TERRACE GARDENS

B.Arch. Dissertation

BY
AYUSH PRASHER
(ROLL NO. 186017)

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
HAMIRPUR (H.P) – 177005, INDIA
May, 2021
 TERRACE GARDENS

A DISSERTATION PROJECT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award

of degree Of

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
By
AYUSH PRASHER

(Roll no. – 186017)

Under the guidance
Of
PROF. MINAKSHI JAIN

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE NATIONAL

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HAMIRPUR (H.P)
-177005, INDIA
 Dissertation Project
(2021-2022)

TERRACE GARDENS

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that that this dissertation report entitles “TERRACE GARDENS” has been
submitted by AYUSH PRASHER (Roll No. 186017 ) in the partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the Bachelor’s degree in Architecture fort the session 2018-2023.

Dissertation guide: Submitted by:

PROF. MINAKSHI JAIN AYUSH PRASHER
Professor 186017
 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

HAMIRPUR (H.P)

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the project titled TERRACE GARDENS , is
the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the DEGREE OF BACHELOR in
ARCHITECTURE and submitted in Department of Architecture, National Institute of Technology,
Hamirpur, in an authentic record of my own work carried out during a period from January 2022
to May 2022 under the guidance of PROF. MINAKSHI JAIN , “Project Guide”, Department of
Architecture, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur.

The matter presented in this project report has not been submitted by me for the reward of any
other degree of this or any other Institute/ university.

AYUSH PRASHER

This is certifying that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge.

(PROF. MINAKSHI JAIN)

Date: ……….…………… Project Guide

The project Viva voice Research of AYUSH PRASHER has been held on………………

Signature of Coordinator Signature of HOD

 ABSTRACT
The increased urbanization, urban heat island effect, and global warming are
affecting humans badly so that they are more conscious about their built
environment . Green roofs are yet to develop in countries like India and are
gradually gaining popularity. Green roofs are being practiced in metropolitan cities
and becoming an interesting sustainable building design element. People are more
demanding than ever in the residential segment due to increased competition and
increased marketing budgets of the builders

Mainly in countries like India where the temperature is high, the green roof serves
greater energy savings compared to other roofs. Through shading, insulation,
evapotranspiration , and thermal ass, green roofs help to improve the thermal
performance of a building. This research gives a brief idea about terrace gardens,
their types, components, specification of materials, and about how green roofs
help improve the thermal performance of a residential building. The primary and
secondary data are being collected from literature reviews and case studies. Show
how effective green roof system is in reducing problems like pollution, urban heat
island effect, solar albedo effect etc

This report contains various comparative analysis taking into account various
parameters that affect the energy performance of buildings. This study mainly
gives a brief idea about how a green roof can improve the energy performance of
a residential building
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly,I would like to sincerely thank Department of Architecture Staff, in particular my guide,
PROF. MINAKSHI JAIN for her guidance, suggestions, and support. He encouraged me to grow
as an instructor and an independent thinker. I am not sure many graduate students are given
the opportunity to develop their own individuality and self-sufficiency by being allowed to
work with such independence.

I would also like to thank my class mates for always being there to bounce ideas and concepts
when needed. In particular to those who were there for our constant tea breaks and couch
session which always provided a much-needed break.

Finally, I would like to acknowledge my wider friends and family, but in particular my parents,
whose constant support and encouragement not only throughout this research but
throughout my five years of study, has been greatly appreciated.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1 BACKGROUND : ......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 AIM : ..........................................................................................................................................................2
1.3 Scope : .......................................................................................................................................................2
1.4 Objective : ................................................................................................................................................. 3
1.5 Structure of the report : ............................................................................................................................3

2. LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................................4

2.1 What is Terrace garden ? .......................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 History of Terrace gardens ........................................................................................................................ 4
2.3 Types of Green roof .................................................................................................................................. 5
2.3.1 Extensive green roof : ......................................................................................................................5
2.3.2 Semi intensive green roof : ..............................................................................................................7
2.3.3 Intensive green roof : ...................................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Plant selection : .......................................................................................................................................... 10
2.5 Green Roof Systems : .............................................................................................................................. 15
2.5.1 Modular system : ...............................................................................................................................15
2.5.2 Built-up systems : .............................................................................................................................. 16
2.6 Basic components of Green roof : ...........................................................................................................16
2.6.1 Structural layer : ................................................................................................................................ 17
2.6.2 Growing media : ................................................................................................................................ 20
2.6.3 Vegetative layer : ........................................................................................................................... 20
2.7 Green Roof Benefits : .............................................................................................................................. 21
2.7.1 Public Benefits : ................................................................................................................................ 21
2.7.2 Private Benefits : ...............................................................................................................................23
2.7.3 Design Specific Benefits : .................................................................................................................. 24
2.8 Rainwater harvesting : ............................................................................................................................ 25
2.9 Things to consider before installing: ....................................................................................................... 26
2.9.1 Calculating the bearable weight: ...................................................................................................... 26
2.9.2 Choosing an ideal location and roof surface: ................................................................................... 26
2.10 How to install a green roof : .....................................................................................................................27
2.11 Cost of green roof : ............................................................................................................................... 32
2.11.1 Green Roofing Market Survey : .................................................................................................... 32

3. CASE STUDIES ..................................................................................................................................... 35

3.1 GODREZ, HYDERABAD : ........................................................................................................................... 35
3.2 DILI HAAT PITAMPURA, NEW DELHI : ......................................................................................................38
3.3 CHICAGO CITY HALL GREEN ROOF : ........................................................................................................ 41
3.4 SUMMARY : .......................................................................................................................................... 44
3.5 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS : ...................................................................................................................... 45

4. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................... 46
RECOMMENDATIONS : ........................................................................................................................46
REFERENCES : ........................................................................................................................................48
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 : Green Roof Art School In Singapore................................................................................................................... 4
( https://inhabitat.com/amazing-green-roof-art-school-in-singapore /)
Figure 2 : Green roof at the British Horse Society headquarters........................................................................................4
( https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:British_Horse_Society_Head_Quarters_and_Green_Roof.jpg )
Figure 3 : ziggurat roof garden ......................................................................................................................................... 4
( http://www.heathershimmin.com/a-brief-history-of-roof-gardens )
Figure 4 : section drawing of the Hanging Garden of Babylon........................................................................................... 5
Figure 5 : Hanging Gardens of Babylon.............................................................................................................................. 5
( http://www.heathershimmin.com/a-brief-history-of-roof-gardens )
Figure 6 : Extensive green roof........................................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 7 : Semi intensive green roof...................................................................................................................................7
Figure 8 : Intensive green roof............................................................................................................................................8
Figure 9 : Different types of green roof.............................................................................................................................. 9
Figure 10 : Silver wattle.................................................................................................................................................... 10
( https://urbanstrong.com/blog/intro-green-roofs-pt3-types-layers )
Figure 11 : Golden rain tree..............................................................................................................................................10
Figure 12 : Weeping Fig.................................................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 13 : Cook Pine.......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 14 : Cypress ............................................................................................................................................................4
Figure 15 : Cedar................................................................................................................................................................ 4
Figure 16 : Pine Tree...........................................................................................................................................................4
Figure 17 : Lavender........................................................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 18 : Nandina .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 19 : Pomegranate.................................................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 20 : Glossy Abelia.....................................................................................................................................................4
Figure 21 : Scarlet Bottlebrush......................................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 22 : Russian Olive...................................................................................................................................................12
Figure 23 : Chasteberry.................................................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 24 : Jasmine........................................................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 25 : Blue Passion Flower........................................................................................................................................ 12
Figure 26 : Chilean Potato Vine........................................................................................................................................ 12
Figure 27 : Rose Moss.......................................................................................................................................................12
Figure 28 : Red Sunflower.................................................................................................................................................13
Figure 29 : Indian Cress.................................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 30 : Vervain............................................................................................................................................................13
Figure 31 : California Poppy..............................................................................................................................................13
Figure 32 : Amaranth........................................................................................................................................................ 13
Figure 33 : Dill Daisy......................................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 34 : Purple Morning Glory..................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 35 : Black Jack ...................................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 36 : Swam river daisy............................................................................................................................................. 13
Figure 37 : Common Daisy................................................................................................................................................14
Figure 38 : Blue daisy........................................................................................................................................................14
Figure 39 : Stalked aeonium............................................................................................................................................. 14
Figure 40 : Aloe vera.........................................................................................................................................................14
Figure 41 : Stone crop...................................................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 42 : Quaking grass ................................................................................................................................................14
Figure 43 : Switch grass.................................................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 44 : Chinese fountain grass ..................................................................................................................................15
Figure 45 : Fountain grasses............................................................................................................................................. 15
( https://urbanstrong.com/blog/intro-green-roofs-pt3-types-layers )
Figure 46 : Modular tray .................................................................................................................................................15
(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341978737_Green_roofs_-_modern_solutions_for_greening_buildings/fi
gures?lo=1 )
Figure 47 : Built-up systems............................................................................................................................................. 16
( https://www.shutterstock.com/search/turf+roll )
Figure 48 : Anatomy of green roof................................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 49 : Section of green roof...................................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 50 : Waterproofing................................................................................................................................................ 18
( https://www.greenroofguide.com/green-roofs/best-waterproof-layers/ )
Figure 51 : Insulation........................................................................................................................................................ 18
( https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/2017-09/House_Insulation_v_5.8_EN_0.pdf )
Figure 52 : Protection Layer............................................................................................................................................. 19
( https://archigreenroof.com/green-roof-products/protection-mats-g7/pictures )
Figure 53 : Drainage layer ...............................................................................................................................................19
( https://www.abg-geosynthetics.com/products/geocomposite-drainage/deckdrain-drainage-geocomposite/ )
Figure 54 : Different type of filter layer............................................................................................................................ 20
( https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_Landscaping_roofgarden.html )
Figure 55 : Green roof .................................................................................................................................................... 21
( https://worldgreeninfrastructurenetwork.org/key-definition-green-roof/ )
Figure 56 : Green roof .................................................................................................................................................... 21
( https://worldgreeninfrastructurenetwork.org/key-definition-green-roof/ )
Figure 57 : Roof section with pipes.................................................................................................................................. 21
Figure 58 : urban heat island effect..................................................................................................................................22
( https://www.granitecrete.com/is-it-hot-out-here-or-is-it-just-the-urban-heat-island-effect/ )
Figure 59 : Improved air quality chart.............................................................................................................................. 22
( https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1618866715301539 )
Figure 60 : difference of Energy efficiency in digram....................................................................................................... 23
( https://bethesdagreen.org/the-grass-is-always-greener-on-the-other-roof/ )
Figure 61 : Noise reduction.............................................................................................................................................. 24
( https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315792406_The_Effects_of_Green_Roofs_on_Urban_Ecosystems )
Figure 62 : Urban agriculture............................................................................................................................................25
( https://foodtank.com/news/2016/12/twelve-organizations-promoting-urban-agriculture-around-world/ )
Figure 63 : Rainwater harvesting......................................................................................................................................25
( https://www.sciencedirect.com/ )
Figure 64 : Waterproofing layer....................................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 65 : Insulation layer............................................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 66 : Root barrier layer............................................................................................................................................29
Figure 67 : Drainage layer.................................................................................................................................................29
Figure 68 : Filter layer.......................................................................................................................................................30
Figure 69 : Install retaining edge...................................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 70 : Growing media............................................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 71 : Vegetation layer..............................................................................................................................................31
Figure 72 : Rans Bituminous Waterproofing Membrane..................................................................................................32
( https://www.indiamart.com/ )
Figure 73 : Roof Thermal Insulation................................................................................................................................. 32
( https://www.indiamart.com/ )
Figure 74 : Geotextile or Tematex.................................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 75 : Black Drainage Board......................................................................................................................................33
( https://www.indiamart.com/ )
Figure 76 : Q-Drain Sheet................................................................................................................................................. 33
( https://www.indiamart.com/ )
Figure 77 : Garden Red Soil.............................................................................................................................................. 34
( https://www.indiamart.com/ )
Figure 78 : Grass Rolls.......................................................................................................................................................34
( https://www.indiamart.com/ )
Figure 79 : CII Godrez Hyderabad.....................................................................................................................................35
Figure 80 : Terrace area....................................................................................................................................................36
Figure 81 : Courtyard view............................................................................................................................................... 37
( https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/cii-sohrabji-godrej-green-business-centre-ciigbc/ )
Figure 82 : Dilli Haat Pitampura........................................................................................................................................38
Figure 83 : Central view....................................................................................................................................................39
Figure 84 : Building section...............................................................................................................................................40
( https://www.delhitourism.com/attractions-siteseeing-places/dilli-haat-pitampura )
Figure 85 : Chicago city hall ............................................................................................................................................ 41
Figure 86 : Terrace view................................................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 87 : Terrace plan....................................................................................................................................................42
Figure 88 : Plan shows different types of green roof....................................................................................................... 42
( https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/new-technology/green-roofs/chicago-case-study.htm )
1
CHAPTER 1

1.1 BACKGROUND :

The importance of studying terrace gardens is to provide a valuable potential

source of outdoor space in urban area. Urbanization is very serious problem it is
not an option but compulsion. People residing in the city, finds their life very hectic
as their is a very rare chance to feel the nature. which causes many environmental
problems such as scarcity of resources , population increase and concrete area due
to very less space in cities. So in order to enjoy the country side within the city,
many people have started their own green environment either in the roof or
balconies of their own building.

