STRUCTURAL FRAMING SYSTEM

CONCRETE FRAMED TUBE

STEELFRAMED TUBE STEEL BRACED TUBE

STEEL BUNDLED
TUBE

TUBE IN TUBE

CONCRETE BUNDLED TUBE

STEEL DIAGRID EXO-SKELETON

CONCRETE BRACED TUBE
SUPER FRAME SPACE TRUSS

TANUJA S B
2BL17AT022 VII SEM
 THE EARTH AND ITS INTERIOR
• LONG TIME AGO, A LARGE COLLECTION OF MATERIAL MASSES COALESCED TO FORM
THE EARTH.
• LARGE AMOUNT OF HEAT WAS GENERATED BY THIS FUSION, AND SLOWLY AS THE
EARTH COOLED DOWN, THE HEAVIER AND DENSER MATERIALS SANK TO THE CENTER
AND THE LIGHTER ONES ROSE TO THE TOP.
• THE DIFFERENT EARTH CONSISTS OF THE INNER CORE (RADIUS ~1290KM), THE
OUTER CORE (THICKNESS ~2200KM), THE MANTLE (THICKNESS ~2900KM) , THE
CRUST (THICKNESS ~5 TO 40KM)
• FIGURE 1 SHOWS THESE LAYERS.
• THE INNER CORE IS SOILD AND CONSISTS OF HEAVY METALS (EQ: NICKEL AND IRON),
WHILE THE CRUST CONSISTS OF LIGHT MATERIALS (EQ: BASALTS AND GRANITES).
• THE OUTER CORE IS LIQUID IN FORM AND THE MANTEL HAS ABILITY TO FLOW.
• AT THE CORE, THE TEMPERATURE IS ESTIMATE TO BE ~2500 DEGREE C, THE
PRESSURE ~4 MILLION ATMOSPHERES AND DENSITY ~13.5 GM/CC ; THIS IS
CONTRAST TO ~25DEGREE C, 1 ATMOSPHERE AND 1.5 GM/CC ON THE SURFACE OF
THE EARTH.
PLATE TECTONICS
• THE CONVECTIVE FLOWS OF MANTLE MATERIAL CAUSE THE CRUST AND SOME
PORTION OF THE MANTLE, TO CLIDE ON THE HOT MOLTEN OUTER CORE.
• THIS SLIDING OF EARTH’S MASS TAKES PLACE IN PIECES CALLED TECTONIC PLATES.
• THE SURFACE OF EARTH CONSISTS OF SEVEN MAJOR TECTONIC PLATES AND MANY
SMALLER ONES (FIGURE 3).
• TIWSE PLATES MOVE IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS AND AL DIFFERENT SPEEDS
FROM THOSE OF THE NEIGHBOURING ONL?S.SOMETIMES, THE PLATE IN THE
FRONT IS SLOWER; THEN, THE PLA TE BEHIND IT COMES AND COLLIDES ON
THE OTHER
• HAND, SOMETIMES TWO PLATES MOVE AWAY FROM ONE ANOTHER (AND
RIFLS ARE CREA TED). IN ANOTHER CASE, TWO PLATES MOVE SIDE-BY-SIDE,
ALONG THE SAME DIRECTION OR IN OPPOSITE DIRECT IONS.
• THESE THREE TYPES OF INTER-PLA TE INTERACTIONS ARE THE COM>ERGEUT,
TLIVERGE11T AND TRA11SFON11 BOUNDARIES (FIGURE 4), RESPECTIVELY.
• THE CONVERGENT BOUNDA RY HAS A PECULIARITY (LIKE AT THE HIMALAYAS)
THAT SOMEHML!S NPITHER OF THR COLLIDING PLA TES WANTS TO SINK THE
RELATIVE MOVEMEN T OF THESE PLATE BOUNDARIES VARIES ACROSS THE
EARTH; ON AN AVERAGE, IT IS OF THE ORDER OF A COUPLE TO TENS OF
CENTIMETERS PER YEAR.
THE CIRCULATIONS
• CONVECTION CURRENTS DEVELOP IN THE VISCOUS MANTLE, BECAUSE OF
PREVAILING HIGH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE GRADIENTS BETWEEN THE
CRUST AND THE CORE, LIKE THE CONVECTIVE FLOW OF WATER WHEN HEATED
IN A BEAKER (FIGURE 2).
• THE ENERGY FOR THE ABOVE CIRCULA TIONS IS DERIVED FROM THE
HEAT PRODUCED FROM THE INCESSANT DECAY OF RADIOACTIVE
ELEMENTS IN THE
• ROCKS THROUGHOUT THE EARTH'S INTERIOR.
• THESE CONVECTION CURRENTS RESULT IN A CIRCULATION OF THE EARTH'S
MASS, HOT MOLTEN LAVA COMES OUT AND THE COLD ROCK MASS GOES
INTO THE EARTH.
• THE MASS ABSORBED EVENTUALLY MELTS UNDER HIGH TEMPERATURE
AND PRESSURE AND BECOMES A PART OF THE MANTLE. ONLY TO COME
OUT AGAIN FROM ANOTHER LOCATION, SOMEDAY.
• MANY SUCH LOCA L CIRCULATIONS ARE TAKING PLACE AT DIFFERENT
REGIONS UNDERNEATH T HE EARTH'S SURFACE, LEADING TO DIFFERENT
PORTIONS OF THE EARTH UNDERGOING DIFFERENT DIRTRETIONS OF
MOVEMENTS ALONG THE SURFACE.
CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKE
• THE SUDDEN SLIP AT THE FAULT CAUSES TIRE EARTHQUAKE .
• A VIOLENT SHAKING OF THE EARTH WHEN LARGE ELASTIC
STRAIN ENERGY RELEASED SPREADS OUT THROUGH SEISMIC
WAVES THA T TRAVEL THROUGH THE BODY AND ALONG THE
SURFACE OF THE EARTH.
• AND, AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE IS OVER, THE PROCESS OF
