Construction of Earthen Dam and Tunnel Project

CONSTRUCTION OF MAIN DAM AND APPURTENANT WORKS
OF MADRI (EARTHEN) DAM, OPEN CUT, INTAKE

STRUCTURE AND LINK TUNNEL FROM MADRI DAM TO
MAIN TUNNEL
A Report
Submitted to
Mr. R.P. Arora Sir
By
Avinash Chechani
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of
BECHLOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
CIVIL
At
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING

UDAIPUR(RAJASTHAN)
JULY 2012
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The special thank goes to my helpful Project In-Charge, Mr.Prem Nath. The supervision and
support that he gave truly help the progression and smoothness of the Training Programme.
The co-operation is much indeed appreciated.
Avinash Chechani
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COMPANY PROFILE
COASTAL PROJECTS LIMITED
Coastal Projects Limited (CPL) is one of the prosperous construction companies in private
sector engaged in developing infrastructure projects all over the country. The company
Incorporated in the year 1995, is mainly engaged in various civil works/construction
activities in different states of the country. CPL has emerged as one of the pioneers and
specialists in the underground excavations covering all jobs of civil construction of hydro
power projects like power house complex, HRT, TRT, Surge Shaft, Surge Chamber,Desilting
Chambers, Adits etc.
CURRENT CONSTRUCTION WORK

1.)Coal Handling Plant of Damodar Valley Corporation
Location-Durgapur
Client-ThyssenKrupp Industries India Pvt Ltd,
Value of Work-Rs 1391.40 Millions
Scope- Civil works of coal handling works of Dhamodhar Valley Corp, Durgapur Steel
TPS(2x500 MW) at Andal, Bardhaman District, West Bengal on lump trunkey basis.
2.)Sleemnabad Carrier Canal (Bargi Right Bank canal)

Location-Katni, Madhya Pradesh
Client-Patel-SEW (J.V)
Value of Work-Rs. 7200.00 Millions
Scope- Execution of the Sleemnabad Carrier Canal (Bargi Right Bank canal) for Bargi
Diversion project from R.D. 104 Km. to R.D. 129 km. on TURNKEY Basis comprising the
work of Survey, Planning, Geotechnical Investigation, Design, Estimation, Preparation of
Permanent Land Acquisition Cases, Construction of Lined Tunnel (about 12 Km.in length,
about 10 m. diameter) with cut and cover RCC transitions (about 900 M. Length),
construction of canal (about 13 Km. in length) by Excavation, Cement Concrete lining, all
inline structures and commissioning and testing of the canal system.
3.)Teesta Hydro Electric Power Project Stage III

Location-Sikkim
Client-Abir Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd.
Scope- Construction of Power House & Other Associated Works at 1200 MW Teesta Stage -
III Hydro Electric Project.
4.)Irrigation Tunnels
Location-Udaipur, Rajasthan
Client-Govt. of Rajasthan, India.
Scope- Construction of Main Tunnel from Akodara Dam to Bujara, Village - reach 1 & reach
2.
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5.) Kakatiya Thermal Power Project
Location-Chelpur, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh
Client-BGR Energy Systems Limited
Scope- Construction of Civil & Architectural Works of the buildings and foundations.
6.)EPC Package I, II, III of Godavari

Location-Khammam District, Andhra Pradesh.
Client-Manisha-Indu (J.V)
Scope- Formation of Flood banks protection works including designs and forming Approch
Roads on right margin of Godavari river.
7.)Other Electrical Worlks

Location-A.P., Karnataka, Maharastra, Tripura
Value of Work-2300.54 Millions
Scope- Execution of Rural Feeders, Supply of Meterial and Maintenance for 5 years.
- Construction of Flood-Lighting along Indo-Bangladesh Border
8.)A.M.R Project Tunnel - 2

Location-Deverakonda, Andhra Pradesh
Client-Jaiprakash Associates ltd
Scope- Construction of Tunnel, execution, testing and commissioning of works related to A.
madhava Reddy Project Tunnel 2 and length 7250 Mts.
9.)HNSS Main Canal Phase II / 6,10,15,20

Location-Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh
Client-I & CAD Dept., Govet. of Andhra Pradesh
Scope- Excavation and construction of Tunnel Dia 7.50 Mtrs., in complete shape including
lining on HNSS Main Canal from Km.285.100 to Km.287.100 under phase II duly providing
approaches 150 Mtrs. both sides Km.2.000.
- Excavation and construction of Tunnel Dia 6.60 Mtrs., in complete shape including lining
on HNSS Main Canal from Km.358.500 under phase II duly providing approaches 150 Mtrs.
both sides Km.2.500.
- Excavation and construction of Tunnel Dia 5.20 Mtrs., in complete shape including lining
on HNSS Main Canal from Km.412.100 to Km.415.000 under phase II duly providing
approaches 150 Mtrs. both sides Km.3.000.
10.)Budhil Hydro Electric Project

Location-Chamba, Himachal Pradesh
Client-LANCO Infratech Limited
Scope- Construction of Tunnels and Adits, Power house, Pressure Shaft, Surge Shaft, Tail
Race Tunnel and complete civil works related for the completion of the project.
- 4.5 Mts. D Shaped and 110 Mts. & 50 Mts. Long.
11.)Moser Baer Thermal Power Project

Location-Anuppur, madhya Pradesh
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Client-M.B. power (MP) LTD
Scope- Civil works at site for 2 x 600 MW Thermal Power Plant at Anuppur
- Construction of External Roads & Residential Quarters at site
12.)Sawra Kuddu Hydro Electric Project (Joint Venture Project : ABAN - Coatal (J.V))
Location-Shimla, Himachal Pradesh
Client-Pabbar Valley Power Corporation Ltd.
Scope- Construction of 11145 Mts. long Head Race Tunnel and Adits for Sawara Kuddu
Hydro Electric Project (111 MW)
13.)Devedula Lift Irrigation Scheme, Phase - III, Package - II

Location-Mulugu, Andhra Pradesh
Client-I & CAD Dept., Govt of AP
Value of Work-Rs. 4207.10 millions
Scope
Joint Venture Project - Coastal Patel Jyothi & CBE Consortium
- Investigation, Design & Execution of Tunnel of minimum 6.00 M internal diameter or 5.60
M 'D' Shaped with carrying capacity of 49.6 cumes of water from Bheemghanpur Tank to
Ramappa tank and construction of Head Regulator at the entrance portal of tunnel including
Civil, Electro-Mechanical & Hydro-Mechanical, Instrumentation, Auxiliary, miscellaneous
equipment and SCADA communication system at pumping Station in Warangal District of
Andhra Pradesh, India.
14.)Chuzachen Hydro Electric Project