The trend of terrace garden is not new, for centuries it has been common to use
rooftops as a living space/Recreational space. The durability of these roofs is no
Less than three decades and sometimes even more. Main ecosystem service
of a green roof include improved storm-water management, regulation of
building temperature, reduced urban Heat-island effect and increased green spaces.

A green roof or living roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely

covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing
membrane. It may also include additional layers such as a root barrier and
drainage and irrigation systems. It is also known as roof garden, rooftop garden
or green roof.

1.2 AIM :

The aim of the study is to understand the terrace garden and how terrace garden will
increase the green spaces in commercial and public building in urban area

1.3 Scope :

The purpose of the study of roof garden to analyse general perspective of its
abilities, benefits, and its need to provide healthy environment in urban area

2
1.4 Objective :

 To learn and understand what is roof garden, its need and utilization.
 To learn green roof technology in commercial and public building.
 To learn its construction and Impact on buildings
 To learn how green roofs are used for rainwater harvesting
 Identify the best solution that how green roof improve energy efficiency

1.5 Structure of the report :

BASIC INTRODUCTION
( Background study, aim, objective, scope )

LITERATURE REVIEW
( Data collection )

STUDY ABOUT MATERIAL AND

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE
( Specification of material and its costs )

CASE STUDIES
( case studies of different climate zones )

CONCLUSION
( comparative analysis, inference , conclusion and
future scope )

3
(2) LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 What is Terrace garden ?

A terrace garden is a garden which is established on a terrace, roof, or patio,usually in a

house where there is limited gardening space. These types of terrace gardens are
especially popular in urban areas. Green roof tops with living vegetation provide green
spaces, mitigation urban heat island, energy conservation improving the air quality,
reduce pollution and noise, the absorption of co2 emissions and controlling the urban
heat, need to contribute To the biodiversity enhancement in the urban environment .
Terrace gardens are commonly created at three different levels, which are:

 On roof top of building

 Porches, window boxes, balconies and such projected levels out of
tower block, above the ground level
 At the podium level, around the base or on roof of large basements.

Figure1: Green Roof Art School In Singapore Figure2: Green roof at the British Horse Society headquarters

2.2 History of Terrace gardens :

The first known historical reference to a roof garden above grade is for the stone
temples in the region of Mesopotamia Civilizations in Mesopotamia built roof gardens
thousands of years ago on the landings of Ziggurats, or stepped pyramids. The
plantings of trees and shrubs softened the climb, provided shade and relief from the
heat

Fig 3: ziggurat roof garden

4
 The next known successor to the roof gardens are the Hanging Gardens of Babylon
built by the Persians around the 500 B.C . It is one of the Seven Wonders of the
Ancient World and perhaps the most famous of roof gardens. The terraced layout
explains the phrase “hanging garden,” where the vegetation hung over the walls to
the level below. The weight of the garden was supported by a series of arcades
whose walls were sixteen feet thick. The garden was watered through a complex
irrigation system fed by “machines” hidden from public view that pumped water
from the river Euphrates eighty feet below to the top of the roof garden.

Fig 4: section drawing of the Hanging Garden of Babylon

Fig 5: Hanging Gardens of Babylon

2.3 Types of Green roof :

 Extensive (Shallow)
 Intensive (Deep)
 Semi-Intensive

2.3.1 Extensive green roof :

Extensive roofs are green roofs that are not meant for recreational use, but are
intended to be ‘ecological’. Such green roofs provide greenery on the building roof
and help preserve biodiversity at that height by providing natural habitat for plants,
birds and insects. Extensive roofs have a narrower range of plant species limited to

5
 herbs, low growing grasses. Substrate depths are relatively thin between 0.05 m (2”)
to 0.15 m (6”) which are significantly lower than intensive roofs. Saturated weights
for extensive green roof system are approximately in the range of 48.8 – 170.9 kg/m²
(10-35 lb/sq ft). Extensive green roofs do not require regular input of resources like
water, labor as required by an intensive roof and can be designed for steeper slopes

Fig 6: Extensive green roof

Advantages:

 Lightweight; roof generally does not require reinforcement.

 Suitable for large areas.
 Low maintenance and long life.
 Often no need for irrigation and specialized drainage systems.
 Often suitable for retrofit projects.
 Can leave vegetation to grow spontaneously.
 Relatively inexpensive.
 Looks more natural

Disadvantages:

 Less energy efficiency and storm water retention benefits.

 More limited choice of plants.
 Unattractive to some, especially in winter.

6
2.3.2 Semi intensive green roof :

Semi intensive green roof systems use a combination of plant species that include
small shrubs, grasses and herbs. The semi-intensive green roof system build-up
height is often 4.7 – 9.8 in (120 – 250 mm), with the weight as 25-40 lb/sqft
(120 -200 kg/m2). Twenty-five percent of their growing medium is above or below
6 inches. More diversified plants can be seen on semi-intensive green roofs while
pedestrians can have partial access. Compared to extensive green roofs,
semi-intensive green roofs demands more maintenance, higher costs, and more
weight, while offering more design possibilities with various types of vegetation
just not the tall growing shrubs and trees

Fig 7: Semi intensive green roof

Advantages:

 Greater diversity of plants and habitats.

 Good insulation properties
 More energy efficiency and storm water retention capability
 Longer membrane life

Disadvantages:

 Greater weight loading on roof than extensive

 Higher maintenance costs

7
2.3.3 Intensive green roof :

Intensive green roof systems use a wide variety of plant species. Designed to
provide access to people, they support a variety of vegetation from trees and
shrubs to herbaceous planting and lawns. Soil depth is at least 5.9 -15.7 in
(150 – 400 mm), it could possibly be over 39.4 in (1000mm), with the weight as
35-100 lb/sq ft (180 -500 kg/m2). They are able to bear heavy weights. They
often require regular maintenance, but they provide benefits such as shade,
sitting areas, water storage, and high aesthetic value.

Fig 8 : Semi intensive green roof

Advantages:

 Greater diversity of plants and habitats.

 Good insulation properties.
 Can be made very attractive visually.
 More diverse utilization of the roof. i.e. for recreation, growing food.
 More energy efficiency and storm water retention capability.
 Longer membrane life.

Disadvantages:

 Greater weight loading on roof.