STRAIN BUILD-UP AT THIS MODIFIED INTERFACE BETWEEN THE
ROCKS STARTS ALL OVER AGAIN (FIGURE 6).
• EARTH SCIENTISTS KNOW THIS AS THE ELASTIC REBOUND
THEORY .
• THE MATERIAL POINTS AT THE FAULT OVER WHICH SLIP
OCCURS USUALLY CONSTITUTE AN OBLONG TH REE-DIMENSIONAL
VOLUME, WITH ITS LONG DIMENSION OFTEN RUNNING INTO
TENS OF KILOMETERS.
THE EARTHQUAKE
• ROCKS ARE MADE OF ELASTIC MATERIAL, AND SO ELASTIC STRAIN
ENERGY IS STORED IN THEM DURING THE DEFORMATIONS THAT
OCCUR DUE TO THE GIGANTIC TECTONIC PLATE ACTIONS THAT
OCCUR IN THE EARTH.
• BUT, THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN ROCKS IS ALSO VERY BRITTLE.
• THUS, WHEN THE ROCKS ALONG A WEA K REGION IN THE EARTH'S
CRUST REACH THEIR SRENGTH, A SUDDEN MOVEMENT TAKES
PLACE THERE (FIGURE 5).
• OPPOSITE SIDES OF THEFAULT (A CRACK IN THE ROCKS WHERE
MOVEMENT HAS TAKEN PLACE) SUDDENLY SLIP AND RELEASE THE
LARGE ELASTIC STRAIN ENERGY STORED IN THE INTERFACE ROCKS.
• FOR EXAMPLE, THE ENERGY REL EASED DURING THE 2001 BHUJ
(INDIA) EARTHQUAKE IS ABOUT 400 TIMES (OR MORE) THAT
RELEASED BY THE 1945 ATOM BOMB DROPPED ON HIROSHIMA.
TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE AND FAULTS
• MOST EARTHQUAKES IN THE WORLD OCCUR ALONG THE
BOUNDARIES OF THE TECTONIC PLATES AND ARE CALLED INTER
PLATE EARTHQUAKES (EG, 1897 ASSAM (INDIA) EARTHQUAKE).
• A NUMBER OF EARTHQUAKES ALSO OCCUR WITHIN THE PLATE
ITSELF AWAY FROM THE PLATE BOUNDARIES (EG, 1993 LATUR
(INDIA) EARTHQUAKE), THESE ARE CALLED INTRA PLATE
EARTHQUAKES.
• IN BOTH TYPES OF EARTHQUAKES THE SLIP GENERATED AT THE
FAULT DURING EARTHQUAKES IS ALONG BOTH VERTICAL AND
HORIZONTAL DIRECTIONS (CALLED DIP SLIP) AND LATERAL
DIRECTIONS (CALLED STRIKE SLIP) (FIGURE 7), WITH ONE OF
THEM DOMINATING SOMETIMES.
TANUJA S BATAKURKI
2BL17AT022 VII SEM
 HOW ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES AFFECT BUILDINGS DURING EARTHQUAKES?
IMPORTANCE OF ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES VERTICAL LAYOUT OF BUILDINGS
• THE BEHAVIOUR OF A BUILDING DURING EARTHQUAKES DEPENDS CRITICALLY ON ITS OVERALL
• THE EARTHQUAKE FORCES DEVELOPED AT DIFFERENT FLOOR LEVELS IN A BUILDING NEED TO BE
SHAPE, SIZE AND GEOMETRY, IN ADDITION TO HOW THE EARTHQUAKE FORCES ARE CARRIED TO THE
BROUGHT DOWN ALONG THE HEIGHT TO THE GROUND BY THE SHORTEST PATH;
GROUND.
• ANY DEVIATION OR DISCONTINUITY IN THIS LOAD TRANSFER PATH RESULTS IN POOR PERFORMANCE
• HENCE, AT THE PLANNING STAGE ITSELF, ARCHITECTS AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS MUST WORK
OF THE BUILDING.
TOGETHER TO ENSURE THAT THE UNFAVOURABLE FEATURES ARE AVOIDED AND A GOOD BUILDING
• BUILDINGS WITH VERTICAL SETBACKS (LIKE THE HOTEL BUILDINGS WITH A FEW STOREYS WIDER
CONFIGURATION IS CHOSEN.
THAN THE REST) CAUSE A SUDDEN JUMP IN EARTHQUAKE FORCES AT THE LEVEL OF DISCONTINUITY
• THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CONFIGURATION OF A BUILDING WAS APTLY SUMMARISED BY LATE
(FIGURE 3A).
HENRY DEGENKOLB, A NOTED EARTHQUAKE ENGINEER OF USA, AS:
• BUILDINGS THAT HAVE FEWER COLUMNS OR WALLS IN A PARTICULAR STOREY OR WITH UNUSUALLY
• “IF WE HAVE A POOR CONFIGURATION TO START WITH, ALL THE ENGINEER CAN DO IS TO PROVIDE
TALL STOREY (FIGURE 3B), TEND TO DAMAGE OR COLLAPSE WHICH IS INITIATED IN THAT STOREY.
A BAND-AID - IMPROVE A BASICALLY POOR SOLUTION AS BEST AS HE CAN. CONVERSELY, IF WE
MANY BUILDINGS WITH AN OPEN GROUND STOREY INTENDED FOR PARKING COLLAPSED OR WERE
START-OFF WITH A GOOD CONFIGURATION AND REASONABLE FRAMING SYSTEM, EVEN A POOR
SEVERELY DAMAGED IN GUJARAT DURING THE 2001 BHUJ EARTHQUAKE.
ENGINEER CANNOT HARM ITS ULTIMATE PERFORMANCE TOO MUCH.”

