in a game of 90.
4. In 100 m race, A covers the distance in 36 seconds and B in 45 seconds. In this race A beats B by:
A. 20 m B. 25 m C. 22.5 m D. 9 m
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
 100 
Distance covered by B in 9 sec. =   9 m  20m
 45 
A beats B by 20 metres.
5. In a game of 100 points, A can give B 20 points and C 28 points. Then, B can give C:
A. 8 points B. 10 points C. 14 points D. 40 points
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
A: B = 100: 80. A: C = 100: 72.
B  B A   80 100  10 100
        100 : 90
C  A C   100 72  9 90
B can give C 10 points.
6. A can run 22.5 m while B runs 25 m. In a kilometer race B beats A by:
1
A. 111 m B. 100m C. 25m D. 50m
9
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
45  45 1 
When B runs 25 m, A runs m . When B runs 1000 m, A runs    1000 m  900m
2  2 25 
B beats A by 100 m.
2
7. A runs 1 times as fast as B. If A gives B a start of 80 m, how far must the winning post be so that A
3
and B might reach it at the same time?
A. 200 m B. 300 m C. 270 m D. 160 m
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
5
Ratio of the speeds of A and B = : 1  5 : 3 .Thus, in race of 5 m, A gains 2 m over B. 2 m are gained by A in a
3
5 
race of 5 m. 80 m will be gained by A in race of   80 m  200m
2 
Winning post is 200 m away from the starting point.

2.13 PROFIT AND LOSS
Important Facts
Cost Price:
The price, at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price, abbreviated as C.P.
Selling Price:
The price, at which an article is sold, is called its selling prices, abbreviated as S.P.
Profit or Gain:
If S.P. is greater than C.P., the seller is said to have a profit or gain.
Loss:
If S.P. is less than C.P., the seller is said to have incurred a loss.
IMPORTANT FORMULAE:
1. Gain = (S.P.) - (C.P.)
2. Loss = (C.P.) - (S.P.)
3. Loss or gain is always reckoned on C.P.
4. Gain Percentage: (Gain %)
 Gain  100 
Gain % =  
 C.P. 
5. Loss Percentage: (Loss %)
 Loss  100 
Loss % =  
 C.P. 
6. Selling Price: (S.P.)
 100  Gain %  
SP =   C.P. 
 100 
7. Selling Price: (S.P.)
 100  Loss %  
SP =   C.P. 
 100 
8. Cost Price: (C.P.)
 100 
C.P. =   S .P.
 100  Gain%  
9. Cost Price: (C.P.)
 100 
C.P. =   S .P.
 100  Loss%  
10. If an article is sold at a gain of say 35%, then S.P. = 135% of C.P.
11. If an article is sold at a loss of say, 35% then S.P. = 65% of C.P.
12. When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say x%, and the other at a loss of x%, then the
seller always incurs a loss given by:
2 2
 Common Loss and Gain%   x
Loss % =    
 10   10 
13. If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but uses false weights, then
 Error 
Gain % =   100 %
 True Value  Error  
General Questions
1. The cost price of 20 articles is the same as the selling price of x articles. If the profit is 25%, then the
value of x is:
A. 15 B. 16 C. 18 D. 25
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let C.P. of each article be Re. 1 C.P. of x articles = Birr x.
S.P. of x articles = Birr 20.
Profit = Birr (20 - x).
 20  x 
  100  25 
 x 
2000 - 100x = 25x
125x = 2000
x = 16.
2. If selling price is doubled, the profit triples. Find the profit percent.
2 1
A. 66 B. 100 C. 105 D. 120
3 3
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let C.P. be Birr x and S.P. be Birr y.
Then, 3(y - x) = (2y - x) y = 2x.
Profit = Birr (y - x) = Birr (2x - x) = Birr x.
x 
Profit % =   100 %  100%
x 
3. In a certain store, the profit is 320% of the cost. If the cost increases by 25% but the selling price remains
constant, approximately what percentage of the selling price is the profit?
A. 30% B. 70% C. 100% D. 250%
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let C.P. = Birr 100. Then, Profit = Birr 320, S.P. = Birr 420.
New C.P. = 125% of Birr 100 = Birr 125, New S.P. = Birr 420.
Profit = Birr (420 - 125) = Birr 295.
 295  1475
The required percentage =   100 %  %  70% (approximately).
 420  21
4. The percentage profit earned by selling an article for Birr 1920 is equal to the percentage loss incurred
by selling the same article for Birr1280. At what price should the article be sold to make 25% profit?
A. Birr2000 B. Birr 2200 C. Birr 2400 D. Data inadequate
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Let C.P. be Birr x.
1920  x x  1280
Then,  100   100
x x
1920 - x = x - 1280
2x = 3200
x = 1600
 125 
The required S.P. = 125% of Birr1600 = Birr  1600  = Birr 2000.
 100 

