Applications of Derivatives: Chapter Highlights

Applications of Derivatives 14.
CHAPTER
14 Applications of Derivatives
Chapter Highlights
Tangents and normals, Slope of tangent, Equation of tangent, Slope of normal, Equation of normal, Angle of
intersection of two curves, Length of tangent, length of normal, sub-tangent and subnormal, Length of intercept
made on axes by the tangent, Length of perpendicular from origin to the tangent, Increasing and decreasing
functions (monotonicity), Test for monotonicity of functions, Maxima and minima of functions, Method to deter-
mine the points of local maxima and local minima, Greatest and least values of a function in a closed interval
(absolute maximum and absolute minimum), Concavity and convexity of a function, Point of inflexion, Rolle’s
dy
and lagrange’s mean value theorem, Rolle’s theorem, Lagrange’s mean value theorem, Application of as a
dx
rate measure.
tangEntS and normalS Equation of tangEnt

geometrical meaning of derivative The equation of a tangent to a curve y = f (x) at a given point
at a point P (x1, y1) is given by
The derivative of a function f (x) at a point x = a is the slope

⎛ dy ⎞
of the tangent to the curve y = f (x) at the point [a, f (a)]. y – y1 = ⎜ ⎟ (x – x1)
⎝ dx ⎠ ( x , y )
1 1
SlopE of tangEnt [Using point slope form of equation of the straight line]
Consider a curve y = f (x) and a point P(x, y) on this curve.
If tangent to the curve at P(x, y) makes an angle θ with
dy SlopE of normal
the positive direction of x-axis, then, at the point P(x, y):
dx
= tan θ = m = gradient or slope of tangent to the curve at The normal to a curve at a point P(x1, y1) is a line perpen-
P(x, y). dicular to the tangent at P and passing through P. Slope of
the normal
Y
−1 −1 ⎛ dx ⎞
= = = −⎜ ⎟
Slope of tangent ⎛ dy ⎞ ⎝ dy ⎠ P ( x , y )
y = f(x) P = (x, y) ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ 1 1
dx P ( x ⋅ y ) 1 1
θ
X
O
Fig. 14.1
14.2 Chapter 14
Equation of normal Thus, if m be the slope of a line, then the slope of a line
1
The equation of normal to a curve y = f (x) at a given point perpendicular to it is − and parallel to it is m.
m
P(x1, y1) is given by
−1
SolvEd ExamplES
y – y1 = (x – x1)
⎛ dy ⎞
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ 1. If the tangent at each point of the curve
dx ( x , y )
1 1
2 3
y=x – 2ax2 + 2x + 5
Y 3
ge
nt makes an acute angle with the positive direction of
No x-axis, then
n
Ta
rm
al P (x1, y1) (A) a ≥ 1 (B) – 1 ≤ a ≤ 1
(C) a ≤ – 1 (D) None of these
y = f (x)
Solution: (B)
X 2 3
O
We have, y = x – 2ax2 + 2x + 5
Fig. 14.2 3
dy
Y dy ⇒ = 2x2 – 4ax + 2
=0 dx
dx
dx
=0
Since, the tangent makes an acute angle with the posi-
dy tive direction of x-axis, therefore,
dy dy
<0 >0
dx dy
dx ≥ 0 ⇒ 2x2 – 4ax + 2 ≥ 0 for all x
dx
⇒ 16a2 – 16 ≤ 0
X (∵ Disc. = (4a)2 – 4 (2) (2) ≤ 0)
2
O ⇒ a – 1 ≤ 0 i.e. (a – 1) (a + 1) ≤ 0
Fig. 14.3 ⇒–1≤a≤1
2. If m be the slope of a tangent to the curve e2y = 1 + 4x2,

trick(S) for problEm Solving then
(A) m < 1 (B) | m | ≤ 1
dy
■ If > 0, the tangent makes an acute angle with the x-axis. (C) | m | > 1 (D) None of these
dx
dy Solution: (B)
If < 0, the tangent makes an obtuse angle with the x-axis. dy
■
dx We have, e2y = 1 + 4x2 ⇒ e2y · 2 = 8x
dx
dy
■ If = 0, the tangent is parallel to x-axis. dy 4x
dx ⇒ = 2y
■ If the tangent is perpendicular to x-axis, then dx e
dy dy
= ∞, i.e., = 0. 4x
dx dx =
■ If the tangent is equally inclined to the axes, then
1 + 4x2
dy 4x
= tan 45º or tan 135º = ± 1. ∴ Slope of tangent = m =
dx 1 + 4x2
■ The slope of a line having equation ax + by + c = 0 is given by
4| x |
a coefficient of x ⇒|m|= ≤1
m= − = − 1 + 4 | x |2
b coefficient of y
■ The two lines having slopes m1 and m2 are ⎡∵ (1 − 2 | x |) 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ 1 + 4 | x |2 −4 | x | ≥ 0 ⎤
(i) perpendicular if m1m2 = –1 and ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 4| x| ⎥
parallel if m1 = m2. ⇒ ≤1
(ii) ⎢ 1 + 4 | x |2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Applications of Derivatives 14.3
Solution: (B)
3. The tangent to the curve x + y = 4 is equally 1
At the point x = , y = e–1
inclined to the axes at the point 2
(A) (1, – 2) (B) (4, 4) 1
Since, x = > 0, ∴ y = e–2x
(C) (4, – 4) (D) (– 4, 4) 2
Solution: (B) Differentiating with respect to x, we get
We have, x+ y =4 (1) dy dy ⎤ −2
= – 2e–2x ⇒ = – 2e–1 =
dx dx ⎥⎦ ⎛⎜ 1 , 1 ⎞⎟ e
1 1 dy dy y ⎝ 2 e⎠
⇒ + = 0, or =– .
2 x 2 y dx dx x Thus, the equation of normal is
Since the tangent is equally inclined to the axes, ⎛ 1⎞ e ⎛ 1⎞ 2
⎜⎝ y − ⎟⎠ = ⎜⎝ x − ⎟⎠ i.e., 2e (ex – 2y) = e – 4
dy e 2 2
= tan 45º or tan 135º i.e., 1 or – 1. Thus
dx
6. If the line ax + by + c = 0 is a tangent to the curve
y xy = 4, then
– = ± 1. This gives y = x
x (A) a > 0, b > 0 (B) a > 0, b < 0
(C) a < 0, b > 0 (D) a < 0, b < 0
From (1), x + x = 4 ⇒ x = 4. Also, y = x = 4.
The point is (4, 4). Solution: (A, D)
x2 y2 dy
4. The angle between the tangents to the curve 2 + 2 = 1 We have, xy = 4 ⇒ x · +y·1=0
a b dx
at the points (a, 0) and (0, b) is
dy y 4
π π i.e., =– =– 2 (∵ xy = 4)
(A) (B) dx x x
4 2
4
π ∴ Slope of tangent = –
(C) (D) None of these x2
3
a
Solution: (B) Slope of the line ax + by + c = 0 is = – .
b
x2 y2 Since the given line is a tangent to the curve
We have, + =1
a2 b2 ∴ –
4
=–
a
⇒
a
>0
2 b b
x
2x 2 y dy dy − b2 x
⇒ + = 0 ⇒ = It is possible only when a > 0, b > 0 or a < 0, b < 0.
a2 b 2 dx dx a2 y
7. If the line ax + by + c = 0 is a normal to the curve
dy ⎤ π xy = 1, then
∴ tan θ1 = ⎥ = ∞ ⇒ θ1 =
dx ⎦ ( a, 0 ) 2 (A) a > 0, b > 0 (B) a > 0, b < 0
(C) a < 0, b > 0 (D) a < 0, b < 0
dy ⎤
and tan θ2 = = 0 ⇒ θ2 = 0
dx ⎥⎦ ( 0, b ) Solution: (B, C)
1
We have xy = 1 ⇒ y =
Hence, the angle between the two tangents is x
π π dy 1
θ = θ1 – θ2 = –0= ∴ =– 2
2 2 dx x
5. The equation of the normal to the curve y = e–2 | x | at ∴ The slope of the normal = x2
1 If ax + by + c = 0 is normal to the curve xy = 1
the point where the curve cuts the line x = is a a
2 then x2 = – ∴– >0
(A) 2e (ex + 2y) = e2 – 4 (B) 2e (ex – 2y) = e2 – 4 b b
(C) 2e (ey – 2x) = e2 – 4 (D) None of these ⇒ a > 0, b < 0 or a < 0, b > 0
14.4 Chapter 14
x y 1 1
8. The line + = 1 touches the curve y = be–x/a at the (A) a = , b = 1, c =
a b 2 2
point 1 1
⎛ a⎞ (B) a = 1, b = , c =
(A) (– a, ba) (B) ⎜ a, ⎟
⎝ b⎠ 2 2
⎛ b⎞ 1 1
(C) ⎜ a, ⎟ (D) None of these (C) a = , c = , b = 1
⎝ a⎠ 2 2
Solution: (D) (D) None of these
We have, y = be–x/a (1) Solution: (A)
dy b –x/a The given curve is y = ax2 + bx + c (1)
⇒ =– e Since the point (– 1, 0) lie on it
dx a
x y ∴ a–b+c=0 (2)
Since the line + = 1 touches (1)
a b Also, y = 2x is a tangent to (1) at x = 1, so that y = 2.
Since the point (1, 2) lies on (1),
−1 / a b –x/a b b –x/a
∴ =– e ⇒– =– e ∴ a+b+c=2 (3)
1/ b a a a
x dy ⎤
⇒ 1 = e–x/a ⇒ – = 0 i.e., x = 0. Also = ( 2ax + b) ](1, 2) = 2,
a dx ⎥⎦ (1, 2)
∴ y = be0 = b. ∴ 2a + b = 2 (4)
Hence, the required point is (0, b). 1 1
Solving (2), (3) and (4): a = , b = 1, c =
9. The curve y = ax3 + bx2 + cx is inclined at 45º to x-axis 2 2
at (0, 0) but it touches x-axis at (1, 0), then the values
of a, b, c are given by
(A) a = 1, b = – 2, c = 1 anglE of intErSEction of two curvES
(B) a = 1, b = 1, c = – 2
(C) a = – 2, b = 1, c = 1 Let y = f (x) and y = g (x) be two curves intersecting at a
(D) a = – 1, b = 2, c = 1 point P(x1, y1). Then, the angle of intersection of these two
curves is defined as the angle between the tangents to the
Solution: (A) two curves at their point of intersection.
We have, y = ax3 + bx2 + cx
dy Y
⇒ = 3ax2 + 2bx + c y = f (x)
dx y = g (x)
θ
dy ⎤
∴ = c = tan 45º = 1 (Given)
dx ⎥⎦ ( 0, 0 )
P (x1, y1)
θ1 – θ2
⇒ c=1
θ2 θ1
dy ⎤ X
Also, = 3a + 2b + c = 0 O
dx ⎥⎦ (1, 0 ) Fig. 14.4
(∵ x-axis is tangent at (1, 0))
⇒ 3a + 2b + 1 = 0 If θ is the required angle of intersection, then,
which is true if a = 1, b = – 2. θ = ± (θ1 – θ2),
Hence, a = 1, b = – 2, c = 1. where θ1 and θ2 are the inclinations of tangents to the
2
10. If the line y = 2x touches the curve y = ax + bx + c at curves y = f (x) and y = g (x) respectively at the point P.
the point where x = 1 and the curve passes through the
point (– 1, 0), then the values of a, b and c are
Since m1 = m2, therefore the two curves touch each

trick(S) for problEm Solving
other at (1, 2).
Short-cut method to find the angle of intersection 12. The angle of intersection of the curves y = 2 sin2x and
Find f ′ (x) and g′ (x). π
■
y = cos 2x at x = is
■ If f ′ (x) × g′ (x) = – 1, then the two curves are said to cut 6
each other orthogonally, wherever they cut. π π
(A) (B)
■ If the product is not – 1, solve the equation of the two 4 3
curves to get their point of intersection. If (θ, θ ) be their π
point of intersection, then find f ′ (θ ) and g′ (θ ). Let (C) (D) None of these
m1 = f ′ (θ ) and m2 = g′ (θ ). 2
■ If θ is the angle between the tangents, then Solution: (B)
m1 − m2 f ′(α ) − g′(α ) We have,
tan θ = ± =±
1 + m1m2 1 + f ′(α )g′(α ) y = 2sin2x (1)
and y = cos 2x (2)
Repeat this process for other points of intersection.
Differentiating (1) with respect to x, we get
dy
I M P O R TA N T P O I N T S = 4 sin x cos x
dx
The two curves are said to touch each other at their point of dy ⎤ ⎛ 1⎞ 3
intersection (α, β ), if the slope of their tangents at (α, β ) ⇒ ⎥ = 4 ·⎜ ⎟ ·= 3 = m1 (say)
dx ⎦ x = π ⎝ 2⎠ 2
are equal. 6

SolvEd ExamplES dy dy ⎤ π
= – 2 sin 2x ⇒ = – 2 sin
dx dx ⎥⎦ x = π 3
11. The two curves y2 = 4x and x2 + y2 – 6x + 1 = 0 at the 6
point (1, 2)
= – 3 = m2 (say).
(A) Intersect orthogonally
π Hence, angle between the two curves is
(B) Intersect at an angle
3
(C) Touch each other ⎛ m − m2 ⎞ π 2π
θ = ± tan–1 ⎜ 1 = ± tan–1 3 = or
(D) None of these ⎝ 1 + m1m2 ⎟⎠ 3 3
Solution: (C)
We have, y2 = 4x (1) n n
x y ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ y⎞
and 2 2
x + y – 6x + 1 = 0 (2) 13. The line + = 2 touches the curve ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = 2
a b ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ b⎠
Differentiating (1) with respect to x, we get at the point (a, b) for
(A) n = 2 only (B) n = – 3 only
dy dy 2
2y =4⇒ = (C) n is any real number (D) None of these
dx dx y
Solution: (C)
dy ⎤ 2
∴ ⎥ = = 1 = m1 (say) n n
dx ⎦ (1, 2) 2 ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ y⎞
We have, ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = 2
⎝ a⎠ ⎝ b⎠
nx n −1 ny n −1 dy
dy dy 3− x ⇒ + =0
2x + 2y –6=0⇒ = an b n dx
dx dx y
dy ⎤ 3 −1 dy ⎤ b n ⋅ a n −1 b
∴ = = 1 = m2 (say) ⇒ = – =–
⎥
dx ⎦ (1, 2) 2 dx ⎥⎦ ( a, b ) a n b n −1 a
14.6 Chapter 14
∴ The equation of tangent at (a, b) is Since the two curves intersect at right angles,
b x y ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ y⎞
y–b=– (x – a) ⇒ + = 2. ∴ m1m2 = – 1 ⇒ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎝ − x ⎟⎠ = – 1 ⇒ x1 = 1
a a b ⎝ y1 ⎠ 1
x y
∴ The line + = 2 touches the curve at (a, b), for and hence from y12 = 2x1, we get y12 = 2.
all n. a b
Since (x1, y1) also lies on 2xy = k
4 1 ∴ k2 = 4 x12 y12 = 4 × 1 × 2 = 8
14. The least value of a for which + =a
sin x 1 − sin x
⎛ π⎞ 16. If the curve y = x2 + bx + c touches the line y = x at the
has at least one solution in the interval ⎜ 0, ⎟ is point (1, 1), then the values of x for which the curve
⎝ 2⎠
has a negative gradient are
(A) 9 (B) 8
1 1
(C) 6 (D) 4 (A) x < (B) x >
2 2
Solution: (A) 1 1
(C) x < – (D) x > –
4 1 2 2
f (x) = + =a
sin x 1 − sin x Solution: (A)
4 cos x cos x We have, y = x2 + bx + c
⇒ f ′ (x) = − +
2
sin x (1 − sin x ) 2 dy
⇒ = 2x + b
dx
⎛ 1 4 ⎞
= cos x ⎜ − Since the curve touches the line y = x at the point (1, 1)
⎝ (1 − sin x ) 2
sin 2 x ⎟⎠
∴ ( 2 x + b) ](1, 1) = 1 i.e., 2 + b = 1 ⇒ b = – 1.
∴ f ′(x) = 0
Also, the curve passes through the point (1, 1)
1 4 ⎛ π⎞
⇒ − = 0 as cos x ≠ 0 in ⎜ 0, ⎟ ∴ 1 = 1 + b + c i.e., c = – b = 1
(1 − sin x ) 2 2
sin x ⎝ 2⎠
dy
The given x = 2/3. Substituting in f (x) = 0, we get a = 9. ∴ y = x2 – x + 1 ⇒ = 2x – 1
dx
15. The curves y2 = 2x and 2xy = k cut at right angles if dy 1
Now, < 0 ⇒ 2x – 1 < 0 ⇒ x <
(A) k2 = 8 (B) k2 = 4 dx 2
2
(C) k = 2 (D) None of these
Solution: (A) REMEMBER
Let P (x1, y1) be the point of intersection of the two
curves. If one angle between the tangents (acute/obtuse) is θ, then
We have, the other angle between the tangents (obtuse/acute) is
(180º – θ ).
dy ⎛ dy ⎞ ⎤ Generally, we take the acute angle to be the angle of intersec-
y2 = 2x ⇒ 2y = 2 ⇒ m1 = ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
dx ⎝ dx ⎠ ⎦ ( x , y ) tion of the given curves.
1 1
1
=
y1 lEngth of tangEnt, lEngth
dy of normal, Sub-tangEnt and
and 2xy = k ⇒ x +y=0
dx Subnormal
Let the tangent and normal at the point P(x, y) on the curve
⎛ dy ⎞ ⎤ y
⇒ m2 = ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ =– 1 meet the axis of x at the points T and N respectively. Let M
⎝ dx ⎠ ⎦ ( x , y ) x1
1 1 be the foot of the ordinate at P. Then,
Y
y = f (x) SolvEd ExamplES
n t
ge
No
n
Ta
rm 17. The sub-normal at any point of the curve
al P (x, y)
x2y2 = a2 (x2 – a2) varies as
θ
(A) (abscissa)– 3 (B) (abscissa)3
–3
θ (C) (ordinate) (D) None of these
O X
T M N
Solution: (A)
Fig. 14.5 We have, x2y2 = a2 (x2 – a2) (1)
1. Length of the tangent = PT = | y cosec θ | dy

⇒ x2 × 2y + y2 · 2x = a2 · 2x
dx
2
⎛ dy ⎞ dy a2 − y 2
y 1+ ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ =
⎝ dx ⎠ dx xy
= y 1 + cot 2 θ =
dy
dy a 2 − y 2 x 2 (a2 − y 2 )
dx ∴ Sub-normal = y = =
dx x x3
a4
2. Length of the normal = PN = | y sec θ | = [∵ from (1) x2 (a2 – y2) = a4]
x3
2
⎛ dy ⎞ ⇒ The sub-normal varies inversely as the cube of its
= y 1 + tan 2 θ = y 1 + ⎜ ⎟
⎝ dx ⎠ abscissa.
18. The sub-tangent at any point of the curve xmyn = am + n
varies as
y (A) (abscissa)2 (B) (ordinate)2
3. Subtangent = TM = | y cot θ | = (C) abscissa (D) ordinate
⎛ dy ⎞
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
dx Solution: (C)
We have, xmyn = am + n
⎛ dy ⎞ ⇒ m log x + n log y = (m + n) log a
4. Subnormal = MN = | y tan θ | = y ⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ dx ⎠
m n dy dx nx
∴ + =0⇒ =–
x y dx dy my
lEngth of intErcEpt madE on axES dx nx
by thE tangEnt ∴ Sub-tangent = y = ∝x
dy m
Equation of tangent at any point (x1, y1) to the curve y = f (x)
19. For the parabola y2 = 4ax, the ratio of the sub-tangent
⎛ dy ⎞
is y – y1 = ⎜ ⎟ ( x − x1 ) . to the abscissa is
⎝ dx ⎠ ( x , y )
1 1 (A) 1 : 1 (B) 2 : 1
⎛ ⎞ (C) x : y (D) x2 : y
⎜ y1 ⎟ Solution: (B)
Then, x-intercept = x1 – ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎛ dy ⎞ ⎟ We have, y2 = 4ax
⎜ ⎜⎝ dx ⎟⎠ ⎟
⎝ (x , y ) ⎠ dy dy 2a
1 1
⇒ 2y = 4a i.e., =
dx dx y
⎛ ⎛ dy ⎞ ⎞
and y-intercept = y1 – ⎜ x1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ y y y2 4 ax
⎝ ⎝ dx ⎠ ( x , y ) ⎠ 1 1
Sub-tangent =
dy / dx
=
2a / y
=
2a
=
2a
= 2x.
∴ Sub-tangent : Abscissa = 2x : x = 2 : 1.
14.8 Chapter 14
lEngth of pErpEndicular from Strictly decreasing function

origin to thE tangEnt A function f (x) is said to be a strictly decreasing function
Length of perpendicular from origin (0, 0) to the tangent on an interval I, if
drawn at point P(x1, y1) to the curve y = f (x) is x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1) > f (x2) ∀ x1, x2 ∈ I
⎛ dy ⎞ Y
y1 − x1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ dx ⎠ ( x , y )
p= 1 1
2
⎛ dy ⎞
1+ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ dx ⎠ f (x1)
f (x2)
X
incrEaSing and dEcrEaSing O x1 x2
functionS (monotonicity) Fig. 14.8 Strictly Decreasing Function
increasing function monotonic function

A function f(x) is said to be an increasing function on an A function f (x) is said to be monotonic on an interval I if it
interval I, if is either increasing or decreasing on I.
x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1) ≤ f (x2), ∀ x1, x2 ∈ I
Y
tESt for monotonicity of functionS
1. f (x) is increasing in [a, b] if f ′ (x) ≥ 0, ∀ x ∈ [a, b].
2. f (x) is strictly increasing in [a, b] if f ′ (x) > 0, ∀ x ∈
f (x2)
[a, b].
f (x1) 3. f (x) is decreasing in [a, b] if f ′ (x) ≤ 0, ∀ x ∈ [a, b].
4. f (x) is strictly decreasing in [a, b] if f ′ (x) < 0, ∀ x ∈
x1 x2 X
O [a, b].
Fig. 14.6 Increasing Function
trick(S) for problEm Solving
Strictly increasing function
■ If a function f (x) is strictly increasing (strictly decreasing)
A function f (x) is said to be a strictly increasing function on an interval I, then f –1 exists and is also strictly increasing
on an interval I, if (strictly decreasing).
x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1) < f (x2), ∀ x1, x2 ∈ I ■ If f (x) is monotonic on an interval I, then f (x) has at the
most one zero in the interval I.
Y ■ If the functions f (x) and g (x), both are increasing or
decreasing on an interval I, then the composite function
(gof ) (x) is an increasing function on I.
■ If the function f (x) is increasing (decreasing) and g (x)
f (x2) decreasing (increasing) on an interval I, then the composite
f (x1) function (gof ) (x) is decreasing on the interval I.
X ■ A function may be increasing in some interval I1 and
O x1 x2
decreasing in some other interval I2.
Fig. 14.7 Strictly Increasing Function
decreasing function SolvEd ExamplES

A function f (x) is said to be a decreasing function on an
interval I, if 20. If f (x) is a polynomial function such that, f (x) > f (x), ∀
x ≥ 1 and f (1) = 0, then
x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1) ≥ f (x2), ∀ x1, x2 ∈ I
(A) f (x) < 0 ∀ x ≥ 1 (B) f (x) ≥ 0 ∀ x ≥ 1
Decreasing Function (C) f (x) = 0, ∀ x ≥ 1 (D) None of these.
Solution: (B) But f ′ (n) ≠ 0 for any n ∈ N. Hence f (n) has no

We have, f ′(x) > f ′(x) > f (x), ∀ x ≥ 1 critical point.
But the function f (n) is increasing for n < 8 and it
⇒ f ′(x) – f (x) > 0, ∀ x ≥ 1 starts decreasing for n ≥ 8.
⇒ e–x[ f ′(x) – f (x)] > 0, ∀ x ≥ 1 49 8
Here, f (7) = and f (8) = .
d 543 89
⇒ [e–xf (x)] > 0, ∀ x ≥ 1 Clearly, f (7) > f (8).
dx
49
∴ e–xf (x) is an increasing function, ∀ x ≥ 1 Hence, the largest value is .
543
⇒ e–xf (x) ≥ e–1f (1) (∴ f (x) is a polynomial)
–x
⇒ e f (x) ≥ 0 [∴ f (1) = 0] x
⇒ f (x) ≥ 0, ∀ x ≥ 1
23. Let f (x) = ∫ log 2 {log3 [log 4 (cos t + a)]} dt be increas-
0
ing for all real values of x, then
21. The subtangent, ordinate and subnormal to the parab-
ola y2 = 4ax at a point (different from the origin) are in (A) a ≥ 5 (B) 0 ≤ a < 4
(C) a < 0 (D) None of these
(A) GP (b) AP
(C) HP (d) None of these Solution: (A)
Solution: (A) We have, f ′ (x) = log 2 log3 log 4 (cos x + a)
We have, y2 = 4ax
Clearly, f ′(x) ≥ 0 for all x
dy dy 2a ⇒ x=±1
⇒ 2y = 4a i.e., = .
dx dx y
∴ f (x) is increasing for all real x, provided f (x) is defined.
y y y2
Sub-tangent = = = Now, f (x) is defined, if
dy / dx 2a / y 2a
log3 log4(cos x + a) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
dy 2a
Sub-normal = y =y× = 2a
dx y ⇒ log4(cos x + a) > 4° = 1, ∀ x ∈ R
2
y ⇒ cos x + a > 4, ∀ x ∈ R
Clearly, , y, 2a are in G.P.
2a ⇒ a > 4 – cos x, ∀ x ∈ R
22. The largest term in the sequence ⇒ a>5 (∴ 1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1)
2
n
xn = , n ∈ N, is ⎛ π⎞
3
n + 200 24. Let f ′(sin x) < 0 and f ″(sin x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ ⎜ 0, ⎟ and
⎝ 2⎠
(A)
49
(B)
8 g(x) = f (sin x) + f (cos x), then g (x) is decreasing in
543 89 ⎛ π⎞ ⎛π π⎞
1 (A) ⎜ 0, ⎟ (B) ⎜ , ⎟
(C) (D) None of these ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4 2⎠
52
⎛ π⎞
Solution: (A) (C) ⎜ 0, ⎟ (D) None of these
⎝ 2⎠
n2
Let f (n) = xn = ,n∈N Solution: (A)
n3 + 200
We have, g′(x) = f ′(sin x) · cos x – f ′(cos x) · sin x
( n3 + 200) ⋅ 2n − n2 ⋅ 3n2 ⇒ g″(x) = –f ′(sin x) · sin x + f ″(sin x) · cos2x
⇒ f ′ (n) = 3 2
( n + 200)
+ f ″(cos x) · sin2x – f ′(cos x) · cos x
n ( 400 − n3 )
= ⎛ π⎞
( n3 + 200) 2 > 0, ∀ x ∈ ⎜ 0, ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
14.10 Chapter 14
27. The function f (x) = 2x2 – log | x |, x ≠ 0 is increasing in

⎛ π⎞ ⎛π⎞
⇒ g′(x) is increasing in . ⎜ 0, ⎟ Also, g′ ⎜ ⎟ = 0 the interval
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
(A) ⎜ − , 0⎟ ∪ ⎜ , ∞⎟
⎛π π⎞ ⎛ π⎞ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
⇒ g′(x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ ⎜ , ⎟ and g′(x) < 0 ∀ x ∈ ⎜ 0, ⎟
⎝ 4 2⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
(B) ⎜ −∞, − ⎟ ∪ ⎜ 0, ⎟
⎛ π⎞ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
Thus, g(x) is decreasing in ⎜ 0, ⎟
⎝ 4⎠ ⎛ 1 1⎞
(C) ⎜ − , ⎟
⎝ 2 2⎠
25. Let f (x) = (1 + b2) x2 + 2bx + 1 and m (b) the minimum (D) None of these
value of f (x) for a given b. As b varies, the range of m
(b) is Solution: (A)
(A) [0, 1] (B) (0, 1/2] We have, f (x) = 2x2 – log | x |, x ≠ 0
⎡1 ⎤ Case I. When x < 0, f (x) = 2x2 – log | x | = 2x2 – log (– x)
(C) ⎢ , 1⎥ (D) (0, 1]
⎣2 ⎦ 1 1 4x2 − 1
∴ f ′ (x) = 4x – (– 1) = 4x – =
Solution: (D) ( −x ) x x
We have, f (x) = (1 + b2) Case II. When x > 0, f (x) = 2x2 – log | x | = 2x2 – log x
1
⎡ 2 2b b2 ⎤ b2 ∴ f ′ (x) = 4x –
⎢x + x + ⎥ − +1 x
⎣ 1 + b2 (1 + b 2 ) 2 ⎦ 1 + b 2 1 4x2 − 1
Thus, when x < 0 or x > 0, f ′ (x) = 4x – =
2 x x
⎛2 b ⎞ 1 1
= (1 + b ) ⎜ x + 2⎟
+ 2
≥ 4x2 − 1
⎝ 1+ b ⎠ 1+ b 1 + b2 Sign scheme for :
x
1
∴ m (b) = . So, range of m (b) = (0, 1]. –∞ –ve +ve 0 –ve +ve +∞
1 + b2 – 1 1
2 2
Thus, f (x) is an increasing function in the interval