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
• A DESIRE TO CREATE AN AESTHETIC AND FUNCTIONALLY EFFICIENT STRUCTURE DRIVES ARCHITECTS
TO CONCEIVE WONDERFUL AND IMAGINATIVE STRUCTURES
• SOMETIMES THE SHAPE OF THE BUILDING CATCHES THE EYE OF THE VISITOR, SOMETIMES THE
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM APPEALS, AND IN OTHER OCCASIONS BOTH SHAPE AND STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
WORK TOGETHER TO MAKE THE STRUCTURE A MARVEL.
• HOWEVER, EACH OF THESE CHOICES OF SHAPES AND STRUCTURE HAS SIGNIFICANT BEARING ON
THE PERFORMANCE OF THE BUILDING DURING STRONG EARTHQUAKES.
• THE WIDE RANGE OF STRUCTURAL DAMAGES OBSERVED DURING PAST EARTHQUAKES ACROSS THE
WORLD IS VERY EDUCATIVE IN IDENTIFYING STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATIONS THAT ARE DESIRABLE
VERSUS THOSE WHICH MUST BE AVOIDED.
• SIZE OF BUILDINGS: IN TALL BUILDINGS WITH LARGE HEIGHT-TO-BASE SIZE RATIO (FIGURE 1A), THE
HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT OF THE FLOORS DURING GROUND SHAKING IS LARGE.
• URING EARTHQUAKE SHAKING ARE MANY. AND, IN BUILDINGS WITH LARGE PLAN AREA LIKE
WAREHOUSES (FIGURE 1C), THE HORIZONTAL SEISMIC FORCES CAN BE EXCESSIVE TO BE CARRIED
BY COLUMNS AND WALLS.