5. Yadessa purchased 20 dozens of toys at the rate of Birr 375 per dozen. He sold each one of them at the
rate of Birr 33. What was his percentage profit?
A. 3.5 B. 4.5 C. 5.6 D. 6.5
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
 375 
Cost Price of 1 toy = Birr   = Birr 31.25
 12 
Selling Price of 1 toy = Birr 33
So, Gain = Birr (33 - 31.25) = Birr 1.75
 1.75  28
Profit % =   100 %  %  5 .6 %
 31.25  5
6. Some articles were bought at 6 articles for Birr5 and sold at 5 articles for Birr6. Gain percent is:
1
A. 30% B. 33 % C. 35% D. 44%
3
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Suppose, number of articles bought = L.C.M. of 6 and 5 = 30.
5 
C.P. of 30 articles = Birr   30  = Birr 25.
6 
6 
S.P. of 30 articles = Birr   30  = Birr 36.
5 
 11 
Gain % =   100 % = 44%.
 25 
7. When a plot is sold for Birr 18,700, the owner loses 15%. At what price must that plot be sold in order
to gain 15%?
A. Birr 21,000 B. Birr 22,500 C. Birr 25,300 D. Birr 25,800
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
85: 18700 = 115: x
 18700  115 
x =  = 25300.
 85 
Hence, S.P. = Birr 25,300.

2.14 CHAIN RULE

 Direct Proportion:
Two quantities are said to be directly proportional, if on the increase (or decrease) of the one, the
other increases (or decreases) to the same extent.
Example: Cost is directly proportional
proporti to the number of articles. (More Articles, More Cost)
 Indirect Proportion:
Two quantities are said to be indirectly proportional, if on the increase of the one, the other
decreases to the same extent and vice-versa.
vice
Example: The time taken by a car is covering a certain distance is inversely proportional to the speed of
the car. (More speed, less is the time taken to cover a distance.)
Note: In solving problems by chain rule, we compare every item with the term to be found out.
General Questions
1. Running at the same constant rate, 6 identical machines can produce a total of 270 bottles per minute. At
this rate, how many bottles could 10 such machines produce in 4 minutes?
A. 648 B. 1800 C. 2700 D. 10800
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let the required number of bottles be x.
More machines, more bottles (Direct Proportion)
More minutes, more bottles (Direct Proportion)
Machines 6 : 10 
  270 : x
Time (in min utes) 1 : 4
6  1  x = 10  4  270
x=
10  4  270
(6)
x = 1800.
2. A fort had provision of food for 150 men for 45 days. After 10 days, 25 men left the fort. The number of
days for which the remaining food will last, is:
1 1
A. 29 B. 37 C. 42 D. 54
5 4
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
After 10 days: 150 men had food for 35 days.
Suppose 125 men had food for x days. Now, fewer men, more days (Indirect Proportion)
125: 150  35: x 125  x = 150  35
150  35
x=  42
125
x = 42.
5
3. A man completes of a job in 10 days. At this rate, how many more days will it takes him to finish the
8
job?
A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 7.5
Answer: Option B
Explanation:

5  5 3
Work done = . Balance work = 1   
8  8 8
5 3 5 3
Let the required number of days be x. Then, :  10 : x   x   10
8 8 8 8
3 8
x =   10  
8 5
x = 6.
4. If 7 spiders make 7 webs in 7 days, then 1 spider will make 1 web in how many days?
A. 1 B. 3.5 C. 7 D. 49
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Let the required number days be x.
Fewer spiders, more days (Indirect Proportion)
Less webs, less days (Direct Proportion)
Spiders 1: 7
  7: x
Webs 7 :1 
1 7  x = 7  1  7
x = 7.
5. A flagstaff 17.5 m high casts a shadow of length 40.25 m. The height of the building, which casts a
shadow of length 28.75 m under similar conditions will be:
A. 10 m B. 12.5 m C. 17.5 m D. 21.25 m
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let the height of the building x metres.
Less lengthy shadow, Less in the height (Direct Proportion)
40.25: 28.75  17.5: x 40.25  x = 28.75  17.5
28.75  17.5
x
40.25
x = 12.5
6. 36 men can complete a piece of work in 18 days. In how many days will 27 men complete the same
work?
A. 12 B. 18 C. 22 D. 24
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Let the required number of days be x.
Fewer men, more days (Indirect Proportion)
27: 36  18: x 27  x = 36  18
36  18
x
27
x = 24.

2.15 BOATS AND STREAMS

 Downstream/Upstream:
In water, the direction along the stream is called downstream. And, the direction against the stream is
called upstream.
 If the speed of a boat in still water is u km/hr and the speed of the stream is v km/hr, then:
Speed downstream = (u + v) km/hr.
Speed upstream = (u - v) km/hr.
 If the speed downstream is a km/hr and the speed upstream is b km/hr, then:
1
Speed in still water = (a + b) km/hr.
2
1
Rate of stream = (a - b) km/hr.
2
General Questions
1. A boat can travel with a speed of 13 km/hr in still water. If the speed of the stream is 4 km/hr, find the
time taken by the boat to go 68 km downstream.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Speed downstream = (13 + 4) km/hr = 17 km/hr.
 68 
Time taken to travel 68 km downstream =   hrs = 4 hrs.
 18 
2. A man's speed with the current is 15 km/hr and the speed of the current is 2.5 km/hr. The man's speed
against the current is:
B. 8.5 km/hr B. 9 km/hr C. 10 km/hr D. 12.5 km/hr
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Man's rate in still water = (15 - 2.5) km/hr = 12.5 km/hr.
Man's rate against the current = (12.5 - 2.5) km/hr = 10 km/hr.
3. A motorboat, whose speed in 15 km/hr in still water goes 30 km downstream and comes back in a total of
4 hours 30 minutes. The speed of the stream (in km/hr) is:
B. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 10
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Let the speed of the stream be x km/hr. Then,
Speed downstream = (15 + x) km/hr, Speed upstream = (15 - x) km/hr.
30 30 1
 4
15  x  15  x  2
900 9
 2

225  x 2
2
9x = 225
x2 = 25
x = 5 km/hr.
4. In one hour, a boat goes 11 km/hr along the stream and 5 km/hr against the stream. The speed of the boat
in still water (in km/hr) is:
A. 3 km/hr B. 5 km/hr C. 8 km/hr D. 9 km/hr
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
1
Speed in still water = (11 + 5) km/hr = 8 km/hr.
2
5. A boat running downstream covers a distance of 16 km in 2 hours while for covering the same distance
upstream, it takes 4 hours. What is the speed of the boat in still water?
A. 4 km/hr B. 6 km/hr C. 8 km/hr D. Data inadequate
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
 16   16 
Rate downstream =   km/hr = 8 km/hr. Rate upstream ==   km/hr= 4 km/hr.
 2  4
1
2
6. A boat takes 90 minutes less to travel 36 miles downstream than to travel the same distance upstream. If
the speed of the boat in still water is 10 mph, the speed of the stream is:
A. 2 m/h B. 2.5 m/h C. 3 m/h D. 4 m/h
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Let the speed of the stream x mph. Then,
Speed downstream = (10 + x) m/h, speed upstream = (10 - x) mph.
36 36 90
 