26. If f (x) = xex (1 – x) then f (x) is
⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
(A) increasing on ⎢ − , 1⎥ ⎜ − 2 , 0⎟ ∪ ⎜ 2 , ∞⎟ .
⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
(B) decreasing on R
(C) increasing on R
maxima and minima of functionS
⎡ 1 ⎤
(D) decreasing on ⎢ − , 1⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦ local maximum
Solution: (A) A function y = f (x) is said to have a local maximum value
We have, f ′ (x) = ex (1 – x) + x · ex (1 – x) · (1 – 2x) at a point x = a, if f (x) ≤ f (a), ∀ x ∈ (a – h, a + h), for small
h > 0, i.e. f (a) is the greatest of all the values of f (x) in the
= ex (1 – x) [1 + x (1 – 2x)] = ex (1 – x) · (– 2x2 + x + 1). interval (a – h, a + h).
Now, the sign-scheme for – 2x2 + x + 1 is
Y Local maximum
–ve –1/2 +ve 1 –ve
⎡ −1 ⎤
f (a + h)
f (a – h)
∴ f ′ (x) ≥ 0 if x ∈ ⎢ , 1⎥ because ex (1 – x) is always

f (a)
⎣2 ⎦
positive.
⎡ 1 ⎤ O X
So, f (x) is increasing on ⎢ − , 1⎥ . a–h a a+h
⎣ 2 ⎦ Fig. 14.9
The point x = a is called a point of local maximum of the Local maximum

Y
function f (x).
f ′ (x
f′ (x) = 0
)>
)<0
f ′ (x
local minimum
A function y = f (x) is said to have a local minimum value at
a point x = a, if f (x) ≥ f (a), ∀ x ∈ (a – h, a + h), for small
h > 0, i.e., f (a) is the smallest of all the values of f (x) in the
X
interval (a – h, a + h). O a–h a a+h
Fig. 14.11
Y
(ii) If f ′ (x) changes sign from negative to positive
as x increases through a, then x = a is a point of
Local minimum minimum.
f (a + h)
f (a – h)
f (a)
0
f ′ (x
)>
f′ (x) = 0
)<
f ′ (x
O X
a–h a a+h
0
Fig. 14.10 Local minimum
The point x = a is called a point of local minimum of the

function f (x).
X
O a–h a a+h
Fig. 14.12
REMEMBER
(iii) f ′ (x) does not change sign as x increases through
(i) The points at which a function attains either the local a, then x = a is neither a point of maximum nor a
maximum value or local minimum value are called point of minimum. Such a point is called a point
the extreme points and both local maximum and local of inflexion.
minimum values are called the extreme values of the
function f (x). We repeat this process for other values of x and
(ii) The local maximum and local minimum values are also examine them for maxima or minima.
known as relative maximum and relative minimum values
respectively.
CAUTION
mEthod to dEtErminE thE pointS ■ A function may have maxima or minima at a point without
of local maxima and local being derivable at the point.
If f (a) does not exist, the there is no question of extrema
minima ■
at x = a.
method i (first derivative test)
1. For the function y = f (x), find f ′ (x).
2. Put f ′ (x) = 0 and solve this equation for x. Let its roots
be a, b, c etc. These points are called stationary points
method ii (Second derivative test)
or critical points. 1. For the function y = f (x), find f ′ (x) and f ″ (x).
3. At x = a, determine the sign of f ′ (x) for values of 2. Put f ′ (x) = 0 and solve this equation for x. Let its roots
x slightly less than a and that for values of x slightly be a, b, c etc.
greater than a. 3. At x = a
(i) If f ′ (x) changes sign from positive to negative (i) if f ″ (a) < 0, then x = a is a point of local maxima;
as x increases through a, then x = a is a point of (ii) if f ″ (a) > 0, then x = a is a point of local minima;
maximum. (iii) if f ″ (a) = 0, we cannot say any thing.
14.12 Chapter 14
grEatESt and lEaSt valuES of Solution: (A)

a function in a cloSEd intErval Let y = x – xp, where x is the fraction
(abSolutE maximum and dy
⇒ = 1 – pxp – 1
abSolutE minimum) dx
dy
If f (x) is continuous in an interval [a, b], then greatest or For maximum or minimum, =0
absolute maximum value of f (x) = max. [ f (a), f (b), values dx
of f (x) at all critical points in (a, b)]. 1/( p − 1)
p–1 ⎛ 1⎞
Also, least or absolute minimum value of f (x) = min. ⇒ 1 – px =0⇒x= ⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ p⎠
[f (a), f (b), values of f (x) at all critical points in (a, b)].
d2 y
Now, = – p (p – 1) xp – 2
dx 2
I M P O R TA N T P O I N T S p − 2 /( p − 1)
d2 y ⎤ ⎛ 1⎞
∴ ⎥ = – p (p – 1) ⎜ ⎟ <0
If a function is defined and continuous on an interval which dx 2 ⎦ x = ⎛ 1 ⎞
1/( p − 1 )
⎝ p⎠
is not a closed interval, then it cannot have any greatest ⎜ ⎟
⎝ p⎠
or least value other than local maximum or local minimum
1
values. ⎛1⎞ ( p −1)
∴ y is maximum at x = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ p⎠
30. The shortest distance of the point (0, 0) from the curve
SolvEd ExamplES y=
1 x
(e + e–x) is
2
28. If P (x) = a0 + a1x2 + a2x4 + ... + anx2n be a polynomial (A) 2 (B) 1
in x ∈ R with 0 < a1 < a2 ... < an , then P (x) has (C) 3 (D) None of these
(A) no point of minimum
(B) only one point of minimum Solution: (B)
(C) only two points of minimum Let P(x, y) be the point on the curve which is nearest
(D) None of these to O (0, 0).
1 2x
Solution: (B) Let z = OP2 = x2 + y2 = x2 + (e + e–2x + 2).
We have, 4
dz 1 2x –2x
P (x) = a0 + a1x2 + a2 x4 + ... + an x2n ⇒ = 2x + (e – e )
dx 2
⇒ P′ (x) = 2a1x + 4a2 x3 + ... + 2nan x2n – 1 dz
For maximum or minimum, =0
For maximum or minimum, P′ (x) = 0 dx
⇒ x (2a1 + 4a2 x2 + ... + 2nan x2n – 2) = 0 1 2x –2x
⇒ 2x + (e – e ) = 0
2
⇒ x = 0 ( each ai > 0 and powers of x are even)
e −2 x − e 2 x
Now, P˝ (x) = 2a1 + 12a2 x2 + ... + 2n (2n – 1) an x2n –2 ⇒ = 2x
2
∴ P˝ (x)]x = 0 = 2a1 > 0 i.e. P(x) has a minimum at 1 0
⇒ x = 0 is a solution and then y = (e + e0) = 1.
x = 0 only. 2
d2 y
29. The fraction exceeding its pth power by the greatest Also, 2
= 2 + e2x + e–2x > 0,
number possible, where p ≥ 2, is dx
1 p −1
hence, z is minimum.
⎛ 1⎞ p −1 ⎛ 1⎞
(A) ⎜ ⎟ (B) ⎜ ⎟ ∴ The shortest distance OP = 0 2 + 12 = 1.
⎝ p⎠ ⎝ p⎠
(C) p1/p – 1 (D) None of these

31. Let the function f (x) be defined as nπ cos nπ − sin nπ cos nπ

At x = nπ, f ″ (x) = =
−1
⎪⎧tan α − 3 x , 0 < x < 1
2
( nπ ) 2 nπ
f (x) = ⎨
⎩⎪ − 6 x, x ≥1 ( −1) n
=
f (x) can have a maximum at x = 1 if the value of α is nπ
(A) 0 (B) 2 ∴ Extreme points are x = nπ, n = 1, 2, 3, ..., where
(C) 1 (D) None of these the maximum occurs at x = π, 3π, 5π, ... and the mini-
mum occurs at x = 2π, 4π, 6π, ...
Solution: (D)
We have, 34. The difference between the greatest and the least value
of the function
⎧ − 6 x, 0 < x < 1
f ′ (x) = ⎨ x
⎩ − 6, x ≥ 1 f (x) = ∫ (6t 2 − 24) dt on [1, 3] is
0
∴ f ′ (1 – h) = – 6 (1 – h) < 0
(A) 14 (B) 10
and f ′ (1 + h) = – 6 < 0 (C) 4 (D) None of these
Since f ′ (x) does not change sign as x passes Solution: (A)
through 1, therefore, f (x) does not have a maximum or x
minimum at x = 1, whatever be the value of α. We have, f (x) = ∫ (6t 2 − 24) dt
0
32. If the roots of the equation x3 – ax2 + 4x – 8 = 0 are real
and positive, then the minimum value of a is ⇒ f ′ (x) = (6x2 – 24) × 1
(A) 2 (B) 6
3
f ′ (x) = 0 ⇒ 6x2 – 24 = 0 ⇒ x = ± 2.
(C) 3 4 (D) None of these
But x = – 2 ∉ [1, 3]. So x = 2 is the only critical point.
Solution: (B)
1
Let α, β, γ be the roots of the given equation. 1
⎛ 6t 3 ⎞
Now, f (1) = ∫ (6t 2 − 24) dt = ⎜ − 24t ⎟ = – 22,
Then, α + β + γ = a, αβ + αγ + βγ = 4, αβγ = 8. 0 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 0
α +β +γ
Since AM ≥ GM ⇒ ≥ 3 αβγ 2
⎛ 6t 3 ⎞
2
3 f (2) = ∫ (6t 2 − 24) dt = ⎜ − 24t ⎟ = – 32
a 0 ⎝ 3 ⎠
⇒ ≥ 38 ⇒a≥6 0
3 3
⎛ 6t 3
3
⎞
∴ The minimum value of a = 6 and f (3) = ∫ (6t − 24) dt = ⎜ 2
− 24t ⎟ = – 18.
x 0 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 0
sin t
33. For the function f (x) = ∫ t
dt , where x > 0,
Hence, the greatest value of f (x) is – 18 which it
0
attains at x = 3 and the least value is – 32 which is
(A) maximum occurs at x = nπ, n even
attained at x = 2.
(B) minimum occurs at x = nπ, n odd
Thus, the difference between the greatest and the
(C) maximum occurs at x = nπ, n odd
least value of the function
(D) minimum occurs at x = nπ, n even
= f (3) – f (2) = – 18 + 32 = 14
Solution: (C, D)
We have, 4
− x3 + x 2 )
35. The minimum value of e( x is
sin x x cos x − sin x
f ′ (x) = and f ″ (x) = (A) e (B) e2
x x2
(C) 1 (D) None of these
For maximum or minimum, f ′ (x) = 0
Solution: (C)
sin x
⇒ = 0 ⇒ sin x = 0; x ≠ 0. 4
− x3 + x 2 )
x e( x is minimum when (x4 – x3 + x2) is minimum.
∴ x = nπ ; n = 1, 2, 3, ... (∵ x > 0)
14.14 Chapter 14
Since x4 – x3 + x2 = x2 (x2 – x + 1) Solution: (B)

⎡⎛ Let α and β be the roots of the given equation. Then
3⎤
2
1⎞
= x2 ⎢⎜ x − ⎟ + ⎥ α + β = k and αβ = (2k – 3)
⎢⎣⎝ 2⎠ 4 ⎥⎦
Let z = α3 + β3 = (α + β )3 – 3αβ (α + β )
≥ 0, ∀ x ∈ R = k3 – 3k (2k – 3) = k3 – 6k2 + 9k
∴ The minimum value of (x4 – x3 + x2) is 0 for x = 0. dz
( x 4 − x3 + x ) 0
∴ = 3k2 – 12k + 9 = 3 (k2 – 4k + 3)
Hence, the minimum value of e is e = 1. dk
36. The minimum value of the function = 3 (k – 1) (k –3)
f (x) = 2 | x – 2 | + 5 | x – 3 |, ∀ x ∈ R is dz
Now, = 0 ⇒ 3 (k – 1) (k – 3) = 0 ⇒ k = 1, 3
(A) 3 (B) 2 dk
(C) 5 (D) 7
d2z ⎤
Solution: (B) Also, ⎥ = (6 k − 12) k =3
= 6 (3) – 12 > 0
dk 2 ⎦ k = 3
We have,
f (x) = 2 | x – 2 | + 5 | x – 3 | Hence, z is minimum when k = 3.
= 2 (2 – x) + 5 (3 – x) = 19 – 7x, if x < 2 39. If f (x) = | x | + | x – 1 | + | x – 2 |, then
= 5, if x = 2 (A) f (x) has minima at x = 1
= 2 (x – 2) + 5 (3 – x) = 11 – 3x, if 2 < x < 3 (B) f (x) has maxima at x = 0
= 2 (3 – 2) = 2, if x = 3 (C) f (x) has neither maxima nor minima at x = 0
(D) f (x) has neither maxima nor minima at x = 2.
= 2 (x – 2) + 5 (x – 3) = 7x – 19, if x > 3
Solution: (A, C, D)
Thus, we find that f (x) has a minimum value 2 at x = 3.
We have,
37. If (x – a)2n (x – b)2m + 1, where m and n are positive
integers and a > b, is the derivative of a function f, then f (x) = | x | + | x – 1 | + | x – 2 |
(A) x = a gives neither a maximum nor a minimum ⎧ − 3 x + 3, x<0
(B) x = a gives a maximum ⎪ − x + 3, 0 ≤ x <1
⎪
(C) x = b gives a minimum = ⎨
(D) x = b gives neither a maximum nor a minimum ⎪ x + 1, 1≤ x < 2
⎪⎩3 x − 3, x≥2
Solution: (A, C)
⎧ −3 x<0
Let f ′ (x) = (x – a)2n (x – b)2m + 1 ⎪does not exist x=0
⎪
The extreme values of f are given by f ′ (x) = 0 ⎪ −1 0 < x <1
⎪
⇒ (x – a)2n · (x – b)2m+1 = 0 ⇒ x = a, b. ⇒ f ′ (x) = ⎨does not exist x =1
2m+1 ⎪1 1< x < 2
For x < b, (x – b) is negative and for x > b, ⎪
(x – b)2m + 1 is positive ( 2m + 1 is odd). ⎪does not exist x=2
Thus, f ′ changes sign from negative to positive as ⎪3 x>2
⎩
x passes through b and so, f has a minimum at x = b.
Since 2n is an even integer, (x – a)2n does not Clearly, f (x) has minima at x = 1 and neither maxima
change sign as x passes through a i.e., f ′ (x) does not nor minima at x = 0 and x = 2.
change sign as x passes through a. Hence, f has neither
40. The function
a maximum nor a minimum at x = a.
x
f (x) = ∫ t (e
t
38. The value of k so that the sum of the cubes of the roots − 1) (t − 1) (t − 2)3 (t − 3)5 dt
of the equation x2 – kx + (2k – 3) = 0 assumes the min- −1
imum value, is has a local minimum at x =
(A) k = 1 (B) k = 3 (A) 0 (B) 1
(C) k = 0 (D) None of these (C) 2 (D) 3
Solution: (B, D)
This requires cos x = 1 and cos 2 x = 1
We have,
⇒ x = 2nπ and 2 x = 2mπ, n, m ∈ I.
f ′ (x) = x (ex – 1) (x – 1) (x – 2)3 (x – 3)5
∴ f ′ (x) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 1, 2, 3 2mπ m
⇒ 2nπ = ⇒n=
2 2
Sign scheme for f ′ (x) :
This is possible only when n = m = 0.
−∞ –ve 0 –ve 1 +ve 2 –ve 3 +ve ∞ ∴ There is only one value (x = 0) at which f (x) attains
its maximum value.
Clearly, f (x) has local minimum at x = 1 and x = 3.
43. The minimum value of 27cos 2x ⋅ 81sin 2x is
⎧| x |, 0 < | x |≤ 2 1
41. Let f (x) = ⎨ . Then at x = 0, f has (A) (B) –5
⎩1, x = 0 243
1
(A) a local maximum (B) no local maximum (C) (D) None of these
(C) a local minimum (D) no extremum 5
Solution: (A)
Solution: (A)
Let y = 27cos2x ⋅ 81sin2x = 33cos2x + 4sin2x
We have,
⎧ − x, − 2 ≤ x < 0 y will be minimum when 3cos 2x + 4sin 2x is minimum.
⎪
f (x) = ⎨1, x=0 Let Z = 3cos 2x + 4sin 2x
⎪ x, 0< x≤2 Put 3 = r cos θ, 4 = r sin θ
⎩
4
The graph of f (x) is Then, r = 32 + 4 2 = 5 and tan θ =
3
⎛ 4⎞
i.e., θ = tan–1 ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
y = –x y=x
1 ∴ Z = 5 cos (2x – θ ) ⇒ – 5 ≤ Z ≤ 5
1
∴ Min. Z = – 5 ⇒ Min. y = 3–5 =
O 243
–2 2
44. If h (x) = f (x) + f (– x), then h (x) has got an extreme

Clearly, from the graph, value at a point where f ′ (x) is
(A) even function (B) odd function
f (0) = 1, f (0 – ε) < 1, (C) zero (D) None of these
f (0 + ε) < 1
Solution: (A)
where ε is small and positive. We have, h′ (x) = f ′ (x) – f ′ (– x)
∴ f (x) has a local maximum at x = 0.
For extreme values of h (x), h′ (x) = 0
42. The number of values of x where the function
⇒ f ′ (x) = f ′ (– x) ⇒ f ′ (x) is an even function.
f (x) = cos x + cos ( 2 x) attains its maximum is
x
(A) 0 (B) 1 cos t π
(C) 2 (D) infinite 45. Let f (x) = ∫ t
dt (x > 0); then for x = (2n + 1),
2
0
Solution: (B) f (x) has
We have, f (x) = cos x + cos ( 2 x) (A) minima when n = 0, 2, 4, ...
(B) maxima when n = 0, 2, 4, 6, ...
⇒ | f (x) | = cos x + cos 2 x ≤ | cos x | + cos 2x (C) neither max. nor min. when n = – 1, – 3, – 5, ...
(D) None of these
= 1 + 1 = 2, ∀ x ∈ R.
∴ Maximum value of f (x) = 2.
14.16 Chapter 14
Solution: (B)
1 − x + x2
cos x 48. For all real x, the minimum value of is
We have, f ′ (x) = . 1 + x + x2
x
1
π (A) 0 (B)
∴ f ′ (x) = 0 ⇒ cos x = 0 ⇒ x = (2n + 1) , n ∈ I. 3
2
(C) 1 (D) 3
− x sin x − cos x
Also, f ″ (x) = .
x2 Solution: (B)
π π 1 − x + x2
− ( 2n + 1) sin ( 2n + 1) − 0 Let Z =
∴ f" ( x ) ]x = ( 2 n +1) π = 2
2
2 1 + x + x2
2 ⎡ π⎤
⎢⎣( 2n + 1) 2 ⎥⎦ ⇒ Z + Zx + Zx2 = 1 – x + x2
− 2 ( −1) n ⇒ Zx2 – x2 + Zx + x + Z – 1 = 0
= .
( 2n + 1) π ⇒ x2 (Z – 1) + x (Z + 1) + (Z – 1) = 0
< 0, for n = 0, 2, 4, 6, ... For x to the real, B2 – 4AC ≥ 0
∴ f (x) has maxima when n = 0, 2, 4, 6, … ⇒ (Z + 1)2 – 4 (Z – 1) (Z – 1) ≥ 0
2
− 3)3 + 27 ⇒ Z2 + 2Z + 1 – 4Z2 + 8Z – 4 ≥ 0
46. The minimum value of 2( x is
(A) 1 (B) 2 ⇒ – 3Z2 + 10Z – 3 ≥ 0 i.e. 3Z2 – 10Z + 3 ≤ 0
(C) 227 (D) None of these
1
Solution: (A) ⇒ (Z – 3) (3Z – 1) ≤ 0 ⇒ ≤Z≤3
3
2( x − 3) + 27 is minimum when (x2 – 3)3 + 27 is
2 3
1
Therefore, minimum value of Z = .
minimum. 3
Since (x2 – 3)3 + 27 = x6 – 9x4 + 27x2 49. If log10(x3 + y3) – log10(x2 + y2– xy) ≤ 2 then the maxi-
= x2 (x4 – 9x2 + 27) mum value of xy is
⎡⎛ 9⎞
2
27 ⎤ (A) 2500 (B) 3000
= x2 ⎢⎜ x 2 − ⎟ + ⎥ (C) 1200 (D) 3500
⎢⎣⎝ 2⎠ 4 ⎥⎦
Solution: (A)
≥ 0, for all x,
∴ minimum value of (x2 – 3)3 + 27 = 0. ( x3 + y3 )
log10 ≤ 2 and x + y > 0
2
− 3)3 + 27 x 2 + y 2 − xy
Thus, minimum value of 2( x is 20 = 1
π ⇒ 0 < x + y ≤ 100
47. f (x) = 1 + [cos x] x, in 0 < x ≤
2 ⇒ maximum value of xy = 2,500.
(A) has a minimum value 0
(B) has a maximum value 2
⎡ π⎤ concavity and convExity
(C) is continuous in ⎢0, ⎥
⎣ 2⎦ of a function
π
(D) is not differentiable at x =
2 concavity of function
Solution: (C) If f ′′(x) > 0 in the interval (a, b), then shape of f (x) in inter-
π val (a, b) is concave when observed from upwards (i.e.,
Since f (x) = 1 in 0 < x < (as [cos x] = 0)
2 concave upwards) or convex down.
Geometrically, a curve is concave upward in the
⎡ π⎤ interval [a, b] if all points on the curve lie above the tangent
∴ f (x) is continuous in ⎢0, ⎥
⎣ 2⎦ to the curve at any point in the interval [a, b].
higher order derivative test to determine

DO NOT FORGET local maxima, local minima and point of
If the curve is concave upward, then the slope of the tangent inﬂexion
increases as x increases i.e., f ′(x) is strictly increasing in
Let f (x) be a differentiable function in an interval I and let
[a, b]
x = a be a point lying in the interior of I such that
1. f ′(a) = f ′′(a) = f ′′′(a) = ... = f n – 1(a) = 0 and
convexity of function 2. f n(a) exists and is non-zero, then:
(a) If n is even and f n(a) < 0, then x = a is a point of
If f ′′(x) < 0 in the interval (a, b), then shape of f (x) in interval
local maximum.
(a, b) is convex when observed from upwards (i.e., convex
(b) If n is even and f n(a) > 0, then x = a is a point of
upwards) or concave down.
local minimum.
Y (c) If n is odd and f n(a) > 0, then x = a is a point of
Concave up inflexion where shape of curve changes from con-
vex upwards to concave upwards.
Convex up (d) If n is odd and f n(a) < 0, then x = a is a point of
inflexion, where shape of curve changes from con-
cave upwards to convex upwards.
X
I M P O R TA N T P O I N T S
Convex down
This test is used only when second derivative fails to decide
between local maximum and local minimum.
i.e., when at x = a, f′(a) = 0 and fn(a) = 0.
Concave down
Fig. 14.13
Geometrically, a curve is concave downward in the interval trick(S) for problEm Solving
[a, b] if all points on the curve lie above the tangent to the
■ Maxima and minima occur alternately,that is between two
curve at any point in the interval [a, b].
maxima there is one minimum and vice-versa.
■ If f (x) → ∞ as x → a or b and f ′(x) = 0 only for one value
of x (say c) between a and b, then f (c) is necessarily the
DO NOT FORGET minimum and the least value.
If the curve is concave downward, then the slope of the If f (x) → – ∞ as x → a or b, then f (c) is necessarily the
tangent decreases as x increases i.e., f ′(x) is strictly decreas- maximum and the greatest value.
ing in [a, b]. ■ If a function is strictly increasing in [a, b], then f (a) is local
⇒ f ″(x) < 0 ∀ x ∈ [a, b] minimum and f (b) is local maximum.
■ If a function is strictly decreasing in [a, b], then f (a) is local
maximum and f (b) is local minimum.
point of inflExion
If at x = a, the shape of the curve changes from concave to rollE’S and lagrangE’S mEan valuE
convex or from convex to concave, then x = a is known as thEorEm
the point of inflexion.
rolle’s theorem
method to Evaluate point of inﬂexion If a function f defined on the closed interval [a, b], is
Points of inflexion can be obtained by equating f ′′(x) = 0. It 1. continuous on [a, b],
is not necessary that all values of x which are obtained by 2. derivable on (a, b), and
equating f ′′(x) = 0 are points of inflexion. Only those values 3. f (a) = f (b), then there exists atleast one real number c
of x for whcih f ′′(x) changes sign are points of inflexion. between a and b (a < c < b) such that f ′ (c) = 0.
14.18 Chapter 14
geometrical interpretation SolvEd ExamplES

Y
50. If the polynomial equation
anxn + an – 1xn – 1 + ... + a2x2 + a1x + a0 = 0,
n positive integer, has two different real roots α and β,
then between α and β, the equation
a b
X nanxn – 1 + (n – 1) an – 1xn – 2 + ... + a1 = 0 has
O
(A) exactly one root (B) atmost one root
Fig. 14.14 (C) atleast one root (D) no root
Y Solution: (C)
Let f (x) = anxn + an – 1xn–1 + ... + a2x2 + a1x + a0, which
is a polynomial function in x of degree n. Hence f (x) is
continuous and differentiable for all x.
Let α < β. We are given, f (α) = 0 = f (β ).
a b
X By Rolle’s theorem, f ′ (c) = 0 for some value c,
O
α<c<β
Fig. 14.15 Hence the equation
Y f ′ (x) = nanxn–1 + (n – 1) an – 1xn–2 + ... + a1 = 0
has atleast one root between α and β.
51. If a + b + c = 0, then the equation 3ax2 + 2bx + c = 0
has, in the interval (0, 1)
(A) atleast one root (B) atmost one root
(C) no root (D) None of these
X
O a b
Solution: (B)
Fig. 14.16
Let f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx, x ∈ [0, 1].
∴ f ′ (x) = 3ax2 + 2bx + c.
The conclusion is that there is a point c between a and b
such that the tangent to the graph at [c, f (c)] is parallel to Since f (x) is a polynomial function of x, it is con-
the x-axis. tinuous and differentiable for all x ∈ [0, 1].
Also, f (0) = 0; f (1) = a + b + c = 0.
algebraic interpretation ∴ f (0) = f (1)
Applying Rolle’s theorem, f ′ (k) = 0 for atleast one
Between two zeros a and b of f (x) (i.e., between two roots value k, 0 < k < 1. Hence k is a root of the equation
a and b of f (x) = 0) there exists atleast one zero of f ′(x).
3ax2 + 2bx + c = 0, where 0 < k < 1
52. If the equation anxn + an – 1xn – 1 + ... + a1x = 0 has a

trick(S) for problEm Solving positive root x = α, then the equation nanxn – 1 + (n – 1)
Suppose a and b are two real numbers such that an – 1xn – 2 + ... + a1 = 0 has a positive root, which is
■ f(x) and its derivative f ′(x) are continuous for a ≤ x ≤ b. (A) smaller than α
(B) greater than α
f(a) and f (b) have opposite signs.
(C) equal to α
■
■ f ′(x) is different from zero for all values of x between a (D) greater than or equal to α
and b.
Then, there is one and only real root of the equation f(x) = 0 Solution: (A)
between a and b.
Let f (x) = anxn + an –1xn–1 + ... + a1x.
Then f (α) = 0 (Given). Also f (0) = 0. Solution: (A)

Moreover, f (x) is continuous and differentiable in Let α, β (α < β) be any two real roots of
[0, α] as it is a polynomial function of x. Hence, by f (x) = e–x – sin x.
Rolle’s theorem, there exists a c in (0, α) such that Then, f (α) = 0 = f (β )
f ′(x) = 0 for x = c i.e.
Moreover, f (x) is continuous and differentiable for
nanxn – 1 + (n – 1) an – 1xn – 2 + ... + 2a2x + a1 = 0. x ∈ [α, β].
Hence, from Rolle’s theorem, there exists atleast
a0 a a a
53. If + 1 + 2 + ... + n −1 + an = 0, then the equa- one x in (α, β ) such that
n +1 n n −1 2
tion a0xn + a1xn – 1 + ... + an – 1x + an = 0 has, in the f ′ (x) = 0 ⇒ – e– x – cos x = 0
interval (0, 1), ⇒ – e–x (1 + ex cos x) = 0 ⇒ ex cos x = – 1.
(A) exactly one root (B) atleast one root
(C) atmost one root (D) no root 56. If a, b, c be non-zero real numbers such that
1
Solution: (B)
∫ (1 + cos
8
x ) ( ax 2 + bx + c) dx
Let 0
x n +1 xn x n −1 x2 2
f (x) = a0 + a1 + a2 + ... + an −1 + an x = ∫ (1 + cos8 x ) ( ax 2 + bx + c) dx = 0,
n +1 n n −1 2
0
Then f (x) is continuous and differentiable in [0, 1],
as it is a polynomial function of x. then the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 will have
(A) one root between 0 and 1 and other root between
Also, f (0) = 0 1 and 2
a0 a a a (B) both the roots between 0 and 1
and f (1) = + 1 + 2 + ... + n −1 + an = 0. (C) both the roots between 1 and 2
n +1 n n −1 2
(Given) (D) None of these
Hence, by Rolle’s theorem, there exists atleast one real Solution: (A)
number c ∈ (0, 1) such that f ′ (c) = 0 i.e., c is a root of y
the equation a0xn + a1xn – 1 + ... + an – 1x + an = 0. Let f ( y) = ∫ (1 + cos8 x ) ( ax 2 + bx + c) dx