HORIZONTAL LAYOUT OF BUILDINGS:

• IN GENERAL, BUILDINGS WITH SIMPLE GEOMETRY IN PLAN (FIGURE 2A) HAVE PERFORMED WELL
DURING STRONG EARTHQUAKES.
• BUILDINGS WITH RE-ENTRANT CORNERS, LIKE THOSE U, V, H AND + SHAPED IN PLAN (FIGURE 2B),
HAVE SUSTAINED SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE. MANY TIMES, THE BAD EFFECTS OF THESE INTERIOR
CORNERS IN THE PLAN OF BUILDINGS ARE AVOIDED BY MAKING THE BUILDINGS IN TWO PARTS.
• FOR EXAMPLE, AN L-SHAPED PLAN CAN BE BROKEN UP INTO TWO RECTANGULAR PLAN SHAPES
USING A SEPARATION JOINT AT THE JUNCTION (FIGURE 2C).
• OFTEN, THE PLAN IS SIMPLE, BUT THE COLUMNS/WALLS ARE NOT EQUALLY DISTRIBUTED IN
PLAN. BUILDINGS WITH SUCH FEATURES TEND TO TWIST DURING EARTHQUAKE SHAKING.
• A DISCUSSION IN THIS ASPECT WILL BE PRESENTED IN THE UPCOMING IITK-BMTPC EARTHQUAKE
TIP 7 ON HOW BUILDINGS TWIST DURING EARTHQUAKES?

TANUJA S BATAKURKI
2BL17AT022 VII SEM
 one woodward
avenue detroit The Ingalls Building, United States

Lee hall iii – clemson university, clemson,

s.C

First City Tower (1984,

Houston.