10  x  10  x  60
72x  60 = 90 (100 - x2)
x2 + 48x - 100 = 0
(x+ 50)(x - 2) = 0
x = 2 m/h.
7. A boatman goes 2 km against the current of the stream in 1 hour and goes 1 km along the current in 10
minutes. How long will it take to go 5 km in stationary water?
A. 40 minutes B. 1 hour C. 1 hr 15 min D. 1 hr 30 min
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
1 
Rate downstream =   60  km/hr = 6 km/hr. Rate upstream = 2 km/hr.
 10 
1
2
 5 1
Required time =   hrs = 1 hrs = 1 hr 15 min.
4 4
1
8. A man can row three-quarters of a kilometer against the stream in 11 minutes and down the stream in
4
1
7 minutes. The speed (in km/hr) of the man in still water is:
2
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
1
We can write three-quarters of a kilometre as 750 metres, and 11 minutes as 675 seconds.
4

 750  10  750  5
Rate upstream =   m/sec = m/sec. Rate downstream =   m/sec = m/sec.
 675  9  450  3
1  10 5 
Rate in still water =    m/sec
2 9 3
25
 m/sec.
18
 25 18 
    km/hr
 18 5 
= 5 km/hr.
9. Speed of a boat in standing water is 9 km/hr and the speed of the stream is 1.5 km/hr. A man rows to a
place at a distance of 105 km and comes back to the starting point. The total time taken by him is:
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Speed upstream = 7.5 km/hr. Speed downstream = 10.5 km/hr .
 105 105 
Total time taken =    hours = 24 hours.
 7.5 10.5 
10. A man rows to a place 48 km distant and come back in 14 hours. He finds that he can row 4 km with the
stream in the same time as 3 km against the stream. The rate of the stream is:
A. 1 km/hr B. 1.5 km/hr C. 2 km/hr D. 2.5 km/hr
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Suppose he move 4 km downstream in x hours. Then,
4 3
Speed downstream =   km/hr. Speed upstream =   km/hr.
x  x
48 48 1
  14 or x = .
4 3 2
   
 x  x
So, Speed downstream = 8 km/hr, Speed upstream = 6 km/hr.
1
Rate of the stream = (8 - 6) km/hr = 1 km/hr.
2

2.16 BANKER'S DISCOUNT

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
Banker's Discount:
Suppose a merchant A buys goods worth, say Birr 10,000 from another merchant B at a credit of say 5
months. Then, B prepares a bill, called the bill of exchange. A signs this bill and allows B to withdraw the
amount from his bank account after exactly 5 months.
The date exactly after 5 months is called nominally due date. Three days (known as grace days) are added to
it get a date, known as legally due date.
Suppose B wants to have the money before the legally due date. Then he can have the money from the
banker or a broker, who deducts S.I. on the face value (i.e., Birr 10,000 in this case) for the period from the
date on which the bill was discounted (i.e., paid by the banker) and the legally due date. This amount is
known as Banker's Discount (B.D.).
Thus, B.D. is the S.I. on the face value for the period from the date on which the bill was discounted and the
legally due date.
Banker's Gain (B.G.) = (B.D.) - (T.D.) for the unexpired time.
Note: When the date of the bill is not given, grace days are not to be added.
Important Formulae
 B.D. = S.I. on bill for unexpired time.
 B.G. = (B.D.) - (T.D.) = S.I. on T .D. 

