Project 2

Static reactive power compensator (SVC)

•Introduction

In a static reactive power compensator, a fixed capacitive bank is connected in parallel with an inductor
controlled by a thyristor. The thyristor angle of the reactor controls the resulting inductor voltage.
Therefore, the power drawn by the inductor can be controlled. The basic SVC diagram is shown in the
figure below.

SVC is used to improve power factor, voltage regulation, harmonic reduction and transmission network
stability. This equipment is also used in industries to control reactive power and improve power quality.
The most common SVCs are listed below.

Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)

‫ تری‬Thyristor switched capacitor (TSC)

‫ تری‬Thyristor switched reactor (TSR)

A generator with a static absorber of reactive power that is connected in parallel and its output is
adjusted for the exchange of capacitive or inductive current, so as to maintain or control certain
parameters in the power system (typically bus voltage).

This is a general term for a thyristor switchable reactor or thyristor controllable capacitor or capacitor
(or a combination of capacitor and reactor) switchable thyristor.
SVC operation is based on thyristors without the ability to cut off the valve, and includes separate
equipment for the preceding and delaying of the reactive power phase. These equipments include a
reactor with the ability to switch or control a thyristor to absorb reactive power, and a capacitor with
the ability of a thyristor to supply a reactive load.

• Simulation in MATLAB environment and system description

A 300 MV static reactive power compensator (SVC) adjusts the voltage on a 6000 MV system with 735
kV. The SVC consists of a 333-MVA 735 kV / 16-kV coupling transformer, a controlled reactor bank with a
109 Mvar thyristor (TCR) and three capacitive banks with a Mvar 94 thyristor switch (TSC1 TSC2 TSC3)
connected to the secondary side of the transformer.

Switching TSCs for input and output allows the secondary reactive power to be discontinued in 94-
megawatt steps from zero to 282 megawatts (at 16 kV). While the TCR phase control allows continuous
changes from zero to 109 megawatts to occur.

Considering the transformer leakage reactance (15%), the SVC equivalent suspension seen from the
initial side can be continuously from pu / 100 MVA -1/04 (fully selfie) to pu / 100 Mvar +3/23
(Completely capacitive) changed. The SVC controller controls the initial voltage and sends the
appropriate pulses to 24 thyristors (6 thyristors in each three-phase bank) to obtain the required voltage
of the voltage regulator.

Using the under mask feature to see how the TCR and TSC subsystems look, it can be seen that each
three-phase bank is connected in a triangle so that if the three-phase system is balanced, the harmonic
multiples of the third sequence are zero (third, ninth). ..) remains trapped inside the triangle, thus
reducing harmonic injection into the power system. The power system is represented by a selfie
equation (short circuit level of 60 MVA) and a load of 200 MW.
• Dynamic SVC response and simulation results

svc is in voltage control mode and its reference voltage is set to Vref = 1.0 pu. The regulator voltage drop
is 0.01 pu / 100 VA (0.03 pu / 300MVA). Therefore, when the operating point of the SVC changes from
fully capacitive (+300 Mvar) to fully inductive (Mvar -100), the SVC voltage varies between 1-0.03 = 0.97
pu and 1 + 0.01 = 1.01 pu.

Initially the source voltage is set at 1.04 pu, so we have a voltage of 1.0 pu at the SVC terminals when
the SVC is not in the circuit. Since the Vref reference voltage is set to 1.0 pu, the SVC is initially floating
(zero current). This working point is achieved with the presence of TSC1 and almost complete TCR
conductance (alpha = 96 degrees). At t = 0.1 s, the voltage suddenly rises to 1.025 pu.

The SVC reacts by absorbing reactive power (Q = -95 Mvar) to return the voltage to 1.01 pu. 95% session
time is approximately 135 milliseconds. At this point all TSCs are out of service and the TCR is almost in
full conductivity (alpha = 94 degrees). At t = 0.4 s the source voltage drops sharply to 0.93 pu.

The SVC reacts by producing 256 megawatts of reactive power, thus increasing the voltage to 0.974
prionites. At this stage, three TSCs are active and the TCR absorbs approximately 40% of its nominal
reactive power (alpha = 120 °).

Observing how the TSCs turn on and off respectively, it can be seen that every time a TSC is turned on,
the TCR alpha angle suddenly changes from 180 degrees (without guidance) to 90 degrees (full
guidance). . Finally, at t = 0.7 s, the voltage increases to 0.1 pU and the SVC reactive power decreases to
zero.
.

Each time the TSC is turned off, the voltage remains in the TSC capacitors. If you look at the 'TSC1
Misfiring' scope inside the "Signals and Amplitude" subsystem, you can see the voltage TSC1 (first track)
and the current TSC1 (second track) for branch AB. The voltage across the positive thyristor (positive
current conduction thyristor) is shown on effect 3, and the pulses sent to this thyristor are shown on
effect 4.

Note that the positive thyristor starts at the maximum negative TSC voltage, when the valve voltage is
minimum. If the fire pulse is not sent in the wrong time at the wrong time, too much current can be
seen in the TSC valves
• Conclusion

Static reactive power compensator is an electrical device used to compensate for fast-acting reactive
electrical power in high-voltage transmission networks. The reason for using the word static in this
naming is that there is no moving part in SVCs, except for circuit breakers and circuit breakers. The main
task of SVC is to regulate the voltage and stability of the power system.