0
54. The equation x log x = 3 – x has, in the interval (1, 3),
⇒ f ′ (y) = (1 + cos8y) (ay2 + by + c) (1)
(A) exactly one root (B) atmost one root
1
(C) atleast one root (D) no root
Now, f (1) = ∫ (1 + cos8 x ) ( ax 2 + bx + c) dx = 0
Solution: (C) 0
Let f (x) = (x – 3) log x 2
Then, f (1) = – 2 log 1 = 0 and f (3) = (3 – 3) log 3 = 0. and f (2) = ∫ (1 + cos8 x ) ( ax 2 + bx + c) dx = 0

0
As, (x – 3) and log x are continuous and differentiable
in [1, 3], therefore (x – 3) log x = f (x) is also continu- Also, f (0) = 0
ous and differentiable in [1, 3]. Hence, by Rolle’s theo- ∴ f (0) = f (1) = f (2)
rem, there exists a value of x in (1, 3) such that Now by Rolle’s theorem for f (x) in [0, 1].
f ′ (x) = 0 f ′ (α) = 0, for atleast one α, 0 < α < 1
1 and by Rolle’s theorem for f (x) in [1, 2],
⇒ log x + (x – 3) =0
x f ′ (β ) = 0, for atleast one β, 1 < β < 2.
⇒ x log x = 3 – x. From (1),
55. Between any two real roots of the equation ex sin x = 1, f ′ (α) = 0 ⇒ (1 + cos8α) (aα2 + bα + 2) = 0.
the equation ex cos x = – 1 has But 1 + cos8α ≠ 0,
(A) atleast one root (B) exactly one root ∴ aα2 + bα + c = 0,
(C) atmost one root (D) no root
14.20 Chapter 14
i.e., α is a root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0. SolvEd ExamplES

Similarly f ′ (β) = 0 ⇒ aβ2 + bβ + c = 0,
i.e., β is a root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0. 58. If f (x) is differentiable in the interval [2, 5], where
But the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, being a quadratic f (2) =
1 1
and f (5) = , then there exists a number c,
equation, cannot have more than two roots. 5 2
∴ The equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has one root α 2 < c < 5 for which f ′(c) =
between 0 and 1 and other root β between 1 and 2. 1 1
(A) (B)
57. If 27a + 9b + 3c + d = 0, then the equation 4ax3 + 3bx2 2 5
+ 2cx + d = 0 has atleast one real root lying between 1
(C) (D) None of these
(A) 0 and 1 (B) 1 and 3 10
(C) 0 and 3 (D) None of these
Solution: (C)
Solution: (C) As f (x) is differentiable in [2, 5], therefore, it is also
Let f (x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx continuous in [2, 5]. Hence, by mean value theorem,
Then, there exists a real number c in (2, 5) such that
f (0) = 0 and f (3) = 81a + 27b + 9c + 3d 1 1
−
= 3 (27a + 9b + 3c + d) f (5) − f ( 2) 1
f ′(c) = ⇒ f ′ (c) = 2 5 =
=0 (∵ 27a + 9b + 3c + d = 0) 5−2 3 10
Therefore 0 and 3 are roots of the polynomial f (x). 59. The value of c in Lagrange’s theorem for the function
So, by Rolle’s theorem, there exists atleast one root of
the polynomial f ′ (x) = 4ax3 + 3bx2 + 2cx + d lying ⎧ ⎛ 1⎞
⎪ x cos ⎜ ⎟ , x ≠ 0
between 0 and 3. f (x) = ⎨ ⎝ x⎠ in the interval [– 1, 1] is
⎪0, x=0
⎩
lagrangE’S mEan valuE thEorEm 1
(A) 0 (B)
2
If a function f defined on the closed interval [a, b], is 1
(C) – (D) non-existent in the interval
1. continuous on [a, b] 2
2. derivable on (a, b), then there exists atleast one real Solution: (D)
number c between a and b (a < c < b) such that f (x) is continuous in the interval [– 1, 1], but f (x) is not
differentiable at x = 0. Hence mean value theorem is
f ( b) − f ( a)
f ′(c) = not applicable. So, no c can be found.
b−a
60. Let f be a function which is continuous and differen-
tiable for all real x. If f (2) = – 4 and f ′ (x) ≥ 6 for all
geometrical interpretation x ∈ [2, 4], then
The theorem states that between two points A and B on the (A) f (4) < 8 (B) f (4) ≥ 8
graph of f there exists atleast one point where the tangent is (C) f (4) ≥ 12 (D) None of these
parallel to the chord AB. Solution: (B)
Y
By mean value theorem, there exists a real number c
∈ (2, 4) such that
B
f ( 4 ) − f ( 2) f ( 4) + 4
f ′(c) = ⇒ f ′ (c) =
A 4−2 2
Since f ′ (x) ≥ 6 ∀ x ∈ [2, 4]
X
O x=a x=c x=b f ( 4) + 4
∴ f ′(c) ≥ 6 ⇒ ≥ 6 ⇒ f (4) + 4 ≥ 12
Fig. 14.17 2
⇒ f (4) ≥ 8
dy And this is known as the rate of change of y with respect to

application of aS a ratE mEaSurE x for the same value x = x1.
dx dy
The importance of the derivable functions in various Hence represents the actual rate of increases in y
practical problems of day to day life rests on the fact that dx dy
the derivatives give us a measure of the rate of change of a per unit increase in x for the particular value of x or is
dx
function with respect to tis independent variable. the rate at which y is changing with respect to x.
Let y = f (x) be the given function. Take a fixed value
x1 for x and the corresponding value of y for x = x1 is say Again,
dy
=
dy / dt
⇒
dy
=
dy dx
×
y1, i.e., y1 = f (x1). Take another value x2 of x and the corre- dx dx / dt dt dx dt
sponding value of y be y2.
Let δx and δy denote the increments in x and y respec- In order words, if the rate of change of variables x and y are
δy y − y1 f ( x2 ) − f ( x1 ) taken relative to time t, we have
tively. The increment ratio = 2 =
δx x2 − x1 x2 − x1 dy
Rate of change of y = × rate of change of x.
is called the average rate of change with respect to x in the dx
interval [x1, x2]. If we continue choosing the values of x in
such a way that the interval [x1, x2] shrinks to zero, i.e., dx
→ 0 then according to the definition of derivative.
δy f ( x2 ) − f ( x1 ) ⎛ dy ⎞
lim = lim = f ′(x1) = ⎜ ⎟
δx → 0 δ x x2 → x1 x2 − x1 ⎝ dx ⎠ x = x
1
EXERCISES
Single option correct type
1. The set of values of x for which log (1 + x) < x, is π

5. If 0 < α < β < then
(A) x < 0 (B) x > 0 2
(C) 0 < x < 1 (D) None of these tan β α tan β α
(A) < (B) >
2. Let f (x) = cos 2πx + x – [x], where [⋅] denotes the tan α β tan α β
greatest integer function. Then the number of points tan α α tan α α
(C) < (D) >
in [0, 10] at which f (x) assumes its local maximum tan β β tan β β
value, is
6. If a < 0, the function (eax + e–ax) is a monotonic
(A) 10 (B) 9
decreasing function for all values of x, where
(C) 0 (D) infinite
(A) x > 0 (B) x < 0
sin x (C) x > 1 (D) x < 1
3. The function f (x) = is decreasing in the interval
x 7. The range of values of a for which the function
⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π⎞ f (x) = x3 + (a + 2) x2 + 3ax + 5
(A) ⎜ − , 0⎟ (B) ⎜ 0, ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ may be monotonic in R, is
(C) (0, π) (D) None of these (A) a < 1 (B) 1 <a < 4
b (C) a > 4 (D) None of these
4. If ax + ≥ c for all positive x, where a, b> 0, then
x 8. The values of k for which the function
c2 c2 f (x) = kx3 – 9x2 + 9x + 3 may be increasing on R are
(A) ab < (B) ab ≥
4 4 (A) k > 3 (B) k < 3
c (C) k ≤ 3 (D) None of these
(C) ab ≥ (D) None of these
4
14.22 Chapter 14
9. The least possible value of k for which the function 18. The curve y – exy+ x = 0 has a vertical tangent at the
f (x) = x2 + kx+ 1 may be increasing on [1, 2] is point
(A) 2 (B) – 2 (A) (1, 1) (B) at no point
(C) 0 (D) None of these (C) (0, 1) (D) (1, 0)
10. If f (x) = 2x3 + 9x2 + lx + 20 is a decreasing function 19. The set of all values of a for which the function f (x) =
of x in the largest possible interval (– 2, – 1) then l is (a2 – 3a + 2)(cos2 x/4 – sin2 x/4) + (a – 1)x + sin 1 does
equal to not possess critical points is
(A) 12 (B) – 12 (A) [1, ∞) (B) (0, 1) ∪ (1, 4)
(C) 6 (D) None of these (C) (– 2, 4) (D) (1, 3) ∪ (3, 5)
11. Let f ′(x) > 0 and g′(x) < 0 for all x ∈ R. Then, ⎧⎪ − x 3 + log 2 b 0 < x < 1
(A) f [g(x)] > f [g(x – 1)] 20. Let f (x) = ⎨ . Then set of val-
⎩⎪ 3x x ≥1
(B) f [g(x)] > f [g(x + 1)]
(C) g[ f (x)] > g [ f (x – 1)] ues of b for which f (x) has least value at x = 1 is:
(D) g[ f (x)] < g[ f (x + 1)] (A) R+ (B) (0, 16]
(C) [16, ∞) (D) None of these
12. If the function f (x) = 3 cos | x | – 6ax + b increases for
all x∈ R, then the range of values of a is given by 21. If at any point on a curve the sub-tangent and sub-normal
1 1 are equal, then the length of the normal is equal to
(A) a > – (B) a < –
2 2 (A) 2 ordinate (B) ordinate
(C) a ≤ b (D) a ≥ b (C) 2 ordinate (D) None of these
13. The equation x + ex = 0 has x2
(A) only one real root 22. Tangent is drawn to the ellipse + y 2 = 1 at
27
(B) only two real roots (3 3 cos θ , sin θ ) , where θ ∈ (0, θ/2). Then, the value
(C) no real root
of θ such that sum of intercepts on axes made by this
(D) None of these
tangent is minimum, is
14. The value of a in order that f (x) = sin x – cos x – ax + b π π
decreases for all real values is given by (A) (B)
3 6
(A) a ≥ 2 (B) a < 2 π π
(C) (D)
(C) a ≥ 1 (D) a < 1 8 4
15. Let f and g be increasing and decreasing functions 23. The minimum value of a tan2x + b cot2x equals the
respectively from [0, ∞) to [0, ∞). Let h (x) = f [g (x)]. maximum value of a sin2 θ + b cos2 θ where a > b > 0,
If h (0) = 0, then h (x) is when
(A) always zero (B) always negative (A) a = b (B) a = 2b
(C) always positive (D) strictly increasing (C) a = 3b (D) a = 4b
16. If f ″ (x) < 0 ∀ x ∈ (a, b), then f ′ (x) = 0 24. A function f is such that f ′(a) = f ″(a) = f ″′(a) = ... =
(A) exactly once in (a, b) f (2n) (a) = 0 and f has a local maximum value b at x =
(B) atmost once in (a, b) a, if f (x) is
(C) atleast once in (a, b) (A) (x – a)2n+2
(D) None of these (B) b – 1 – (x + 1 – a)2n–1
17. The two tangents to the curve ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 1, (C) b– (x – a)2n+2
a > 0 at the points where it crosses x-axis, are (D) (x – a)2n+2 – b
(A) parallel
1 1
(B) perpendicular 25. If P = x3 – 3
and Q = x – , x ∈ (0, x) then minimum
π x x
(C) inclined at an angle value of P/Q2
4
(D) None of these (A) is 2 3 (B) is – 2 3
(C) does not exist (D) None of these
26. If the area of the triangle included between the axes (C) the perimeter of ΔABC is minimum when it is
and any tangent to the curve xny = an is constant, then isosceles
n is equal to (D) the perimeter of ΔABC is maximum when it is
(A) 1 (B) 2 isosceles
3 1 33. Let f (x) = 1 + 3x2 + 32x4 + ... + 330 ⋅ x60. Then f (x) has
(C) (D)
2 2 (A) atleast one maximum
27. If f (x) and g (x) are differentiable functions for 0 ≤ x ≤ (B) exactly one maximum
1 such that f (0) = 2, g (0) = 0, f (1) = 6, g (1) = 2, then (C) atleast one minimum
in the interval (0, 1), (D) exactly one minimum
(A) f ′ (x) = 0 for all x 34. A function f is such that f ′ (4) = f ″ (4) = 0 and f has
(B) f ′ (x) = 2g′ (x) for atleast one x minimum value 10 at x = 4. Then f (x) =
(C) f ′ (x) = 2g′ (x) for atmost one x (A) 4 + (x – 4)4 (B) 10 + (x – 4)4
(D) None of these (C) (x – 4) 4
(D) None of these
sin ( x + a) 35. The range of values of k for which the function
28. If y = ; a ≠ b, then y has
sin ( x + b) f (x) = (k2 – 7k + 12) cosx + 2 (k – 4) x + log 2
(A) maximum at x = 0 does not possess critical points, is
(B) minimum at x = 0 (A) (1, 5) (B) (1, 5) – {4}
(C) neither maximum nor minimum (C) (1, 4) (D) None of these
(D) None of these
36. The minimum value of the function
29. For a differentiable curve y = f (x) having atleast two x p x−q 1 1
f (x) = + , where + = 1, p > 1 is
extremum in the interval [a, b], p q p q
(A) two of its maximum values occur successively (A) 1 (B) 0
(B) two of its minimum values occur successively (C) 2 (D) None of these
(C) maximum and minimum values occur alternatively x2 − 1
(D) None of the above 37. If f (x) = 2 , for every real number x, then the
x +1
30. The points on the curve xy2 = 1 which are nearest to minimum value of f
the origin are (A) does not exist because f is unboundecd
⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ 1/ 3 −1/ 6 ⎤ ⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ 1/ 3 ⎤ (B) is not attained even though f is bounded
⎛ 1⎞
(A) ⎢⎜ ⎟ , ± ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ (B) ⎢⎜ ⎟ , 2 −1/ 6 ⎥ (C) is equal to 1
⎢⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦ (D) is equal to – 1
⎛ −1/ 6 ⎞ 38. If a differentiable function f (x) has a relative minimum
⎛ 1⎞
(C) ⎜ 21/ 3 , ± ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ (D) None of these at x = 0, then the function y = f (x) + ax + b has a rela-
⎝ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎠ tive minimum at x = 0 for
31. N characters of information are held on magnetic tape, (A) all a > 0 (B) all b > 0
in batches of x characters each; the batch process- (C) all a and b (D) all b if a = 0
ing time is α + βx2 seconds; α, β are constants. The
39. On the curve x3 = 12y, the abscissa changes at a faster
optimum value of x for fast processing is
rate than the ordinate. Then, x belongs to the interval
α β
(A) (B) (A) (– 4, 4) (B) (–3, 3)
β α
(C) (–2, 2) (D) None of these
α β 40. The maximum value of radius vector where
(C) (D)
β α c4 a2 b2
= + ; (a, b > 0) is
32. AB is a diameter of a circle and C is any point on the r 2 sin 2 t cos 2 t
circumference of the circle, then c4
(A) (a + b)2 (B)
(A) area of ΔABC is maximum when it is an isosceles ( a + b) 2
(B) area of ΔABC is minimum when it is an isosceles c 2
(C) (D) c2(a + b)
a+b
14.24 Chapter 14
41. Let f (x) and g(x) be defined and differentiable for (C) decreases in [0, 1) and increases in (1, 2]
x ≥ x0 and f (x0) = g(x0), f ′(x) > g′(x) for x > x0, then (D) increases in [0, 1) and decreases in (1, 2]
(A) f (x) < g(x), x > x0 (b) f (x) = g(x), x > x0 50. A spherical balloon is filled with 4500π cubic meters
(C) f (x) > g(x), x > x0 (d) None of these of helium gas. If a leak in the balloon causes the gas
42. If α and β (α < β ) be two different real roots of the to escape at the rate of 72π cubic meters per minute,
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then then the rate (in meters per minute) at which the radius
b b of the balloon decreases 40 minutes after the leakage
(A) α > – (B) β < – began is
2a 2a
(A) 9/7 (B) 7/9
b b
(C) α < – <β (D) β < – <α (C) 2/9 (D) 9/2
2a 2a
51. Let a, b ∈ R be such that the fucntion f given by f (x) =
1 ln|x| + bx2 + ax, x ≠ 0 has extreme values at x = –1 and
43. If f ′ (x) = for all x and f (0) = 0, then
1 + x2 x = 2.
(A) f (2) < 0.4 (B) f (2) > 2 Statement 1: f has local maximum at x = –1 and at
(C) 0.4 < f (2) < 2 (D) f (2) = 2 x = 2.
44. The interval in which l should be if f (x) = sin3 x + l 1 −1
Statement 2: a = and b = .
sin2 x(–π/2 < x < π/2) has exactly one maximum and 2 4
one minimum is (A) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
⎛ 1 1⎞ (B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true, statement-2
(A) (– 1, 1) (B) ⎜ − , ⎟ is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
⎝ 2 2⎠
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2
⎛ − 3 3 ⎞ ⎛ − 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
(C) ⎜ , ⎟ (D) ⎜ , 0 ∪ 0, is not a correct explanation for Statement-1.
⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
(D) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
45. Twenty metre of wire is available to fence off a flower 52. Each side of a square is increasing at the uniform rate
bed in the form of a sector. If the flower bed has the of 1 m/sec. If after some time the area of the square
maximum surface then radius is is increasing at the rate of 8 m2/sec, then the area of
(A) 10 (B) 5/2 square at that time in sq. meters is:
(C) 5 (D) 15/2 (A) 4 (B) 9
46. If f ″(x) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R, f ′(3) = 0 and g(x) = f (tan2x – 2 (C) 16 (D) 25
tan x + 4), 0 < x < π/2, then g(x) is increasing in 53. Let a, b, c ∈ R, a > 0 and function f : R → R be defined
⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞ ⎛π π⎞ by f (x) = ax2 + bx + c
(A) ⎜ 0, ⎟ (B) ⎜ 0, ⎟ ∪ ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4 2⎠ Statement 1: b2 < 4ac ⇒ f (x) > 0, for every value of x.
⎛π π⎞ ⎛ π⎞ Statement 2: f is strictly decreasing in the interval
(B) ⎜ , ⎟ (D) ⎜ 0, ⎟
⎝ 4 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎛ −b ⎞
⎜⎝ − ∞, ⎟⎠ and strictly increasing in the interval
2a
47. The normal to the curve x = a(1 + cos θ ), y = a sin θ
⎛ −b ⎞
at θ always passes through the fixed point ⎜⎝ , ∞⎟⎠ .
2a
(A) (a, a) (B) (a, 0)
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true, Statement-2
(C) (0, a) (D) None of these
is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
48. If the tangent to the curve 2y3 = ax2 + x3 at the point (B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true, Statement-2
(a, a) cuts off intercepts α and β on the coordinate axes is not a correct explanation for Statement-1.
such that α2 + β 2 = 61, then a = (C) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(A) ± 30 (B) ± 5 (D) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
(C) ± 6 (D) ± 61 54. How many real solutions does the equation x7 + 14x5 +
49. If x ∈ [0, 2] and g(x) = f (x) + f(2 – x). Also, f ′′(x) < 0, 16x3 + 30x – 560 = 0 have?
then g(x) (A) 7 (B) 1
(A) increases in [0, 2] (B) decreases in [0, 2] (C) 3 (D) 5
55. Given P(x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d such that x = 0 is (C) equal to α

the only real root of P′(x) = 0 . If P(–1) < P(1) , then in (D) greater than or equal to α
the interval [–1, 1]
62. If a, b, c be non-zero real numbers such that
(A) P(–1) is the minimum and P(1) is the maximum
1
of P
∫ (1 + cos
8
x ) ( ax 2 + bx + c) dx
(B) P(–1) is not minimum but P(1) is the maximum of
0
P
2
(C) P(–1) is the minimum and P(1) is not the maxi-
= ∫ (1 + cos8 x ) ( ax 2 + bx + c) dx = 0,
mum of P
0
(D) neitherP(–1) is the minimum nor P(1) is the
maximum of P then the equation ax2 + bx+ c = 0 will have
(A) one root between 0 and 1 and other root between
56. Let f: [2, 7] → [0, ∞) be a continuous and differentiable 1 and 2
function. Then, (B) both the roots between 0 and 1
( f (7) 2 + ( f ( 2)) 2 + f ( 2) f (7) (C) both the roots between 1 and 2
(f (7) – f (2)) is equal to
3 (D) None of these
(A) 5f 2(c) f ′(C) (B) 5f ′(c) 63. Let f be a function which is continuous and differen-
(C) f (c) f ′(C) (D) None of these tiable for all real x. If f (2) = – 4 and f ′ (x) ≥ 6 for all
where c ∈ (2, 7). x ∈ [2, 4], then
57. The fraction exceeding its pth power by the greatest (A) f (4) < 8 (B) f (4) ≥ 8
number possible, where p ≥ 2, is (C) f (4) ≥ 12 (D) None of these
1 p −1
⎛ 1⎞ p −1 ⎛ 1⎞ b
(A) ⎜ ⎟ (B) ⎜ ⎟ 64. If ax + ≥ c for all positive x, where a, b > 0, then
⎝ p⎠ ⎝ p⎠ x
c2 c2
(C) p1/p – 1 (D) None of these (A) ab < (B) ab ≥
4 4
58. Let the function f (x) be defined as c
(C) ab ≥ (D) None of these
⎪⎧tan −1 α − 3 x 2 , 0 < x < 1 4
f (x) = ⎨
⎩⎪ − 6 x, x ≥1 65. Let f be a continuous, diferentiable and bijective func-
f (x) can have a maximum at x = 1 if the value of α is tion. If the tangent to y = f (x) at x = a is also the nor-
(A) 0 (B) 2 mal to y = f (x) at x = b, then there exists at least one
(C) 1 (D) None of these c ∈ (a, b) such that
⎧| x |, 0 < | x |≤ 2 (A) f ′(c) = 0 (B) f ′(c) > 0
59. Let f (x) = ⎨ . Then, at x = 0, f has
⎩1, x = 0 (C) f ′(c) < 0 (D) None of these
(A) a local maximum (B) no local maximum 66. The values of k for which the function
(C) a local minimum (D) no extremum f(x) = kx3 – 9x2 + 9x + 3 may be increasing on R are
x
cos t π (A) k > 3 (B) k < 3
60. Let f (x) = ∫ t
dt (x > 0); then for x = (2n + 1) ,
2
(C) k ≤ 3 (D) None of these
0
f (x) has 67. The least possible value of k for which the function
(A) minima when n = 0, 2, 4, ... f (x) = x2 + kx+ 1 may be increasing on [1, 2] is
(B) maxima when n = 0, 2, 4, 6, ... (A) 2 (B) – 2
(C) neither max. nor min. when n = – 1, – 3, – 5, ... (C) 0 (D) None of these
(D) None of these
68. Let a + b = 4, a < 2 and g(x) be a monotonically
61. If the equation anxn + an – 1xn – 1 + ... + a1x = 0 has a increasing function of x.
positive root x = α, then the equation a b
nanxn – 1 + (n – 1) an – 1xn – 2 + ... + a1 = 0 has a positive Then, f (a) = ∫ g ( x) dx + ∫ g ( x) dx

root, which is 0 0
(A) smaller than α (A) increases with increase in (b – a)

(B) greater than α (B) decreases with increase in (b – a)
14.26 Chapter 14
(C) increases with decrease in (b – a) 77. A function f is such that f ′ (4) = f ″ (4) = 0 and f has
(D) None of these minimum value 10 at x = 4. Then f (x) =
69. The equation x + ex = 0 has (A) 4 + (x – 4)4 (B) 10 + (x – 4)4
4
(C) (x – 4) (D) None of these
(A) only one real root
(B) only two real roots 78. The range of values of k for which the function
(C) no real root f (x) = (k2 – 7k + 12) cosx + 2 (k – 4) x + log 2
(D) None of these does not possess critical points, is
70. The value of a in order that (A) (1, 5) (B) (1, 5) – {4}
(C) (1, 4) (D) None of these
f (x) = sin x – cos x – ax + b
decreases for all real values is given by 79. If a differentiable function f (x) has a relative minimum
(A) a ≥ 2 (B) a < 2 at x = 0, then the function y = f (x) + ax + b has a rela-
(C) a ≥ 1 (D) a < 1 tive minimum at x = 0 for
(A) all a > 0 (B) all b > 0
71. If f ″(x) < 0 ∀ x ∈ (a, b), then f ′(x) = 0 (C) all a and b (D) all b if a = 0
(A) exactly once in (a, b)
(B) at most once in (a, b) 80. Let f (x) and g(x) be defined and differentiable for
(C) at least once in (a, b) x ≥ x0 and f (x0) = g(x0), f ′(x) > g′(x) for x > x0, then
(D) None of these (A) f (x) < g(x), x > x0 (b) f (x) = g(x), x > x0
(C) f (x) > g(x), x > x0 (d) None of these
72. The minimum value of a tan2x + b cot2x equals the max-
imum value of a sin2 θ + b cos2 θ where a > b > 0, when 81. If α and β (α < β) be two different real roots of the
(A) a = b (B) a = 2b equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then
(C) a = 3b (D) a = 4b b b
(A) α > – (B) β < –
2a 2a
x2 − 1
73. If f ( x ) = , for every real number, then mini- b b
x2 + 1 (C) α < – <β (D) β < – <α
2a 2a
mum value of f
(A) Does not exist 82. If p(x) = a0 + a1x+a2x2 + ... + anxn and |p(x)| ≤ |ex–1 – 1|
(B) Is note attained even through f is bounded for all x≥ 0, then |a1 + 2a2 + 3a3 + ... + nan|
(C) Is equal to 1 (A) ≤ 1 (B) ≥ 1
(D) Is equal to –1 (C) ≥ 0 (D) ≤ 0
74. If y = a log|x| + bx2 + x has its extremum values at 83. The maximum value of radius vector where
x = –1 and x = 2, then c4 a2 b2
= + ; (a, b> 0) is
(A) a = 2, b = –1 r 2
sin t cos 2 t
2
(B) a = 2, b = –1/2 c4
(C) a = –2, b = 1/2 (A) (a + b)2 (B)
( a + b) 2
(D) None of these 2
c
75. If f (x) and g(x) are differentiable functions for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 (C) (D) c2(a + b)
a+b
such that f (0) = 2, g (0) = 0, f (1) = 6, g(1) = 2, then in
the interval (0, 1), ⎧⎪ − x 3 + log 2 b 0 < x < 1
84. Let f (x) = ⎨ . Then, the set of
(A) f ′ (x) = 0 for all x ⎩⎪ 3x x ≥1
(B) f ′ (x) = 2g′(x) for at least one x values of b for which f (x) has least value at x = 1 is
(C) f ′ (x) = 2g′(x) for at most one x (A) R+ (B) (0, 16]
(D) None of these (C) [16, ∞) (D) None of these
76. The difference between the greatest and least values of 85. The second drivative f ″(x) of the function f (x) exists
1 1 for all x in [0, 1] and satisfies | f ″(x)| ≤ 1. If f (0) = f (1),
the function f ( x ) = cos x + cos 2 x − cos 3 x is
2 3 then for all x in [0, 1]
(A) 2/3 (B) 8/7 (A) | f ′(x) | < 1 (B) | f ′(x) | > 1
(C) 9/4 (D) 3/8 (C) | f ′(x) | = 1 (D) f (x) is constant
86. Let the function f be defined as 93. If the function