T .D.2
P.W .
 Amount  Rate  Time 
 B.D. =  
 100 
 Amount  Rate  Time 
 T.D. =  
 100  Rate  Time 
 B.D. T . D. 
 Amount =  
 B.D.  T .D. 
 B.G. 100 
 T.D. =  
 Rate  Time 
General Questions
1. The banker's discount on Birr 1600 at 15% per annum is the same as true discount on Birr 1680 for the
same time and at the same rate. The time is:
B. 3 months B. 4 months C. 6 months D. 8 months
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
S.I. on Birr 1600 = T.D. on Birr 1680.
Birr 1600 is the P.W. of Birr 1680, i.e. Birr 80 is on Birr 1600 at 15%.
 100  80  1
Time =   year = year = 4 months.
 1600  5  3
2. The banker's gain of a certain sum due 2 years hence at 10% per annum is Birr 24. The present worth is:
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
 B.G. 100   24  100 
T.D. =   = Birr   = Birr 120.
 Rate  Time   10  2 
100  T .D.  100  120 
P.W. = = Birr   = Birr 600.
Rate  Time  10  2 
1
3. The banker's discount on a sum of money for 1 years is Birr 558 and the true discount on the same sum
2
for 2 years is Birr 600. The rate percent is:
A. 10% B. 13% C. 12% D. 15%
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
3
B.D. for years = Birr 558.
2
 2 
B.D. for 2 years = Birr  558   2 
 3 
= Birr 744
T.D. for 2 years = Birr 600.
B.D.  T .D.  744  600 
Sum = = Birr   = Birr 3100.
B.D.  T .D.  144 
Thus, Birr744 is S.I. on Birr 3100 for 2 years.
 100  744 
Rate =  % = 12%
 3100  2 
4. The present worth of a certain bill due sometime hence is Birr 800 and the true discount is Birr 36. The
banker's discount is:
A. Birr 37 B. Birr 37.62 C. Birr 34.38 D. Birr 38.98
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
2
T .D.
= Birr 
 36  36 
T .D.   = Birr 1.62
P.W .  800 
B.D. = (T.D. + B.G.) = Birr (36 + 1.62) = Birr 37.62
5. The true discount on a bill of Birr 540 is Birr 90. The banker's discount is:
B. Birr 60 B. Birr 108 C. Birr 110 D. Birr 112
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
P.W. = Birr (540 - 90) = Birr 450.
S.I. on Birr 450 = Birr 90.
 90 
S.I. on Birr 540 = Birr   540  = Birr 108.
 450 
B.D. = Birr 108.

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Adama ODA Special Boarding School Academic Year 2017

Scholastics Aptitude Test (SAT) For Preparatory

2.1 Ratio and Proportion .......................................................................................................................... 58

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 1

Career fields use particular patterns of aptitudes

Testing will help in choosing work that fits you

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 2

1. Which one of the following is not a prime number?

Unit digit in (341)491 = Unit digit in (1)491 = 1

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 3

Note: Test for divisibility by 11.

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 4

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 5

A. 330 B. 345 C. 365 D. 385

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 6

= Unit digit in [Unit digit in (81)14  32]

The given expression  2

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 7

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 8

34. (1000)9 ÷ 1024 =?

The given expression 

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 10

ODA SBS// SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 11

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 12

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 13

Which one of the following is true?

A. The two quantities are equal. C. Quantity A is greater than quantity B.

A. The two quantities are equal.

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 14

1.3 PROBLEMS ON G.C.F AND L.C.M

1. Factors and Multiples:

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 15

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 16

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 17

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 18

1.4 SURDS AND INDICES

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 19

1. (17)3.5  (17)? = 178

ODA SBS// SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 20

8. What is the simplified form of

The given expression 

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 21

1.5 SQUARE ROOT AND CUBE ROOT

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 22

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 23

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 24

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 25

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 26

ODA SBS// SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 27

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 28

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 29

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 30

1. Which of the following is equal to the fraction

3. 4.036 divided by 0.04 gives :

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 31

1. Which of the following statements is not correct?

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 32

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 33

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 34

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 35

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 36

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 37

1.10 VOLUME AND SURFACE AREA

ODA SBS/ SAT Manual for Preparatory By Merga A. Angasu 38