Cell Physiology

lec.1 part 1

Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

M.B.CH.B
 Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

Objectives:
1. Describe the structure and functions of the plasma membrane, glycocalyx, and ions
channels.

2. Expound the functions of cilia and flagella.

3. Explain the means of cell-to-cell adhesion.

4. Describe how the cells communicate with each other (signal transduction or cell
signaling).

5. Expound the ways by which cell regulates the intracellular [Ca2+] and [H+].
Cell Physiology
 Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

Levels of Organization

 Chemical
 Cellular
 Tissue
 Organs
 System
 Organism

Cell Physiology
 Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

What is cell ?
Structural and functional unit of the living organisms.

Cell Physiology
 Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

The Composition of a Cell

What does a cell contain ?

Organization
•Water : 70 – 85% (except for fat cells)
•Ions : K+, PO4, Mg etc.(interrelation between ICF & ECF)
•Lipids 2% : Phospholipids, Cholesterol
•Proteins 10-20% : Structural & Functional
•Carbohydrates 1% (3% in muscle cell & 6% in liver)

Cell Physiology
 Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

How is it covered? – By cell membrane

Fluid Mosaic Model of Singer & Nicolson-1972

Cell Physiology
 Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

What are the Components of cell membrane?

Lipid bilayer (7-10nm)
•Permeable to fat soluble but impermeable to water soluble
Proteins
•Integral/ Transmembrane
•Channels/Carriers / Receptors /Enzymes/
Cytoskeleton/Cell identity makers / Antigens
•Peripheral
•receptor proteins/enzyme
Carbohydrates
•Glycolipids/ Glycoproteins
•Glycocalyx
•Give negatively charged surface
•Attaches cells to each other
•Act as a receptor-e.g. insulin
Cell Physiology
 Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

Cell Physiology
 Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

The membrane proteins

 Integral proteins  Peripheral (associated) proteins
• Ion channels proteins • Cytoskeletal proteins(spectrin and actin)
• Pumps • Enzymes that are catalyzing reactions at
• Transport proteins (carriers) the surfaces of the membrane such as
• Receptors protein kinase C
• Cell adhesion molecules • Certain proteins of the extracellular matrix
are localized to the outer surface of the
• Antigens & recognition proteins (identifiers)
plasma membrane
• Enzymes
 Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

Why it is covered?
Functions and characteristics of cell membrane
1. The maintenance of cell shape and structure

2. A transport function

3. Intercellular communication

4. Intercellular adhesion

5. Directed cell movement

Cell Physiology
 Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

Cell Physiology
 Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

The general characteristics of transmembrane ion channel proteins

Specificity

Many of the channels can be opened or closed by gates:

Protein channels can be :
•Open channels
•Gated channels
•Voltage gating
•Chemical or ligand gating
•Physical gating

Cell Physiology
 Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

Cell Physiology
 Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

The receptors: They are proteins or glycoproteins. They are located on the surface of cell, or
within the cytoplasm or nucleus. Receptors have the properties of:

•Specificity
•High affinity
•Limited capacity
•Down & up-regulation

Classification of cell membrane receptors:

1. Gated channel-linked receptors
2. Catalysis-linked receptors
3. G-protein-linked receptors
Cell Physiology
 Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

Cell Physiology
 Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

Glycocalyx

A. Repels other negative objects.

B. Attaching the cells to each other.

C. Receptor

D. Enters into immune reactions antigens markers

that identify the cells of an individual as “self.”
Cell Physiology
Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan
 Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

Cell Physiology
 Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

Cell Physiology
 Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

Cilia
Are non-motile (more widespread) or motile (less widespread) thread-like projections through
the cell membrane; each is anchored by a basal body just within the membrane
In inner ear  play a role in the sense of balance non-motile
In the retina  form the light absorbing part of the receptor cells non-motile
In kidney tubules  monitor fluid flow through the kidney tubules non-motile
In the nose  bind odor molecules non-motile
In the respiratory tract and the uterine (fallopian) tubes  sweeping motile

Cell Physiology
 Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

Cell Physiology
 Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

Q1)The most abundant lipid in cell memrane is: Q3)Protein synthesis occurs at the
a)phospholipid a. Mitochondria
b)cholestrol b. Lysosomes
c)sphingolipid c. Within the nucleus
d)TG d. Ribosomes

Q2)the main composition of the cell is: Q4)Which of the following is not found in the
a)water cell membrane?
b)lipid a. Cholesterol
c)proteins b. Phospholipids
d)CHO c. Proteins
d. Nucleic acids

Cell Physiology
 Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

Q5)What is the basic structural and functional Q7)Which intracellular organelle consists of
unit of the human body? layers of membrane studded with ribosomes?
A. protein A. mitochondrion
B. glucose B. rough endoplasmic reticulum
C. tissue C. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D. organ D. Golgi apparatus
E. cell E. nucleus
Q6)Most of the energy a cell needs to perform Q8)Which of the following is a function of the plasma
its functions is made in: membrane of the cell?
A. endoplasmic reticulum A. production of energy
B. nucleus B. synthesis of proteins
C. processing of cell products for export
C. mitochondria D. separating chromosomes from each other
D. ribosomes E. separating the contents of the cell from the external
E. lysosomes environment (interstitial fluid)
• b. Centrioles
• c. Centrosome Matrix
• d. Microfilament Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

Q9)Plasma membranes are said to be:

A. semipermeable (selective)
B. freely permeable
C. impermeable
D. leaky
E. actively permeable

Q10)The fat cell contain mainly (95%)?

A)phospholipid
B)cholestrol
C)triglycerides
D)non of the above

Cell Physiology
 Dr. Yousif Abbas Hasan

The end of part 1