 Need for irrigation and drainage systems requiring energy, water, materials.
 Higher capital & maintenance costs.
 Green Roof System Components
 Green roofs consist of both horticultural elements and traditional roofing
components.
8
 Fig 9 : Different types of green roof

Parameter Extensive Green Roof Semi-Intensive Green Intensive Green Roof

Roof

Maintenance Low Periodically high

Irrigation No irrigation Little irrigation Irrigation system;

requirement more favourable
conditions for plants
Plant Moss-Sedum-Herbs and Grass-Herbs and Lawn or Perennials,
communities Grasses Shrubs Shrubs and Trees
System build-up 2.4 -7.9 in 4.7 – 9.8 in 5.9 – 15.7 in
height
Weight 60 - 150 kg/m2 120 - 200 kg/m2 180 - 500 kg/m2

Costs Low Medium High

Use Ecological protection layer Designed Green Roof Park like garden

Accessibility Not Semi accessible Accessible

9
 2.4 Plant selection :

Selection of plants is most important role in terrace garden. Design vary to integrate
different plants species and aesthetic functions . plants selection depends on the design of
the roof and in which climate roof is designed , whether they are related to function ,
performance or aesthetics. This layer need to be carefully designed so that the building
survive in the different climate conditions and reduce urban heat island effect.

By consider these factor, selection of plants will be easier. Some plants can do very well in
the thin soil layer and other require a more deep soil layer for growing. Plants can control
the temperature and the moisture into the building. In different climate zones it is more
important to select low water use plants. In addition there are additional aspect to consider
such as wind and light.

It is more important to use local plants that are accessible and easy to get and they can
consume less amount of water and they can stay longer without irrigation. Use of local
plants will support the local ecology, cost less to maintain because they have evolved to

No. Plants name Scientific name Images

A. Trees
Silver wattle Acacia dealbata

Fig10: Silver wattle

Golden rain tree Koelreuteria paniculata

Fig11: Golden rain tree

Weeping Fig Ficus Benjamina

Fig12: Weeping Fig

Cook Pine Araucaria columnaris

Fig13: Cook Pine

10
B. Conifers
Cypress Cupressus

Fig14: Cypress
Cedar Juniperus

Fig15: Cedar
Pine Tree Pinus

Fig16: Pine Tree

C. Small shrubs
Lavender Lavandula

Fig17: Lavender
Nandina Nandina Domestica

Fig18: Nandina
Pomegranate Punica Granatum

Fig19:Pomegranate

D. Medium large
shrubs
Glossy Abelia Abelia Grandiflora

Fig20:Glossy Abelia

11
 Scarlet Bottlebrush Callistemon Citrinus

Fig21:Scarlet Bottlebrush
Russian Olive Elaeagnus Angustifolia

Fig22:Russian Olive
Chasteberry Vitex Agnus Castus

Fig23:Chasteberry

E. Climber
Jasmine Jasminum Officinale

Fig24:Jasmine
Blue Passion Flower Passiflora Caerulea

Fig25:Blue Passion Flower

Chilean Potato Vine Solanum Crispum

Fig26:Chilean Potato Vine

F. Herbaceous
perennials
Rose Moss Portulaca Grandiflora

Fig27:Rose Moss

12
 Red Sunflower Tithonia Rotundifolia

Fig28:Red Sunflower
Indian Cress Tropaeolum Majus

Fig29:Indian Cress
Vervain Verbena

Fig30:Vervain

G. Annuals
California Poppy Eschscolzia Californica

Fig31:California Poppy
Amaranth Amaranthus

Fig32:Amaranth
Dill Daisy Argyranthemum

Fig33:Dill Daisy
Purple Morning Ipomoea Purpurea
Glory

Fig34:Purple Morning Glory

H. Plants for hanging

basket
Black Jack Bidens pilosa

Fig35:Black Jack

13
 Swam river daisy Brachyscome

Fig36:Swam river daisy

Common Daisy Bellis perennis

Fig37:Common Daisy
Blue daisy Felicia amelloides

Fig38:Blue daisy

I. succulents
Stalked aeonium Aeonium sp

Fig39: Stalked aeonium

Aloe vera Aloe barbadensis miller

Fig40: Aloe vera

Stone crop Sedum sp

Fig41: Stone crop

J. Grasses
Quaking grass Briza media

Fig42: Quaking grass

Switch grass Panicum virgatum

Fig43: Switch grass

14
 Chinese fountain Pennisetum alopecuroides
grass

Fig44: Chinese fountain grass

Fountain grasses Pennisetum rubrum

Fig45: Fountain grasses

2.5 Green Roof Systems :

2.5.1 Modular system :

Modular systems are installed using preformed materials such as plastic or metal
with support, drainage and filtering components built in. The sizes and shapes can
vary, but the most common module is from 4 to 16 square feet (.37 to 1.49 m2)
with depths varying from 1 to 6 inches (2.5 to 15.2 cm). This type of system can be
set in place on the roof and filled with a growing medium and planted or preplanted
off-site and installed for immediate application.

Fig 46 : Modular tray

15
2.5.2 Built-up systems :

The majority of green roof systems are called “built-up systems,” consisting of
various component layers constructed directly on the roof’s structural deck
and conventional roof system. This application can be installed either as part of
the initial roof construction or added as a retrofit at a later time. Built-up
Systems are most often used in large-scale applications and for all three types
of green roofs

Fig 47 : Built-up systems

2.6 Basic components of Green roof :

Green roofs consist of both horticultural elements and traditional roofing

components. There are three distinct layers in a green roof from the bottom
1. Structural layer
2. Growing media
3. Vegetative layer

Fig 48 : Anatomy of green roof

16
 Fig 49 : Section of green roof

2.6.1 Structural layer :

The components of the structural layer consist of the roof deck; the protection layer
to contain the roots and growing medium, while allowing water penetration; a
drainage layer and retention layer; a root repellent filter layer; along with the
waterproofing membrane.

 Roof Deck :

The most important layer on a green roof is its decking, which can be concrete,
Wood , metal, plastic, gypsum or composite as it determines whether the structure
is capable of taking the load of the green roof

 Waterproofing :

The primary purpose of waterproofing is to keep the unwanted moisture from rain
and condensation away from the structure below. The waterproofing membrane is
the primary protective element of the slab and is typically below all the components
of a green roof system. There are three major roofing types for roofs – Built up
membrane, single ply membrane and Fluid applied membrane. It is important that
selection of waterproofing membrane is in accordance with specification of other
components within the green roof system

17
 Fig 50 : Waterproofing

 Insulation :

The roof is the primary location for heat transfer and the insulation restricts the
transfer of heat energy through the roof by creating a barrier between spaces of
Different temperature. The insulation acts as a thermal break and reduces
Condensation on surfaces that are exposed to both hot and cold on opposite sides

Fig 51 : Insulation

 Protection Layer :

As green roofs contain living and growing materials, a protection layer and a root
barrier are one of the most important elements of the assembly. As roots grow
they can penetrate the waterproofing membrane and create leak locations. The
root barrier placed above the membrane ensures that no roots pass through and
harm the membrane. A protection course shields the waterproofing membrane
from damage after it has been installed.