⎧ P( x) ⎧ 3 b3 − b 2 + b − 1
⎪ , x≠2 ⎪− x + 2 , 0 ≤ x <1
f ( x) = ⎨ x − 2 f ( x) = ⎨ b + 3b + 2
⎪ ⎪ 2 x − 3, 1≤ x ≤ 3
⎩ 7, x = 2 ⎩
where P(x) is a polynomial such that P ′″(x) is identi- has the least value at x = 1, then all possible real values
cally equal to 0 and P(3) = 9. If f (x) is continuous at of b are
x = 2, then (A) (–1, 1) (B) (–2, –1) ∪ [1, ∞)
(A) P(x) = 2x2 – x – 6 (B) P(x) = 2x2 + x – 6 (C) (–2, 1) (D) None of these
2
(C) P(x) = 2x – x + 6 (D) None of these
| x + 1|
87. The equation x5 – 3x – 1 = 0 has, in the interval [1, 2] 94. The function f (x) = is strictly decreasing in the
interval x2
(A) at least one root (B) at most one root
(C) no root (D) a unique root (A) (– ∞, – 2) ∪ (0, 1) (B) (– 2, 0) ∪ (1, ∞)
(C) (– 2, – 1) ∪ (0, ∞) (D) None of these
88. If the equation x – sin x = k has a unique root in
95. If the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a, b, c, ∈R has at least
⎡ π π⎤
⎢ − 2 , 2 ⎥ , then the range of values of k are one root in (0, 1), then
⎣ ⎦
(A) 2a + 3b + 6c = 0 (B) a + 3b + 6c = 0
⎛ π π ⎞ ⎡ π π ⎤ (C) 2a + b + 6c = 0 (D) 2a + 3b + c = 0
(A) ⎜1 − , − 1⎟ (B) ⎢1 − , − 1⎥
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎣ 2 2 ⎦
96. The range of values of a so that the equation x3 – 3x +
⎡ π ⎤ a = 0 has three real and distinct roots is
(C) ⎢0, + 1⎥ (D) None of these
⎣ 2 ⎦ (A) (– ∞, – 2) ∪ (2, ∞) (B) (– 2, 0)
89. The largest term in the sequence (C) (– 2, 0) (D) (– 2, 2)
n x2 y2 x2 y2
an = 2 , n ∈ N is 97. The curves + = 1 and + = 1 will cut
n + 10 a b a1 b1
4 3 orthogonally if
(A) (B) (A) a + b = a1 + b1 (B) a – b = a1 – b1
26 19
7 1 1 1 1
(C) (D) None of these (C) − = − (D) None of these
18 a b a1 b1
90. The range of values of a for which all roots of the 98. If x and y are the sides of two squares such that y = x
equation 3x4 + 4x3 – 12x2 + a = 0 are real and distinct is – x2, then the rate of change of the area of the second
(A) (0, 5) (B) (1, 4) square with respect to the first square is
(C) (–1, 5) (D) None of these (A) 2x2 – 3x + 1 (B) 2x2 + 3x + 1
2
(C) 2x – 3x – 1 (D) 2x2 + 3x – 1
91. If ϕ(x) = f (x) + f (1 – x) and f ″(x) < 0 in (–1, 1), then
ϕ(x) strictly increases in the interval 99. The point on the curve 3x2 – 4y2 = 72 which is nearest
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ to the line 3x + 2y + 1 = 0 is
(A) ⎜ 0, ⎟ (B) ⎜ , 1⎟ (A) (6, – 3) (B) (6, 3)
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
(C) (–1, 0) (D) (0, 1) (C) (– 6, 3) (D) (– 6, – 3)
92. f (x) is a cubic function with f (1) = – 6, f (–1) = 10 and 2 x

100. If the function f(x) = ( a − 3a + 2) cos + ( a − 1) x
has maxima at x = – 1. If f ′(x) has minima at x = 1, then 2
(A) f (x) = x3 + 3x2 – 9x + 5 possesses critical points, then a belongs to the interval
(B) f (x) = x3 – 3x2 – 9x + 5 (A) (– ∞, 0) ∪ (4, ∞)
(C) f (x) = x3 – 3x2 + 9x + 5 (B) (– ∞, 0] ∪ [4, ∞)
(D) f (x) = x3 – 3x2 – 9x + 5 (C) (– ∞, 0] ∪ {1} ∪ [4, ∞)
(D) None of these
14.28 Chapter 14
x 108. The curves x2 – 4y2 + c = 0 and y2 = 4x will cut orthog-

101. If the function f (x) = ∫ | log2 (log3 (log 4 (cos t onally for
0 (A) c ∈ (0, 16) (B) c ∈ (–3, 4)
+a))) | dt , be increasing for all real values of x, then (C) c ∈ (3, 4) (D) None of these
(A) a ≥ 2 (B) a ≥ 5
(C) a < 5 (D) a < 2 109. Which of the following is not true?
l
102. The value of n, for which the function f (x) = (x2 – 4)n The function f (x) = x 2 + has a
x
(x2 – x + 1), n ∈ N assumes a local minima at x = 2, is
(A) minimum at x = 2 if l = 16
(A) an even number
(B) maximum at x = 2 if l = 16
(B) an odd number
(C) maximum for no real value of l
(C) an irrational number
(D) point of inflexion at x = 1 if l = – 1
(D) cannot be determined
⎛ 110. If the parabola y = f (x), having axis parallel to the
21 − 4b − b 2 ⎞ 3
103. If the function f (x) = ⎜1 − ⎟ x y-axis, touches the line y = x at (1, 1), then
⎜⎝ b +1 ⎟⎠ (A) 2 f ′(0) + f (0) = 1 (B) 2 f (0) + f ′(0) = 1
+ 5x + 16 increases for all x, then (C) 2 f (0) – f ′(0) = 1 (D) 2 f ′(0) – f (0) = 1
(A) b ∈ (– 1, 2) 111. The angle between the tangents at any point P and the
(B) b ∈ (– 7, 3) – {– 1} line joining P to the origin O, where P is a point on
(C) b ∈ (– 7, – 1) ∪ (2, 3) −1 y
the curve ln (x2 + y2) = c tan , c is a constant
(D) None of these x
104. The range of parameter b, for which the function (A) varies as tan–1x (B) varies as tan–1y
(C) is a constant (D) None of these
x
f (x) = ∫ (bt 2 + b + cos t ) dt 112. If the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has two distinct
0 positive roots, then the equation ax2 + (b + 6a)x +
is entirely increasing or decreasing for all real values (c + 3b) = 0 has
of x is (A) two positive roots
(A) [–1, 1] (B) (–∞, –1] ∪ [1, ∞) (B) exactly one positive root
(C) (–∞, –1) ∪ (1, ∞) (D) (–1, 1) (C) at least one positive root
(D) no positive root
105. Let f (x) = (x – 3) (x – 4) (x – 4) (x – 5) (x – 6), then
(A) f ′(x) has four roots 113. If f (x) is continuous in [a, b] and differentiable in
(B) three roots of f ′(x) = 0 lie in (3, 4) ∪ (4, 5) ∪ (5, 6) (a, b) then there exists at least one c ∈ (a, b) such that
(C) the equation f ′(x) = 0 has only one root f ( b) − f ( a)
equals
(D) three roots of f ′(x) = 0 lie in (2, 3) ∪ (3, 4) ∪ (4, 5) b3 − a3
106. For a∈ [π, 2π] and n∈Z, the critical points of f (x) = f ′ (c)
(A) 3c2 f ′(C) (B)
1 a − 2 are 3c 2
sin a tan 3 x + (sin a − 1) tan x + (C) f (c) f ′(C) (D) None of these
3 8−a
(A) x = nπ (B) x = 2nπ 114. Let f (x) = lnx and g(x) = x2. If c ∈ (4, 5), then
(C) x = (2n + 1)π (D) None of these ⎛ 4 25 ⎞
c ln ⎜ 16 ⎟ equals
107. Let f ″ (x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ R and g(x) = f (2 – x) + f (4 + x). ⎝5 ⎠
Then, g(x) is increasing in (A) c ln5 – 8 (B) 2(c2 ln4 – 8)
2
(A) (–∞, –1) (B) (–∞, 0) (C) 2(c ln5 – 8) (D) c ln4 – 8
(C) (–1, ∞) (D) None of these
more than one option correct type
π 122. Given that f ′(x) > g′(x) for all real x and f (0) = g (0),
115. If 0 < x < , then then
2
(A) f (x) > g(x) ∀ x ∈ (0, ∞)
2 2
(A) > sin x (B) < sin x (B) f (x) < g(x) ∀ x ∈ (–∞, 0)
π x π x (C) f (x) < g(x) ∀ x ∈ (0, ∞)
sin x sin x (D) f (x) > g(x) ∀ x ∈ (–∞, 0)
(C) <1 (D) >1
x x
x
−t 4
π 123. For the function f (x) = ∫e 4 (4 − t 2 ) dt ,
116. If 0 < x < , then
2 2
(A) cos (sin x) > cos x (A) maximum occurs at x = 2

(B) cos (sin x) < cos x (B) minimum occurs at x = –2
(C) cos (sin x) > sin (cos x) (C) maximum occurs at x = –2
(D) cos (sin x) < sin (cos x) (D) minimum occurs at x = 2
117. (1 + x) p≤ 1 + x p, where 124. Let f (x) = sin x +
1
cos 2x. Then
(A) p > 1 (B) 0 ≤ p ≤ 1 2
(C) x > 0 (D) x < 0 min 4
(A) ⎡ π⎤
x ∈⎢0 , ⎥
f (x) <
118. The function f (x) = | x + 2 | + | x – 1 | is ⎣ 2⎦ 3
(A) increasing in (1, ∞) min
(B) ⎡ π⎤ f (x) > 3
(B) increasing in [1, ∞) x ∈⎢0 , ⎥
⎣ 2⎦ 4
(C) decreasing in (– ∞, – 2] min 2
(D) decreasing in (– ∞, – 2) (C) ⎡ π⎤
x ∈⎢0 , ⎥ f (x) >
⎣ 2⎦ 3
119. If g(x) = f (x) + f (1 – x) and f ″(x) < 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, then min 3
(D) ⎡ π⎤ f (x) <
(A) g (x) increases in ⎛⎜ −∞, ⎞⎟
1 x ∈⎢0 , ⎥
2
⎣ 2⎦
⎝ 2⎠
125. If (x – a)2n (x – b)2m + 1, where m and n are positive
(B) g (x) increases in ⎛⎜ 0, ⎞⎟
1
⎝ 2⎠ integers and a > b, is the derivative of a function f,
then
(C) g (x) decreases in ⎛⎜ , 1⎞⎟
1
(A) x = a gives neither a maximum nor a minimum
⎝2 ⎠ (B) x = a gives a maximum
⎛1 ⎞ (C) x = b gives a minimum
(D) g (x) decreases in ⎜ , ∞⎟
⎝2 ⎠ (D) x = b gives neither a maximum nor a minimum
| x −1| 126. If f (x) = | x | + | x – 1 | + | x – 2 |, then
120. The function f (x) =
x 2 (A) f (x) has minima at x = 1
(A) increases in (– ∞, 0) ∪ (1, 2) (B) f (x) has maxima at x = 0
(B) increases in (0, 1) ∪ (2, ∞) (C) f (x) has neither maxima nor minima at x = 0
(C) decreases in (0, 1) ∪ (2, ∞) (D) f (x) has neither maxima nor minima at x = 2
(D) decreases in (– ∞, ∞) ∪ (1, 2) 127. (1 + x) p≤ 1 + x p, where
121. Let h (x) = f (x) – [ f (x)]2 + [ f (x)]3 for every real (A) p > 1 (B) 0 ≤ p ≤ 1
number x. Then (C) x > 0 (D) x < 0
(A) his increasing whenever f is increasing 128. If g(x) = f (x) + f (1 – x) and f ″(x) < 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, then
(B) his increasing whenever f is decreasing ⎛ 1⎞
(C) his decreasing whenever f is decreasing (A) g(x) increases in ⎜ −∞, ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
(D) nothing can be said in general
⎛ 1⎞
(B) g(x) increases in ⎜ 0, ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
14.30 Chapter 14
⎛1 ⎞
(C) g (x) decreases in ⎜ , 1⎟ 133. The points on the curve ay2 = x3 where the normal
⎝2 ⎠
line makes equal intercepts on the axes are
⎛1 ⎞
(D) g (x) decreases in ⎜ , ∞⎟ ⎛ 2 a 8a ⎞ ⎛ 4 a 8a ⎞
⎝2 ⎠ (A) ⎜ , ⎟ (B) ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 9 27 ⎠ ⎝ 9 27 ⎠
| x −1| ⎛ 4 a − 8a ⎞ ⎛ 4a 4a ⎞
129. The function f (x) = (C) ⎜ , (D) ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 9 27 ⎟⎠
2
x ⎝ 9 27 ⎠
(A) increases in (– ∞, 0) ∪ (1, 2)
134. The equation of the straight line which is tangent at
(B) increases in (0, 1) ∪ (2, ∞)
one point and normal at another point to the curve
(C) decreases in (0, 1) ∪ (2, ∞)
y = 8t3 – 1, x = 4t2 + 3, is
(D) decreases in (– ∞, ∞) ∪ (1, 2)
89 2
130. Let h (x) = f (x) – [ f (x)]2 + [ f (x)]3 for every real (A) 2x− y = −1
27
number x. Then,
(A) h is increasing whenever f is increasing (B) 2 x − y = 89 2 + 1
(B) h is increasing whenever f is decreasing 27
(C) h is decreasing whenever f is decreasing (C) 2 x + y = 89 2 − 1
(D) nothing can be said in general 27
131. Given that f ′(x) > g′ (x) for all real x and f (0) = g (0), (D) 2x+ y = 89 2
+1
then 27
(A) f (x) > g(x) ∀ x ∈ (0, ∞)
⎧ x + 2, − 1 ≤ x < 0
(B) f (x) < g(x) ∀ x ∈ (–∞, 0) ⎪
(C) f (x) < g(x) ∀ x ∈ (0, ∞) ⎪1, x = 0
135. Let f (x) = ⎨
(D) f (x) > g(x) ∀ x ∈ (–∞, 0) ⎪ x , 0 < x ≤1
⎪⎩ 2
132. If f ′(x) > 0 and g′(x) < 0 ∀ x ∈ R, then
(A) fog (x) > fog (x + 1) Then, on [– 1, 1], f (x) has
(B) fog (x) > fog (x – 1) (A) a minimum
(C) gof (x) > gof (x + 1) (B) a maximum
(D) gof(x) > gof (x – 1) (C) neither a maximum nor a minimum
(D) f ′(0) does not exist
passage based questions
Passage 1 ⎛ dy ⎞
Let y = f1(x) and y = f2(x) be the two curves, meeting at and, m2 = ⎜ ⎟ for y = f2(x) = tan θ2
⎝ dx ⎠ ( x , y )
some point P(x1, y1), then 1 1
If the angle of intersection of two curves is a right angle, the

θ = angle between the two curves at P(x1, y1)
two curves are said to be orthogonal.
= angle between the tangents to the curves at If the two curves are orthogonal, then
P(x1, y1)
⎛ dy ⎞ ⎛ dy ⎞
Clearly, θ = ± (θ1 – θ2), ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = – 1.
dx c dx c
whereθ1 and θ2 are the inclinations of tangents to the curves
1 2
136. The acute angle between the curves y = | x2 – 1 | and y

y = f1(x) and y = f2(x) respectively at the point P.
= | x2 – 3 | at their points of intersection when x> 0, is
m1 − m2 tan–1(m), where m =
Also, tanθ = ± ,
1 + m1m2
(A) 2 2 (B) 4 2
7 7
⎛ dy ⎞
where, m1 = ⎜ ⎟ for y = f1(x) = tan θ1 (C) 2
⎝ dx ⎠ ( x , y ) (D) None of these
1 1
7
Passage 2 then there exists at least one real number c ∈ (a, b) such that
If f (x) be a function of x, where f (x) is continuous in f ( b) − f ( a) f ′( c )
the closed interval [a, b] and differentiable in the open =
g ( b) − g ( a) g ′( c )
interval (a, b). Also, f (a) = f (b), i.e., the values at the
end points a andb are equal. Then, there exists at least We may write it as
one point c between a and b (i.e., a < c < b) for which f ( b) − f ( a)
f ′(c) = 0. There may be more than one point in (a, b) at g ′(c) = f ′(c)
g ( b) − g ( a)
which f ′(x) = 0. Geometrically, it means there exists at
least one point c (c, f (c)) on the curve between the points, Hence, there is an ordinate x = c between x = a and x = b
A(a, f (a)) and B(b, f (b)) at which the tangent is parallel such that the tangents at the points, where x = c cuts the
to the x-axis. f ( b) − f ( a)
graphs of the functions f (x) and g ( x ) , are
g ( b) − g ( a)
137. If a + b + c = 0, then the equation 3ax2 + 2bx + c = 0
mutually parallel.
has, in the interval (0, 1)
(A) at least one root (B) at most one root 140. The value of c for the functions f (x) = x and g(x)
1
(C) no root (D) None of these = in the interval [a, b] is
x
138. The equation x log x = 3 – x has, in the interval (1, 3)
(A) a (B) b
(A) exactly one root (B) at least one root
(C) at most one root (D) no root (C) ab (D) None of these
139. Between any two real roots of the equation exsin sin α − sin β π
141. = F(α), where 0 < α < θ < p < .
x = 1, the equation excosx = –1 has cos β − cos α 2
(A) at least one root Then, F(θ) =
(B) exactly one root (A) tan θ (B) cot θ
(C) at most one root (C) sin θ (D) cos θ
(D) no root
142. The value of c for the functions f (x) = ex and g(x) =
e–x in the interval (a, b) is
Passage 3
a+b a+b
If two functions f and g defined on [a, b] are (A) (B)
2 4
1. continuous on the closed interval [a, b] (C) a + b (D) None of these
2. derivable on the open interval (a, b)
3. g′(x) ≠ 0 for any x ∈ (a, b)
match the column type
143. a0 a a a
III. If + 1 + 2 + … + n −1 + an (C) (0, ∞ )
Column-I Column-II n +1 n n −1 2
2 2 = 0, then the equation a0xn +
I. Let f (x) = (1 + b )x + 2bx + 1 (A) (0, 1]
a1xn – 1 + ... + an – 1x + an = 0 has at
and m(b) the minimum value of
least one root in the interval
f (x) for a given b. As b varies, the
range of m(b) is IV. If 27a + 9b + 3c + d = 0, then the (D) (0, 3)
II. The set of values of x for which (B) (0, 1) equation 4ax3 + 3bx2 + 2cx + d =
log (1 + x) < x, is 0 has at least one real root lying in
the interval
14.32 Chapter 14
144. III. If the function f (x) = x3 + (C) [1, 2]

Column-I Column-II ax2 + a2x + 2 sin2x is strictly
increasing ∀ x ∈ R, then a
I. If f (x) = (A) R − [ − 3 , 3 ] belongs to
⎧⎪4 x − x + ln ( a − 3a + 3), 0 ≤ x < 3
3 2
IV. The function f (x) = |eax – e–ax|, (D) (3, ∞)
⎨
⎪⎩ x − 18, x≥3 a > 0 is strictly increasing in
= has a local minima at x = 3, than the interval
a belongs to
II. If the function f (x) = (B) (0, ∞)

⎛ a +1 ⎞ 3
⎜ − 1⎟ x – x + ln (a – 1)
⎝ a −1 ⎠
is strictly decreasing ∀ x ∈ R,
then a belongs to
assertion-reason type
Instructions: In the following questions an Assertion (A) π tan β α
is given, followed by a Reason (R). Mark your responses 149. Assertion: If 0 < α < β < , then >
2 tan α β
from the following options:
π
(A) Assertion(A) is True and Reason(R) is Reason: x tan x is increasing for 0 < x <
2
True; Reason(R) is a correct explanation for
Assertion(A) 150. Assertion: Let f and g be increasing and decreas-
(B) Assertion(A) is True, Reason(R) is True; ing functions respectively from [0, ∞] to [0, ∞]. Let
Reason(R) is not a correct explanation for h(x) = f (g(x)). If h(0) = 0, then h(x) is always zero
Assertion(A) Reason: h(x) is an increasing function of x
(C) Assertion(A) is True, Reason(R) is False
(D) Assertion(A) is False, Reason(R) is True 1
151. Assertion: If f ′(x) = for all x and f (0) = 0,
1 + x2
145. Assertion: If a quadratic curve touches the line y = x then 0.4 < f (2) < 2
at the point (1, 1), then the values of x for which the
Reason: By mean value theorem, there exists a point
1
curve has a negative gradient are x < c ∈ (0, 2) such that
2
Reason: The equation of the curve is y = x2 – x + 1 f ( 2) − f ( 0 )
f ′(c) =
2−0
sin x
146. Assertion: The function f (x) = is decreasing
x ⎡ π⎤ π
⎛ π⎞ 152. Assertion: If f (x) = tan x , x ∈ ⎢0, ⎥ , then
in the interval ⎜ 0, ⎟ ⎣ 7 ⎦ 7
⎝ 2⎠
π ⎛ π ⎞ 2π
Reason: tan x > x for 0 < x < < f⎜ ⎟<
2 ⎝ 7⎠ 7
π ⎡ π⎤
2 sin x Reason: sec2x is strictly increasing in ⎢0, ⎥
147. Assertion: If 0 < x < , then < <1 ⎣ 7⎦
2 π x
π 1 f ( b) − f ( a)
Reason: tan x < x for 0 < x < 153. Assertion: For b > a > 1, < <
2 b ln b b−a
π
148. Assertion: If 0 < x < , then cos(sin x) > cos x > sin 1
2 , where f (x) = ln(lnx), x > 1
a ln a
(cos x)
1
π Reason: is strictly decreasing in (a, b)
Reason: sin x < x for 0 < x < . x ln x
2
⎡ π⎤ 156. Assertion: 303202 < 202303

154. Assertion: sin (tan x) ≥ x, ∀ x ∈ ⎢0, ⎥ ln x
⎣ 4⎦ Reason: The function f (x) = strictly increases
x2 in (e, ∞). x
Reason: 1 − cos x ≤
2
157. Assertion: ln (cos θ) < cos (lnθ),
155. Assertion: (a + b)1/n ≤ a1/n + b1/n, where a, b ≥ 0 and
π
n≥1 where e–θ/2 < θ <
2
Reason: The function f (x) = (1 + x)p – xp – 1, x ≥ 0
and 0 0
previous year’s questions
158. The two curves x3− 3xy2 + 2 = 0 and 3x2y–y3− 2 = 0: 165. A function is matched below against an interval
[2002] where it is supposed to be increasing. Which of the
(A) cut at right angle (B) touch each other following pairs is incorrectly matched? [2005]
π π Interval Function
(C) cut at an angle (D) cut at an angle
3 4 (A) (−∞, ∞) x3− 3x2 + 3x + 3
(B) [2, ∞) 2x3 3x2− 12x + 6
159. The function f (x) = cot−1 x + x increases in the
⎛ 1⎤
interval: [2002] (C) ⎜ −∞, ⎥ 3x2− 2x +1
⎝ 3⎦
(A) (l, ∞) (B) (–l, ∞)
(C) (−∞, ∞) (D) (0, ∞) (D) (−∞, −4] x3 + 6x2 + 6
160. The greatest value of f (x) = (x + 1)1/3− (x− 1)1/3 on 166. Let f be differentiable for all x. If f (1) = −2 and
[0, 1] is: [2002] f ′(x) ≥ 2 for x ∈ [1, 6] , then [2005]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) l/3 (A) f(6) ≥ 8 (B) f(6) < 8
(C) f(6) < 5 (D) f(6) = 5
161. If the function f (x) = 2x3−9ax2 + 12a2x + 1, where
a> 0, attains its maximum and minimum at p and q 167. A spherical iron ball 10 cm in radius is coated with a
respectively such that p2 = q, then a equals [2003] layer of ice of uniform thickness than melts at a rate
of 50 cm3/min. When the thickness of ice is 5 cm,
1
(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) then the rate at which the thickness of ice decreases,
2 is [2005]
162. A function y = f (x) has a second order derivative 1 1
(A) cm/min (B) cm/min
f ″(x) = 6(x − 1). If its graph passes through the point 36π 18π
(2, 1) and at that point the tangent to the graph is y = 1 5
3x − 5, then the function is [2004] (C) cm/min (D) cm/min
2 3 54π 6π
(A) (x − 1) (B) (x – 1)
(C) (x + 1)3 (D) (x + 1)2 168. If the equationanxn + an–1xn–1 + – + a1x = 0, a1 ≠ 0,
n ≥ 2, has a positive root x = α, then the equation
163. The normal to the curve x = a(1 + cosθ), y = asinθ at
nanxn–1 + (n − 1)an–1xn-2 + … + a1 = 0 has a positive
θ always passes through the fixed point [2004]
root, which is [2005]
(A) (a, 0) (B) (0, a) (C) (0, 0) (D) (a, a)
(A) greater than a
164. The normal to the curve x = a (cosθ + θsinθ), y = (B) smaller than a
a(sinθ − θ cosθ) at any point θ is such that [2005] (C) greater than or equal to a
(A) It passes through the origin (D) equal to a
π x 2
(B) It makes angle + θ with the x-axis 169. The function f ( x ) = + has a local minimum at
2 2 x [2006]
⎛ π ⎞
(C) It passes through ⎜ a , − a⎟ (A) x = 2 (B) x = –2
⎝ 2 ⎠
(C) x = 0 (D) x = 1
(D) It is at a constant distance from the origin
14.34 Chapter 14
170. Angle between the tangents to the curve y = x2− 177. The shortest distance between the line y − x = 1 and
5x + 6 at the points (2, 0) and (3, 0) is [2006] the curve x = y2 is [2009]
π π π π 3 2 2 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) (A) (B)
2 2 6 4 8 8
171. The normal to a curve at P(x, y) meets the x-axis at 3 2 3
G. If the distance of G from the origin is twice the (C) (D)
5 4
abscissa of P, then the curve is a [2007]
4
(A) ellipse (B) parabola 178. The equation of the tangent to the curve y = x + ,
x2
(C) circle (D) hyperbola
which is parallel to the x-axis, is [2010]
172. A value of C for which the conclusion of Mean Value (A) y = 1 (B) y = 2
Theorem holds for the function f (x) = logex on the (C) y = 3 (D) y = 0
interval [1, 3] is [2007]
1 ⎧k − 2 x, if x ≤ −1
(A) 2 log3e (B) loge3 179. Let f : R → R be defined by f ( x ) = ⎨ .
2 ⎩ 2 x + 3 if x > −1
(C) log3e (D) loge3 If f has a local minimum at x = −1, then apossible
173. The equation of a tangent to the parabola y2 = 8x is value of k is [2010]
1
y = x + 2. The point on this line from which the other (A) 0 (B) − (C) −1 (D) 1
tangent to the parabola is perpendicular to the given 2
180. A spherical balloon is filled with 4500 π cubic meters
tangent is [2007]
of helium gas. If a leak in the balloon causes the gas
(A) (−1, 1) (B) (0, 2) to escape at the rate of 72 π cubic meters per minute,
(C) (2, 4) (D) (−2, 0) then the rate (in meters per minute) at which thera-
174. Suppose the cube x3 − px + q has three distinct real dius of the balloon decreases 49 minutes after the
roots where p > 0 and q > 0. Then which one of the leakage began is [2012]
following holds? [2008] 9 7 2 9
p p (A) (B) (C) (D)
(A) The cubic has minima at and maxima at − 7 9 9 2
3 3
181. Let the real values a, b be such that the function f
(B) The cubic has minima at −
p
and maxima at
p given by f (x) = ln |x| + bx2 + ax, x ≠ 0 has extreme
3 3 values at x = –1 and x = 2. [2012]
(C) The cubic has minima at both

p
and −
p Statement 1: f has local maximum at x = –1 and at
3 3 x = 2.
1 −1
p p Statement 2: a = and b =
(D) The cubic has maxima at both and − 2 4
3 3
(A) Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is true
175. How many real solutions does the equation x7 + 14x5 (B) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true; statement
+ 16x3 + 30x − 560 = 0 have? [2008] 2 is a correct explanation for statement 1
(A) 7 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 5 (C) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is true; statement
176. Given P(x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d such that x = 0 is 2 is not a correct explanation for statement 1
the only real root of P ′(x) = 0 . If P(−1) < P(1), then (D) Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false
in the interval [−1, 1] [2009 182. If the functions f and g are differentiable functions on
(A) P(−1) is the minimum and P(1) is the maximum [0, 1] satisfying f (0) = 2 = g(1), g(0) = 0 and f (1) = 6,
of P then for some c ∈]0,1[ [2014]
(B) P(−1) is not minimum but P(1) is the maximum (A) 2 f ′ (C) = g ′ (c) (B) 2 f ′ (C) = 3 g ′ (c)
of P (C) f ′ (C) = g ′ (c) (D) f ′ (C) = 2 g ′ (c)
(C) P(−1) is the minimum and P(1) is not the
maximum of P 183. If x = –1 and x = 2 are extreme points of
(D) neither P(−1) is the minimum nor P(1) is the f ( x ) = α log x + β x 2 + x , then [2014]
maximum of P
1 1 (A) 2x = r (B) 2x = (π + 4)r

(A) α = −6, β = (B) α = −6, β = − (C) (4 – π)x = πr (D) x = 2r
2 2
1 1
(C) α = 2, β = − (D) α = 2, β = ⎛ 1 + sin x ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
2 2 186. Consider f ( x ) = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟, x ∈ ⎜ 0, ⎟ .
⎝ 1 − sin x ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
184. The normal to the curve, x 2 + 2 xy − 3 y 2 = 0 , at (1, 1) : π
[2015] A normal to y = f (x) at x = also passes through the
6
(A) meets the curve again in the second quadrant. point: [2016]
(B) meets the curve again in the third quadrant.
(C) meets the curve again in the fourth quadrant. ⎛π ⎞
(A) ⎜ , 0⎟ (B) (0, 0)
(D) does not meet the curve again. ⎝4 ⎠
185. A wire of length 2 units is cur into two parts which ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞

(C) ⎜ 0, ⎟ (D) ⎜ , 0⎟
are bent respectively to form a square of side = x units ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝6 ⎠
and a circle of radius = r units. If the sum of the areas
of the square and the circle so formed is minimum,
then: [2016]
anSwEr kEyS