Location-Sikkim
Client-SEW Construction Ltd.
Scope- Construction of Tunnels and Adits, Power House, Pressure Shaft, Surge Shaft, Tail
Race Tunnel and Ancillary Excavations and Structures for GATI Power Project
15.)Power Projects Promoted by Coastal on BOOT Basis - 2 MW Hydro Electric Power

Project
Location-Khanyara Power Plant
Client-M/s. Himurja
Scope- This project is constructed along the river Khanyara which is tributary to river Pabbar
on the basis of BOOT.
- Construction of Power house Complex of 20 x 20 Mts. (Min.)
- Civil construction and construction of Trench Weir, Intake, Open Channel, Desilting
Chambers, Forebay, Penstocks.
- Construction of Transmission Line of 4.5 kms.
- The power generated is supplied to Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board (HPSEB) with
the consent of M/s. Himurja.
16.)120 MW Hydro Electric Power Project - Rangit Hydro Power project

Location-Sikkim
Client-In Consortium with JAL Power Ltd.
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Scope- This project is constructed in the state of Sikkim.
- Construction of power house Complex
- Civil construction and construction of Trench Weir, Intake, Open Channel, Desilting
Chambers, Forebay, Penstocks.
- Construction of Transmission Line
- The power generated is supplied to Sikkim State Electricity Board (SSEB) with the consent.
17.)40 MW Hydro Electric Power Project - Rateychu Bakchachu Hydro Electric Power
Project
Location-Sikkim
Scope- Construction of Dam and Hydel Power Project on BOOT basis arrangement under
Joint Sector as per terms and conditions of the State Government of Sikkim.
18.)9.00 MW Hydro Electric Power project - Dewara Hydro Electric Project

Location-Near Baijnath, Khangra (Dt.), Himachal Pradesh.
Scope- Construction of Dam
- Construction of 4 Kms. Tunnel, and finished Dia. of 2.5 Mts, Surface Penstock of 500 Mts.,
30 / 40 / 10 Mts. power house on BOOT basis as per terma and conditions of the State
Government of Himachal pradesh.
19.)Indo - Bangladesh Border Fencing Project (IBBF)

Location-Meghalaya, tipura
Client-M/s. NBCC Ltd.
Value of Work-Rs. 1498.00 millions
Scope- Construction of Indo-Bangladesh Border Road, Fencing in the state of Meghalaya &
tipura.
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SUMMER TRAINING PROJECT-
I have had my summer training from COASTAL PROJECTS LIMITED and they were
constructing the following project-
CONSTRUCTION OF EARTHEN DAM, OPEN CUT, INTAKE STRUCTURE AND A
TUNNEL
(DEWAS 2nd STAGE)
 DEWAS 2nd PROJECT-

The project consist construction of 2 dams near Akodra and Madri
Villages of Jhadol & Girwa tehsile respectively of Udaipur district. The
revised cost of the project is ` 379.19 crore. Dewas Stage-II Project, an inter-basin water
diversion project is a major one which envisages construction of two reservoirs,
namely,Akodra dam and Madri dam and two tunnels for inter-basin a water diversion with a
cumulative length of 13.35 km. Total cost of the project is Rs. 379.19 crores to be shared by
PHED, Urban Development & Tourism Departments in the ratio of 40:30:30 .
The Dewas drinking water project in Udaipur district is on the “highest priority” for the State
Government and would get additional budget for construction of the State's longest water
transport tunnel for the benefit of the residents of the City of Lakes.
Nearly 550 million cubic feet of water would be transported to Udaipur through these tunnels
The Dewas Stage –II project is proposed for diversion of surplus water of Sabarmati River
basin to Pichola – Swaroop Sagar and Fateh Sagar lakes of Udaipur City in Berach basin by
Gravity flow throach Tunnel. This Project comprises of the construction of two Dams namely
Akodara Dam and Madri Dam. On completion of the Project 549.63 Mcft of water at 50%
dependability, 406.88 Mcft water at 75% dependability and 292.16 Mcft of water at 90%
dependability is proposed to be diverted through tunnel to the catchment area of Lake
Pichola, near Vilage Bujra. The location of Proposed “Akodara Dam” is 41 Km away from
Udaipur and situated in Tehsil Jhadol (Phalasia) of District Udaipur on Udaipur- Gogunda –
Jhadol road and it is connected with tar road. The proposed “Madri Dam” is 32 Km away
from Udaipur and site is located near village Madri of Tehsil Girwa on Udaipur – Ubeshwerji
–Jhadol road and connected by tar road in hilly terrain. The Revised estimate of the Project
amounting to Rs. 379.19 Crores prepared by Water Resources Department on the request of
P.H.E.D. and government of Rajasthan has already accorded the sanction of the project.
General Project Description:

The Udaipur city is located in the southern part of Rajasthan and one of the
major international tourist destinations in the country.
General Geographical Information : The area in which the works are located is mostly in
undulating hilly terrain. It is located at latitude 240-32‟-45” N and Latitude 730 –42‟-0 0” E
on GT sheet 45H/10,at a distance of 1.0 Km D/S of Village Madri,Tehsil- Girwa, District
Udaipur at Dewas to Gogunda Road.The average altitude of the city is 577.00 m above sea
level. The area covered at present within the city limits is 64.28 Sq.Km. The purpose of
construction of Dewas Stage –II project is to fill up the lakes of Udaipur City which will help
to improve the domestic water supply and promote tourism and urban development.
The package is for Construction of Madri Dam and 1.21 Km long Tunnel with lining with
nominal reinforcement in the hills near Dewas. The entry point is about 0.50 Km from the
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existing road. The access to the Madri Dam site is motor able tar road from Udaipur to Jhadol
via Ubeshwherji. The approximate distance of the dam site from Udaipur is about 32 Km.
PROFIT OF THIS PROJECT-

-Nearly 550 million cubic feet of water would be transported to Udaipur through these
tunnels by the impact of gravity.
- The State Government was presently incurring an expenditure of Rs. 25 crores annually on
electricity for bringing water from Jaisamand to Udaipur, which would be reduced to about
Rs. 7 crores on the completion of the Dewas project.
-For the benefit of the residents of the City of Lakes.
ESTIMATION COST OF THIS PROJECT-