18
 Fig 52 :Protection Layer

 Drainage and retention layer :

A drainage course allows moisture to move laterally through the green roof system.
It prevents over saturation, ensures root ventilation and provides additional space
for the roots to grow . It is a porous, continuous layer over the entire roof surface
just above the concrete slab. As moisture is essential for successful plant propagation,
a moisture retention layer retains or stores moisture for plant growth. It is an
absorptive mat and which is typically located above the drainage layer or above the
aeration layer

Fig 53 : Drainage layer

 Root Permeable filter layer :

The filter layer separates the growing medium from the drainage layer and
Protects the medium from shifting and washing away. This layer restricts the
flow of fine soil particles and other contaminants while allowing water to pass
through freely to avoid clogging. They are often made of tightly woven fabric and
are in the form of filter cloth or mats

19
 Fig 54 : Different type of filter layer

2.6.2 Growing media :

The growing media or substrate in a green roof should strike a balance between
good moisture retention capacity and free draining properties of traditional soil.
It should absorb and supply nutrients and retain its volume over time to encourage
plant growth. Traditionally, well drained sandy loam was used as the growing
medium for a green roof. Its weight and ability to clog drainage layers and fabric
lead to use of organic matter as a growing media. Lighter less rich and more porous
mixes than soil reduce weight of the growing medium and save cost of structural
Support
There are four factors that govern the suitability of a growth media. They are -
water holding capacity, degree of drainage, fertility for vegetation and density
of the growing media. The growing media should also be able to resist heat and
other factors that damage normal roof

2.6.3 Vegetative layer :

The selection of appropriate plants is essential to both the aesthetic and

Environmental function of the green roof. There are various planting
propagation methods like pre - cultivated mats, modular systems, plugs, cuttings
and seeds, all of which vary by cost and type of coverage desired. Selection of
plants requires consideration as traditional rules for ground level plant selection
do not work on green roofs due to the environmental and geographical location.
Microclimate conditions on the roof like sun, shade and wind patterns which do
not affect the ground gardens influence the growth of plants on the rooftop

20
2.7 Green Roof Benefits :

2.7.1 Public Benefits :

 Aesthetic improvements :

Green roofs can play an important role in providing recreational spaces in urban regions
where there is little ground level green areas. As these spaces are visible from many
vantage points, it adds to the visual character of the urban fabric.

Fig 55 : Green roof Fig 56 : Green roof

 Storm-water management :

 With green roofs, water is stored by the substrate and then taken up by the plants from
where it is returned to the atmosphere through transpiration and evaporation
 In summer, green roofs can retain 70-90% of the precipitation that falls on them
 In winter, green roofs can retain between 25-40% of the precipitation that falls on them
 Green Roofs not only retain rainwater, but also moderate the temperature of the water
and act as natural filters for any of the water that happens to run off
 Green roofs reduce the amount of storm-water runoff and also delay the time at which
runoff occurs, resulting in decreased stress on sewer systems at peak flow periods

Fig 57 : Roof section with pipes

21
 Moderation of urban heat island effect :

 Through the daily dew and evaporation cycle, plants on vertical and horizontal surfaces
are able to cool cities during hot summer months and reduce the Urban Heat Island
(UHI) effect.
 Green roofs can also help reduce the distribution of dust and particulate matter
throughout the city, as well as the production of smog. This can play a role in reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and adapting urban areas to a future climate with warmer
summers.

Fig 58 : urban heat island effect

 Improved air quality :

 The plants on green roofs can capture airborne pollutants, atmospheric deposition, and
also filter noxious gases.
 The temperature moderating effects of green roofs can reduce demand on power plants,
and potentially decrease the amount of CO2 and other polluting by-products being
released into the air.

Fig 59 : Improved air quality chart

22
 Increases Revenue :

 The amount of money and work required when constructing a green roof can create or
increase revenue and jobs in local businesses.
 The growth of green roof markets gives new job opportunities related to manufacturing,
plant growth, design, installation, and maintenance.

2.7.2 Private Benefits :

 Energy efficiency :

 The greater insulation offered by green roofs can reduce the amount of energy needed
to moderate the temperature of a building, as roofs are the site of the greatest heat
loss in the winter and the hottest temperatures in the summer.
 For example, research published by the National Research Council of Canada found that
an extensive green roof reduced the daily energy demand for air conditioning in the
summer by over 75%

Fig 60 : difference of Energy efficiency in digram

 Roofing membrane durability :

 green roof are less likely to crack because they maintain temperature

 Fire retardation :

 Its fire retardant ability provides more protection from fire hazards in the home.

23
 Noise reduction :

 Hard surfaces of urban areas reflect sound and are unable to absorb it. Green roofs due
to the vegetation absorb sound waves . An extensive green roof can reduce sound from
outside by 40 decibels, while an intensive green roof can reduce sound by 46-50
decibels

Fig 61 : Noise reduction

 Increases Property Value:

 It can improve the property value because of its efficiency enhancement to some
household devices or appliances like extending the lifespan of other household devices
like HVAC systems and become aesthetically pleasing.

2.7.3 Design Specific Benefits :

 Increase biodiversity :

 urban sprawl has badly affected the ecological balance and biodiversity . green roof
can act as a transitional space or an inter-mediated space by connecting nature and
buildings

 Improve health and well being :

 The reduced pollution and increased water quality that green roofs provide can
decrease demands for healthcare.
 Green roofs can serve as community hubs, increasing social cohesion, sense of
community, and public safety.

24
 Urban agriculture :

 Using green roofs as the site for an urban agriculture project can reduce a community's
footprint through the creation of a local food system.
 These projects can serve as a source of community empowerment, give increased
feelings of self-reliance, and improve levels of nutrition.

Fig 62 : Urban agriculture

2.8 Rainwater harvesting :

Rain water harvesting represents alternative water supply that captures and stores
rainwater for later use . It is simple as collective water surfaces on which rain falls and
subsequently storing this water for later use .