1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (B) 4. (B) 5. (B) 6. (A) 7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (B) 10. (A)
11. (B) 12. (B) 13. (A) 14. (A) 15. (A) 16. (B) 17. (A) 18. (D) 19. (B) 20. (C)
21. (A) 22. (B) 23. (D) 24. (C) 25. (C) 26. (A) 27. (B) 28. (C) 29. (C) 30. (A)
31. (C) 32. (A) 33. (D) 34. (B) 35. (B) 36. (A) 37. (D) 38. (D) 39. (C) 40. (C)
41. (C) 42. (C) 43. (C) 44. (D) 45. (C) 46. (C) 47. (B) 48. (A) 49. (D) 50. (C)
51. (B) 52. (C) 53. (B) 54. (B) 55. (B) 56. (A) 57. (A) 58. (D) 59. (A) 60. (B)
61. (A) 62. (A) 63. (B) 64. (B) 65. (A) 66. (A) 67. (B) 68. (A) 69. (A) 70. (A)
71. (B) 72. (D) 73. (D) 74. (B) 75. (B) 76. (C) 77. (B) 78. (B) 79. (D) 80. (C)
81. (C) 82. (A) 83. (C) 84. (C) 85. (A) 86. (A) 87. (D) 88. (B) 89. (B) 90. (A)
91. (A) 92. (B) 93. (B) 94. (C) 95. (A) 96. (D) 97. (B) 98. (A) 99. (C) 100. (C)
101. (B) 102. (A) 103. (C) 104. (B) 105. (B) 106. (D) 107. (C) 108. (D) 109. (B) 110. (B)
111. (C) 112. (C) 113. (B) 114. (B)

115. (B) and (C) 116. (A) and (C) 117. (B) and (C) 118. (A) and (D) 119. (B) and (C)
120. (A) and (C) 121. (A) and (C) 122. (A) and (B) 123. (A) and (B) 124. (A) and (D)
125. (A) and (C) 126. (A), (C) and (D) 127. (B) and (C) 128. (B) and (C) 129. (A) and (C)
130. (A) and (C) 131. (A) and B) 132. (A) and C) 133. (B) and (C) 134. (B) and (C)
135. (C) and (D)

Passage 1 Passage 2 Passage 3
138. (B) 139. (B) 140. (B) 141. (A) 142. (C) 143. (B) 144. (A)

136. I → (A); II → (C); III → (B); IV → (D)
137. I → (C); II → (D); III → (A); IV → (B)
14.36 Chapter 14
145. (A) 146. (A) 147. (C) 148. (A) 149. (A) 150. (C) 151. (A) 152. (A)
153. (A) 154. (A) 155. (A) 156. (C) 157. (A)

158. (A) 159. (A) 160. (C) 161. (C) 162. (B) 163. (A) 164. (D) 165. (C) 166. (A) 167. (B)
168. (B) 169. (A) 170. (B) 171. (A) and (D) 172. (A) 173. (D) 174. (A) 175. (B) 176. (B)
177. (A) 178. (C) 179. (C) 180. (C) 181. (B) 182. (D) 183. (C) 184. (C) 185. (D) 186. (C)
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
1. Let f (x) = log (1 + x) – x ⎡⎛ b ⎞ 1/ 2 ⎤ ⎛ b⎞

1/ 2
⎛ a⎞
1/ 2
∴ f ⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ≥ 0 ⇒ a ⎜ ⎟ +b ⎜ ⎟ –c≥0
1 x ⎢⎣⎝ a ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎝ a⎠ ⎝ b⎠
⇒ f ′ (x) = –1=–
1+ x 1+ x
c2
⇒ f ′ (x) < 0, for x > 0 ⇒ 2 ab ≥ c ⇒ ab ≥
4
⇒ f (x) is decreasing for x > 0
The correct option is (B)
⇒ f (x) < f (0), for x > 0
5. Let f (x) = x tan x
⇒ log (1 + x) – x < 0, for x > 0 ⎛ π⎞
⇒ f ′ (x) = tan x× 1 + x sec2x > 0, for x ∈ ⎜ 0, ⎟ .
i.e., log (1 + x) < x, for x > 0. ⎝ 2⎠
The correct option is (B) ⎛ π⎞
So, f (x) is increasing for x ∈ ⎜ 0, ⎟ .
2. Clearly, f (x) is periodic with period 1 and f(x) has one local ⎝ 2⎠
π
maximum in [0, 1] Since, 0 < α < β < . π f (α) >f (β)
2
The correct option is (A)
tan β α
sin x ⇒ α tan β > α tan β i.e., >
3. We have, f (x) = tan α β
x
x cos x − sin x cos x ( x − tan x )
⇒ f ′ (x) = = 6. Let f (x) = eax + e–ax
x2 x2
a (e 2 ax − 1)
π ⇒ f ′ (x) = a (eax – e–ax) =
But tan x > x and cosx > 0, for 0 < x < e ax
2
f (x) is a decreasing function if f ′ (x) < 0
⎛ π⎞ a (e 2 ax − 1)
∴ f ′(x) < 0 in the interval . ⎜ 0, ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⇒ <0 ⇒ e2ax – 1 < 0 ⇒e2ax< 1
e ax
⎛ π⎞
Thus, f (x) is decreasing in ⎜ 0, ⎟ . ⇒ 2ax < 0 ⇒ x > 0 (∵a < 0)
⎝ 2⎠
Thus, f (x) is a decreasing function for x > 0.
b 7. We have, f (x) = x3 + (a + 2) x2 + 3ax + 5
4. Let f (x) = ax + – c; x > 0; a, b > 0
x ⇒ f ′(x) = 3x2 + 2 (a + x) x + 3a
b ax 2 − b f (x) is monotonic in R if f ′(x) < 0, ∀ x ∈ R
⇒ f ′ (x) = a – =
x2 x2 or f ′(x) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
1/ 2
b ⎛ b⎞ Since the coefficient of x2 = 3 > 0, therefore, f ′ (x) </ 0 ∀
f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ a– =0⇒ x= ⎜ ⎟
x2 ⎝ a⎠ x ∈ R.
b ∴ f ′(x) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
But ax + ≥ c; ∴ f (x) ≥ 0 for all x > 0 ∴ Discriminant = 4 (a + 2)2 – 4 × 3 × 3a < 0
x
⇒ a2 – 5a + 4 < 0 ⇒ (a – 1) (a – 4) < 0 Since f (x) is an increasing function ∀ x ∈ R

i.e., 1 < a < 4 ⇒ f ′(x) > 0 ∀x ∈ R
The correct option is (B) ⇒ – 3sin x – 6a > 0 ∀ x ∈ R
8. We have, f (x) = kx3 – 9x2 + 9x + 3 π
In particular, at x =
⇒ f ′ (x) = 3kx2 – 18x + 9 2
Since f (x) is increasing on R, therefore, 1
– 3 – 6a > 0 ⇒ a < –
f ′ (x) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R 2
⇒ 3kx2 – 18x + 9 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R The correct option is (B)
⇒ kx2 – 6x + 3 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R 13. Let f (x) = x + ex = 0.
⇒ k > 0 and 36 – 12k < 0 Since f (–∞) = –∞ and f (+∞) = ∞,
(∵ax2 + bx + c > 0, ∀ x ∈ R ∴ f (x) = 0 has a real root.
⇒ a > 0 and discriminant < 0) Let the real root be α. Then f (α) = 0.
⇒ k > 3. Now, f ′(x) = 1 + ex > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
Hence, f (x) is increasing on R, if k > 3. ∴ f (x) is an increasing function ∀x ∈ R.
The correct option is (B) ∴ for any other real number α,
9. We have, f (x) = x2 + kx + 1 f (α) > f (β) or f (β) < f (α).
⇒ f ′(x) = 2x + k. Also, f ″(x) = 2. But f (α) = 0; so, f (β) ≠ 0.
Now, f ″(x) = 2, ∀ x ∈ [1, 2] ∴ f (x) = 0 has no other real root.
⇒ f ″(x) > 0, ∀ x ∈ [1, 2] Hence, the equation has only one real root.
⇒ f ′(x) is an increasing function in the interval [1, 2] The correct option is (A)
⇒ f ′(1) is the least value of f ′(x) on [1, 2] 14. We have, f (x) = sin x – cos x – ax + b
But f ′(x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ [1, 2] ⇒ f ′ (x) = cos x + sin x – a
[∵f(x) is increasing on (1, 2)] f (x) is a decreasing function for all real values of x, if
∴ f ′(1) > 0, ∀x∈ [1, 2] ⇒ k > –2. f ′(x) < 0 ∀ x ∈ R ⇒ cos x + sin x < a ∀ x ∈ R.
Thus, the least value of k is –2. As the maximum value of cos x + sin xis 2 , the above is
The correct option is (B) possible when a ≥ 2 .
10. Since f (x) is decreasing in the interval (–2, –1), therefore, ∴ f (x) decreases for each x∈ R if a ≥ 2 .
f ′(x) < 0 ⇒ 6x2 + 18x + l < 0 The correct option is (A)
The value of l should be such that the equation 15. Sinceg (x) is decreasing,
6x2 + 18x + l = 0 has roots – 2 and –1. ∴ g(x2) ≤ g (x1) when x2 ≥ x1.
l Since f (x) is increasing,
Therefore, (–2) (–1) = ⇒ l = 12 ∴ f [g (x1)] ≥ f [g (x2)]
6
The correct option is (A) ⇒ h (x1) ≥ h (x2) when x2 ≥ x1.
11. We have, f ′(x) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R ⇒ h (x) is a decreasing function of x and h (0) = 0.
⇒ f (x) is increasing, ∀x∈R Also, domain of h = [0, ∞) and range of h = [0, ∞).
∴ f (x) < f (x + 1) and f (x) > f (x – 1) ∀ x ∈ R ∴ h (x) = 0, ∀ x ∈[0, ∞).
⇒ g[ f (x)] > g[ f (x + 1)] and g[ f (x)] < g[ f (x – 1)] The correct option is (A)
as g(x) is decreasing, ∀ x ∈ R 16. Suppose, there are two points x1 and x2in (a, b) such that
f ′(x1) = f ′(x2) = 0. By Rolle’s theorem applied to f ′ on [x1, x2],
Also, g′(x) < 0, ∀ x ∈ R
there must then be a c∈ (x1, x2) such that f ″(c) = 0. This con-
⇒ g(x) is decreasing, ∀ x ∈ R tradicts the given condition f ″(x) < 0 ∀ x ∈ (a, b). Hence,
⇒ g(x) > g(x + 1) and g(x) < g(x – 1), ∀ x ∈ R our assumption is wrong. Therefore, there can be atmost one
∴ f [g(x)] > f [g(x + 1)] and f [g(x)] < f [g(x – 1), ∀ x ∈ R point in (a, b) at which f ′(x) is zero.
as f (x) is increasing. The correct option is (B)
The correct option is (B) 17. When the curve meets x-axis, then
12. We have, 1
y = 0 ⇒ ax2 = 1 ⇒ x = ±
f (x) = 3 cos | x | – 6ax + b a
= 3cos x – 6ax + b (∵cos (–x) = cos x) ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
Hence, the points are ⎜ , 0 and ⎜ − , 0⎟ .
⇒ f ′ (x) = –3sin x – 6a. ⎝ a ⎟⎠ ⎝ a ⎠
14.38 Chapter 14
Differentiating the given equation with respect to x, we get 21. We are given, sub-tangent = sub-normal
⎛ dy ⎞ dy y dy dy
2ax + 2h ⎜ y + x ⎟ + 2by =0 ⇒ = y ⇒ = ± 1.
⎝ dx ⎠ dx dy / dx dx dx
2
dy ax + hy ⎛ dy ⎞
⇒ =– So, length of the normal = y 1+ ⎜ ⎟
dx hx + by ⎝ dx ⎠
dy ⎤ a dy ⎤ a = y 2 × = 2 (ordinate).
⇒ =– and =–
dx ⎥⎦ ⎛ 1 ⎞
, 0⎟ h dx ⎥⎦ ⎛ − 1 ⎞
, 0⎟ h The correct option is (A)
⎜⎝ ⎜⎝
a ⎠ a ⎠
x 3 cos θ
Hence, the tangents at these points are parallel. 22. Equation of tangent is + y sin θ
9
Now, sum of intercepts
18. We have,y – exy+ x = 0
9 1
⎛ dx ⎞ dx (z) = a + b = +
⇒ 1 – e ⎜⎝ x + y dy ⎟⎠ + dy = 0
xy 3 cos θ sin θ
⇒ z = 3 3 sec θ + cosec θ
dx xe − 1
xy
Now, = = 0 for vertical tangents dz
dy 1 − ye xy ⇒ = 3 3 sec θ tan θ − cosec θ cot θ
dθ
∴ xexy– 1 = 0
Now, 3 3 sec θ tan θ = cosec θ cos θ
⇒ exy= 1/x, y = 0 ⇒ x = 1
The correct option is (D) sin θ cos θ 1
⇒ 3 3 = ⇒ tan3 θ =
19. f (x) = (a2 – 3a + 2)(cos2 x/4 – sin2 x/4) + (a – 1) x + sin 1 cos θ 2
sin θ2
3 3
⇒ f (x) = (a – 1) (a – 2) cosx/2 + (a – 1)x + sin 1 1 π
⇒ tan θ = ⇒θ =
1 x 3 6
⇒ f ′(x) = – (a – 1) (a – 2) sin + (a – 1)
2 2 The correct option is (B)
23. Minimum value of a tan2 x + b cot2 x is 2 ab and maxi-
⎡ ( a − 2) x⎤
⇒ f ′(x) = ( a − 1) ⎢1 − sin ⎥ mum value of a sin2 θ + b cos2 θ is a
⎣ 2 2⎦
[∴ a sin2 θ + b cos2 θ = (a – b) sin2 θ + b]
If f (x) does not possess critical points, then f ′(x) ≠ 0 for any
Given: a = 2 ab
x∈
∴ a = 4b
⎡ ( a − 2) x⎤
⇒ ( a − 1) ⎢1 − sin ⎥ ≠ 0 for any x ∈  The correct option is (B)
⎣ 2 2⎦
24. Since f 2n + 1 (a) = 0, f 2n + 2(a) = –ve and f (a) = b,
⎛ a − 2⎞ x ∴ f (x) = – (x – a)2n + 2 + b = b – (x – a)2n + 2
⇒ a ≠ 1 and 1 − ⎜ sin = 0
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 2 The correct option is (C)
must not have any solution in . 1 1
25. P = x3– ,Q=x–
x 2 x 3
x
⇒ a ≠ 1 and sin = is not solvable in 
2 a−2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 2 1⎞
2 ⎡ For a = 2, f (x ) = x + sin 1⎤ P ⎜⎝ x − ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ x + 1 + 2 ⎟⎠
⇒ a ≠ 1 and >1⎢ x x
⎥ ∴ =
a−2 ⎣∴ f ′( x ) = 1 ≠ 0 ⎦ Q2 ⎛ 1⎞
2
⎜⎝ x − ⎟⎠
⇒ a ≠ 1 and |a – 2| < 2 x
⇒ a ≠ 1 and – 2 < a – 2 < 2 2
⎛ 1⎞
⇒ a ≠ 1 and 0 < a < 4 ⎜⎝ x − ⎟⎠ + 3
x ⎛ 1⎞ 3
⇒ a ∈ (0, 1) ∪ (1, 4). = = ⎜x − ⎟ +
⎛ 1⎞ ⎝ x⎠ ⎛ 1⎞
The correct option is (B) ⎜⎝ x − ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ x − ⎟⎠
x x
20. Function f is decreasing before 1 and increasing after 1. f has Clearly, the minimum does not exist.
least value at x = 1 if lim f ( x ) ≥f (1) The correct option is (C)
x →1−
⇒ –1 + log2 b ≥ 3 ⇒ b ∈ [16, ∞) 26. Let P(x1, y1) be any point on the curve xny = an
The correct option is (C) Then, x1n y1 = an (1)
Now, the given curve is 29. For a differentiable curve maximum or minimum occurs
dy only at those points where the nature of the curve changes
⇒ nx n − 1 y + x n =0 (i.e., if it is increasing then at that point it starts decreasing
dx
and vice-versa).
dy y dy − ny1
⇒ = −n ⇒ = The correct option is (C)
dx x dx ( x1 , y1 ) x1 30. Let P (x, y) be such a point then OP2 = x2 + y2.
an
⇒ mT = − n [using (1)] Let S = OP2 = x2 +
1
⇒
dS 1
= 2x – 2
x1n + 1 x dx x
The equation of the tangent at P(x1, y1) is dS 1 1
∴ = 0 ⇒ 2x – 2 = 0 ⇒ x3 =
na n dx x 2
y – y1 = n +1
( x − x1 )
x1 1/ 3
⎛ 1⎞
The tangent intersects the coordinate axes at ∴ x= ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ xn + 1y ⎞ ⎛ na n ⎞
A ⎜ 1 n 1 + x1 , 0⎟ and B ⎜ 0, y1 + n ⎟ d 2S 2 d 2S ⎤ 2
⎝ na ⎠ ⎝ x1 ⎠ Also, 2
=2+ 3
⇒ ⎥ =2+ >0
dx x dx 2 ⎥⎦ x = ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1/ 3
1/ 2
1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
∴ Area of ΔAOB = (OA × OB )
2 1/ 3
⎛ 1⎞
1⎛ x1n + 1 y1 ⎞⎛ na n⎞ ∴ S is minimum at x= ⎜ ⎟
⇒ ΔAOB = + x1⎟ ⎜ y1 + n ⎟ ⎝ 2⎠
2 ⎜⎝ na n
⎠⎝ x1 ⎠ 1/ 3
⎛ 1⎞
1⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ a n na n ⎞ Thus, for nearest point x = ⎜ ⎟ and then
⇒ ΔAOB = ⎜ 1 + x1⎟ ⎜ n + n ⎟ [using (1)] ⎝ 2⎠
2⎝ n ⎠ ⎝ x1 x1 ⎠ −1/ 6
⎛ 1⎞
1 ( n + 1) n 1 − n
2 y = ±⎜ ⎟
⇒ ΔAOB = a x1 ⎝ 2⎠
2 n The correct option is (A)
For the area to be a constant, we must have 1 – n = 0 i.e.,
N ⎛α ⎞
n = 1. 31. T = (α + β x2) = N ⎜ + β x⎟
x ⎝x ⎠
h(x) = f (x) – 2g(x), x ∈ [0, 1]. dT ⎛ α ⎞
27. Let ⇒ = N ⎜ − 2 + β⎟
dx ⎝ x ⎠
⇒ h′(x) = f ′ (x) – 2g′(x)
Also, h(0) = f (0) – 2g(0) = 2 – 2 × 0 = 2. dT α α
∴ =0 ⇒ x2 = ⇒ x=
h(1) = f (1) – 2g(1) = 6 – 2 × 2 = 2. dx β β
∴ h(0) = h(1). d 2T ⎛ 2α ⎞ α
Since f (x) and g(x) are differentiable in [0, 1], h (x) is also Also, = N ⎜ 3 ⎟ > 0 at x =
dx 2 ⎝x ⎠ β
differentiable in [0, 1]. Hence, h (x) is also continuous in
[0, 1]. α
∴ T is minimum for x =
So, all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem are satisfied. Hence, β
there exists a point c, 0 < c < 1 for which h′ (c) = 0. The correct option is (C)
∴ f ′(c) – 2g′ (c) = 0 i.e., f ′ (c) = 2g′ (c). 32. Let the equation of the circle be x2 + y2 = a2
The correct option is (B) Let A (a, 0), B (–a, 0) be the ends of the diameter and
sin ( x + a) C (x, y) be any point on the circle.
28. We have, y =
sin ( x + b) Then, area of ΔABC
dy sin ( x + b) ⋅ cos( x + a) ⋅ 1 − sin ( x + a)cos( x + b) ⋅ 1 Y
⇒ =
dx sin 2 ( x + b) C (x, y)
sin (b − a)
= ≠ 0 for any x as a ≠ b. y
sin 2 ( x + b)
Hence, y has neither maximum nor minimum. X
B a O a A
The correct option is (C)
14.40 Chapter 14
1 1 1
=A= × AB × y The minimum value = f (1) = + = 1 (given).
2 p q
= ay = a a 2 − x 2
∴ A is maximum if x = 0 x2 − 1 2
37. We have, f (x) = =1– .
i.e., C lies on y-axis and then CAB is an isosceles triangle. x2 + 1 x2 + 1
The correct option is (A) 2
f(x) will be minimum when is maximum i.e. when
33. We have, x2 + 1
f (x) = 1 + 3x2 + 32 × x4 + ... + 330 × x60 x2 + 1 is minimum i.e. at x = 0.
⇒ f ′ (x) = x (6 + 4 × 32 × x2 + ... + 60 × 330 × x58) ∴ Minimum value of f (x) = f (0) = –1.
f ′ (x) = 0 ⇒ x = 0. The correct option is (D)
Also, f ″(x) = 1 × (6 + 4 × 32x2 + ... + 60 × 330 × x58) 38. Since f (x) has a relative minimum at x = 0
+ x (4 × 32 × 2x + ... + 60 × 330 × 58x57) ∴ f ′(0) = 0 and f ″ (0) > 0.
⇒ f ″ (0) = 6 > 0. ∴ f (x) has minimum at x = 0 only. Now, y = f (x) + ax + b
The correct option is (D) dy
⇒ = f ′ (x) + a.
34. Since f ′ (4) = f ″ (4) = 0, therefore, dx
f (x) = (x – 4)n + k, where n≥ 3 dy ⎤
∴ = f ′ (0) + a = a = 0, if a = 0
But f has minimum at x = 4, so n = 4. dx ⎥⎦ x =0
∴ f (x) = (x – 4)4 + k.
Since f (4) = 10, therefore, k = 10. d2y d2y ⎤
Also, = f ″ (x). ∴ ⎥ = f ″ (0) > 0.
Thus, f (x) = (x – 4)4 + 10 dx 2 dx 2 ⎥⎦ x = 0
The correct option is (B) ∴ y has a relative minimum at x = 0, if a = 0 and for all b.
35. We have, The correct option is (D)
f (x) = (k2 – 7k + 12) cosx + 2 (k – 4) x + log 2 dy
39. By the given condition >1
= (k – 3) (k – 4) cosx + 2 (k – 4) x + log 2 dy
⇒ f ′ (x) = – (k – 3) (k – 4) sin x + 2 (k – 4) dx
= (k – 4) [– (k – 3) sin x + 2] Now, x3 = 12y ⇒ 3x2 dy = 12
Since f (x) does not have critical points, therefore f ′(x) = 0 dx 4
does not have any solution in R. ∴ = 2
dy x
⇒ k ≠ 4 and 2 – (k – 3) sin x = 0 is not solvable in R
4
2 ∴ >1
⇒ k ≠ 4 and sin x = is not solvable in R x2
k −3
⇒ x2 – 4 < 0
2
⇒ k ≠ 4 and >1 ⇒ –2 < x < 2
k −3
⇒ k ≠ 4 and | k – 3 | < 2
⇒ k ≠ 4 and – 2 < k – 3 < 2 c4
40. = a2 cosec2 t + b2 sec2 t
⇒ k ≠ 4 and 1 < k < 5 ⇒ k ∈ (1, 5) – {4}. r2
The correct option is (B) c4
⇒ r2 =
x p x −q a 2 cosec 2 t + b 2 sec 2 t
36. We have, f (x) = +
p q c2
⇒ r2 =
a 2 (1 + cot 2 t ) + b 2 (1 + tan 2 t )
⇒ f ′(x) = xp – 1 – x– q – 1
c4
p–1 1 p+ q q +1 ⇒ r2 =
=x – = (x − 1) x ( a + b ) + ( a cot 2 t + b 2 tan 2 t )
2 2 2
x q+1
c4
f ′(x) = 0 gives xp + q = 1 ⇒ x = 1. ⇒ r2 =
( a + b) 2 + ( a cot t − b tan t ) 2
When x < 1, f ′(x) < 0 and when x > 1, f ′(x) > 0
Hence f ′(x) changes sign from negative to positive as x Now r2 is maximum if denominator is minimum,
passes through the value x = 1 and hence f (x) has a mini- ∴ c is constant
mum value at x = 1.
The denominator is minimum if (a cot t – b tan t)2 = 0 ⎛ π π⎞

c4 44. f (x) = sin3 x + π sin2 x, x∈ ⎜ − , ⎟
∴ Maximum value of r = 2 ⎝ 2 2⎠
( a + b) 2 Now, f ′(x) = 3 sin2 xcos x + 2π sin xcos x
c2 ⎛3 ⎞
⇒ Maximum value of r = ⇒ f ′(x) = 2 sin x cos x ⎜ sin x + l ⎟
a+b ⎝2 ⎠
⎛ c2 ⎞
Hence, Maximum value of radius vector is ⎜ ⎛3 ⎞
⎟. ⇒ f ′(x) = sin 2 x ⎜ sin x + l ⎟
⎝ a + b⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
The correct option is (C) For f (x) to attain only one maxima or minima, we must have
41. Since f (x0) = g(x0) and f ′(x) > g′(x), ∀ x > x0 3 3
∴ f ′(x) – g′(x) > 0 sin x + l > 0 ∀ x ∈ ⇒ l > − sin x
2 2
⇒ f (x) – g(x) is an increasing function ∀ x >x0.
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3⎞
∴ f (x) – g(x) > f (x0) – g(x0) = 0 or l ∈ ⎜ − , 0⎟ ∪ ⎜ 0, ⎟ .
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
∴ f (x) > g(x), ∀ x > x0.
The correct option is (D)
45. Let the radius of the sector of the flower bed be r and the
42. Let f (x) = ax2 + bx+ c. angle subtended be θ
Then f (α) = 0 = f (β). ∴ S = Surface Area of Sector
Also, f (x) is continuous and differentiable in [α, β] as it is a
θ
polynomial function of x. ⇒ S= πr2
360
Hence, by Rolle’s theorem, there exists a k in (α, β), such
that 20 – 2r
b
f ′(k) = 0 ⇒ 2ak + b = 0 ⇒ k=–
2a
b
∴ α< – <β r r
2a θ
1
43. We have, f ′(x) = for all x. (1) Length of Area 20 − 2r
1 + x2 Also, θ = =
Radius r
⇒ f ′(x) > 0, for all x (∵ 1 + x2> 0)
θ 20 − 2r 2
From (1), it follows that f (x) is differentiable at all x, there- ∴ S= (π r 2 ) = ⋅ r ⇒S = (10 – r)r
2π 2r
fore, f (x) is also continuous at all x.
∴ By mean value theorem in [0, 2] dS
Now, = (10 – r) + r(– 1)
dr
f ( 2) − f ( 0 ) 1
= f ′ (c) = where 0 < c < 2 For surface area to be maximum
2−0 1 + c2
dS
f ( 2) − 0 1 2 = 0 ⇒r = 5.
⇒ = or f (2) = (2) dr
2 1+ c 2
1 + c2
Now, 0 <c < 2,
46. g′(x) = f ′[(tan x – 1)2 + 3] × 2(tan x – 1)sec2x
2 2 2
∴ < or <2 (3) Since f ″(x) > 0 ⇒ f ′(x) is increasing
1 + c2 1 + 02 1 + c2
⎛ π⎞ ⎛π π⎞
2 2 2 So, f ′[(tan x – 1)2 + 3] >f ′(3) = 0, ∀x∈ ⎜ 0, ⎟ ∪ ⎜ , ⎟
and > = = 0.4 ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4 2⎠
1 + c2 1 + 22 5
⎛π π⎞
2 Also, tan x – 1 > 0 ∀x∈ ⎜ , ⎟
or > 0.4 (4) ⎝ 4 2⎠
1 + c2
⎛π π⎞
So, g(x) is increasing in ⎜ , ⎟ .
From (2), (3) and (4) it follows that 0.4 < f (2) < 2. ⎝ 4 2⎠
The correct option is (C) The correct option is (C)
14.42 Chapter 14
47. The given curve is x = a(1 + cos θ), y = a sin θ. The slope of 4 3 4π r 3
the tangent at any point P(x, y) i.e., 50. V = π r ⇒ 4500π =
3 3
dy
P[a(1 + cos θ), a sin θ] is mT = dV ⎛ dr ⎞
dx = 4π r 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ 45 × 25 × 3 = r3
P
dt ⎝ dt ⎠
dy
a cos θ ⇒ r = 15 m
= θ =
dy d
∴ = –cot θ After 49 min = (4500 – 49.72)π = 972π m3
dx dx − a sin θ
dθ 4 3
972π = πr
⇒ mT = – cot θ, θ mN = tan θ 3
The equation of the normal at r3 = 3 × 243 = 3 × 35
[a(1 + cos θ ), a sin θ] and slope mN is r=9
y – a sin θ = tan θ [x – a(1 + cos θ)] ⎛ dr ⎞
72π = 4π × 9 × 9 ⎜ ⎟
⇒ x sin θ – ycos θ= a sin θ ⎝ dt ⎠
Clearly, it passes through (a, 0). dr ⎛ 2⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
The correct option is (B) dt ⎝ 9⎠
48. The slope of the tangent at any point (a, a) on the curve is The correct option is (C)
dy 1
mT = 51. f ′(x) = + 2bx + a
dx ( a, a ) x
dy atx = –1 –1 – 2b + a = 0
∴ 6 y2 = 2ax + 3x2
dx a – 2b = 1 (1)
dy 2ax + 3 x 2
atx = 2
1
+ 4b + a = 0
⇒ =
dx 6 y2 2
dy 5 1
⇒ mT = = a + 4b = − (2)
dx ( a, a ) 6 2
The equation of the tangent at (a, a) is 1 1
On solving Equation (1) and (2) a = ,b= −
5 2 4
y–a= ( x − a) ⇒ 5x – 6y + a = 0 1 x 1 2 − x2 + x −( x + 1)( x − 2)
6 f ′(x) = − + = =
a a x 2 2 2x 2x
This cuts off intercepts of lengths − and with x and
5 6
a a + +
y-axis respectively. So, α= − and β = . – –1 – 0 2 –
5 6
Since, α2 + β2 = 61 (given) So maxima at x = –1, 2
2 2
a a The correct option is (B)
∴ + = 61 ⇒a2 = 25 × 36
25 36 dx
52. = 1 m/sec
∴ a = ± 30 dt
The correct option is (A) d ( A)
49. Since, g(x) = f (x) + f (2 – x), 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 (1) = 8 m2/sec
dt
and f ′′(x) < 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 (2) d 2 dx
⇒ g′(x) = f ′(x) – f ′(2 – x) (3) ⇒ ( x ) = 8 ⇒ 2x = 8 ⇒ 2x = 8
dt dt
x – (2 – x) = 2(x – 1)
⇒ x = 4 ⇒ A = 16
From (2), f ′(x) is a decreasing function in [0, 1), x < 2 – x
⇒ f ′(x) > f ′(2 – x)
53. Statement-2 is true
∴ From (3), g′(x) > 0 and hence g(x) increases in [0, 1)
In (1, 2], x > 2 – x ⇒ f ′(x) < f ′(2 – x) –b
2a
∴ From (3), g′(x) < 0 and hence g(x) decreases in (1, 2].
b2< 4 ac ⇒ Disc. < 0 ⇒ f (x) > 0 for all x ∈ R d2y