Godfrey Hotel

Cook County
Administration Building
(1964, Chicago, 38 Stories,
145 M)
Casselden Palace
 US bank centre

Shanghai tower

Wuhan greenland

TANUJA S BATAKURKI
2BL17AT022 VII SEM
 HOW DO BRICK MASONRY HOUSES BEHAVE DURING EARTHQUAKES?
BEHAVIOUR OF BRICK MASONRY WALLS
• MASONRY BUILDINGS ARE BRITTLE STRUCTURES AND ONE OF THE MOST VULNERABLE OF THE ENTIRE BUILDING STOCK
UNDER STRONG EARTHQUAKE SHAKING.
• THE LARGE NUMBER OF HUMAN FATALITIES IN SUCH CONSTRUCTIONS DURING THE PAST EARTHQUAKES IN INDIA
CORROBORATES THIS. THUS, IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO IMPROVE THE SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF MASONRY BUILDINGS.
• A NUMBER OF EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT FEATURES CAN BE INTRODUCED TO ACHIEVE THIS OBJECTIVE. GROUND
VIBRATIONS DURING EARTHQUAKES CAUSE INERTIA FORCES AT LOCATIONS OF MASS IN THE BUILDING.
• THESE FORCES TRAVEL THROUGH THE ROOF AND WALLS TO THE FOUNDATION. THE MAIN EMPHASIS IS ON ENSURING
THAT THESE FORCES REACH THE GROUND WITHOUT CAUSING MAJOR DAMAGE OR COLLAPSE. OF THE THREE
COMPONENTS OF A MASONRY BUILDING (ROOF, WALL AND FOUNDATION) (FIGURE 1A), THE WALLS ARE MOST
VULNERABLE TO DAMAGE CAUSED BY HORIZONTAL FORCES DUE TO EARTHQUAKE.
• A WALL TOPPLES DOWN EASILY IF PUSHED HORIZONTALLY AT THE TOP IN A DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR TO ITS PLANE
(TERMED WEAK DIRECTION), BUT OFFERS MUCH GREATER RESISTANCE IF PUSHED ALONG ITS LENGTH (TERMED STRONG
DIRECTION) (FIGURE 1B). THE GROUND SHAKES SIMULTANEOUSLY IN THE VERTICAL AND TWO HORIZONTAL DIRECTIONS
DURING EARTHQUAKES.
• HOWEVER, THE HORIZONTAL VIBRATIONS ARE THE MOST DAMAGING TO NORMAL MASONRY BUILDINGS. HORIZONTAL
INERTIA FORCE DEVELOPED AT THE ROOF TRANSFERS TO THE WALLS ACTING EITHER IN THE WEAK OR IN THE STRONG
DIRECTION.
• IF ALL THE WALLS ARE NOT TIED TOGETHER LIKE A BOX, THE WALLS LOADED IN THEIR WEAK DIRECTION TEND TO TOPPLE
(FIGURE 2A).
• TO ENSURE GOOD SEISMIC PERFORMANCE, ALL WALLS MUST BE JOINED PROPERLY TO THE ADJACENT WALLS. IN THIS
WAY, WALLS LOADED IN THEIR WEAK DIRECTION CAN TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE GOOD LATERAL RESISTANCE OFFERED BY
WALLS LOADED IN THEIR STRONG DIRECTION (FIGURE 2B). FURTHER, WALLS ALSO NEED TO BE TIED TO THE ROOF AND
FOUNDATION TO PRESERVE THEIR OVERALL INTEGRITY.