In green roof technology : Rainwater captured from green roofs is usually used for flushing
toilets , irrigation and for other non-potable purposes

Fig 63 : Rainwater harvesting

25
 How does the system work :

Rain water flows from the roof to filters where dirt particles and debris are separated
from the water . Rainwater will be channeled to tank by pipes to the water storing
container . By using pumps , recycle rainwater will be pumped to irrigation system pipes
to be reused for green roof watering process

Note : This system though will limited raining seasons in hot arid climates will help in
harvesting the excess water from the irrigation process to reuse it again for watering
Plants .

2.9 Things to consider before installing :

2.9.1 Calculating the bearable weight :

The most important step before considering the installation of green roofs is calculating
the bearable weight for the roof surface. Taking due diligence of the strength is
important; the common depth for the soil layer of a green roof without any special
structural design is four to six inches. As the soil layer depth increases it exerts more
pressure on the roofs. Roofs should be strong enough to sustain that pressure and there
should be no shuddering or wobble. If the roof structure is in doubt, consult trusted
structural experts to suggest options for reinforcement. Special consideration for extra
bracing may be necessary for seismic zones depending on the height of the roof.

2.9.2 Choosing an ideal location and roof surface :

Choosing an ideal location for green roof is an important aspect before proceeding with
the installations. Green roofs are easier to install and maintain on a flat roof surface.
They can be installed on low-sloping roofs surfaces without the need for stabilization.
Surfaces with a steep slope require an additional reinforcing system such as a tray
planting or terracing system to hold soil in place.

26
2.10 How to install a green roof :

 Construct the roof deck with the appropriate slope and material.
 First, we need to install a waterproof membrane. It could be made of plastic or rubber,
and it fits on top of the roof decking.
 Conduct a flood test to ensure the system is watertight by placing at least 2 inches of
water over the membrane for 48 hours to confirm the integrity of the waterproofing
system.
 Next you have to place one sheet of plastic with a maximum width of 6 millimeters over
the already-installed waterproof membrane.
 Now it is time to install one or more sheets of foam insulation with a 3/4-inch width
over the plastic sheet; this layer provides proper contact with the damp soil.
 If the space directly below the green roof doesn’t have proper conditioning, simply
provide some protection layer to the waterproof membrane.
 Now roll out the first drainage sheet cut the drainage to its size apply the next drainage
sheet make sure they join well now fold the filter fleece over the adjacent drainage
sheet.
 Place the separate profile 20 to 30 cm from the roof edge ensure that the profile
overlap .Place the profile at the right angle to each other in the corner if their will be a
gravel perimeter
 The retaining edge will separate the soil and gravel and does not need to be attached
 Once the structure is ready, add soil to the sections , spread the soil evenly over the
roof and measure the correct height of the soil
 Saturate the growing media completely with water
 Apply the gravel edge bring the gravel layer to the same level of the green roof
 After this set your plants in specific locations.
 Finally, you need to water the area to allow for the proper settling of plants.

27
STEP - 1 First, we need to install a waterproof membrane. It could be made of plastic or
rubber, and it fits on top of the roof decking.

Fig 64 : Waterproofing layer

STEP - 2 Now it is time to install one or more sheets of foam insulation with a 3/4-inch
width over the waterproofing layer

Fig 65 : Insulation layer

28
STEP - 3 After the insulation layer we will provide root barrier layer

Fig 66 : Root barrier layer

STEP - 4 Now roll out the first drainage sheet cut the drainage to its size apply the next
drainage sheet make sure they join well

Fig 67 : Drainage layer

29
 STEP - 5 Now fold the filter fabric layer over the adjacent drainage sheet.

Fig 68 : Filter layer

STEP - 6 Place the separate profile 20 to 30 cm from the roof edge ensure that the profile
overlap .Place the profile at the right angle to each other in the corner if their will be a
gravel perimeter

Fig 69 : Install retaining edge

30
STEP - 7 The retaining edge will separate the soil and gravel and does not need to be
attached . Once the structure is ready, add soil to the sections

Fig 70 : Growing media

STEP - 8 After this set your plants in specific locations. Finally, you need to water the area
to allow for the proper settling of plants.

Fig 71 : Vegetation layer

31
2.11 Cost of green roof :

Cost for the green roof system can range from Rs.5500/- Sq.m to 6900/- Sq.m or
more.

 Cost per sq.m depends on the following factors :

 The size and slope of the roof.
 Depth and complexity of the system.
 Height and accessibility from the ground.
 Cost of labour and need for specialized element , such as drains , railings , pavers ,
slope stabilization measure, etc

2.11.1 Green Roofing Market Survey :

1. Waterproofing Systems

Price Rs. 1550 / roll

Brand Rans
Usage/Application Roof, Terrances, Balconies, Tunnels,
Bridges, etc
Color Black
Dimension 1Mx10M
Technique Torch Fig 72 : Rans Bituminous Waterproofing Membrane
Physical State Prefabricated Membrane

2. Roof Thermal Insulation

Roof Type Concrete, could be any type of roof

Thermal Insulation Exterior
For
Application Residential Area
Coverage Area 13.75 SQF PER PANEL
max withstanding 50 degree celsius
temperature
Brand Galaxy insulations Pvt Ltd. Fig 73 : Roof Thermal Insulation

32
3. (Geotextile or Tematex) also helps in creating dampness :

Fabric Type Non Woven

Length As per requirement

Brand Jaypee

Country of Origin Made in India

roll length 100 meter

Fig 74 : Geotextile or Tematex

Roll Width 2.5 meter

4. Cups like layer (Dimple BLACK Drainage Board) :

Price Rs. 140/ sq m.

Brand TARCO
Color BLACK

Pattern Dimple

Material PVC

Size/Dimension 2X10mtr

Country of Origin Made in India Fig 75 : Black Drainage Board

5. Filter Layer (Q-Drain Sheet) :

Price Rs. 10-15/ sq ft.

Thickness 5,8,15 & 20mm.

Usage/Application avoid dust and roots to reach water

storing cups
Standard Roll Width 2 or 4 m. Fig 76 : Q-Drain Sheet

33
6. Growing medium ( Garden Red Soil) :

Price Rs.3500/brass (100 cubic feet)

Material Soil

Color Red

Usage/Application Garden

Form Powder

Packaging Size Brass

Country of Origin Made in India Fig 77 : Garden Red Soil

7. Grass Rolls :

Price Rs. 2.4 /sqft

Usage/Application All Application

Color Green

Grass Type Original Grass

Purpose All Applicable

Width 12 inch

Feature Used Long time

Fig 78 : Grass Rolls

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(3) CASE STUDIES :

3.1 GODREZ, HYDERABAD :

Owner : Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)

Location : Hyderabad , India
Year : 2003
Size : 11,000 ft² (1,022 m²)
Slope : 6%
Building program : Corporate
Roof type : Extensive
Test / research : No
Access : Accessible
Architect: : Karan Grover & Associate
Structural Consultant : Comten Engineers
Consultant : Spectral Consultants
Landscape Architect : Arati Chari & Associates

Fig 79 : CII Godrez Hyderabad

Context :

Building is located in Hyderabad. Building was, developed as a Platinum rated green

building. The CII -Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre was inaugurated by the president
of India in July, 2004. Seat of the Indian Green Building Council (1GBC), day lit office spaces
of the complex, which also includes a large conference room and sheltered walkways. The
roof top is not accessible to the public or building occupants. The green roof acts as a
demonstration to help bring green roof technology to the city.