So Statement 1 is also true Now, = – p (p – 1) xp – 2
dx 2
The correct option is (B) p − 2 /( p − 1)
d2y ⎤ ⎛ 1⎞
54. x7 + 14x5 + 16x3 + 30x – 560 = 0 ∴ ⎥ = –p (p – 1) ⎜ ⎟ <0
dx 2 ⎥⎦ x = ⎛ 1 ⎞
1/( p − 1 )
⎝ p⎠
Let f (x) = x7 + 14x5 + 16x3 + 30x ⎜ ⎟
⎝ p⎠
⇒ f ′(x) = 7x6 + 70x4 + 48x2 + 30 > 0 ∀ x. 1
⎛ 1⎞ ( p −1)
∴ f (x) is an increasing function ∀x. ∴ y is maximum at x = ⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ p⎠
55. P(x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
58. We have,
P′(x) = 4x3 + 3ax2 + 2bx + c
∴ x = 0 is a solution for P′(x) = 0, ⇒ c = 0 ⎧ − 6 x, 0 < x < 1
f ′(x) = ⎨
∴ P(x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + d (1) ⎩ − 6, x ≥ 1
Also, we have P(–1) < P(1) ∴ f ′(1 – h) = – 6 (1 – h) < 0
∴ P′(x) = 0 , only when x = 0 and P(x) is differentiable in and, f ′(1 + h) = – 6 < 0.
(–1, 1), we should have the maximum and minimum at the Since f ′(x) does not change sign as x passes through 1,
points x = –1, 0 and 1 only. Also, we have P(–1) < P(1) therefore, f (x) does not have a maximum or minimum at
∴ Max.ofP(x) = Max. [P(0), P(1)] x = 1, whatever be the value of α.
and Min. of P(x) = Min. [P(–1), P(0)] The correct option is (D)
In the interval [0, 1], 59. We have,
P′(x) = 4x3 + 3ax2 + 2bx = x(4x2 + 3ax + 2b) ⎧ − x, − 2 ≤ x < 0
⎪
∴ P′(x) has only one root x = 0, 4x2 + 3ax + 2b = 0 has no f (x) = ⎨1, x=0
real roots. ⎪ x, 0< x≤2
⎩
3a 2
∴ (3a)2– 32b < 0 ⇒ 0 f (0) = 1, f (0 – ε) < 1, f (0 + ε) < 1
Thus, we have a> 0 and b> 0
∴ P′(x) = 4x3 + 3ax2 + 2bx> 0, ∀x∈ (0, 1)
Hence P(x) is increasing in [ 0, 1 ]
∴ Max.of P(x) = P(1) y = –x y=x
1
Similarly, P(x) is decreasing in [–1, 0]
Therefore Min. P(x) does not occur at x = –1
–2 O 2
56. Let g(x) = f 3(x) ⇒ g′(x) = 3f 2(x) ⋅ f ′(x)
∴ f : [2, 7] → [0, ∞) ⇒ g : [2, 7] →[0, ∞) where ε is small and positive.
Using LMV theorem on g(x), we get ∴ f (x) has a local maximum at x = 0.
g (7) − g ( 2) The correct option is (A)
g′(c) = ; c ∈ (2, 7)
5 cos x
60. We have, f ′(x) = .
⇒ 5f 2(c) f ′(c) x
π
( f (7)) 2 + ( f ( 2)) 2 + f ( 2) f (7) ∴ f ′(x) = 0 ⇒cosx = 0 ⇒x = (2n + 1) , n ∈ I.
= ( f (7) – f (2)). 2
3
− x sin x − cos x
The correct option is (A) Also, f ″(x) = .
57. Let y = x – x p, where x is the fraction x2
π π
⇒
dy
= 1 – px p – 1. − ( 2n + 1) sin ( 2n + 1) − 0
dx ∴ f ′′( x )]x = ( 2 n +1) π = 2
2
2
dy 2 ⎡ π⎤
For maximum or minimum, =0 ⎢( 2n + 1) 2 ⎥
dx ⎣ ⎦
1/( p − 1)
⎛ 1⎞ − 2 ( −1) n
⇒ 1 – px p – 1 = 0 ⇒ x= ⎜ ⎟ . = .
⎝ p⎠ ( 2n + 1) π
14.44 Chapter 14
< 0, for n = 0, 2, 4, 6, ...

b ax 2 − b
∴ f (x) has maxima when n = 0, 2, 4, 6, ... ⇒ f ′(x) = a – =
x2 x2
The correct option is (B) 1/ 2
b ⎛ b⎞
61. Let f (x) = anxn + an –1xn–1 + ... + a1x. f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ a– =0 ⇒ x= ⎜ ⎟
x2 ⎝ a⎠
Then, f (θ ) = 0 (Given). Also, f (0) = 0.
But ax + ≥ c;
Moreover, f (x) is continuous and differentiable in [0, θ] as
∴ f (x) ≥ 0 for all x > 0
it is a polynomial function of x. Hence, by Rolle’s theorem,
there exists a c in (0, θ ) such that f ′ (x) = 0 for x = c, i.e., ⎡⎛ b ⎞ 1/ 2 ⎤ 1/ 2 1/ 2
⎛ b⎞ ⎛ a⎞
nanxn – 1 + (n – 1) an – 1xn – 2 + ... + 2a2x + a1 = 0 ∴ f ⎢⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ≥ 0 ⇒ a ⎜ ⎟ +b ⎜ ⎟ –c≥0
⎢⎣⎝ a ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎝ a⎠ ⎝ b⎠
c2
y ⇒ 2 ab ≥ c ⇒ ab ≥
62. Let f (y) = ∫ (1 + cos8 x )( ax 2 + bx + c) dx 4
0
8 2 65. Since the same line is tangent at one point x = a and normal
⇒ f ′(y) = (1 + cos y) (ay + by + c) (1)
at other point x = b
1
⇒ Tangent at x = b will be perpendicular to tangent at x = a
Now, f (1) = ∫ (1 + cos8 x )( ax 2 + bx + c) dx = 0
0
⇒ Slope of tangent changes from positive to negative or
negative to positive. Therefore, it takes the value zero some-
2
where. Thus, there exists a point c ∈ (a, b) where f ′(c) = 0
and, f (2) = ∫ (1 + cos8 x )( ax 2 + bx + c) dx = 0
0
Also, f (0) = 0 66. We have, f (x) = kx3 – 9x2 + 9x + 3
∴ f (0) = f (1) = f (2). ⇒ f ′(x) = 3kx2 – 18x + 9
Now, by Rolle’s theorem for f (x) in [0, 1], Since f (x) is increasing on R, therefore,
f ′(θ) = 0, for atleast one θ, 0 < θ < 1 f ′(x) > 0 ∀x∈ R
and by Rolle’s theorem for f (x) in [1, 2], ⇒ 3kx2 – 18x + 9 > 0 ∀ x ∈ R
f ′(θ) = 0, for atleast one θ, 1 < θ < 2 ⇒ kx2 – 6x + 3 > 0 ∀ x ∈ R
From (1), f ′ (θ) = 0 ⇒ (1 + cos8θ) (aθ 2 + bθ + c) = 0 ⇒ k > 0 and 36 – 12k < 0
But 1 + cos8θ ≠ 0, [∵ax2 + bx + c > 0 ∀ x ∈ R ⇒ a > 0 and D < 0]
∴ aθ2 + bθ + c = 0, ⇒ k>3
i.e., θ is a root of the equation ax2 + bx+ c = 0. Hence, f (x) is increasing on R, if k > 3.
Similarly, f ′(θ) = 0 ⇒ aθ2 + bθ + c = 0, The correct option is (A)
i.e., θ is a root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0. 67. We have, f (x) = x2 + kx+ 1
But the equation ax2 + bx+ c = 0, being a quadratic equation, ⇒ f ′(x) = 2x + k. Also, f ″(x) = 2
cannot have more than two roots. Now, f ″(x) = 2, ∀ x ∈ [1, 2]
∴The equation ax2 + bx+ c = 0 has one root θ between 0 and ⇒ f ″(x) > 0, ∀ x ∈ [1, 2]
1 and other root θ between 1 and 2. ⇒ f ′(x) is an increasing function in the interval [1, 2].
The correct option is (A) ⇒ f ′(1) is the least value of f ′(x) on [1, 2]
63. By Mean Value theorem, there exists a real number c ∈ (2, 4) But f ′(x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ [1, 2]
such that [ f (x) is increasing on [1, 2]]
f ( 4 ) − f ( 2) f ( 4) + 4 ∴ f ′(1) > 0, ∀ x ∈ [1, 2] ⇒ k > – 2
f ′(c) = ⇒ f ′(c) =
4−2 2 Thus, the least value of k is –2
Since f ′(x) ≥ 6 ∀ x ∈ [2, 4] The correct option is (B)
f ( 4) + 4 68. We have, a + b = 4
∴ f ′(c) ≥ 6 ⇒ ≥6
2 ⇒ b = 4 – a and b – a = 4 – 2a = t (say)
⇒ f (4) + 4 ≥ 12 a b a 4−a
⇒ f (4) ≥ 8 Now, f (a) = ∫ g ( x)dx + ∫ g ( x)dx = ∫ g ( x)dx + ∫ g ( x )dx
The correct option is (B) 0 0 0 0
b df ( a)
64. Let f (x) = ax + – c; x > 0; a, b > 0 ⇒ = g(a) – g(4 – a)
x da
As a < 2 and g(x) is increasing
⇒ 4 – a > a ⇒ g(a) – g(4 – a) < 0 a

74. We have y ′ = + 2bx + 1 and y ′( −1) = 0 and y ′( 2) = 0
df ( a) x
⇒ <0 .
da ∴ –a –2b + 1 = 0 and a/2 + 4b + 1 = 0
a
Now,
df ( a)
=
df ( a) dt
. = –2.
df ( a)
⇒
df ( a)
>0. ⇒ − 2a + 2 + 1 = 0
da dt da dt dt 2
Hence, a = 2 and b = –1/2.
Thus, f (a) is an increasing funciton of t. Hence, the given
expression increases with increase in (b – a). The correct option is (B)
The correct option is (A) 75. Let h (x) = f (x) – 2g (x), x ∈ [0, 1]
69. Let f (x) = x + ex = 0. ⇒ h′ (x) = f ′ (x) – 2g′(x)
Since f (–∞) = –∞ and f (+∞) = ∞, Also, h (0) = f (0) – 2g (0) = 2 – 2 × 0 = 2
∴ f (x) = 0 has a real root. h (1) = f (1) – 2g (1) = 6 – 2 × 2 = 2
Let the real root be α. Then f (α) = 0. ∴ h(0) = h (1)
Now, f ′(x) = 1 + ex > 0, ∀ x ∈ R Since f (x) and g(x) are differentiable in [0, 1], h (x) is also
∴ f (x) is an increasing function ∀x ∈ R. differentiable in [0, 1]. Hence, h (x) is also continuous in
∴ for any other real number β, [0, 1].
f (α) > f (β) or f (β) < f (α). So, all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem are satisfied. Hence,
there exists a point c, 0 < c < 1 for which h′ (c) = 0.
But f (β) = 0; so, f (β) ≠ 0.
∴ f ′(c) – 2g′(c) = 0, i.e., f ′(c) = 2g′(c)
∴ f (x) = 0 has no other real root.
Hence, the equation has only one real root.
The correct option is (A) 76. The given function is periodic with period 2π. So the differ-
70. We have, f (x) = sin x – cos x – ax + b ence between the greatest and least values of the function is
⇒ f ′ (x) = cos x + sin x – a the difference between these values on the interval [0, 2π].
f (x) is a decreasing function for all real values of x, if We have, f ′( x ) = −(sin x + sin 2 x − sin 3 x )
f ′(x) < 0 ∀ x ∈ R ⇒ cos x + sin x <a∀x ∈ R. 3x x
= −4 sin x sin sin .
As the maximum value of cos x + sin xis 2 , the above is 2 2
possible when a≥ 2 . 2π
∴ f (x) decreases for each x ∈ R if a ≥ 2 Hence, x = 0, , π and 2π are the critical points. Also
3
The correct option is (A) 7 ⎛ 2π ⎞ −13 −1 7
Suppose, there are two points x1 and x2in (a, b) such that f ( 0) = , f ⎜ ⎟ = , f (π ) = and f ( 2π ) = .
71. 6 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 12 6 6
f ′(x1) = f ′(x2) = 0. By Rolle’s theorem applied to f ′ on [x1,
x2], there must then be a c ∈ (x1, x2) such that f ″(c) = 0. This 7 −13
contradicts the given condition f ″(x) < 0 ∀ x ∈ (a, b). Hence, Hence, the greatest value is and the least value is .
6 12
our assumption is wrong. Therefore, there can be at most one Thus, the difference is
point in (a, b) at which f ′(x) is zero.
7 ⎛ −13 ⎞ 27 9
The correct option is (B) −⎜ ⎟= = .
72. Minimum value of a tan2 x + b cot2 x is 2 ab and maxi- 6 ⎝ 12 ⎠ 12 4
mum value of a sin2 θ + b cos2 θ is a The correct option is (C)
(∴ a sin2 θ + b cos2 θ = (a – b) sin2 θ + b) 77. Since f ′ (4) = f ″ (4) = 0, therefore,
Given: a = 2 ab . f (x) = (x – 4)n + k, where n≥ 3
∴ a = 4b But f has minimum at x = 4, so n = 4.
The correct option is (D) ∴ f (x) = (x – 4)4 + k.
2 Since f (4) = 10, therefore, k = 10
73. We have f ( x ) = 1 −
x2 + 1 Thus, f (x) = (x – 4)4 + 10
2 The correct option is (B)
f (x) will be minimum if is maximum, i.e., if x 2 + 1
x +1 2
78. We have,
is least i.e., when x = 0. Thus, minimum value of f (x) is
f (0) = –1. f (x) = (k2 – 7k + 12) cosx + 2 (k – 4) x + log 2
The correct option is (D) = (k – 3) (k – 4) cosx + 2 (k – 4) x + log 2
14.46 Chapter 14
⇒ f ′(x) = – (k – 3) (k – 4) sin x + 2 (k – 4)
Now, |p(x)| ≤ e x −1 − 1
= (k – 4) [– (k – 3) sin x + 2]
Since f (x) does not have critical points, therefore f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ |p(1 + h)| ≤ |eh – 1| and |p(1)| ≤ 0 ⇒ p(1) = 0
does not have any solution in R | e −1|
h
Hence, |p′(1)| ≤ lim =1
⇒ k ≠ 4 and 2 – (k – 3) sin x = 0 is not solvable in R h→ 0 |h|
2 ⇒ |p′(1)| ≤ 1 ⇒ |a1 + 2a2 + 3a3 + … + nan| ≤ 1.
⇒ k ≠ 4 and sin x = is not solvable in R
k −3 The correct option is (A)
2
⇒ k ≠ 4 and >1 c4
k −3 83. = a2 cosec2 t + b2 sec2 t
r2
⇒ k ≠ 4 and | k – 3 | < 2
c4
⇒ k ≠ 4 and – 2 < k – 3 < 2 ⇒ r2 =
⇒ k ≠ 4 and 1 < k < 5 ⇒ k ∈ (1, 5) – {4} a 2 cosec 2 t + b 2 sec 2 t
The correct option is (B) c2
⇒ r2 =
79. Since f (x) has a relative minimum at x = 0 a 2 (1 + cot 2 t ) + b 2 (1 + tan 2 t )
∴ f ′(0) = 0 and f ″(0) > 0 c4
⇒ r2 =
Now, y = f (x) + ax + b ( a 2 + b 2 ) + ( a 2cot 2 t + b 2 tan 2 t )
dy c4
⇒ = f ′ (x) + a ⇒ r2 =
dx ( a + b) 2 + ( a cot t − b tan t ) 2
dy ⎤ Now, r2 is maximum if denominator is minimum,
∴ = f ′ (0) + a = a = 0, if a = 0
dx ⎥⎦ x =0 ∴ c is constant
d2y The denominator is minimum if (a cot t – b tan t)2 = 0
Also, = f ″(x).
dx 2 c4
∴ Maximum value of r2 =
( a + b) 2
d2y ⎤
∴ ⎥ = f ″ (0) > 0. c2
dx 2 ⎥⎦ x = 0 ⇒ Maximum value of r =
a+b
∴ y has a relative minimum at x = 0, if a = 0 and for all b
84. Function f is decreasing before 1 and increasing after 1.
80. Since f (x0) = g(x0) and f ′(x) > g′(x), ∀ x > x0 f has least value at x = 1 if lim f ( x ) ≥ f (1)
∴ f ′(x) – g′(x) > 0 x → 1−
⇒ f (x) – g(x) is an increasing function ∀ x > x0. ⇒ – 1 + log2 b ≥ 3 ⇒ b ∈ [16, ∞)

∴ f (x) – g(x) > f (x0) – g(x0) = 0 The correct option is (C)
∴ f (x) > g(x), ∀ x > x0. 85. The first derivative f ′(x) exists for all x in [0, 1] which
The correct option is (C) implies that f (x) is continuous for all x in [0, 1]. Also, it is
given that f (0) = f (1)
81. Let f (x) = ax2 + bx+ c.
Thus, applying Rolle’s theorem on f (x) in the interval [0, 1],
Then, f (α) = 0 = f (β).
we have
Also, f (x) is continuous and differentiable in [α, β] as it is a
f ′(C) = 0 for some c in [0, 1]
polynomial function of x.
The second derivative f ″(x) exists for all x in [0, 1] which
Hence, by Rolle’s theorem, there exists a k in (α, β), such that
b implies that f ′(x) is continuous for all x in [0, 1]
f ′(k) = 0 ⇒ 2ak + b = 0 ⇒ k = – . Thus, applying Lagrange’s theorem on f ′(x) in the interval
2a
∴ α<–
b
< β. [c, x] (c < x ≥ 1), we have
2a f ′( x ) − f ′( c)
The correct option is (C) f ″(θ1) = for some θ1 ∈ [c, x]
x−c
p(1 + h) − p(1) i.e., f ′(x) = (x – c) f ″(θ1) [∴ f ′(c) = 0]
82. We have, p′(1) = lim
h→ 0 h i.e., | f′(x) | = | x – c | | f ″(θ1) | < 1
p(1 + h) − p(1) _
⇒ |p′(1)| = lim [∴| x – c | < 1 and | f ″(x) | ≤ 1 ∨ x]
h→ 0 h Similarly, applying Lagrange’s theorem on f ′(x) in the inter-
| p(1 + h) − p(1) | | p(1 + h) + p(1) | val [x, c] (0 ≤ x < c), we have
= lim ≤ lim (1)
h→ 0 |h| h → 0 |h|
f ′( c) − f ′( x ) The curve y = f (x) will cut the x-axis exactly once, if

f ″(θ2) = for some θ2 in [x, c] ⎛ π⎞ ⎛π⎞
c−x f ⎜ − ⎟ is negative or zero and f
⎝ 2⎠ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ is posiive or zero.
i.e., f ′(x) = (x – c) f ″(θ2) 2
i.e., | f ′(x) | = | x – c | | f ″(θ2) | < 1 π π
i.e., − + 1 − a ≤ 0 and − 1 − a ≥ 0
Hence, we have 2 2
| f ′(x) | < 1 for all x in [0, 1] π π
i.e., a ≥ − + 1 and a ≤ − 1
The correct option is (A) 2 2
86. P′″(x) is identically equal to 0 implies P(x) is a second ⎡ π π ⎤
Hence, we have a ∈ ⎢1 − , − 1⎥
degree polynomial. ⎣ 2 2 ⎦
Let P(x) = ax2 + bx + c. According to the given condition, we The correct option is (B)
have
x
P(3) = 9 89. Let f (x) = ,x>0
x 2 + 10
i.e., 9a + 3b + c = 9 (1)
( x 2 + 10) − 2 x 2
Now, f (x) is continuous at x = 2 Then, f ′(x) =
( x 2 + 10) 2
P( x)
⇒ lim =7 ( x + 10 ) ( x − 10 )
x→2 x − 2 _
=– > ∨ 0, 0<x< 10
For the above limit to exist, we have ( x 2 + 10) 2
P(2) = 0 < 0 ∀ x> 10
i.e., 4a + 2b + c = 0 (2) ⇒ f (x) strictly increases in (0, 10 )
Now, applying L′ Hospital’s rule, we have and strictly decreases in ( 10 , ∞)
P( x) ⎛ 0 ⎞ P ′( x ) ⇒ f (x) has greatest value at x = 10
lim ⎜ ⎟ = xlim = P′(2) = 7 Hence, the given sequence has greatest value at n = 3
x→2 x − 2 ⎝ 0⎠ →2 1
i.e., 4a + b = 7 [P′(x) = 2ax + b] (3) or, n = 4
Solving (1), (2) and (3), we have Now, we have,
a = 2, b = –1, c = –6 3 4
a3 = and a4 =
and, P(x) = 2x2 – x – 6 19 26
The correct option is (A) 3
Hence, a3 = is the largest term of the given sequence.
87. Let f (x) = x5 – 3x – 1, x ∈ [1, 2] 19
Then, f ′(x) = 5x4 – 3 > 0 ∀ x ∈ (1, 2) The correct option is (B)
⇒ f (x) strictly increases in (1, 2) 90. Let f(x) = 3x4 + 4x3 – 12x2 + a
Also, we have ⇒ f ′(x) = 12(x3 + x2 – 2x) = 12x (x – 1) (x + 2)
f (1) = 1 – 3 – 1 = –3 From the shape of the curve given below, we have
and, f(2) = 32 – 6 – 1 = 25 for four real and district roots, the two minima must lie
Therefore, the curve y = f (x) will cut the X-axis exactly once below the X-axis and the maxima must lie above the X-axis
in [1, 2]
i.e., f (x) will vanish exactly once in [1, 2]
88. Consider the function
⎡ π π⎤
f (x) = x – sin x – k, x ∈ ⎢ − , ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ π π⎞
Then, f ′(x) = 1 – cosx = 2sin2 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ≥ 0, ∀ x ∈ ⎜⎝ − , ⎟⎠
2 2 Thus, we have,
⎛ π π⎞ f (–2) < 0
⇒ f (x) increases in ⎜ − , ⎟
⎝ 2 2⎠ i.e., 48 – 32 – 48 + a < 0 i.e., a < 32 (1)
Also, we have and, f (1) < 0
⎛ π⎞ π ⎛π⎞ π i.e., 3 + 4 – 12 + a < 0 i.e., a < 5 (2)
f ⎜ − ⎟ = − + 1 − a and f ⎜ ⎟ = –1–a
⎝ 2⎠ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 and, f (0) > 0 i.e., a > 0 (3)
14.48 Chapter 14
From (1), (2) and (3), we get a ∈ (0, 5) 94. We have,

The correct option is (A) x +1
f (x) =
91. We have, x2
⇒ f(x) = f(x) + f(1 – x)
⎧ − ( x + 1) − 1 1
and, f ′(x) = f ′(x) – f ′(1 – x) ⎪⎪ = − 2 , x < −1
x2 x x
which vanishes at the points given by ⇒ f (x) = ⎨
⎪ x + 1 1 1
= + 2 , x ≥ −1
x=1–x ⇒ x=
1 ⎩⎪ x2 x x
2
⎧ x ( x + 2)
Now, we have, ⎪ x4 > 0 ∀ x ∈ ( − ∞, − 2)
f ″(x) = f ″(x) + f ″(1 – x) ⎪
⎪ < 0 ∀ x ∈ ( − 2, − 1)
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ∴ f ′(x) = ⎨
∴ f ″ ⎜ ⎟ = f ′′ ⎜ ⎟ + f ′′ ⎜ ⎟ < 0 ⎪ − x( x + 2) > 0 ∀ x ∈ ( − 1, 0)
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎪ x4
[∴ f ″(x) < 0 in (–1, 1)] ⎪
⎩ < 0 ∀ x ∈ ( 0, ∞ )
1
⇒ maxima at x = ⇒ f is decreasing in (– 2, – 1) ∪ (0, ∞)
2
⎛ 1⎞ The correct option is (C)
Hence, f(x) strictly increases in ⎜ 0, ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ 95. Let f ′(x) = ax2 + bx + c
The correct option is (A) Integrating both sides,
92. Let f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d ax 3 bx 2
⇒ f (x) = + + cx + d
Then, f ′(x) = 3ax2 + 2bx + c 3 2
and, f ″(x) = 6ax + 2b a b
⇒ f (0) = d and f (1) = + + c + d
Now, using the given conditions, we have 3 2
f ″(1) = 0 i.e., 3a + b = 0 (1) Since, Rolle’s theorem is applicable
f ″(–1) = 0 i.e., 3a – 2b + c = 0 (2) a b
⇒ f (0) = f (1) ⇒ d= + +c+d
f(1) = – 6 i.e., a + b + c + d = –6 (3) 3 2
and, f(–1) = 10 i.e., –a + b – c + d = 10 (4) ⇒ 2a + 3b + 6c = 0
Solving the above equations (1) – (4), we have Hence, required condition is 2a + 3b + 6c = 0
a = 1, b = – 3, c = –9 and d = 5 The correct option is (A)
Hence, we have, 96. Let, f (x) = x3 – 3x + a
f(x) = x3 – 3x2 – 9x + 5 ⇒ f ′(x) = 3x2 – 3 = 3(x – 1) (x + 1)
The correct option is (B) Now, f (1) = a – 2, f (–1) = a + 2
93. We have, The roots would be real and distinct if,
f(x) = – x3 + ϕ(b), 0 ≤ x < 1 f (1) f (–1) < 0
= 2x – 3, 1 ≤ x ≤ 3 ⇒ (a – 2) (a + 2) < 0 or
b3 − b 2 + b − 1 ⇒ –2<a<2
where, ϕ(x) = (b is a constant)
b 2 + 3b + 2 Thus the given equation would have real and distinct roots if
a ∈ (–2, 2)
and, f ′(x) = –3x2, 0 < x < 1
= 2, 1 < x < 3
97. Let (α, β) be the point of intersection of given curves,
⇒ f(x) strictly decreases in (0, 1)
and, strictly increases in (1, 3) α 2 β2
Then, + =1 (1)
Now, we have for minima at x = 1 a b
f (1) ≤ f (1–) α 2 β2
i.e., 2 – 3 ≤ – 1 + ϕ (b) i.e., ϕ(b) ≥ 0 and, + =1 (2)
a1 b1
(b 2 + 1) (b − 1) x2 y2
i.e., ≥0 ⇒ b ∈ (–2, –1) ∪ [1, ∞) Differentiating = 1 with respect to x we get,
+
(b + 1) (b + 2) b2
a 2
2 x 2 y dy ⎛ dy ⎞ − bx
+ · = 0 ⇒⎜ ⎟ =
a b dx ⎝ dx ⎠ ay
⎛ dy ⎞ − bα ⎛ dy ⎞ 3x −3
∴ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = = m1 (say) (3) ⇒⎜ ⎟ = 1 = [Since parallel to 3x + 2y = 1]
dx (α , β ) aβ ⎝ dx ⎠ ( x , y ) 4 y1 2
1 1
x2
y 2 Also, the point (x1, y1) lies on 3x2 – 4y2 = 72, therefore,
Similarly, from + = 1, we get
a1 b1 ⇒ 3x12 – 4y12 = 72
⎛ dy ⎞ − b1 α 3 x12
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = = m2 (say) (4) ⇒ −4 =
72
dx (α , β ) a1 β
y12 y12
Since the curves cut each other orthogonally, we have 72 ⎡ x1 ⎤
m1m2 = –1 ⇒ 3(4) – 4 = ⎢ as = − 2⎥
y12 ⎣ y1 ⎦
− bα − b1α
⇒ · = –1 ⇒ y12 = 9 or y1= ±3
aβ a1β
Required points are (– 6, 3) and (6, –3)
⇒ bb1α2 + aa1 β2 = 0 (5)
Distance of (– 6, 3) from the given line,
Subtracting (1) from (2), we get,
− 18 + 6 + 1 11
⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ = =
α 2 ⎜ − ⎟ + β2 ⎜ − ⎟ = 0 (6) 13 13
⎝ a1 a ⎠ ⎝ b1 b ⎠
and distance of (6, 3) from the given line,
From (5) and (6),
18 − 6 + 1 13
bb1 aa1 = = 13
=
= 13 13
⎛1 1⎞ ⎛1 1⎞
⎜⎝ a − a ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ b − b ⎟⎠ Thus, (– 6, 3) is the required point
1 1
⎛1 1⎞ ⎛1 1⎞
or, bb1 ⎜ − ⎟ = aa1 ⎜ − ⎟ x
100. Given f (x) = ( a 2 − 3a + 3) cos + ( a − 1) x
⎝ b b1 ⎠ ⎝ a a1 ⎠ 2
i.e., b1 – b = a1 – a −1 ⎛ x⎞
⇒ f ′(x) = ( a − 1) ( a − 2) sin ⎜ ⎟ + ( a − 1)
Therefore, a – b = a1 – b1 2 ⎝ 2⎠
The correct option is (B) ⎡ 1 ⎛ x⎞ ⎤
98. Given x and y are sides of two squares, thus the area of two ⇒ f ′(x) = ( a − 1) ⎢1 − ( a − 2) sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦
squares are x2 and y2
If f (x) possesses critical points, then
dy
d( y2 )
2y f ′(x) = 0
Now, = dx = y dy (1) ⎡ ⎛ a − 2⎞ x⎤
d( x2 ) 2x x dx ⇒ ( a − 1) ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟⎠ sin ⎥ = 0
⎣ ⎝ 2 2⎦
The given curve is,
y = x – x2 ⎛ a − 2⎞ x
⇒ a = 1 and 1 − ⎜ sin = 0
dy ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 2
⇒ = 1 – 2x (2)
dx ⎛ x⎞ 2
⇒ a = 1 and sin ⎜ ⎟ =
d(y ) 2
y ⎝ 2⎠ a−2
Thus, = (1 − 2 x ) [from (1) and (2)]
d ( x2 ) x
⇒ a = 1 and
2
≤1
a−2
d ( y2 ) ( x − x 2 ) (1 − 2 x )
or, 2
= ⇒ a = 1 and |a – 2 | ≥ 2
d (x ) x
⇒ a = 1 and a – 2 ≥ 2 or a – 2 ≤ –2
d ( y2 ) ⇒ a = 1 and a ≥ 4 or a ≤ 0
⇒ = (2x2 – 3x + 1)
d ( x2 ) ⇒ a = 1 and a ∈ (–∞, 0] ∪ [4, ∞)
The correct option is (A) Therefore, a ∈ (–∞, 0] ∪ {1} ∪ [4, ∞)
⎛ − 3⎞ The correct option is (C)
99. Slope of the given line 3x + 2y + 1= 0 is ⎜ . We first find
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 101. We have,
the point on the curve at which the tangent is parallel to the x
given line. Differentiating the given curve with respect to x,
we get,
f (x) = ∫ | log2 (log3 (log 4 (cos t + a))) | dt
0
dy Differentiating with respect to x, we get
6x − 8y =0
dx
14.50 Chapter 14
f ′(x) = | log2 (log3 (log4 (cosx + a))) |, ⇒ 2<b<3 (2)