. The Revised estimate of the Project amounting to Rs. 379.19 Crores prepared by Water
Resources Department on the request of P.H.E.D. and government of Rajasthan has already
accorded the sanction of the project is to be shared by PHED, Urban Development &
Tourism Departments in the ratio of 40:30:30 .
Before Starting of this Project Engineers had had Survey so Salient Feature of my Training
Project-
1.) Location- The area in which the works are located is mostly in undulating hilly terrain. It
is located at latitude 240-32‟-45” N and Latitude 730 –42‟-0 0” E on GT sheet 45H/10,at a
distance of 1.0 Km D/S of Village Madri,Tehsil- Girwa, District Udaipur at Dewas to
Gogunda Road.
2.) River and Basin- Tributary of Dewas River, a tributary of Wakal River
(SABARMATI RIVER BASIN)
3.) Village Covered- Within Submergence Area Surana, Madri, Karnali .
4.)Hydrology-
A) Gross Catchment Area 22.40 Sq Km
B) Free Catchment Area 20.48 Sq Km
C) Type of Catchment Area Good
D) Ave. Annual Rainfall 613.00 mm
E) Ave. Mansoon Rainfall 552.00 mm
F) Estimated Yield(at 50% Dependability) 3.89Mcum
5.) Peak Flood

A) Max Flood Discharge 307.00Cumecs
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B) Design Flood Limit 1.85 Mtrs
C) Design Free Board 1.50 Mtrs
6) Reservoir
A) Full Reservoir Level(FRL) 654.00Mtrs
B) Maximum Water Level(MWL) 655.85Mts
C) Top Bund Level(TBL) 657.35Mts
D) Sill Level (Inlate Level of Tunnel) 643.70Mts
7) Non Over Flow (Earthen)

A) Total Length At Top 490.0Mtrs
B) Top Width 6.0Mts
C) Maximum Height 19.91 Mts
D) Maximum Width at Bottem 128.51 Mts
E) U/W Slope(H:V) 3:1
F) D/W Slope(H:V) 2.25:1
8) Tunnel
A) Total Length 1210 Mts
B) Length of U/S Open Cut 155 Mts
C) Inlet Level 643.7 Mts
D) Outlet Point at Junction Of Main Tunnel 626.32 Mts
E) Type of Section D – Shaped
F) Bottem Width 3 Mts
G) Maximum Height 3.5 Mts
H) Diameter of top D 3 Mts
I) Type of Lining CC Lining
J) Bed Slope 1 in 1000
K) Design Discharge 21.60 Mcft per day
Schedule of my Training Period-

I have had 30 days Summer Training from COASTAL PROJECTS LIMITED and during my
summer training I had been to 2 Construction Site.
1.) EARTHEN DAM
2.) GRAVITY FORCE IRRIGATION TUNNEL
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So first 10 days I have been to Earthen Dam and next 20 days I have been to Tunnel.
So now I am giving day wise Schedule that what I have had during my Training Period.
 1st DAY-
I introduced myself and I met all the Engineers at Site-Office. They told me what I have to do
in next 30 days. Then they made me aware about the precautions and Safty measures. They
told me-
- Never go anywhere without their permission.
- Always wear Helmet and Gumboot.
- Stay away from Machinery.
- Always be with Engineers.
- Be away from loose strata in Tunnel.
- Stay away from Necked Wires.
- Keep Minimum distance of 500 M from blasting point.
- Don’t have anything into the tunnel.
They provided following thing to me for my safety-

 They provided protective foot wear to me in situations where the work is done under too
much wet condition.
 Provided masks to me where too much fine dust.
 Provided protective head wear (Helmet) to me which is necessary to protect me against
rock falls.
 2nd DAY-
Today they made me aware about machinery and vehicles which is being used by them. They
made me aware how to take use all this machinery according to their need. The following
machinery and vehicles is being used in project-
Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM), Drilling Jumbos (Single & Two Boom), Raise Climbers,
Excavators, Backhoe Loaders , Scissor Lifts, Tippers & Trucks, Water Tankers, Compressors,
Tractor Mounted Compressor, Tractors with Trailers, Diesel Generators (25 KVA - 1000
KVA), Concrete Pumps, Hydra Cranes, Transit Mixers Batching Plants (20 - 90
CU.MTS/hr), Loaders, Gantry Crane, Light Motor Vehicles, Jack Hammers & Leg Pushers,
Welding Machine, Concrete Mixers, Ventilation Fan, Dry Shotcrete Machines (Wet & Dry),
Submersible Pumps, Water Pumps & Mono Block Pumps, Winches 5 & 10 Tons, Scaf
Folding, Steel Shuttering, Survey & Leveling Instruments, Total Stations, Work Shop
Equipments, Bar Cutting & Bar Bending Machines, Transformers & Stabilizers and etc.
They made me aware that how these all are used according to their need. What is the different
use of these machinery and vehicles in civil structure?
 3rd DAY-
Today they made me aware about that how much diesel/oil is consumed by all this machinery
and vehicles. Which one is more economical? They gave data sheet of oil consume to me.
An Engineer has to keep all the things into mind that how they can make project more
economical and for this every Engineers have to keep knowledge about all things. They made
me aware that how many numbers of machinery and vehicles we can use at a single time or
we can send it in to the tunnel. They tell me that how much quantity of diesel/oil is required
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in D.G. per day according to the need of machinery or for lightning in tunnel or at
construction site.
 4th DAY-
Today they made me aware about that when they go for the first shift what is the interaction
between all the engineers and site in-charge. Generally the work has been done by Civil,
Mechanical, and Electrical Engineers. So they used to tell their Schedule to each other. They
used to tell their need in whole day. Civil Engineer tells to Mechanical Engineer that what
Machinery and vehicles they have to use in whole day at construction site.
Mechanical Engineer tells to Civil Engineer that the space requires for turning and rotation of
the vehicles at construction site.
Civil Engineer tells to Mechanical Engineer that today which vehicles are needed in tunnel.
They tell them about other Machinery which are needed in tunnel. They tell them about other
Machinery and vehicles which are needed in tunnel in forth coming days.
Civil Engineer tells to Electrical Engineer that what their today’s construction site is.
Although there is in whole tunnel lights are provided at 4 meter distance but Electrical
Engineer has to provide halogen at current construction site so a civil engineers and laborers
can work easily and properly. Due to seepage into the tunnel water Occupied into tunnel in
excess quantity so dewatering get to be done by Electrical Engineer so a civil engineers and
laborers can work easily and properly. Proper Checking get to be done by Electrical Engineer
that no one of wire into the tunnel is short. Number of machines in tunnel or at any other site
is run with the help of D.G. so they do proper connections between machine and D.G. and
make them available at proper time. Where Civil Engineer has to blast for proper sight lining
they will get them shift at safe site. They get fit transformer for the vibrator on the gantry and
all other things have to be done by Engineers.
Project In-charge tells to Civil Engineer that what they have to do today and what mistake
they have had yesterday. He tells him also that what they have to do next day.
 5th DAY-
Today I have been to our site office. After all discussion I had been to Dam Site with
Engineers. They gave me general description about Earthen Dam.
EARTHEN DAM
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EARTHEN DAM-
An earth dam is composed of suitable soils obtained from borrow areas
or required excavation and compacted in layers by mechanical means. Following preparation
of a foundation, earth from borrows areas and from required excavations is transported to the
site, dumped, and spread in layers of required depth. The soil layers are then compacted by
tamping rollers, sheepsfoot rollers, heavy pneumatic tired rollers, vibratory rollers, tractors,
or earth-hauling equipment. One advantage of an earth dam is that it can be adapted to a weak
foundation, provided proper Consideration is given to thorough foundation exploration,
testing, and design.
TYPES OF EARTHEN DAM ACCORDING TO RESERVOIR BEHIND IT-\
1.) Flood control earthen dam