35
Design Development :

Of the 20,000 ft2 footprint, 55% of the CII-building is covered by extensive green roof.
Measurements attest that the green roofs provide valuable insulation for the conference
centre and offices, but this benefit is not likely perceptible under the concrete walkways.
Given the minimal highlights or information about the green roofs at the CII building, it is
clear that they are only part of a much greater package's
The green roofs on the curvey building are divided into parcels that are separated by
parapets. On top of a concrete roof, the green roof system begins its build-up with three
layers of waterproofing.

 Absorbing heat and radiating it into the building . This is minimized through the roof
area
 Rain water harvesting
 Seepage into the ground have been installed in pedestrian areas and parking

Fig 80 : Terrace area

Maintenance :

Automatic Sprinkler systems are installed for irrigation and grass cutting is done once a
week which proves to be enough for the maintenance of green roof.

36
 Zero water discharge building
 Waterless urinels.
 System 35% reduction in portable water use
 Use of stearm water and recycled water for irrigation.
 Waste water is treated by root zone treatment process

Fig 81 : Courtyard view

Benefits :

The green roof system comprises 2" of sandy soil topped with the same pervious paver
blocks used at grade, and overlain with a uniform grass sod. In their appearance and
composition, the green roofs are identical to the grassy pedestrian and parking areas at
grade. It reduces inside temperature by 2 °C and keeps the building cool and reduces the
use of air-conditioning in daytime and water stored is used in other purpose like irrigation
etc.

37
3.2 DILI HAAT PITAMPURA, NEW DELHI :

Location : Pitampura New Delhi

Size : 7.2 acres
Year Installed : 1994
Building program : Government
Access : Accessible
Architect : Pradeep Sachdeva

Context :

The Dilli Haat is being constructed by the Delhi Tourism and Transport Development
Corporation (DTTDC). It offers a kaleidoscopic view of the richness and diversity of Indian
handicrafts and artifacts. Dilli Haat, which is an upgraded version of the traditional weekly
market, tenders a delightful amalgam of craft, food and cultural activities16. A lot of effort
has gone into making this project eco-friendly and visitor-friendly. The Pitampura Dilli Haat
is being developed in an area of 7.2 acres.

Fig 82 : Dilli Haat Pitampura

38
The Haat has following facilities

1. A multi - purpose pavilion for crafts persons with a capacity of 100 display exhibit.
2. Food kiosks with capacity of 400 persons in the food court.
3. Restaurant with seating capacity of 60 persons at ground floor(Second Floor being
added).
4. Double storeyed dormitory for craftsmen with capacity of 96 beds.
5. Amphitheatre with capacity of 450 persons.
6. Parking facilities of 232 cars and 210 two wheelers in basement.
7. Art gallery.
8. Spice market.
9. Sculpture court and large landscape greens.

10. Adequate internal and external lighting keeping the Haat illuminated.
11. A number of sculptures/art works to be displayed at strategic locations.
12. Conference room (second floor being added).

Design development :

A unique feature which has been added for the first time in India is insulation of rooftops
by growing natural green grass on it. Roof of all the craft shops, spice market, office and
art gallery have gone green which would not only provide respite from the heat but would
also add beauty to the structure. Vaulted roof is given with unique detail for the drainage
of extra water and collection of water for further irrigation and reuse in toilets and other
purpose.

Fig 83 : Central view

39
 Fig 84 : Building section

Maintenance :

Initial weeding was done until the sedums grew thick enough to keep most weeds at bay.
Minimal spring and fall weeding are done.

Benefits :
The steeply vaulted roof demonstrates how the designer and green roof engineer solved
the unique design requirements to create an effective green roof technically and
aesthetically. Drainage of the roof was solved technically and incorporated with aesthetic
design to create a unique feature using gravity that adds to the holistic quality and
concept of the Dilli haat. Though steeply vaulted, the green roof still slows the velocity and
quantity of storm water runoff

40
3.3 CHICAGO CITY HALL GREEN ROOF :

Owner : city of Chicago dept. of environment

Location : Chicago , USA
Size : 20,300 sq ft
Year Installed : 2001
Building program : Municipal / Government
Roof type : Semi-intensive
Test / research : Yes
Access : Accessible

Context :

 The Chicago City Hall is located in downtown Chicago and surrounded by 33 taller
buildings.
 City Hall was, developed as a study of heat reduction in urban environments and as
an experimental demonstration of plants and their adaptability to Chicago rooftop.
 The roof top is not accessible to the public or building occupants but is visible from
the 33 surrounding buildings.
 The retrofitted 20,300 square foot green roof is located on the 11th story roof deck.
 The green roof acts as a demonstration to help bring green roof technology to the city.
It was designed to deploy the widest range of materials and planting palette.

Fig 85 : Chicago city hall Fig 86 : Terrace view

41
Design Development :

Two designs were developed. One was from existing loads without additional structural
support and was mostly extensive with some semi-intensive and two intensive areas that
were six feet in diameter over the structural columns of the building

Fig 87 : Terrace plan

The second redesign consisted of structural reinforcement of the abandoned skylights for
semi-intensive gardens. The increase in semi intensive area added to the diversity allowing
for the 20,000 plants, including about 150 species

Fig 88 : Plan shows different types of green roof

9.5 cm deep extensive gren roof

16.51 cm deep semi-intensive green roof

60.91 cm deep intensive green roof

42
 Design to test different type of green roof system , heating and cooling benefits,
success rates of native and non-native vegetation and reduction in runoff.
 A combination extensive / intensive green roof plan
 extensive skylight remained and were incorporated into design

Layers of a roof :

 The layers of a green roof mimic the condition found in nature to create an environment
Suitable for plant growth
 The drainage layer is meant to store waste for plant use to regulate storm-water runoff
 The filter layer meant to store waste for plant use and to regulate storm-water runoff
 The filter layer prevent the growing media from leaching into drain layer.
 The growing media is specialized mix that retains moisture and nutrient , but is porous
enough to avoid a build-up of water

