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What is Surveying? : 5 Principles of Surveying,

Objectives & Uses of Surveying

Table of Contents
  1. Objectives of Surveying  
  2. Principles of Surveying  
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 d. Independent Check  
e. Accuracy Required  
  3. Uses of Surveying  

In this article; we will discuss the surveying, 5 principles of

surveying, uses of surveying, and objectives of surveying.

What is Surveying?

✔ Surveying is the art of determining the relative position of

various features above, on, or beneath the surface of the earth
by means of different instruments.

✔ As per the definition given out by the American Congress on

Surveying and Mapping (ACSM),

“Surveying is the science and art of making all essential

measurements to determine the relative position of points or
physical and cultural details above, on, or beneath the surface
of the earth, and to depict them in a usable form, or to
establish the position of points or details”.

✔ Surveying is basically conducted for measuring the linear

parameters as well as the angular parameters for the
establishment of points by means of which the plans and maps
can be prepared.

Some of the important equipment used in surveying include

theodolite, compass, auto-level, chains, tapes, leveling staff, total
station, etc.

Surveying is the most important before and after all the civil
engineering works such as designing and constructing roads,
buildings, bridges, irrigation, water supply systems, etc.

It basically provides the basic framework for the conception,

design, and execution of the construction works.

✔ The process of surveying includes both fieldwork and office

work. This is because the measurements are taken in the field
and the relevant mathematical calculations for the determination
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  1. Objectives of Surveying  
The main objectives of surveying can be listed as follows:

a. To determine the relative position of various points above, on,

or beneath the surface of the earth.

b. To take the linear measurements and angular measurements

between various points.

c. To prepare the plans and maps i.e. for the representation of a

measured plot of the area on a horizontal plane.

d. To provide a basis for civil engineering construction works and

activities.

  2. Principles of Surveying  
In general, surveying is based upon a number of principles (or
guidelines) which can be listed as follows:

a. Working from Whole to Part

b. Location of Point by Measurement from Two Points of

Reference

c. Consistency of Work

d. Independent Check

e. Accuracy Required

a. Working from Whole to Part

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such that it covers the entire area with a higher degree of
precision. After this, the minor control points and details are
further established with a lesser degree of precision.

The main idea of this principle is to prevent the undue

accumulation of errors and thereby control and localize the
minor errors.

If the survey is carried out from part to whole, the magnitudes of

errors accumulated would be very high.

Example: This principle is essential in International Boundary

Locating, Property Boundary  Locating, etc.

b. Location of Point by Measurement From Two

Points of Reference  
On the basis of this principle, the relative position of the desired
points to be surveyed must be located by taking the
measurement from at least two (preferably three) points of
reference, such that the position of the reference points has
already been fixed previously.

Figure: Location of a Point from Two Reference Points

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fixed. The position of the point R can be determined by any one
of the above-shown methods in the figure.

c. Consistency of Work  
Another important principle of surveying is the consistency of
work.

It must be noted that keeping consistency in the method,

instrument, reading and noting observations, etc helps to gain
the desired level of accuracy.

d. Independent Check  
According to this principle, every measurement that is taken in
the field must be re-checked by adopting a suitable method of
independent field tests and observations so that any mistake if
present is not passed without notice.

e. Accuracy Required  
According to this principle of surveying; the proper method and
instrument must be used for the survey work on the basis of the
degree of accuracy required.

Read More: Curing of Concrete

  3. Uses of Surveying  
Some of the important uses of surveying can be listed as
follows:
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a. It is essential in the preparation of the topographical maps
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 b. It is vital for the planning, designing, and construction of
infrastructures such as roads, bridges, pipeline systems, etc.

c. It is necessary for the preparation of cadastral maps for

demarcating the boundaries and property lines.

d. It is also essential for national security planning, military

purpose, military strategic planning, etc.

e. Mine surveying is vital for the identification and exploration of

mines and resources.

f. It is also necessary for the planning and fixing of navigation

routes.

Read More: Grades of Concrete

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