2.) Storage reservoir earthen dam
Here we have to store water and transfer water through tunnel at the time of drought so this
type of earthen dam is storage reservoir earthen dam.
General description about Earthen Dam-
• They are trapezoidal in shape.
• Earth dams are constructed where the foundation or the underlying material or rocks are
weak to support the masonry dam or where the suitable competent rocks are at greater depth.
• Earthen dams are relatively smaller in height and broad at the base.
• They are mainly built with clay, sand and gravel, hence they are also known as Earth fill
dam or Rock fill dam.
• Earthen dams are most simple and Economical dam.
Methods of construction of Earth Dams:
1.) Hydraulic fill method
- Pumping of earth + water through pipes.
- Liable to considerable settlement due to drying and consolidation.
- During rest, grains of earth are graded, thus, this should be considered by filter design.
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2.) Rolled fill method:
- Soil is prepared at certain moisture content.
- Put into layers (15 – 30) cm.
- Pressed by rollers having adequate weights.
This dam is being built by Rolled fill method.
•Earthen Dam is created from the storage of water which is utilized for following
objectives:
• Hydropower
• Irrigation
• Water for domestic consumption
• Drought and flood control
• Navigational facilities
• Other additional utilization is to develop fisheries.
Design considerations of Dams must cover:
1. Keep pleasant appearance of surrounding areas
2. Construction of required satisfying structures
3. Minimum disturbance of area ecology
4. Excavation depths and tools available
5. Esthetic considerations
6. Economy
Required Data-
1. Hydrologic data: max storage; normal storage; dead storage; reservoir water surface
elevation; flood hydrograph
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2. Required capacity of power plant
3. Topography
4. Geology
5. Climate
6. Soil testing (geo-technical data)
7. Material testing
Causes of failure of earth dams:
1. Hydraulic failure causes 40%
2. Seepage failure causes 30%
3. Structural failure causes 25%
4. External causes 5%
Precautions of earth dams:
1. Filling earth is of sufficiently low permeable soil
2. Provision of spillway + outlets to avoid overtopping
3. Provision of sufficient freeboard
4. Seepage line remains inside DS face of dam
5. No possibility of free flow from US to DS
6. US face should be protected against wave action
7. DS face should be protected against rains
8. Provision of filter drains to drain parts DS of impervious core
9. Stable US and DS slopes under worst loading conditions
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10. Counteraction due to consolidation (about 3% of dam height)
This dam is being built because water resource department wants to reserve this water for the
time of drought. So during the drought time water will supply through this dam by a tunnel.
 6th DAY-
Today I had been to dam site. Here Engineers made me aware about the general detail ff the
dam. They also made me aware about dam’s design. They had given me dam design of the
dam and they made me aware about diversion tunnel, sluice way, sluice etc.
• Diversion tunnel: Tunnels are constructed for diverting water before the construction of
dam. This helps in keeping the river bed dry.
• Sluice way: An opening in the dam near the ground level, which is used to clear the silt
accumulation in the reservoir side.
• Sluice: it is a stone masonry/concrete structure in which gate has been provided. With the
help of sluice water can be passed out if it is in excess quantity or if we want to pass out
limited or measured quantity of water.
Design of earthen dam

The earth fill shall be compacted with a sheep foot roller. The rollers used for compaction
shall be of standard size with dia of drum about 4 1/2 to 5 ft. and length about 5 to 6 ft. and
weight of filled roller around 4 tones. If more than one roller is used on anyone layer of fill
all rollers so used shall be of the type, and essentially of the same dimensions. Tractors used
for pulling roller shall have sufficient power to pull them at a speed of 4 kms per hour with
drums fully loaded. During the operation of rolling the spaces between the tamping feet shall
be kept clear of materials which could impair the effectiveness of the tamping rollers. When
earth has been properly laid in required thickness and properly moistened it shall be
compacted by passing the sheep foot rollers. The approximate number of passes to achieve
the desired density shall be decided after necessary field test for each type of material.
However, it is emphasized that the compacted density and not the number of roller passes
shall be criterion for acceptance of work. The layer shal1 be compacted in the strips over
lapping not Less than 30 centimeters. The rollers and loaded vehicles shall travel in direction
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parallel to the axis of the darn. Turns shall be made carefully to ensure uniform compaction.
Rollers shall be made carefully to ensure uniform compaction. Rollers shall always be pulled.
Density tests shall be made after rolling and the minimum acceptable dry bulk density'.
Including gravel, attained shall be at least 98% of the compacted standard. It should attain
density up to 1.93 kg/m3 Proctor's density including gravel, obtained the laboratory for the
type of material used. Rollers will not be permitted to operate very close to concrete and
masonry structures. In locations where compaction of the earth fill material by means of the
rollers is impracticable undesirable, the earth fill shall be specially compacted as specified
herein at the following locations :- ( 1) Portions of the earth fill in dam embankment adjacent
to masonry structures and embankment foundations designated on the drawings as specially
compacted earth fill. (2) Earth fill in dam embankment adjacent to steep abutment and (3)
Earth fills at locations specially designated. Earth fill shall be spread in layers not more than
20 cms when loose. After that they made chimney filter as shown in design of 600 mm thick
sand filter. It is used to pass seepage water to the bottom filter. It is constructed from bottom
to full reservoir level (FRL). They made sluice as shown in design. They made berms
according to design as shown in figure or in design.
 7th DAY-
Before this company had had contract of this dam, construction of this dam was being
proceed by Jai Mata Dee Company. But due to any reason this company had left this work
and broke this contract. Now this company is black listed in our country. After that Costal
Projects Limited has taken contract for construction of this dam. Jai Mata Di constructed up
to lowest toe sand filter after that Costal Projects Limited has had the remaining work. This
was first earthen dam project of this company.
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Earth Foundation- Earth foundation for fills ( excluding the base area of d/s horizontal filter
shall be stripped and loosened by means of a plough, ripper or other methods to the
satisfaction of the engineer-in-charge. After removal of roots or other debris the fill shall be
compacted by the required number of passes of the compaction equipment. If necessary as
directed by the engineer-in-charge, surface shall be allowed to dry if top wet, or be
moistened, if too dry prior to the placement of fills to create satisfactory bond between the
foundation and fill material.
DOWNSTREAM FILTER TOE-
(A) Sand layer. Sand to be used in base layer shall be screened and well washed free from
debris and organic material etc. and shall confirm to desired specifications. Wet sand will
have to be laid in 15 cm. Layers which shall then be consolidated to achieve 70% to 75%
relative density. Subsequent sand layers shall be allowed only when the requisite density is
achieved for the layer already laid and consolidated. Coarse sand is to be used having
fineness modulus of 1.80 to 2.65.
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(B) Gravel. The gravel in filter toe shall be used in proper grading varying from 5mm to
80mm consisting of broken aggregate. Gravel shall be free from silt and powdered rock dust.
Maximum allowable size of gravel shall be of 80 mm. The voids should remain uniform and
shall not be choked.
(C) Stone boulders. Boulders to be used in filter toe shall be not less than 7.5cm minimum
size and may be upto 40 cm. size (Graded). The exposed D/s face of filter toe shall be laid in
required size and profile using form work so as to have fine look and uniform surface
exposure.
L-SECTION OF EARTHEN DAM