Maintenance :

Drip irrigation was installed on the green roof for initial establishment and for use during
periods of drought. Water is collected from the penthouse roof into water tanks located
near the downspouts of the penthouse which is used for drip irrigation. Overflow is
released into the green roof media

Inferences :

The whole building does not benefit from energy savings. The upper floor benefits from a
reduction in heat gain during the summer but the green roof only influences 1/12th of the
building where a one story building is 100% influenced by a green roof. The air intakes for
the cooling system are located on the roof therefore the benefits of the cooling properties
of the green roof helped reduce the temperatures on the roof

Paved City Hall Roof : 126 - 130°F

Planted City Hall Roof : 91 - 119°F
Black Tar County Roof : 169°F
The city calculated the projected energy savings due to the green roof:
Avoided energy cost : $3600/yr.
Total direct savings : 9272 KW hours per year

43
 3.4 SUMMARY :

 CII Godrez Hyderabad :

In this building inverted slab is taken as an advantage for a depth of green roof beams
are used as a pedestrian for green roof. Sprinkler systems are attached for irrigation.
Large amount of energy is saved through this approach.

 Dilli haat Pitampura, New Delhi :

All kiosks are constructed with a vaulted green roof with self drainage system because
of its shape and size these kiosks temperature is reduced by 2° C and it also enhances
the ambience of the place.

 Chicago City Hall :

The publicity of this green roof promoted awareness of green roofs throughout the
nation and internationally. While energy savings may be more limited because of the 12
storey building, the green roof was found to significantly cool the air above the roof.

44
3.5 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS :

Project Type Thermal Maintenance User Climatic Material

Name Quality Comfort Zone

CII - Godrez Extensive It reduces Automatic It reduces Semi - arid Drainage

Hyderabad inside Sprinkler inside climate layer , filter
temperature systems are temperature layer , root
by 2 °C and installed for and reduces barrier
keeps the irrigation the use of layer, PVC
building cool air-conditioning membrane
in daytime and
water stored is
used in other
purpose like
irrigation

Dilli haat Extensive Temperature Initial weeding These type of composite Drainage
Pitampura, is reduced by was done until green roof layer , filter
New Delhi 2°C and it the sedums reduce the layer , root
grew thick temperature of barrier
also enhances enough to keep the outer area layer, PVC
the ambience most weeds at and reduce membrane
of the place. bay. Minimal urban heat
spring and fall island effect
weeding are
done.

Chicago Semi-intensive 5°C to 7°C Drip irrigation Building is not Hot Drainage
City Hall temperature was installed on accessible to -summer layer , filter
lesser than the green roof the public or humid layer , root
the building continental barrier
surrounding occupants but layer, PVC
building it willl reduce membrane
the
temperature of
the building

45
 CONCLUSION

The research has critically explored the importance of terrace gardens in urban areas. It is
also beneficial in terms of physical experiences, and better utilization of space and time. A
terrace garden is effective in maintaining the ambient temperature and thermal comfort.
Green spaces help to improve the quality of life in cities by reducing air pollution and
creating a healthy environment. A terrace garden is an ideal architectural combination of
aesthetics, economy, and ecology.
Green roofs are a great alternative to the traditional roof with both environmental and
economical benefits, however, there are still major obstacles to overcome before they
become widely implemented in the Indian Context. For green roofs to become more
widespread, we have to create region-specific guidelines on design and plant species for the
temperate regions to help reduce design costs for new green roof constructions.

Green roofs require proper attention at the earlier stage so that the plant species get
adapted to the conditions of the roof. The structure of the building should be affordable for
the green roof. Proper waterproofing should be done while installing a green roof.

 Green roof is a sustainable method of improving the quality of life in urban areas by
mitigating urban issues.
 They help to maintain the natural habitat by providing a space for both residents and
wildlife
 Green roof technology is an ideal architectural combination of aesthetics, economy and
ecology
 The reduction in usage of energy by green roofs contributes to a greener planet by
reducing harmful emission of gases

RECOMMENDATIONS :

 Appropriate plant species that are adaptable to the climatic zone should be selected
while installing a green roof.
 Better waterproofing or an extra waterproofing membrane should be installed on the
roof for green roofing systems.
 The load of the green roofing system should not affect the structure of the building.
 New methods with low cost should be developed so that future scope for this technology
increases.
46
 Converting terraces into open spaces with the help of green roof installation should be
promoted.
 Horticulture using a green roof system promotes the use of green roofs in residential
buildings.
 When compared to office spaces, people spend most of their time in residences, so
green roofs in residential buildings promotes the scope of this technique.
 With the green roofing system, the increasing climatic problems and environmental
problems can be eliminated
 Due to the increased benefits of green roofs, effort should be taken among the
researchers to conduct more research on green roof technology

47
REFERENCES

 Acharya S. 2019. Rooftop Gardening: The Ecology And Economy A Thesis Submitted To
The Agricultural Extension Department Of Agricultural Extension Faculty
Of Agriculture, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338335855
 Anitha K., Amudha R. Comparison Of Benefits of Terrace Gardening Between Individual
Houses And Apartments, Volume-8, Issue-2, February-2019 • Print Issn No 2277 - 8160.
 Barreiro L. 2012. Rooftop Gardening In An Urban Setting: Impacts And Implications,"
Spring
 Carter, T.; Keeler, A. "Life-cycle cost-benefit analysis of extensive
vegetated roof systems." Journal of Environmental Management, May 2008: 350-363.
 Guitart, D., Pickering, C., Byrne, J. 2012. Past results and future directions 111 urban
community gardens research. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 11(4), 364-373.

WEBSITES :

 https://www.nps.gov/tps/sustainability/new-technology/green-roofs/define.htm
 https://greenrooftechnology.com/
 https://myrooff.com/
 https://www.construction21.org/articles/h/7-sustainable-and-financial-reasons-to-install
-a-green-roof.html
 https://www.construction21.org/articles/h/all-you-need-to-know-about-green-roof-cons
truction.html
 https://greenroofs.org/
 https://cabaus.org/2018/04/20/green-roofing-everything-need-know/
 https://www.ecomena.org/green-roofs/
 https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/productline/building-materials/green-r
oofs-what-are-the-policies-around-green-roofs-how-to-install-one-all-you-need-to-know
/articleshow/70392872.cms
 http://www.heathershimmin.com/a-brief-history-of-roof-gardens
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334635605_Green_Roof_Design_and_Practic
es_A_Case_of_Delhi
 https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/you_tianchi_201608_mla.pdf
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