CHOICE AND QUALITY OF BUILDING MATERIALS

HOW TO IMPROVE BEHAVIOUR OF MASONRY WALLS
• EARTHQUAKE PERFORMANCE OF A MASONRY WALL IS VERY SENSITIVE TO THE PROPERTIES OF ITS
• MASONRY WALLS ARE SLENDER BECAUSE OF THEIR SMALL
CONSTITUENTS, NAMELY MASONRY UNITS AND MORTAR.
THICKNESS COMPARED TO THEIR HEIGHT AND LENGTH.
• THE PROPERTIES OF THESE MATERIALS VARY ACROSS INDIA DUE TO VARIATION IN RAW MATERIALS AND
• A SIMPLE WAY OF MAKING THESE WALLS BEHAVE WELL DURING
CONSTRUCTION METHODS. A VARIETY OF MASONRY UNITS ARE USED IN THE COUNTRY, E.G., CLAY BRICKS
EARTHQUAKE SHAKING IS BY MAKING THEM ACT TOGETHER AS A
(BURNT AND UNBURRNT), CONCRETE BLOCKS (SOLID AND HOLLOW), STONE BLOCKS. BURNT CLAY BRICKS ARE
BOX ALONG WITH THE ROOF AT THE TOP AND WITH THE
MOST COMMONLY USED. THESE BRICKS ARE INHERENTLY POROUS, AND SO THEY ABSORB WATER. EXCESSIVE
FOUNDATION AT THE BOTTOM.
POROSITY IS DETRIMENTAL TO GOOD MASONRY BEHAVIOR BECAUSE THE BRICKS SUCK AWAY WATER FROM THE
• A NUMBER OF CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS ARE REQUIRED TO
ADJOINING MORTAR, WHICH RESULTS IN POOR BOND BETWEEN BRICK AND MORTAR, AND IN DIFFICULTY IN
ENSURE THIS BOX ACTION. FIRSTLY, CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE
POSITIONING MASONRY UNITS.
WALLS SHOULD BE GOOD. THIS CAN BE ACHIEVED BY
• FOR THIS REASON, BRICKS WITH LOW POROSITY ARE TO BE USED, AND THEY MUST BE SOAKED IN WATER
• (A) ENSURING GOOD INTERLOCKING OF THE MASONRY COURSES
BEFORE USE TO MINIMIZE THE AMOUNT OF WATER DRAWN AWAY FROM THE MORTAR.
AT THE JUNCTIONS, AND
• VARIOUS MORTARS ARE USED, E.G., MUD, CEMENT-SAND, OR CEMENT-SAND-LIME. OF THESE, MUD MORTAR IS
• (B) EMPLOYING HORIZONTAL BANDS AT VARIOUS LEVELS,
THE WEAKEST; IT CRUSHES EASILY WHEN DRY, FLOWS OUTWARD AND HAS VERY LOW EARTHQUAKE
PARTICULARLY AT THE LINTEL LEVEL. SECONDLY, THE SIZES OF
RESISTANCE.
DOOR AND WINDOW OPENINGS NEED TO BE KEPT SMALL.
• CEMENT-SAND MORTAR WITH LIME IS THE MOST SUITABLE.
• THE SMALLER THE OPENINGS, THE LARGER IS THE RESISTANCE
• THIS MORTAR MIX PROVIDES EXCELLENT WORKABILITY FOR LAYING BRICKS, STRETCHES WITHOUT CRUMBLING
OFFERED BY THE WALL.
AT LOW EARTHQUAKE SHAKING, AND BONDS WELL WITH BRICKS.
• THIRDLY, THE TENDENCY OF A WALL TO TOPPLE WHEN PUSHED IN
• THE EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE OF MASONRY WALLS DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE STRENGTHS OF BRICK AND
THE WEAK DIRECTION CAN BE REDUCED BY LIMITING ITS LENGTH-
MORTAR. BRICKS MUST BE STRONGER THAN MORTAR. EXCESSIVE THICKNESS OF MORTAR IS NOT DESIRABLE. A
TO-THICKNESS AND HEIGHT TO-THICKNESS RATIOS (FIGURE 3).
10MM THICK MORTAR LAYER IS GENERALLY SATISFACTORY FROM PRACTICAL AND AESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS.
• DESIGN CODES SPECIFY LIMITS FOR THESE RATIOS. A WALL THAT IS
INDIAN STANDARDS PRESCRIBE THE PREFERRED TYPES AND GRADES OF BRICKS AND MORTARS TO BE USED IN
TOO TALL OR TOO LONG IN COMPARISON TO ITS THICKNESS, IS
BUILDINGS IN EACH SEISMIC ZONE.
PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE TO SHAKING IN ITS WEAK DIRECTION
(FIGURE 3).
TANUJA S BATAKURKI
2BL17AT022 VII SEM
 6.SLAB-BEAM
DEAD LOAD CALCULATION B = 0.23m D = 0.45-0.15 = 0.3m
L = Lx + Ly = Same as plinth beam
• Building Size-20m x 30m L = 281.95 m
• Grid Size-5m x 5m
Dead Load- Volume x Density of material
• Column Size-0.23m x 0.45m
Vol= 281.95 x 0.23 x 0.3 = 19.45 m3
• Beam Size-0.23m x 0.45m
• Lintel- 0.23m x 0.15m Dead Load- Volume x Density of material.(As per
• Slab Thickness- 0.15m IS 875 1987 part 1)
• Wall thickness – 0.23m Density of Concrete = 25 kN/m3
• Footing size – 1.5m x 1.5m x 0.45m Dead Load- 19.45 x 25= 486.36 kN