th
 8 DAY-
When I had been there they were constructing DRY STONE PITCHING / RIP RAP. The
stones boulders to be used for pitching shall be sound, durable, rock fragments of approved
quality selected from excavation for permanent construction or other source. The individual
rock fragment shall be dense, sound and resistant to abrasion and shall be free from cracks,
seams, shale parting conglomerate bends and other defects that would tend to increase unduly
their suspectability to distraction by water and weathering action. The shape of the individual
rock fragment shall be roughly cubical. The stones for pitching will be of 23 cm. The work of
further rising of earth dam will be continued simultaneously with the work of providing and
laying dry stone pitching. The stone to be used for panel boundaries will be hammer dressed
to proper shape. The voids in pitching shall be properly packed with small stones. Total
thickness of pitching is 53 cm. Gravels-15cm, Coarse Aggregate-15cm, Stones- 23cm.it is
constructed upto maximum water level (MWL) of the reservoir.
18 | P a g e
DRY STONE PITCHING / RIP RAP SLUICE WAY or SLUICE
They were placing gate at the sluice. It is a stone masonry/concrete structure in which gate
has been provided. With the help of sluice water can be passed out if it is in excess quantity
or if we want to pass out limited or measured quantity of water. It is used to clear the silt
accumulation in the reservoir side. Compaction of soil was being done with the help of seep
foot roller. Watering was also being done and they were making surface plain with the help
of Backhoe Loader. They were testing density after proper time interval.
SEEP FOOT ROLLER SURFACE PLAINING
 9th DAY-
They were constructing catch water drain on D/S berm and slope. Berms were being
constructed with M15 grade concrete. They were being constructed at the interval of 15 m
over the whole dam. It is constructed for saving D/S from hydrology or erosion. After that
water will flow towards the horizontal catchment and then from here it transfer to filter so it
19 | P a g e
saves D/S from erosion. They were also growing grass towards D/S so it provides grip to soil
and saves them from erosion.
We have to take care of it that what is the water level of this reservoir and what is the
capacity of this reservoir?
A) Full Reservoir Level (FRL) 654.00Mtrs

B) Maximum Water Level (MWL) 655.85Mts
C) Top Bund Level (TBL) 657.35Mts
D) Sill Level (In late Level of Tunnel) 643.70Mts
The capacity of the Madri dam has been estimated at 85.44 mcft.
 10th DAY-
As we know that it is a reservoir dam so we have to store water in it. We have water from
here to Udaipur city at the time of drought. So for having water from dam to tunnel they are
making a concrete catchment up to tunnel intake with a perfect slope. Now at the intake of
tunnel they were making reinforce concrete sluice so water can be passed away according to
the need.
 11th DAY-
Now I had to do training at tunnel. I went at our site office. They made me aware about the
general description of the tunnel. The Dewas Stage –II project is proposed for diversion of
surplus water of Sabarmati River basin to Pichola – Swaroop Sagar and Fateh Sagar lakes of
Udaipur City by Gravity flow throat Tunnel.
The area in which the works are located is mostly in undulating hilly terrain. It is located at
latitude 240-3”-45” N and Latitude 730 –42”-00” E. The average altitude of the city is 577.00
m above sea level.
They made 1.21 Km long Tunnel with lining with nominal reinforcement in the hills near
Dewas.
IRRIGATION TUNNEL
20 | P a g e
The rock exposed along both the tunnels is phyllites with quartzite laminations inter-bedded
with quartizites of Aravali Super-group and intruded by ultramafic body. The rock has
undergone polyphase deformation. The general trends of the rock are N100 E – S 100 W
dipping 800 due N 800 W, traversed by tow to three sets of joints which have depth
persistence and closely spaced. Based on geological mapping suggestion have been made.
PROFIT OF THIS TUNNEL-