SVC is an automatic impedance matching device designed to bring the power factor of the system as
close to 1 as possible. If the reactive load of the system is capacitive (lead), the SVC uses reactors to
absorb the reactive power of the system (VAR) and lower the system voltage level.

However, under inductive loads, capacitive banks automatically enter the circuit and increase the
system voltage. They are usually used near loads that change rapidly, such as arc furnaces, and can
reduce voltage fluctuations somewhat. Bring.

The main advantage of using SVC over simple mechanical compensators is their almost instantaneous
response to voltage changes. This is why it is common to try to keep their operating point at zero so that
it is possible to correct high reactive capacities in a short period of time when necessary. On the other
hand, they are cheaper, faster, and more reliable than dynamic methods (such as synchronous
condensers), and their capacity is generally higher.
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

• Introduction

STATCOM is a power electronics-based voltage converter that can regulate power in a transmission
system with a reactive power source or sink. It is also used to provide active power to the transmission
line. In general, STATCOM is used in the transmission line, which has a very low power factor and poor
voltage regulation. Static synchronous compensator is the most common equipment to improve the
voltage stability of the power system.

STATCOM uses the charged capacitor as the DC input source and converts it to a three-phase AC output
by a voltage-controlled inverter. The output of the inverter is synchronized with the AC power of the
power system. The inverter is connected to the coupling transformer via a parallel connection to the
transmission line. By controlling the output of the inverter, the output of STATCOM can be controlled.
The STATCOM base circuit is shown in the figure below.

• Simulation in MATLAB environment and system description

In this simulation, a 100 MW STATCOM regulates the voltage on a 500 kV three-bus system. The 48-
pulse STATCOM uses a voltage source converter (VSC) made of four 12-pulse three-level GTO inverters.

According to the internal block of STATCOM, it can be seen that the VSC inverter is made of four sets of
three-phase voltages obtained at the output of four three-level inverters, which are changed to the
secondary windings of four phase-transformers (deg., -7.5 deg., 7.5 deg ., + 7.5deg -15) are applied. The
main components of the voltages obtained on the 500 kV side of the transformers are added in parallel
by connecting a series of primary windings.

During steady-state mode, the STATCOM control system keeps the main component of the VSC voltage
in phase with the system voltage. If the voltage generated by the VSC is higher (or lower) than the
system voltage, STATCOM generates (or absorbs) reactive power. The amount of reactive power
depends on the voltage range of the VSC and the leakage reactance of the transformer.

The main component of the VSC voltage is controlled by changing the DC bus voltage. In order to change
the DC voltage, followed by the reactive power, the VSC (alpha) voltage angle, which is normally kept
close to zero, is temporarily shifted. This delay or precedence of the VSC voltage produces a temporary
current of active power that leads to an increase or decrease in the voltage of the capacitors.

One of the three voltage sources used in 500 kV systems can be changed to observe the STATCOM
dynamic response to system voltage changes.
• STATCOM dynamic response and simulation results

View the waveforms in the STATCOM domain block by running the simulation. STATCOM is in voltage
control mode and its reference voltage is set to Vref = 1.0 pu. The regulator voltage drop is 0.03 pu / 100
VA. Therefore, when STATCOM operating point changes from fully capacitive (+100 Mvar) to fully
inductive (-100 Mvar), STATCOM voltage varies between 1-0.03 = 0.97 pu and 1 + 0.03 = 1.01 pu.

The programmable voltage source is initially set to 1.0491 pu, and as a result the pu 1.0 voltage is
present in the SVC terminals when STATCOM is out of service. Since the reference voltage Vref is set to
pu 1.0, STATCOM is initially floating (zero current). The DC voltage is 19.3 kV. At t = 0.1s, the voltage
suddenly drops by 4.5% (0.955 pu rated voltage). The SVC reacts by generating reactive power (Q = +70
Mvar) to maintain a voltage of 0.979 pu.

95% sitting time is approximately 47 milliseconds. At this stage, the DC voltage has increased to 20.4 kV.
Then at t = 0.2 s the source voltage increases to nominal value pu 1.045. SVC reacts by changing its
operating point from capacitor to inductor to maintain voltage at pu 1.021. At this stage, STATCOM
absorbs 72 megawatts and the DC voltage drops to 18.2 kV.

Observing the first effect shows the initial voltage of STATCOM is changing from capacitor to inductor in
about one cycle. Finally, at t = 0.3 s, the source voltage in the set returns to its nominal value and the
STATCOM operating point returns to zero megawatts.

Transient changes are made to the alpha angle when the DC voltage increases or decreases to change
the reactive power. The steady-state value of the alpha angle (0.5 °) for phase change is required to
maintain a small current of active power to compensate for transformer and converter losses.
• Conclusion

Like SVC, STATCOM can be used to absorb or generate reactive power, except that when connected to
an energy source, it can also be effective at active power.

STATCOM can also be used for voltage regulation or power factor correction, and other common uses
are to maintain voltage stability. Its advantage over SVC is that it has better characteristic curves. When
the mains voltage drops so low that STATCOM has to operate at its maximum capacity, its reactive
power output does not decrease due to the voltage drop.

It can be said that at lower voltages than usual, STATCOM exhibits constant-current characteristics. But
in SVCs, the reactive power output is directly related to the quadratic voltage. Therefore, when the
voltage drops, its reactive power output will drop sharply in proportion to the voltage drop, and as a
result, its stability is low.