which is clearly increasing for all x ∈ R From (1) and (2), we have
But it must be defined, b∈ (– 7, – 1) ∪ (2, 3)
i.e., log3 log4 (cosx + a) ≥ 0, ∀ x ∈ R The correct option is (C)
⇒ log4 (cosx + a) ≥ 1, ∀ x ∈ R x
104. f (x) = ∫ (bt + b + cos t ) dt
2
⇒ cosx + a ≥ 4, ∀ x ∈ R
0
⇒ a ≥ 4 – cosx
⇒ a≥5 ⇒ f ′(x) = bx2 + b + cos x
Thus, f (x) is increasing for all real values of x when a ≥ 5 Case I: f ′(x) ≥ 0 ∀ x ∈ R
The correct option is (B) ⇒ bx2 + b + cos x ≥ 0, ∀ x ∈ R
102. We have, ⇒ bx2 + b – 1 ≥ 0, ∀ x ∈ R
f (x) = (x2 – 4)n (x2 – x + 1) assumes local minima at x = 2 ⇒ b > 0 and (– 4b (b – 1)) ≤ 0
⇒ f (2) < f (2 – h) ⇒ b≥1 (1)
and, f (2) < f (2 + h), Case II: f ′(x) ≤ 0, ∀x∈R
where h > 0. Since f (2) = 0 ⇒ bx2 + b + 1 ≤ 0, ∀x∈R
⇒ f (2 – h) > 0 ⇒ b < 0 and (0 – 4b (b + 1)) ≤ 0
and, f (2 + h) > 0, ∀ h > 0 ⇒ b+1≤0
⇒ (–h)n (4 – h)n [h2 – 3h + 1] > 0 ⇒ b ≤ –1 (2)
and, hn(4 + h)n (h2 + 5h + 1) > 0 From (1) and (2), we get b ∈ (–∞, –1] ∪ [1, ∞).
i.e., (–h)n > 0 [∴ (4 – h) > 0, h2 – 3h + 1 > 0, The correct option is (B)
2
4+ h > 0, h + 5h + 1 > 0 ∀ h > 0] 105. We have,
⇒ nis an even number f (x) = (x – 3) (x – 4) (x – 5) (x – 6)
The correct option is (A) Consider the interval [3, 4]
Since f (x) is a polynomial function,
103. Since the function f (x) increases for all x, therefore,
∴ it is continuous in [3, 4] and derivable in (3, 4)
⎛ 21 − 4b − b 2 ⎞ 2
f ′(x) = ⎜1 − ⎟ 3 x + 5 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R Also, f (3) = f (4) = 0
⎜⎝ b +1 ⎟⎠ ∴ ByRolle’s theorem, there exists a point x = c in (3, 4)
⎛ such that f ′(c) = 0 i.e., there exists a root of f ′(x) = 0 in the
21 − 4b − b 2 ⎞
⇒ ⎜1 − ⎟ >0 open interval (3, 4). Clearly, this root is positive. Similarly,
⎜⎝ b +1 ⎟⎠ two more positive roots of f ′(x) = 0 exist in the other inter-
vals (4, 5) and (5, 6). Hence, three roots of f ′(x) = 0 are
⎛ 1 − 21 − 4b − b 2 ⎞
and, ( 0) 2 − 4 × 3 ⎜ ⎟ 5<0 positive and they lie in (3, 4) ∪ (4, 5) ∪ (5, 6).
⎜⎝ b +1 ⎟⎠ The correct option is (B)
2
[∴ ax + bx + c > 0 ∀ x ∈ R ⇒ a > 0 and D > 0] 106. f ′(x) = sin a tan2 x sec2 x + (sin a – 1) sec2 x
21 − 4b − b 2 = (sin a tan2 x + sin a – 1) sec2 x
⇒ 1− >0
b +1 At critical points, we must have f ′(x) = 0
The above inequality holds, when ⇒ sin a tan2 x+ sin a – 1 = 0 (∴ sec2x ≠ 0 for any x∈R)
(i) b + 1 < 0 and 1 − sin a
(ii) 21 – 4b – b2 > 0 ⇒ tan2 x =
sin a
∴ b < – 1 and b2 + 4b – 21 < 0 1 − sin a
⇒ b < – 1 and (b + 7) (b – 3) < 0 Since a∈ [θ, 2θ], <0
sin a
⇒ b < – 1 and – 7 0, f (x) will be increasing for all x,
⇒ f (x) has no critical points.
2 21 − 4b − b 2 The correct option is (D)
if, 21 – 4b – b > 0 and 1 >
b +1 107. f ″(x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ R ⇒ f ′(x) is increasing ∀ x ∈ R
or, b2 + 4b – 21 < 0
Now, g′(x) = – f ′(2 – x) + f ′( 4 + x)
and, (b + 1) > (21 – 4b – b2) [as b + 1 > 0]
If g′(x) > 0, thenf ′ (4 + x) > f ′(2 – x)
or, (b + 7) (b – 3) < 0 and b2 + 3b – 10 > 0
⇒ 4+x>2–x [∴ f ′(x) is increasing ∀x∈R]
⇒ (– 7 2)
⇒ 2x > –2 or x > –1 111. Let P(x, y) be a point on the curve

y
∴ g(x) is increasing in (–1, ∞). ln (x2 + y2) = c tan −1
x
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
108. Curves will intersect if x2 – 16x + c = 0 has real roots.
2 x + 2 y y′ c ( xy ′ − y )
∴ 256 – 4c ≥ 0 i.e., c ≤ 64 =
( x2 + y2 ) ( x2 + y2 )
x2 – 4y2 + c = 0
2 x + cy
dy ⇒ y′ = = m1 (say)
⇒ 2x − 8 y =0 cx − 2 y
dx y
dy x and, slope of OP = = m2 (say)
∴ = x
dx 4y Let the angle between the tangent at P and OP be θ
Again, y2 = 4x m1 + m2
Then, tan θ =
1 + m1m2
dy
⇒ 2y =4
dx 2 x + cy y
−
dy 2 cx − 2 y x 2
⇒ = = =
dx y 2 xy + cy 2 c
1+ 2
Since the curves intersect orthoganally, cx − 2 xy
∴
x 2
· =–1 ⎛ 2⎞
∴ θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ , which is independent of x and y.
4y y ⎝ c⎠
⇒ x = – 2y2 = – 2 (4x) (∴ y2 = 4x) The correct option is (C)
⇒ 9x = 0 ⇒x = 0, Δy = 0 112. Consider f (x) = ex/3 (ax2 + bx + c). Clearly, f (x) = 0 has two
But if y = 0, slopes of both curves are undefined distinct positive roots α and β.
∴ Curves cannot cut orthogonally. So, by Rolle’s theorem, f ′(x) = 0 has at least one root in (α, β)
The correct option is (D) 1
{ }
or, e3 x ax 2 + (b + 6 a) x + c + 3b = 0 has at least one
3
l
109. f ′(x) = 2 x − root in (α, β)
x2
1/ 3 ⇒ ax2 + (b + 6a)x + c + 3b = 0 has at least one positive root.
⎛ l⎞
∴ f ′(x) = 0 ⇒ x= ⎜ ⎟ The correct option is (C)
⎝ 2⎠
If l = 16, x = 2 113. Define a function h(x) = f (x) – f (a) + k (x3 – a3), where k is
2l chosen in such a way that h(b) = 0. Also, h(a) = 0. So, the
Now, f ″(x) = 2 + function h(x) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem.
x3
Therefore, there exists c∈ (a, b) such that h′(c) = 0.
∴ If l = 16, f ″ (x) > 0
⇒ f ′(c) + k(3c2) = 0
i.e., f(x) has a minimum at x = 2
f ( b) − f ( a)
⎛ ⎛ l ⎞ 1/ 3 ⎞ ⇒ f ′(C) = (3c 2 )
2l b3 − a3
Also, f ′′ ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = 2 + =2+4>0
⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎠ l /2 ⎡ − ( f (b) − f ( a)) ⎤
⎢ Where k = ⎥
Hence, f(x) is maximum for no real value of l. ⎣ b3 − a3 ⎦
When l = – 1, f ″(x) = 0 if x = 1. The correct option is (B)
∴ f (x) has a point of inflexion at x = 1. 114. Let ϕ (x) = x2ln (4) – 16 ln (x), which is continuous on [4, 5]
The correct option is (B) and differentiable on (4, 5), so by LMVT,
110. Let y = f (x) = ax2 + bx + c ϕ (5) − ϕ ( 4)
= f ′(c), c ∈ (4, 5)
∴ f ′(x) = 2ax + b 5−4
f (0) = c and f ′(0) = b ⎛ 4 25 ⎞
Now, ϕ (5) – ϕ (4) = ln ⎜ 16 ⎟
f ′(x){at (1, 1)} = 2a + b = 1 (1) ⎝5 ⎠
f (1) = a + b + c = 1 (2) 2 2
and, ϕ ′(C) = (c ln 4 − 8)
Subtracting (2) from (1), we have a – c = 0 or a = c c
Now, 2 f (0) + f ′(0) = 2c + b = 2a + b = 1 ⎛4 ⎞25
⇒ c ln ⎜ 16 ⎟ = 2(c2 ln 4 – 8)
The correct option is (B) ⎝5 ⎠
14.52 Chapter 14

⎧ sin x
⎪ , x≠0 Thus, f (x) is increasing in (1, ∞) and decreasing in (–∞, –2).
115. Let f (x) = ⎨ x
⎪⎩1, x=0 The correct option is (A) and (D)
119. We have, f " (x) < 0, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
x cos x − sin x
Then, f ′ (x) = ⇒ f ′ (x) is a decreasing function in [0, 1].
x2
Now, g′ (x) = f ′(x) – f ′ (1 – x).
cos x ( x − tan x ) ⎛ π⎞
= < 0 if x ∈ ⎜ 0, ⎟ . g (x) is increasing if g′ (x) > 0
x 2 ⎝ 2⎠
⇒ f ′ (x) > f ′ (1 – x)
⎛ π⎞
⎜⎝∵ tan x > x and cos x > 0 when 0 < x < ⎟⎠ ⇒ x < 1 – x( f ′ (x) is decreasing)
2
1
⎛ π⎞ π i.e., x <
∴ f (x) is decreasing in . ⎜ 0, ⎟ Since 0 <x < , 2
⎝ 2⎠ 2 1
∴ g(x) is an increasing function for 0 < x < .
⎛π⎞ 2 sin x 2
∴ f ⎜ ⎟ < f (x) < f (0) ⇒ < < 1.
⎝ 2⎠ π x Also, g (x) is decreasing if g′ (x) < 0
The correct option is (B) and (C) ⇒ f ′ (x) < f ′ (1 – x)
π ⇒ x>1–x ( ∵f ′ (x) is decreasing)
116. We know that sin x < x if 0 < x < (1)
2 1
i.e., x >
⎛ π⎞ 2
Since cosx is decreasing in ⎜ 0, ⎟ , cos (sin x) >cosx. 1
⎝ 2⎠ ∴ g(x) is a decreasing function for < x < 1.
2
π π
Also, since 0 < x < , π 0 < cos x < 1 < The correct option is (B) and (C)
2 2
πsin (cos x) <cos x [Using (1)] ⎧ x −1
| x − 1| ⎪⎪ x 2 , x ≥ 1
π 120. f (x) = = ⎨
Hence, cos (sin x) > cos x > sin (cos x) if 0 < x < .
2 x2 ⎪1 − x , x < 1, x ≠ 0
⎪⎩ x 2
The correct option is (A) and (C)
117. Let f (x) = 1 + x p – (1 + x)p ⎧x − 2
⎪ x3 , x < 1, x ≠ 0
⇒ f ′ (x) = px p – 1 – p (1 + x)p – 1
⎪⎪
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ∴ f ′ (x) = ⎨does not exist, x = 1
= p ⎜ 1− p − ⎟ ⎪2 − x
⎝x (1 + x )1− p ⎠ ⎪ 3 , x >1
≥ 0 if p ≥ 0, 1 – p ≥ 0, x > 0 ⎩⎪ x
∴ f(x) increases when x > 0 and 0 ≤ p ≤ 1. Clearly, f ′ (x) > 0 for x < 0 or 1 < x < 2
Since x > 0, f (x) > f (0) and f ′ (x) < 0 for 0 < x < 1 or x > 2.
∴ 1 + x p – (1 + x) p > 0 (∵f (0) = 0) Thus, f (x) is increasing for (– ∞, 0) ∪ (1, 2) and decreasing
i.e., 1 + x p > (1 + x) p if 0 ≤ p ≤ 1 and x > 0 for (0, 1) ∪ (2, ∞).
The correct option is (B) and (C) The correct option is (A) and (C)
118. We have, 121. We have,
⎧ −2 x − 1, x < −2 ⎫ h′ (x) = f ′ (x) [1 – 2 f (x) + 3 ( f (x))2]
⎪ ⎪
f(x) = | x + 2 | + | x – 1 | = ⎨3, − 2 ≤ x ≤ 1⎬ ⎡ 2 1⎤
⎪2 x + 1, x > 1 ⎪ = 3 f ′ (x) ⎢( f ( x )) 2 − f ( x ) + ⎥
⎩ ⎭ ⎣ 3 3⎦
⎡⎛ 1⎞
2
2⎤
⎧ −2, x < −2 ⎫ = 3 f ′ (x) ⎢⎜ f ( x ) − ⎟ + ⎥
⎪does not exist, x = −2 ⎪ ⎢⎣ ⎝ 3 ⎠ 9 ⎥⎦
⎪⎪ ⎪⎪
∴ f ′(x) = ⎨0, − 2 < x < 1⎬ Note that h′(x) < 0 whenever f ′(x) < 0 and h′(x) > 0 whenever
⎪does not exist, x = 1 ⎪ f ′(x) > 0. Thus, h(x) increases (decreases) whenever f (x)
⎪ ⎪ increases (decreases).
⎪⎩2, x >1 ⎪⎭
122. Let h (x) = f (x) – g (x) 126. We have,

Since, f ′ (x) >g′ (x) ∀x ∈ R, therefore, f(x) = | x | + | x – 1 | + | x – 2 |
h′ (x) = f ′ (x) – g′ (x) > 0 ∀x ∈ R ⎧ − 3 x + 3, x < 0
⇒ h (x) is an increasing function ∀x ∈ R ⎪ − x + 3, 0 ≤ x < 1
⎪
But h (0) = f (0) – g (0) = 0, = ⎨
⎪ x + 1, 1≤ x < 2
So, for x > 0, we must have h (x) >h (0) = 0 ⎪⎩3 x − 3, x ≥ 2
and for x < 0, we have h (x) <h (0) = 0.
⇒ f (x) > g (x) ∀ x ∈ (0, ∞) ⎧ −3 x<0
⎪does not exist x = 0
and f (x) < g (x) ∀ x ∈ (– ∞, 0) ⎪
The correct option is (A) and (B) ⎪ −1 0 < x <1
⎪
⇒ f ′(x) = ⎨does not exist x = 1
123. We have, f ′ (x) = e − x / 4 (4 – x2).
4
⎪1 1< x < 2
For maximum or minimum, f ′ (x) = 0 ⎪
⎪does not exist x = 2
⇒ e− x
4
/4
(4 – x2) = 0 ⇒ x = – 2, 2 ⎪
⎩3 x>2
Also, f " (x) = e − x (– 2x) + e − x Clearly, f (x) has minima at x = 1 and neither maxima nor
4 4
/4 /4
× (4 – x2) × (– x3)
minima at x = 0 and x = 2.
⎧< 0 if x = 2 The correct option is (A), (C) and (D)
⎪
⎨and 127. Let f (x) = 1 + x p – (1 + x)p
⎪> 0 if x = −2
⎩ ⇒ f ′ (x) = px p – 1 – p (1 + x)p – 1
∴ f (x) has a maximum at x = 2 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
and minimum at x = –2 = p ⎜ 1− p − 1− p ⎟
⎝x (1 + x ) ⎠
The correct option is (A) and (B)
≥ 0 if p ≥ 0, 1 – p ≥ 0, x > 0
1
124. We have, f (x) = sin x+ cos 2x ∴ f(x) increases when x > 0 and 0 ≤ p ≤ 1.
2
Since x > 0, f (x) > f (0)
⇒ f ′(x) = cos x– sin 2x = cos x(1 – 2 sin x). ∴ 1 + xp – (1 + x)p > 0 (∵f (0) = 0)
∴ f ′(x) = 0 p p
i.e., 1 + x > (1 + x) if 0 ≤ p ≤ 1 and x > 0
1
⇒ cos x (1 – 2 sin x) = 0 ⇒cos x= 0 or sin x= The correct option is (B) and (C)
2
π π π⎞ 128. We have, f " (x) < 0, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
⎛
⇒ x= or x = ⎜⎝∵0 ≤ x ≤ ⎟⎠ ⇒ f ′ (x) is a decreasing function in [0, 1].
2 6 2
Now, g′ (x) = f ′(x) – f ′(1 – x).
1 ⎛π⎞ 3 ⎛π⎞ 1
Now, f (0) = , f⎜ ⎟ = and f ⎜ ⎟ = g(x) is increasing if g′(x) > 0
2 ⎝ 6⎠ 4 ⎝ 2⎠ 2
⇒ f ′(x) > f ′(1 – x)
1 4 3
Of these values, the minimum value is < < . ⇒ x<1–x (∵ f ′(x) is decreasing)
2 3 2
1
The correct option is (A) and (D) i.e., x <
2
125. Let f ′ (x) = (x – a)2n (x – b)2m + 1 1
g(x) is an increasing function for 0 < x <
The extreme values of f are given by f ′ (x) = 0 2
⇒ (x – a)2n× (x – b)2m+1 = 0 ⇒ x = a, b. Also, g (x) is decreasing if g′ (x) < 0
For x < b, (x – b)2m+1 is negative and for x > b, (x – b)2m + 1 ⇒ f ′ (x) < f ′ (1 – x)
is positive (∵ 2m+ 1 is odd).
⇒ x>1–x (∵ f ′(x) is decreasing)
Thus, f ′ changes sign from negative to positive as x passes
1
through b and so, f has a minimum at x = b. i.e., x >
2
Since 2n is an even integer, (x – a)2n does not change sign 1
as x passes through a, i.e., f ′(x) does not change sign as x ∴ g(x) is a decreasing function for <x<1
2
passes through a. Hence, f has neither a maximum nor a
minimum at x = a. The correct option is (B) and (C)
14.54 Chapter 14
Now, differentiating both sides of the given curve with

⎧ x −1
| x − 1| ⎪⎪ x 2 , x ≥ 1 respect to x we get; 2ay
dy
= 3x2
129. f (x) = = ⎨ dx
x2 ⎪1 − x , x < 1, x ≠ 0
⎪⎩ x 2 ⎛ dy ⎞ 3 x12 3 x12 3 x1
⇒ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = = = (1)
dx ( x , y ) 2ay1 x13 2 a
⎧x − 2 1 1
2a
⎪ x3 , x < 1, x ≠ 0 a
⎪⎪ ⎛ dx ⎞
∴ f ′(x) = ⎨does not exist, x = 1 −2 a
Thus, slope of normal ⇒ ⎜ − ⎟ =
⎪2 − x ⎝ dy ⎠ ( x , y ) 3 x1
⎪ 3 , x >1 1 1
⎪⎩ x Since the normal line makes equal intercept with the axes,
Clearly, f ′ (x) > 0 for x < 0 or 1 < x < 2 therefore, slope = ± 1
and, f ′ (x) < 0 for 0 < x < 1 or x > 2 −2 a 4a
⇒ = ± 1 ⇒x1 =
Thus, f (x) is increasing for (–∞, 0) ∪ (1, 2) and decreasing 3 x1 9
for (0, 1) ∪ (2, ∞) ⎛ 4 a 8a ⎞ ⎛ 4 a − 8a ⎞
Hence, the required points are ⎜ , ⎟ and ⎜ , .
The correct option is (A) and (C) ⎝ 9 27 ⎠ ⎝ 9 27 ⎟⎠
130. We have, The correct option is (B) and (C)
h′(x) = f ′ (x) [1 – 2 f (x) + 3 ( f (x))2] 134. We have, y = 8t3 – 1 and x = 4t2 + 3
dy dx
⎡ 2 1⎤ ⇒ = 24t2 and = 8t
= 3 f ′(x) ⎢( f ( x )) 2 − f ( x ) + ⎥ dt dt
⎣ 3 3⎦
dy 24t 2
⎡⎛ ∴ = = 3t
2⎤
2
1⎞ dx 8t
= 3 f ′(x) ⎢⎜ f ( x ) − ⎟ + ⎥
⎢⎣⎝ 3⎠ 9 ⎥⎦ ∴ tangent at t is
Note that h′(x) < 0 whenever f ′(x) < 0 and h′(x) > 0 when- y – (8t3 – 1) = 3t(x – 4t2 – 3) (1)
ever f ′(x) > 0. Thus, h(x) increases (decreases) whenever Let the tangent meet the curve again at the point t′ (say)
f (x) increases (decreases) ∴ (8t′3 – 1) – (8t3 – 1) = 3t(4t′2 + 3 – 4t2 – 3)
The correct option is (A) and (C) ⇒ 8(t′3 – t3) = 3t . 4(t′ – t) (t′ + t)
131. Let h (x) = f (x) – g(x) ⇒ 2(t′2 + t2 + tt′) = 3t(t′+ t)
Since, f ′ (x) >g′ (x) ∀ x ∈ R, therefore, ⇒ 2t′2 – tt′ – t2 = 0
h′(x) = f ′(x) – g′ (x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ R. −t
⇒ (t′– t) (2t′ + t) = 0 ⇒t′ = t or
⇒ h (x) is an increasing function ∀x ∈ R 2
But h (0) = f (0) – g (0) = 0, ∴ the line (1), which is tangent at the point t is normal at
So, for x > 0, we must have h (x) > h (0) = 0 −t
the point
and for x < 0, we have h (x) < h (0) = 0 2
⇒ f (x) > g(x) ∀ x ∈ (0, ∞) 2 2
∴ 3t = ⇒t = ±
and, f (x) < g(x) ∀ x ∈ (–∞, 0) 3t 3
The correct option is (A) and (B) Hence, the required lines are
132. We have, 89 2 89 2
2x − y = + 1 and 2x + y = −1
f ′(x) > 0 and g′(x) < 0 ∀ x ∈ R 27 27
∴ f (x) is increasing and g(x) is decreasing ∀ x ∈ R The correct option is (B) and (C)
Hence, we have, 135. f ′(x) = 1 if –1 ≤ x < 0
g(x) > g(x + 1) and fog (x) > fog (x + 1) 1
Lf ′(0) = 1, Rf ′(0) =
g(x) < g(x – 1) and fog (x) < fog (x – 1) 2
f (x) < f (x + 1) and gof (x) > gof (x + 1) ∴ f ′(0) does not exist
f (x) > f (x – 1) and gof (x) <gof (x – 1) 1
Also, f ′(x) = for 0 < x ≤ 1
The correct option is (A) and (C) 2
133. Let the points at which normal be drawn is (x1, y1). Then, it and, f ′(x) = 1 for – 1 ≤ x < 0
must satisfy ay2 = x3, ∴ f ′(x) ≠ 0 for any x∈ [– 1, 1]
x13 ∴ f (x) has neither a maximum nor a minimum.
i.e., a y12 = x13 or y1 = ±
a The correct option is (A) and (C)