-Nearly 550 million cubic feet of water would be transported to Udaipur through these
tunnels by the impact of gravity.
- The State Government was presently incurring an expenditure of Rs. 25 crores annually on
electricity for bringing water from Jaisamand to Udaipur, which would be reduced to about
Rs. 7 crores on the completion of the Dewas project.
-For the benefit of the residents of the City of Lakes.
 12th DAY-
 LINK TUNNEL-The tunnel should of “D” shape having a finished dimension of 3000
mm and length of Tunnel is about 1.21 Km. to expedite the progress it is proposed to
provide TWO working faces during construction. For allowing lowering and removing
excavation muck and equipment, suitable approach roads will have to be constructed to
reach the shaft location as well as for disposal of excavated material to suitable identified
location by the contractor at his own. The work shall include but shall not be limited to:
 Survey and Setting out of the Alignment.
 Geo-technical Investigations and preparation of Design.
 Tunnel excavation in all types of rock including disposal of excavated material to
identified / approved locations
 Concrete lining 300 mm thick with nominal reinforcement as per design.
Concrete grouting.
 Consolidation grouting after lining
 Dewatering if required during excavation in Up-stream end reach and downstream
reaches from both shafts wherever required.
 Shotcreting
 Consolidation grouting
 Rock bolting
 RCC lagging
 Permanent Steel support
They had to design the tunnel according to the water resource department’ given design-
Required discharge of tunnel- 250.00 cusecs.
So water resource department design it according to this dischsrge.
21 | P a g e
 13th DAY-
They had made this tunnel at back site of storage reservoir earthen dam. From there they have
to take water to the intake of tunnel. So for having water from dam to tunnel they are making
a concrete catchment up to tunnel intake with a perfect slope. Now at the intake of tunnel
they were making reinforce concrete sluice so water can be passed away according
to the need.
22 | P a g e
Water will enter in this tunnel through this intake. Before this intake they will construct a
sluice gate. At the entrance they have given perfect slope of cement concrete M15 grade. For
this we have had survey with the help of total station. They surveyed center line first for this
and with the help of this line we have had blasting upto our required datum level.
 14th DAY-
They have made a sluice gate at the entrance of tunnel from which we can pass out water
according to our need. For the intake of water into the tunnel they are constructing sluice at
the intake of tunnel. This sluice will be constructed of cement concrete instead of stone
masonry as we have constructed before. Still the construction of this sluice wasn’t started but
surveyor are surveying for this. For this they were surveying near the intake of the tunnel.
They had to construct two reinforce cement concrete well for intake structure and one long
basin with RCC floor and having perfect slope.
Design of sluice and intake of tunnel is like this-
Design of sluice and intake of tunnel
 15th DAY-
Today, they teach me about ROCK BOLTS-The work involves drilling about 40 mm dia
holes and furnishing and installing therein of 25 mm dia rock bolts grouted with mortar
capsules with all accessories etc., generally in the arch of the tunnel and the sides as directed
by the Engineer. Where found adequate, only spot bolting will be carried out as directed by
the Engineer. When we excavate tunnel or Shaft anyone then Geologist tell us about loose
strata and dip of the strata or when we excavate them there is lot of the chance of sliding of
these rocks so for preventing them to slide they use Rock Bolting. With the help of we
provide temporary stability to the strata. number of Rock Bolt depends upon the strata and
23 | P a g e
dip of the Rock. Generally this is the design of rock bolt-
Rock Bolt Assembly Rock Bolt
 16th DAY-
Today, I have been to intake, Shotcrete was happening there. So they told me about
Shotcrete. Shotcrete is used for the stabilization and support of the tunnel surrounding
materials. In order to accomplish this, the contractor shall employ, as necessary, injection
materials (grouts etc. ) to stabilize terrain and shall be prepared to install temporary support
systems (ribs and lagging, shotcrete etc. ) immediately following excavation of a length of
tunnel.
 Mix Design-They can follow either wet mix or dry methodology for shotcrete mixes.
 Shotcrete admixtures such as accelerator and water reducer/super plasticizer shall be of
internationally well known and tested types and shall meet the requirements.
 In wet mixed shotcrete the use of steel fibres as reinforcement is allowed. Steel fibres
shall be cold drawn fibres crimped or having deformed ends and shall consist of high
carbon steel. The fibre shall have a length/ thickness ratio of 40-60 or as otherwise agreed
with employers. The yield strength shall be least 800 N/mm2.
 The proportions of cement, aggregates and admixtures shall be determined with pre-
construction tests. The proportions of cement and dry aggregates shall be between 1:3 and
1:5 weight. The steel fibre content in wet mixed shotcrete shall be 80 kg/m3 but may be
slightly changed to suit local conditions. The fibres shall be added to the mix at the
concrete station and be well proportioned in the concrete.
 Shot Crete as gunniting except that instead of mortar, concrete is used with quick setting
admixture and 10mm size maximum aggregate which Crete the best possible ground
support condition and makes it an economical rapid and effective means of providing
tunnel shaft support and U/s face of water retaining structures. Shot Crete for excavated
surface of shafts, tunnel and at open cut faces of rocks mass to be carried out for stability
of failing rocks. The work covered under this item is of furnishing all materials,
equipments and labour for the manufacture, transport, lacing, finishing and curing
including 37mm thick shot Crete timing; proportion (1 : 1.5 : 3) mix (one Cement, 1.5
Sand and 3 Aggregates) by weight and performing all the function and ancillary there to.
When we work from a certain height below the ground then we do shotcrete because we
have to do work at deep so a small pebble can injure anyone so with the help of shotcrete
we provide stability to rocks.
24 | P a g e
Shot crete at Intake of tunnel shot crete pump
 17th DAY-
Today, I have been to the site with an Electrical Engineer so today they told me about the use
of electrical engineering at the construction. First they told me about Diesel Generator. That
how much electricity is required at the site. They told me about it that it depends upon the
machinery we use. So a Civil Engineer or Mechanical Engineer has to tell to electrical
engineer that what they will use in upcoming days? So an Electrical Engineer provides them
electricity on correct time.
Civil Engineer tells to Electrical Engineer that what their today’s construction site is.
Although there is in whole tunnel lights are provided at 4 meter distance but Electrical
Engineer has to provide halogen at current construction site so a civil engineers and laborers
can work easily and properly. Due to seepage into the tunnel water Occupied into tunnel in
laborers can work easily and properly. Proper Checking get to be done by Electrical Engineer
that no one of wire into the tunnel is short. Number of machines in tunnel or at any other site
is run with the help of D.G. so they do proper connections between machine and D.G. and
make them available at proper time. Where Civil Engineer has to blast for proper sight lining
they will get them shift at safe site. They get fit transformer for the vibrator on the gantry and
all other things have to be done by Engineers.
 18th DAY-
Today, they made me aware about the structural shape of the tunnel. In this tunnel we used M
25 grade of cement concrete. For this they use following proportion in their batching plant.
They use ordinary Portland cement of grade 43. Compression Test is done by Water resource
department on the cubes of cement concrete. HYSD bars are used. Grade of these bars are
500 N/mm2. Compressive Strength test is done of concrete cube by Water Resource
25 | P a g e
Department. They made me aware about the structural shape of this tunnel. Height and width
of this finished tunnel is 3.5*3 and design of the cross section of this tunnel is like this-
Configuration of tunnel
 19th DAY-
Today, they made me aware about the excavation of the tunnel. They told me that how they
excavated the tunnel. The tunnel had been excavated with the help of L2D boomer. This
machine is having diamond bit on its drilling Rod which is having length of 4.9Meter so
drilling can be done in any strata of any type of rock easily. 70 holes are drilled by this