1.FOOTING 7.SLAB
Size: 1.5mx1.5mx0.45m B = 20m D = 0.15m L = 30m
Vol = 1.5x1.5x0.45= 1.0125m3
Dead Load- Volume x Density of material
Dead Load- Volume x Density of material.(As per IS 875 1987 Vol= 90 m3
part 1)
4.LINTEL
Density= 25kN/m3 Dead Load- Volume x Density of material.(As per
The length of lintel = the length of plinth beam
As, there are 35 Footings- 1.0125x25x35= 885.93kN IS 875 1987 part 1)
L = 281.95 m
Density of Concrete = 25 kN/m3
B = 0.23m D = 0.15 m
2. COLUMN Dead Load = 90 x 25 = 2250 kN
Let us assume column is taken up to parapet level. Dead Load- Volume x Density of material
B=0.23m D= 0.45m Vol= 281.95 x 0.23 x 0.15
H= 1.5+1.5+2.1+0.9+1-0.45-0.15-0.45= 5.95m = 9.72 m3 8. PARAPET WALL
Vol = 0.23x0.45x5.95x35= 21.55m3 Dead Load- Volume x Density of material.(As per IS B = 0.23m D=1m
875 1987 part 1) L = Lx + Ly
Dead Load- Volume x Density of material.(As per IS 875 1987 Density= 25kN/m3 Lx = (20-0.23x 5) x 2 = 37.7 m
part 1) Dead Load- 9.72 x 25= 243KN Ly = (30-0.45x 7) x 2 = 53.7 m
Density= 25kN/m3 L = 91.4 m
dead load – 21.55 x 25 =538.75kN 5.BRICK WALL
B = 0.23m D = 2.1+0.9-0.15-0.45= 2.4 m Dead Load- Volume x Density of material
3.PLINTH LEVEL
Vol= 2 91.4 x 0.23 x 1 = 21.02 m3
Size: 0.23m x 0.45m L= Lx+Ly
Length calculation Lx = ( 20-0.23x 5) x 7 = 131.95 m Dead Load- Volume x Density of material.(As per
Lx= 20 x 7= 140m Ly = ( 30-0.45x 7) x 5 = 134.25 m IS 875 1987 part 1)
Ly= [ 30- (0.23x7)x 5] = 141.95m L = 266.2 m Density of Brick = 20 kN/m3
L= Lx + Ly= 140+141.95
Dead Load = 21.02 x 20 = 420.4 kN
L = 281.95 m Dead Load- Volume x Density of material
Vol = 281.95 x 0.23 x 0.45 = 29.18 m3 Vol= 266.2 x 0.23 x 2.4
= 146.94 m3
Dead Load- Volume x Density of material.(As per IS 875 1987
part 1) Dead Load- Volume x Density of material.(As per IS 875 1987 part 1)
Density= 25kN/m3 Density of Brick = 20 kN/m3 TANUJA S BATAKURKI
dead load – 29.18 m3 x 25 =729.54kN Dead Load- 146.94 x 20= 2933.84 kN 2BL17AT022 VII SEM