140. f (x) = x ⇒ f (A) = a , f (b) = b
136. For the intersection of the given curves
|x2 – 1 | = | x2 – 3 | ⇒ (x2 – 1)2 = (x2 – 3)2 1 1 1
g(x) = ⇒ g(A) = , g(b) =
⇒ (x2 – 1)2 – (x2 – 3)2 = 0 x a b
⇒ [(x2 – 1) – (x2 – 3)] [(x2 – 1) + (x2 – 3)] = 0 1 1
f ′(x) = ⇒ f ′(C) =
⇒ 2 [(2x2 – 4) = 0 ⇒ 2x2 = 4 ⇒x = ± 2 2 x 2 c
neglecting x = − 2 as x > 0 −1 −1
We have point of intersection as x = 2 g′(x) = 3/ 2
⇒ g′(C) =
2x 2c c
∴ y= | x2 – 1 | = (x2 – 1) in the neighbourhood of x = 2
and y = – (x2 – 3) in the neighbourhood of x = 2 f ( b) − f ( a) f ′( c)
∴ =
g ( b) − g ( a) g ′( c)
⎛ dy ⎞
⇒ ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = 2x = 2 2
dx c 1
1
⎛ dy ⎞ b− a 2 c
and, ⎜ ⎟ = – 2x = 2 2 ⇒ =
⎝ dx ⎠ c 1 1 −1
2
−
Hence, if θ is the angle between them, then b a 2c c
tan θ =
2 2 − (− 2 2 )
1 + 2 2(− 2 2 )
=
4 2
−7
=
4 2
7
⇒ ( b− )
a ×
a·
a−
b
b
=–c
⎛ 4 2⎞ ⇒ − ab = – c c = ab .
∴ θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 7 ⎠ The correct option is (C)
The correct option is (B) 141. Let f (x) = sin x and g(x) = cosx
137. Let f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx, x∈ [0, 1]. Then, f ′(x) = cosx and g′(x) = –sin x
∴ f ′ (x) = 3ax2 + 2bx + c. Clearly, f and g are continuous on [α, β]. f and g are deriv-
Since f (x) is a polynomial function of x, it is continuous able on (α, β) g′(x) = – sin x≠ 0 for any x ∈ (α, β)
and differentiable for all x∈ [0, 1]. ∴ By Cauchy’s Mean Value theorem on [α, β], we have,
Also, f (0) = 0; f (1) = a + b + c = 0. f (β ) − f (α ) f ′(θ )
∴ f(0) = f (1). = ,θ<α<β
g (β ) − g (α ) g ′(θ )
Applying Rolle’s theorem, f ′ (k) = 0 for atleast one value k,
sin β − sin α cos θ
0 <k < 1. Hence, k is a root of the equation ⇒ =
cos β − cos α − sin θ
3ax2 + 2bx + c = 0, where 0 <k < 1.
sin α − sin β
The correct option is (B) ⇒ = cot θ, α < β < β.
138. Let f (x) = (x – 3) log x cos β − cos α
Then, f(1) = – 2 log 1 = 0 and f (3) = (3 – 3) log 3 = 0. The correct option is (B)
As, (x – 3) and log x are continuous and differentiable in [1, 142. f (x) = ex ⇒ f (a) = ea, f (b) = eb
3], therefore (x – 3) log x = f (x) is also continuous and dif- g(x) = e–x ⇒ g (a) = e–a, g (b) = e–b
ferentiable in [1, 3]. Hence, by Rolle’s theorem, there exists f ′ (x) = ex ⇒ f′ (c) = ec
a value of x in (1, 3) such that g′(x) = – e–x ⇒ g′ (c) = –e–c
1 f ( b) − f ( a) f ′( c) eb − ea ec
f ′ (x) = 0 ⇒ log x + (x – 3) = 0 ⇒x log x = 3 – x ∴ = ⇒ −b =
x g ( b) − g ( a) g ′( c) e − e−a −e − c
e −e
b a
139. Let α, β (α < β) be any two real roots of ⇒ = – e2c
1/ a
e1/ b − e
f (x) = e–x – sin x.
Then, f (α) = 0 = f (β) (eb − e a ) × e aeb
⇒ = – e2c
Moreover, f (x) is continuous and differentiable for x∈ [α, β]. e a − eb
Hence, from Rolle’s theorem, there exists at least one x in ⇒ – ea+b = – e2c⇒a + b = 2c
(α, β) such that a+b
∴ c=
f ′ (x) = 0 ⇒ – e– x – cos x = 0 2
⇒ – e–x (1 + excos x) = 0 ⇒excosx = – 1 The correct option is (A)
14.56 Chapter 14
143. I. We have, II. We have,

f (x) = (1 + b2) ⎛ a +1 ⎞ 3
⎡ 2 2b b2 ⎤ b2 f(x) = ⎜ − 1⎟ x – x + ln (a – 1)
⎢x + x+ − ⎝ a −1 ⎠
2 2⎥
+1
⎢⎣ 1+ b 2
(1 + b ) ⎥⎦ 1 + b 2
defined ∀ x ∈ R, a > 1
2
⎛ b ⎞ 1 1 ⎛ a +1 ⎞ 2
= (1 + b2) ⎜ x + ⎟ + ≥
⎝ 1 + b2 ⎠ 1 + b2 1 + b2 and, f ′(x) = 3 ⎜ − 1⎟ x − 1
⎝ a −1 ⎠
1
∴ m (b) = . So, range of m (b) = (0, 1]. Clearly, f ′(x) is negative ∀ x ∈ R, if
1 + b2
The correct option is (A) a +1
−1< 0
II. Let f (x) = log (1 + x) – x a −1
1 x ⇒ a +1 < a – 1 [a > 1]
⇒ f ′ (x) = –1=–
1+ x 1+ x ⇒ a + 1 < a2 – 2a + 1
⇒ f ′ (x) < 0, for x > 0 ⇒ a(a – 3) > 0
⇒ f (x) is decreasing for x > 0 ⇒ a ∈ (– ∞, 0) ∪ (3, ∞)
⇒ f (x) < f (0), for x > 0 Since a > 1, therefore we have a∈ (3, ∞).
⇒ log (1 + x) – x < 0, for x > 0 The correct option is (D)
i.e., log (1 + x) < x,for x > 0. III. We have,
The correct option is (C) f (x) = x3 + ax2 + a2x + 2sin2x
III. Let and, f ′(x) = 3x2 + 2ax + a2 + 2 sin 2x
x n +1 xn x n −1 x2 which is positive ∀ x ∈ R, if
f (x) = a0 + a1 + a2 + ... + an −1 + an x .
n +1 n n −1 2 3x2 + 2ax + a2 – 2 > 0 ∀ x ∈ R
Then, f (x) is continuous and differentiable in [0, 1], as which is true, if discriminant < 0
it is a polynomial function of x. i.e., a2 – 3(a2 – 2) < 0
Also, f (0) = 0 i.e., a2 > 3
a0 a a a i.e., a ∈ R ~ ⎡⎣ − 3 , 3 ⎤⎦ .
and, f (1) = + 1 + 2 + ... + n −1 + an = 0.
n +1 n n −1 2 The correct option is (A)
Hence, by Rolle’s theorem, there exists at least one real IV. We have,
number c ∈ (0, 1) such that f ′ (c) = 0, i.e., c is a root of f (x) = |eax – e–ax|, (a > 0)
the equation a0xn+ a1xn – 1 + ... + an – 1x + an = 0.
− ax
⎪⎧ e − e , x < 0
ax
⇒ f (x) = ⎨
IV. Let f (x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx − ax
⎩⎪ e − e , x ≥ 0
ax
Then, f (0) = 0 and f (3) = 81a + 27b + 9c + 3d

= 3 (27a + 9b + 3c + d)
⇒ f ′(x) = ⎨
⎪ ( )
⎧ − a e − ax + e ax , x < 0
=0 (∵ 27a + 9b + 3c + d = 0)
Therefore, 0 and 3 are roots of the polynomial f (x).
(
⎪⎩ a e + e
ax
)
− ax
,x≥0
So, by Rolle’s theorem, there exists at least one root Then, we have for a > 0
of the polynomial f ′ (x) = 4ax3 + 3bx2 + 2cx + d lying f ′(x) < 0 π x < 0
between 0 and 3. ⇒ f is decreasing
The correct option is (D) and, f ′(x) > 0 π x > 0
144. I. Clearly, f (x) decreasing just before x = 3 and increas- ⇒ f is increasing.
ing after x = 3. For x = 3 to be a point of local minima, The correct option is (B)
f (3) ≥ f (3 – 0) ⇒ –15 ≥ 12 – 27 + ln (a2 – 3a + 3)
⇒ 0 <a2 – 3a + 3 ≤ 1
⇒ 1 ≤ a ≤ 2.
145. We have, y = x2 + bx+ c π sin (cos x) < cos x [Using (1)]

dy π
⇒ = 2x + b Hence cos (sin x) > cos x > sin (cos x) if 0 < x <
dx 2
Since the curve touches the line y = x at the point (1, 1) The correct option is (A)
∴ ( 2 x + b)](1, 1) = 1 i.e., 2 + b = 1 ⇒ b = – 1 149. Let f (x) = x tan x
Also, the curve passes through the point (1, 1) ⎛ π⎞
⇒ f ′(x) = tan x × 1 + x sec2x > 0, for x ∈ ⎜ 0, ⎟ .
∴ 1 = 1 + b + c i.e., c = – b = 1 ⎝ 2⎠
dy ⎛ π⎞
∴ y = x2 – x + 1 ⇒ = 2x – 1. So, f (x) is increasing for x∈ ⎜ 0, ⎟ .
dx ⎝ 2⎠
dy 1 π
Now, < 0 ⇒ 2x – 1 < 0 ⇒ x< Since, 0 < α < β < . π f (α) > f (β)
dx 2 2
The correct option is (A) tan β α
⇒ α tan β > α tan β i.e., >
sin x tan α β
146. We have, f (x) =
x The correct option is (A)
x cos x − sin x cos x ( x − tan x ) 150. Since g (x) is decreasing,
⇒ f ′ (x) = 2
= ∴ g (x2) ≤ g (x1) when x2 ≥ x1.
x x2
π Since f (x) is increasing,
But tan x >x and cos x > 0, for 0 <x < ∴ f [g (x1)] ≥ f [g (x2)]
2
⇒ h (x1) ≥ h (x2) when x2 ≥ x1.
⎛ π⎞
∴ f ′ (x) < 0 in the interval ⎜ 0, ⎟ ⇒ h (x) is a decreasing function of x and h (0) = 0.
⎝ 2⎠
Also, domain of h = [0, ∞) and range of h = [0, ∞).
⎛ π⎞
Thus, f (x) is decreasing in ⎜ 0, ⎟ ∴ h (x) = 0, ∀ x ∈ [0, ∞).
⎝ 2⎠
1
⎧ sin x 151. We have, f ′(x) = for all x. (1)
⎪ , x≠0 1 + x2
147. Let f (x) = ⎨ x
⎪⎩1, x=0 ⇒ f ′(x) > 0, for all x (∵ 1 + x2> 0)
x cos x − sin x From (1), it follows that f (x) is differentiable at all x,
Then, f ′ (x) = therefore, f (x) is also continuous at all x.
x2
∴ By mean value theorem in [0, 2]
cos x ( x − tan x ) ⎛ π⎞
= < 0 if x ∈ ⎜ 0, ⎟ . f ( 2) − f ( 0 ) 1
x2 ⎝ 2⎠ = f ′(c) = where 0 < c < 2
2−0 1 + c2
⎛ π⎞
⎜⎝∵ tan x > x and cos x > 0 when 0 < x < ⎟⎠ f ( 2) − 0 1 2
2 ⇒ = or f (2) = (2)
2 1 + c2 1 + c2
⎛ π⎞ π
∴ f (x) is decreasing in ⎜ 0, ⎟ . Since 0 <x < , Now, 0 < c < 2,
⎝ 2⎠ 2
⎛π⎞ 2 sin x 2 2 2
∴ f ⎜ ⎟ < f (x) < f (0) ⇒ < <1 ∴ < or <2 (3)
⎝ 2⎠ π x 1 + c2 1 + 02 1 + c2
2 2 2
The correct option is (C) and, > = = 0.4
1 + c2 1+ 2 2
5
π
148. We know that sin x < x if 0 < x < (1) or,
2
> 0.4 (4)
2
1 + c2
⎛ π⎞ From (2), (3) and (4) it follows that 0.4 < f (2) < 2.
Since cosx is decreasing in ⎜ 0, ⎟ , cos (sin x) >cosx.
⎝ 2⎠
π π
Also, since 0 < x < , π 0 < cos x < 1 <
2 2
14.58 Chapter 14
152. We have, ⇒ f (x) > f (0) = 0.

f (x) = tan x, x ∈ [0, π/7] The correct option is (A)
and, f ′(x) = sec2x, x ∈ [0, π/7] 155. We have,
Applying Lagrange’s theorem on f (x) in the interval f (x) = (1 + x)p – x p – 1, x ≥ 0 and 0 0
(π / 7) − 0 ⎣ ⎦ 1− p
⎣ (1 + x ) x ⎦
2 ⎡ π⎤ ⇒ f (x) strictly decreases in (0, ∞)
Since, sec x is strictly increasing in ⎢0, ⎥ , therefore we
have, ⎣ 7⎦ ⇒ f (x) ≤ f(0) = 0
f ′(0) < f ′(c) < f ′(π/7) i.e., (1 + x)p ≤ 1 + x p ∀ x ≥ 0 and 0 < p ≤ 1
f (π / 7) Now, putting x =
a
and p =
1
(n ≥ 1), we get
i.e., 1< < sec 2 (π / 7) < sec 2 (π / 4) = 2
(π / 7) b n
π 2π ⎛a ⎞
1/ n
⎛ a⎞
1/ n
i.e., < f (π / 7) <
7 7 ⎜⎝ + 1⎟⎠ ≤ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ b⎠
+1
b
⇒ (a + b)1/n ≤ a1/n + b1/n
153. We have,
f (x) = ln (ln x), x > 1
156. We have,
1
and, f ′(x) = ,x>1 ln x
x ln ( x ) f (x) = , x>0
x
Since f is continuous and differentiable in (1, ∞), therefore
1 − ln x
applying Lagrange’s theorem on f in (a, b), we have Then, f ′(x) = <0∀x>e
x2
f ( b) − f ( a)
f ′(C) = for some c in (a, b) ⇒ f (x) strictly decreases in (e, ∞)
b−a
Thus, we have
1
Since, is strictly decreasing in (a, b), therefore we have f(303) < f(202)
x ln x
ln (303) ln ( 202)
f ′(b) < f ′(c) < f ′(a) ⇒ <
303 202
1 f ( b) − f ( a) 1
i.e., < < ⇒ 202 ln (303) < 303 ln(202) ⇒ 303202 < 202303
b ln b b−a a ln a
157. Let f (x) = ln x – x, x > 0
154. Let f (x) = sin (tan x) – x, x ∈ [0, π/4]
1 1− x
Then, f ′(x) = sec2xcos (tan x) – 1 Then, f ′(x) = −1= < 0 ∀x> 1
x x
= tan2xcos (tan x) + cos (tan x) – 1
>0∀0<x<1
tan 2 x ⇒ f (x) strictly increases in (0, 1)
≥ tan2xcos (tan x) −
2 and strictly decreases in (1, ∞)
⎡ − x2 ⎤ ⇒ f (x) has greatest value at x = 1
⎢ using cos x − 1 ≥ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ ⇒ f (x) ≤ f(1) = – 1 < 0
i.e., ln x < x
⎡ 1 ⎤
= tan 2 x ⎢cos(tan x − )⎥ Now, we have
⎣ 2 ⎦
e–θ / 2< θ < θ / 2
In the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ π/4, we have 0 ≤ tan x ≤ 1
i.e., 0 < θ < θ / 2
⇒ cos 1 ≤ cos (tan x) ≤ cos θ = 1
i.e., cos 0 > cos θ > cos θ / 2
Now, 1 < π/3 ⇒ cos 1 > cos θ / 3 = 1/2
i.e., 0 < cos θ < 1
Thus, cos (tan x) > 1/2 πx ∈ [0, π/4]
i.e., ln (cos θ ) < 0 [∴ ln x < 0 ∀x∈ (0, 1)] (1)
⇒ f ′(x) ≥ 0 πx∈ [0, π/4]
Also, we have
⇒ f (x) increases in [0, π/4]
e–θ / 2 < θ < θ / 2 From (1) and (2), we get

i.e., –θ / 2 < ln θ < ln θ / 2[∴ ln x is increasing in (0, ∞)] ln (cos θ) <cos (ln θ)
i.e., –θ / 2 < ln θ < θ / 2 [Using ln x<x] The correct option is (A)
i.e., 0 < cos (ln θ) < 1 (2)
158. The equations of two curves are and, 6q2 + 18aq + 12a2 = 0
x3− 3xy2 + 2 = 0 (1) f ″(x) < 0 at x = p
and 3x2y – y3− 2 = 0 (2) and f ″(x) > 0 at x = q.
On differentiating the above Equations (1) and (2) with Clearly f ″(x) > 0 for x = 2a = > q = 2a < 0 for x = a = > p = a
respect to x, we get or p2 = q ⇒ a = 2.
⎛ dy ⎞ x2 − y2 The correct option is (C)
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = 162. f ″(x) = 6(x − 1) ⇒ f ′ (x) = 3(x − 1)2 + c
dx c 1
2 xy
⎛ dy ⎞ −2 xy and f ′ (2) = 3 ⇒ c = 0
and ⎜ ⎟ = 2
⎝ dx ⎠ c x − y2 Therefore, f (x) = (x – 1)3 + k and f (2) = 1
2
⎛ x 2 − y 2 ⎞ ⎛ −2 xy ⎞ ⇒ k = 0 ⇒ f (x) = (x − 1)3.
⎛ dy ⎞ ⎛ dy ⎞
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ × ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = ⎜
dx c dx c ⎝ 2 xy ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ x 2 − y 2 ⎟⎠ The correct option is (B)
163. Eliminating θ, we get the equation (x − a)2 + y2 = a2.
1 2
= −1
Hence normal always pass through (a, 0).
Hence, the two curves cut at right angle.
159. Key Idea :A function f (x) is said to be increasing function, dy
if f ′(x) > 0. 164. We find = tan θ which implies slope of normal = −cotθ
dx
∵ f ( x ) = cot −1 x + x Equation of normal at θ is
1 x2 y − a(sin θ − θ cos θ) = −cot θ (x − a(cos θ + θ sin θ)
∴ f ′( x ) = − +1= >0 ⇒ y sin θ − a sin2 θ + a θ cos θ sin θ = −x cos θ
1+ x 2
1 + x2
+ a cos2 θ + a θ sin θ cos θ
Hence, the above f (x) is increasing function since f ′(x) > 0
⇒ x cos θ + y sin θ = a
for all x.
Clearly this is an equation of straight line which is at a
constant distance a from origin.
160. We have that
f(x) = (x + l)1/3− (x− l)1/3
165. The function f(x) = 3x2 − 2x + 1 is increasing when f ′(x) =
1⎡ 1 1 ⎤ 6x − 2 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ∈ [1/3, ∞]
f ′( x ) = ⎢ − ⎥
3 ⎢ ( x + 1) 2/3
( x − 1) ⎥⎦
2/3 The correct option is (C)
∴ ⎣
166. Given that f(1) = −2 and f ′(x) ≥ 2 ∀ x ∈ [1, 6]
( x − 1) 2 / 3 − ( x + 1) 2 / 3
= Applying Lagrange’s mean value theorem
3( x 2 − 1) 2 / 3
f (6) − f (1)
Clearly, the derivative f ′(x) does not exist at x = ±1. Now, = f ′(c) ≥ 2
5
f ′(x) = 0, implies that
⇒ f (6) ≥ 10 + f(1)
(x – l)2/3 = (x + 1)2/3.
⇒ f (6) ≥ 10 − 2
This givesx = 0
⇒ f (6) ≥ 8.
Clearly, f ′(x) ≠ 0 for any other value of x ∈ [0,1]. The value
of f(x) at x = 0 is 2. The correct option is (A)
Hence, the greatest value of f (x) is 2 dv
167. = 50
The correct option is (C) dt
161. f (x) = 0 at x = p, q dr
⇒ 4π r 2 = 50
∴6p2 + 18ap + 12a2 = 0 dt
14.60 Chapter 14
dr 50 Now for the extrema,

⇒ = where r = 15
dt 4π (15) 2
1 √(p/3)
=
16π −√(p/3)
168. Let f (x) = anxn + an–1xn–1 + … + a1x, then
f (0) = 0. f ′(x) = 0
Also, f (α) = 0 ⇒ 3x3− p = 0
By Roll’s theorem, f ′(k) = 0 for some k ∈(0, α).
p
The correct option is (B) ⇒ x2 =
3
x 2 1
169. + is of the form x + ≥ 2 and equality holds for x = 1 ∴x = ±
p
2 x x 3
The correct option is (A) The correct option is (A)
dy 175. x7 + 14x5 + 16x3 + 30x − 560 = 0
170. Given curve implies that = 2x − 5
dx Let f (x) = x7 + 14x5 + 16x3 + 30x
∴ m1 = (2x − 5)(2,0) = −1, m2 = (2x − 5)(3,0) = 1 ⇒ f ′(x) = 7x6 + 70x4 + 48x2 + 30 > 0 ∀ x.
⇒ m1m2 = −1 ∴ f (x) is an increasing function ∀ x.
The correct option is (B) So it intersects the x-axis at exactly one point.
171. Equation of the normal is The correct option is (B)
dx 176. Since P(x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d,
Y−y= − ( X − x) P′(x) = 4x3 + 3ax2 + 2bx + c
dy
∵ x = 0 is a solution for P′(x) = 0 ⇒ c = 0
⎛ dy ⎞
⇒ G ≡ ⎜ x + y ,0⎟ ∴ P(x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + d (1)
⎝ dx ⎠
Also, we have P(−1) < P(1)
dy
So, x + y = 2x ⇒ 1− a + b + d < 1 + a + b + d ⇒ a > 0
dx
∵ P′(x) = 0, only when x = 0 and P(x) is differentiable in
dy dy
⇒y = x or y = −3 x (−1, 1), we should have the maximum and minimum at the
dx dx points x = −1, 0 and 1 only
⇒ ydy = x dx or y dy = −3xdx Also, we have P(−1) < P(1)
y 2
x 2
y2 3x 2 ∴ Max. of P(x) = Max. {P(0), P(1)} and Min. of P(x) =
⇒ = + c, or =− +c Min. {P(−1), P(0)}
2 2 2 2
⇒ x2− y2 = −2c or 3x2 + y2 = 2c. In the interval [0, 1],
The correct option is (A) and (D) P′(x) = 4x3 + 3ax2 + 2bx = x (4x2 + 3ax + 2b)
172. Using Lagrange’s mean value theorem, we write ∵ P′(x) has only one root x = 0, 4x2 + 3ax + 2b = 0 has no
real roots.
f (3) − f (1)
f ′( c) = 3a 2
3 −1 ∴ (3a) 2− 32b < 0 ⇒ 0
c 2
Thus, we have a > 0 and b > 0
2
⇒c= = 2 log3 e ∴ P′(x) = 4x3 + 3ax2 + 2bx > 0, ∀ x ∈ (0, 1)
loge 3
Hence P(x) is increasing in [0, 1]
∴ Max. of P(x) = P(1)
173. Point must be on the directrix of the parabola.
Similarly, P(x) is decreasing in [−1, 0]
Hence the required point is (−2, 0).
Therefore Min. P(x) does not occur at x = −1.
174. Let f (x) = x3− px + q
177. Given line

x−y+1=0 (1) dr
72π = 4π r 2
And the parabola dt
x = y2 dr 72 2
= =
dy dy 1 dt 4 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 9 9
implies1 = 2 y ⇒ = = Slope of given line (1)
dx dx 2 y The correct option is (C)
2
1 1 1 ⎛ 1⎞ 1 1
= 1⇒ y = ⇒ y = ⇒ x = ⎜ ⎟ = 181. f ′( x ) = + 2bx + a
2y 2 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 4 x
⎛ 1 1⎞ f has extremevalues and differentiable
⇒ ( x, y ) = ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 4 2⎠ ⇒ f ′( −1) = 0
1 1 ⇒ a − 2b = 1
− +1
4 2 3 3 2 f ′ ( 2) = 0
∴ The shortest distance is = =
1+1 4 2 8
1
The correct option is (A) ⇒ a + 4b = −
2
178. Parallel to x-axis
1 1
dy ⇒a= ,b = −
⇒ =0 2 4
dx
f ′′( −1), f ′′( 2) are negative. f has local maxima at –1, 2
8
⇒1− =0 The correct option is (B)
x3 182. Let h( f ) = f (x) – 2g(x)
⇒ x=2 as h(0) = h(1) = 2
⇒ y=3 Hence, using Rolle’s theorem
Equation of tangent is y − 3 = 0(x − 2) h′ (c) = 0
⇒ y−3=0 ⇒ f ′( c) = 2 g ′( c)
The correct option is (C) The correct option is (D)
⎧k − 2 x, if x ≤ −1 α
179. f ( x) = ⎨ 183. f ′( x ) = + 2β x + 1
⎩ 2 x + 3 if x > −1 x
2β x 2 + x + α = 0 has roots –1 and 2
2x + 3 The correct option is (C)
k – 2x
184. x 2 + 3 xy − xy − 3 y 2 = 0
1
⇒ x( x + 3 y ) − y( x + 3 y ) = 0
⇒ ( x + cy )( x − y ) = 0
–1 This is true
lim f(x) ≤ − 1 where k = – 1 Equation of normal is ( y − 1) = −( x − 1)
x→ = 1–
⇒x+ y=2
It intersects x + 3 y = 0 at the point (3, −1)
The correct option is (C) And hence meets the curve again in the 4th quadrant.
4 2
180. v= πr 185. x
3
After 49 minutes volume = 4500 π – 49 (72 π ) = 972 π r
4 3 x Square x
π r = 972π
3
⇒ r 3 = 729 x
⇒r=9 According to the question,
4 4 x + 2π r = 2
v = π r3
3 ⇒ 2 x + 4π r = 1
dv 4
= π 3r 2
dr 1 − 2x
∴r = (1)
dt 3 dt π
14.62 Chapter 14
Now. Area A = x 2 + π r 2 ⎛ 1 + sin x ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ π ⎞⎞

= tan −1 ⎜ as x ∈ ⎜ 0, ⎟ ⎟
1 ⎝ cos x ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ⎝ 2⎠⎠
= x2 + ( 2 x − 1) 2
π ⎛⎛ x x⎞ ⎞
2
For area A to be minimum, we have ⎜ ⎜⎝ cos + sin ⎟⎠ ⎟

2 2 ⎟
= tan −1 ⎜
dA 2 ⎜ 2 x 2 x ⎟
= 0 gives x = (2) ⎜ cos 2 − sin 2 ⎟
dx π+4 ⎝ ⎠
From (1) and (2), we get
⎛ ⎛ π x⎞⎞
1 = tan −1 ⎜ tan ⎜ + ⎟ ⎟
r= (3) ⎝ ⎝ 4 2⎠⎠
π+4
π x ⎛ π⎞ ⎛π⎞ 1
∴ x = 2r f ( x) =+ as x ∈ ⎜ 0, ⎟ ⇒ f ′ ⎜ ⎟ =
4 2 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 6⎠ 2
∴ Equation of normal
⎛ 1 + sin x ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
186. f ( x ) = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ where x ∈ ⎜⎝ 0, 2 ⎟⎠ ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
⎝ 1 − sin x ⎠ ⎜⎝ y − 3 ⎟⎠ = −2 ⎜⎝ x − 6 ⎟⎠
⎛ (1 + sin x 2 ) ⎞ The correct option is (C)
= tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎜⎝ 1 − sin 2 x ⎟⎠
⎛ 1 + sin x ⎞
= tan −1 ⎜
⎝ | cos x | ⎟⎠

Applications of Derivatives: Chapter Highlights

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Applications of Derivatives 14.

tangEntS and normalS Equation of tangEnt

The derivative of a function f (x) at a point x = a is the slope

2. If m be the slope of a tangent to the curve e2y = 1 + 4x2,

Since m1 = m2, therefore the two curves touch each

Differentiating (2) with respect to x, we get

1. Length of the tangent = PT = | y cosec θ | dy

lEngth of pErpEndicular from Strictly decreasing function

increasing function monotonic function

decreasing function SolvEd ExamplES

Solution: (B) But f ′ (n) ≠ 0 for any n ∈ N. Hence f (n) has no

27. The function f (x) = 2x2 – log | x |, x ≠ 0 is increasing in

Thus, f (x) is an increasing function in the interval

–ve –1/2 +ve 1 –ve

∴ f ′ (x) ≥ 0 if x ∈ ⎢ , 1⎥ because ex (1 – x) is always

The point x = a is called a point of local maximum of the Local maximum

The point x = a is called a point of local minimum of the

grEatESt and lEaSt valuES of Solution: (A)

(C) p1/p – 1 (D) None of these

31. Let the function f (x) be defined as nπ cos nπ − sin nπ cos nπ

Since x4 – x3 + x2 = x2 (x2 – x + 1) Solution: (B)

44. If h (x) = f (x) + f (– x), then h (x) has got an extreme

higher order derivative test to determine

geometrical interpretation SolvEd ExamplES

52. If the equation anxn + an – 1xn – 1 + ... + a1x = 0 has a

Then f (α) = 0 (Given). Also f (0) = 0. Solution: (A)

the equation a0xn + a1xn – 1 + ... + an – 1x + an = 0. Let f ( y) = ∫ (1 + cos8 x ) ( ax 2 + bx + c) dx

Then, f (1) = – 2 log 1 = 0 and f (3) = (3 – 3) log 3 = 0. and f (2) = ∫ (1 + cos8 x ) ( ax 2 + bx + c) dx = 0

i.e., α is a root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0. SolvEd ExamplES

dy And this is known as the rate of change of y with respect to

Single option correct type

1. The set of values of x for which log (1 + x) < x, is π

55. Given P(x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d such that x = 0 is (C) equal to α

nanxn – 1 + (n – 1) an – 1xn – 2 + ... + a1 = 0 has a positive Then, f (a) = ∫ g ( x) dx + ∫ g ( x) dx

(A) smaller than α (A) increases with increase in (b – a)

86. Let the function f be defined as 93. If the function

92. f (x) is a cubic function with f (1) = – 6, f (–1) = 10 and 2 x

x 108. The curves x2 – 4y2 + c = 0 and y2 = 4x will cut orthog-

more than one option correct type

(A) cos (sin x) > cos x (A) maximum occurs at x = 2

passage based questions

If the angle of intersection of two curves is a right angle, the

136. The acute angle between the curves y = | x2 – 1 | and y

match the column type

144. III. If the function f (x) = x3 + (C) [1, 2]

II. If the function f (x) = (B) (0, ∞)

⎡ π⎤ 156. Assertion: 303202 < 202303

previous year’s questions

(C) The cubic has minima at both

1 1 (A) 2x = r (B) 2x = (π + 4)r

185. A wire of length 2 units is cur into two parts which ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞

Single option correct type

more than one option correct type

passage based questions

match the column type

previous year’s questions

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

Single option correct type

1. Let f (x) = log (1 + x) – x ⎡⎛ b ⎞ 1/ 2 ⎤ ⎛ b⎞

⇒ a2 – 5a + 4 < 0 ⇒ (a – 1) (a – 4) < 0 Since f (x) is an increasing function ∀ x ∈ R

The denominator is minimum if (a cot t – b tan t)2 = 0 ⎛ π π⎞

b2< 4 ac ⇒ Disc. < 0 ⇒ f (x) > 0 for all x ∈ R d2y

< 0, for n = 0, 2, 4, 6, ...