machine at a single time then Explosive is filled in to these holes, we use explosive of “safety
distance category-ZZ”. With the help of an Electronic circuit blasting is done. When I have
been there excavation of tunnel was took place. Now blasting is being done manually. They
were drilling holes into rocks with the help of Jack Hammer then Explosive is filled in to
these holes, we use explosive of “safety distance category-ZZ”. With the help of an
Electronic circuit blasting is done. When they do blasting, minimum distance have to be kept
500 meter.
26 | P a g e
In blasting we should take proper care about undercut, overcut because both of these can
make the project economical. On account of overcut they have to back fill a much quantity of
concrete and during blasting we ought to follow Alignment line which is given by a surveyor
man.
 20th DAY-
Today, they made me aware about the excavation of tunnel and how do they protrude muck
from tunnel? In order to ensure timely completion of work, it is proposed to construct at least
one shafts at junction point of both tunnel with 9.00 M minimum inner diameter to provide
one more face allow with inlet face for working. It is located at the tail of link tunnel. The
Shaft may be used by other agencies for their construction activities, like construction of
Main Tunnel and appurtenant works simultaneously with the tendered of this Agreement. The
tendered in no way create obstruction in such operation or No additional cost or any claim
shall be accepted due to such simultaneous use of the Shaft. The above locations are
proposed, however the location of shaft may be shifted plus or minus 100 M on either side
according to the decision of the Engineer In-charge. A total length of 87.00 M of shaft is
provided. Each shaft shall be provided with adequate arrangement for access inside the tunnel
for inspection as well as carriage and removal of material. The shaft shall be adequately
ventilated and provided with suitable lighting arrangement during construction.
Adequate arrangement for diversion of rain water from catchments during monsoon to avoid
flooding of tunnel is also included in the scope of work. All shafts shall be covered at ground
level by constructing guard wall of 1.50 M height in Random Rubble Masonry in Cement
Mortar (1 : 6) plastered on both arid Outside with Cement Mortar ( 1: 4 ). A suitable gate
with locking arrangement will be provided in this wall. Providing guard wall of 600 mm
thick, 1.50 M height above ground level in Cement Mortar (1:6 ) with inside and outside
plastering in Cement Mortar ( 1: 4 ), providing access inside the shaft and covering the shaft
with grating of approved specification etc.
PLAN of Shaft muck is taken out from tunnel
Gantry Girder is placed upon the shaft and its loading capacity was 25 ton. With the help of
this gantry girder muck can be protrude from tunnel easily and anyone can go inside the
tunnel with the help of this gantry girder. The main reason behind protrude of muck from
tunnel is that tunnel be clean so workability can be increased.
 21th DAY-
Today, I have been into the tunnel with a surveyor man. We had been into the tunnel with all
necessary surveying instruments. He has to set an alignment line in throughout the tunnel. He
has to mark every meter distance into the tunnel so when the Geologist come into the tunnel
27 | P a g e
they plot graph according to these distance. They make us aware that at which distance they
have to place rib sections. A surveyor man has to fix points or level for gantry.
 22th DAY-
Today, when I been to the tunnel there were two Geologist into the tunnel and they were
examining the rock condition. Our Engineers made me aware about the geological survey and
geological investigation. The Geological survey of India has conducted the survey of the
area. Which gives the general idea of the surface geology. The bidder is advised that this
information is given without guarantees of correctness and any conclusions which the bidder
may draw from such information are entirely his own responsibility. In particular the
selection of the method used for tunneling is entirely the bidder‟s responsibility. Because of
the nature of the work a degree of uncertainty remains regarding the homogeneity of
underground conditions. When proposing a tunneling method the contractor shall either
declare his satisfaction with the information included in the Geo-technical Report or, if he
considers additional data necessary, carry out supplementary investigations of his own.
Geological Investigation-They have to carry out detailed subsurface Geo Technical
investigation by taking bore holes at every 500.00 M spacing along the alignment of the
Tunnel or as desired by the Geologist, G.S.I. The holes will be drilled up to a depth of 5.00 M
below the invert level of the Tunnel. They will submit detailed engineering Geo Technical
and rock mechanics analysis Report based on bore hole data and shall prepare Geo Technical
L- Section along the Tunnel alignment that will decide support system. they will then prepare
detailed design and submit for approval of the Engineer before commencement of actual
work of construction. Rotary Drilling Rotary Drilling shall be carried out with or without
coring. For rotary drilling with coring, double core barrels giving core diameters of at least 52
mm shall be used. The equipment shall be capable of drilling holes in any direction to a depth
of at least 300m. The radial deviation of boreholes shall not exceed 5% of the borehole depth.
 23rd DAY-
On account of Seepage the tunnel occupies with water upto 1 or 1.5 feet so by the dint of
water laborers have to face a lot of problems. So any accident can take place into the tunnel
28 | P a g e
and it decreases the workability of laborers so they have to protrude water from tunnel for
safety of laborers and for increasing the workability of laborers. Dewatering is done with the
help of submersible motors. Due to seepage into the tunnel water Occupied into tunnel in
laborers can work easily and properly. An electrical Engineer has to dewatered whole the
place where a civil construction is running. So dewatering is done to keep the tunnel dry.
DEWATERING
 24th DAY-
Today, they made me aware that how construction of this tunnel is proceeding? So they made
me aware that what they do first. Today they told me about Kerb. For constructing any tunnel
they first built kerb throughout the tunnel length. For this they built Reinforce concrete wall
along the tunnel and raise it upto the height of 1.25 meter. If there is any undercut into the
tunnel they have to fill this with lower grade of concrete so there should be taken proper care
when we excavate our tunnel. They construct 300 mm thick RCC wall from side lining. For
this we use 12 mm dia steel bars of grade Fe 500 at the distance of 300 mm c/c. kerbs is
constructed with the help of shuttering plates and concrete is filled into this shuttering with
the help of transit mixer.
 25th DAY-
Today they made me aware about the rib section. Where the rock strata is loose or from
where seepage is happening in more quantity, so the Geologist tells us that what we have to
29 | P a g e
do for providing it stability. If there are too much loose strata then Geologist tells us for using
Rib section for providing them stability. We use columns(I-Section) of this size generally for
making rib section-125x75x75 and we use base plate to connect them through the column.
Dimensions of Which are following-
Distance is kept between the two consecutive rib section depend upon the rock strata. If rock
strata are too loose rib section is required in more quantity so they provide stability to the
rock strata.
 26th DAY-
Today they made me aware about Gantry. Gantry is required to build the upper finishing part
of the kerb. Gantry is just a simple machine having jack arrangement, vibrator, transformers
and concrete filling pipes. This runs over a rail section. Today they made me aware that how
they make a Gantry? For Making a Gantry it requires a great combination of Civil Engineers,
Mechanical Engineers and Electrical Engineers because a Mechanical Engineer designs a
Gantry according to the need of a Civil Engineer. So there is required better Chemistry
between a Civil Engineer and a Mechanical Engineer. Now Mechanical Engineer get
constructed this Gantry and made them aware that where they have to keep concrete feeling
pipes. They also attach Jack from the Gantry so the plates is attached to it can move easily.
Now a civil Engineer tells to an Electrical Engineer that where they have to place vibrator on
the gantry. So an Electrical Engineer get attached Concrete Shutter Vibrator to the Gantry. So
there is required better Chemistry between a Civil Engineer and an Electrical Engineer.
Mostly Gantry is made in to the tunnel so there is no need of transporting it. Otherwise it can
create a big problem.
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

In Figures-
(i) concrete feeling pipe on gantry
30 | P a g e
(ii) concrete shutter vibrator on gantry
(iii) cross section of gantry
(iv) zack arrangement in gantry
 27th DAY-
Today, they were placing the gantry. To place a gantry is also a challenging task for a civil
engineer. Gantry was kept on the rail section when it was being constructed. Now they have
to place Gantry on such a place where they have to construct a finished section. So first
survey is done and find out the R.D. of equal and require elevation. Now rail section is
prolonged and loosed gantry is trailed upon it and bring into the position. Now again we
arrange the Gantry in such a manner that it’s lower part touch kerb. Now packing is done at
the ends of Gantry so Concrete doesn’t leak from it.
 28th DAY-
After placing the Gantry concrete is to be filled into it So the concrete filling pipes is attached
to the compressor then with the help of compressor concrete is pushed in to the gantry
concrete filling pipe. Through these pipe concrete is filled into the gantry and then vibration
is provided with the help of transformer by concrete shutter vibrator. We start vibrator after 5
minute interval regularly. So concrete is compacted in well mannered.
Compressor Gantry after filling of Gantry after filling of

concrete concrete
 29th DAY-
Finally concrete has settled sufficient. Generally concrete has settled in 5-6 hours. They were
dismantling the Gantry. They were loosening the Jack arrangement. Now again they place
Gantry on such a place where they have to construct a finished section. So first survey is done
and find out the R.D. of equal and require elevation. Now rail section is prolonged and loosed
gantry is trailed upon it and bring into the position. Now again we arrange the Gantry in such
a manner that it’s lower part touch kerb. Now packing is done at the ends of Gantry so
Concrete doesn’t leak from it. Compressor should be cleaned after replacing of gantry.
Otherwise it can create a big problem.
 30th DAY-
Today I had been to office of Coastal Projects Limited. Here our Assistant Manager Mr.
Satyapal Singh sir they also are a Civil Engineer, made me aware about the Billing and
Management of all other thing. They keep information about the entire thing which is being
used in this project and whatever will be used. So they interact with their boss at head office
and make available all this Machinery.
So finally I have had my summer training and I have learnt so many things from here.
31 | P a g e
32 | P a g e

Construction of Earthen Dam and Tunnel Project

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Construction of Earthen Dam and Tunnel Project

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CONSTRUCTION OF MAIN DAM AND APPURTENANT WORKS

OF MADRI (EARTHEN) DAM, OPEN CUT, INTAKE

Mr. R.P. Arora Sir

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING

CURRENT CONSTRUCTION WORK

2.)Sleemnabad Carrier Canal (Bargi Right Bank canal)

3.)Teesta Hydro Electric Power Project Stage III

6.)EPC Package I, II, III of Godavari

7.)Other Electrical Worlks

8.)A.M.R Project Tunnel - 2

9.)HNSS Main Canal Phase II / 6,10,15,20

10.)Budhil Hydro Electric Project

11.)Moser Baer Thermal Power Project

13.)Devedula Lift Irrigation Scheme, Phase - III, Package - II

14.)Chuzachen Hydro Electric Project

15.)Power Projects Promoted by Coastal on BOOT Basis - 2 MW Hydro Electric Power

16.)120 MW Hydro Electric Power Project - Rangit Hydro Power project

18.)9.00 MW Hydro Electric Power project - Dewara Hydro Electric Project

19.)Indo - Bangladesh Border Fencing Project (IBBF)

 DEWAS 2nd PROJECT-

General Project Description:

PROFIT OF THIS PROJECT-

-For the benefit of the residents of the City of Lakes.

ESTIMATION COST OF THIS PROJECT-

3.) Village Covered- Within Submergence Area Surana, Madri, Karnali .

5.) Peak Flood

7) Non Over Flow (Earthen)

Schedule of my Training Period-

They provided following thing to me for my safety-

TYPES OF EARTHEN DAM ACCORDING TO RESERVOIR BEHIND IT-\

1.) Flood control earthen dam

General description about Earthen Dam-

• They are trapezoidal in shape.

• Earthen dams are most simple and Economical dam.

Methods of construction of Earth Dams:

1.) Hydraulic fill method

- Pumping of earth + water through pipes.

- Liable to considerable settlement due to drying and consolidation.

- Soil is prepared at certain moisture content.

- Put into layers (15 – 30) cm.

- Pressed by rollers having adequate weights.

This dam is being built by Rolled fill method.

• Water for domestic consumption

• Drought and flood control

• Other additional utilization is to develop fisheries.

Design considerations of Dams must cover:

1. Keep pleasant appearance of surrounding areas

2. Construction of required satisfying structures

3. Minimum disturbance of area ecology

4. Excavation depths and tools available

6. Soil testing (geo-technical data)

Causes of failure of earth dams:

1. Hydraulic failure causes 40%

2. Seepage failure causes 30%

3. Structural failure causes 25%

Precautions of earth dams:

1. Filling earth is of sufficiently low permeable soil

2. Provision of spillway + outlets to avoid overtopping

3. Provision of sufficient freeboard

4. Seepage line remains inside DS face of dam

5. No possibility of free flow from US to DS

6. US face should be protected against wave action