19 Applications of Derivative

APPLICATION
OF DERIVATIVES
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APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
T a n gen t s & Nor m a ls

A very useful application of derivatives is slope of tangent and normal at a point on a curve.
Slope of Tangent :
The slope of tangent to a continuous curve, y = f(x), is given by
y=f(x)
dy
slope = m  dx t
P( x, y)
en
ang
at a point P (x1, y1) on the curve t
 dy  P(x 1,y 1)
From the diagram  dx   tan 
 P
dy 
Tangent parallel to x axis : then, 0
dx P normal
dy dx
0
Tangent perpendicular to axis : then
dx P approaches  or dy P
Slop e of Nor ma l
We know normal & tangent are perpendicular to each other. Hence
1
Slope of normal =
slope of tangent at P
1
=
 dy
/ dx  P
 dx 
=  
 dy P
E q u at ion of T a ngen t & Nor ma l

Now since we know the slopes, finding the equation of tangents & normals at a point is really
simple. As we have done it earlier also in chapter like Straight lines etc.
 dy 
Equation of tangent at a point (x1, y1)  y  y1     x  x1 
 dx x1 y1
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 dx 
Equation of normal at a point (x1, y 1)  y  y1      x  x1 
 dy  x1 y1
Angle of I nt er sect ion of Cu r ves

Angle of intersection of 2 curves is defined as angle between
the tangents to the curve at their point of intersection. G
We require , as it is the angle between the 2 curves.
 =  2  1
also we know that tan 1 & tan 2 are the slopes of tangents
to the curve C1 & C2 respectively at point P (x1, y1). P C2
taking tan of the previous equation 
1 2
tan  = tan ( 2  1)
tan 2  tan 1 tangent 1 tangent 2

= 1  tan  tan 
2
 dy   dy 
 dx    dx 
 C1  C2
=  dy   dy 
1   
 dx C2  dx C 1
Generally we take acute angle as the angle of intersection. We will get 2 answers  & 180  ,
& we select the smaller of 2.
O r t hogonal C ur ves
If 2 curves intersect at right angles i.e. the angle of intersection of 2 curves is a right angle, then
the two curves are said to be orthogonal curves.
i.e. the two tangents are perpendicular
 dy   dy 
      1
 dx C 1  dx C 2
L engt h of t angent , lengt h of nor mal a nd subt a ngent a nd subnor mal :
dy
Let y1   tan 
dx
1. Length of tangent at a point : The portion of the tangent which is intercepted between the
point of contact P and x-axis is called the length of the tangent at P.
In the given figure,
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length of tangent at P
= PL = LM 2  PM 2
Y no
rm tangent
= (y cot  )2  y2 al
90 P(x,y)
= y cot 2   1
y = f(x)

1 y
= y 1 [ tan  = y 1] 
y12
O L M K X
y
= y 1  y12
1
2. Subtangent at a point : Projection of LP on the positive direction of x-axis is called the subtangent
at point P.
y
Subtangent at P = LM = y cot   , subtangent at a point may be positive or negative.
y1
Thus the subtangent at P is positive or negative according as M lies on the right or left side of L.
y
Length of subtangent at P = y .
1
3. Length of normal at a point : The portion of the normal at P intercepted between the point
P and x-axis is called the length of the normal at P.
In the given figure, length of normal at P
= PK = PM2  MK 2
= y 2  ( y tan ) 2
= y 1  tan2   y 1  y12
4. Subtangent at a point : The projection of PK on the x-axis is called the subtangent at P.
Subtangent at P = MK = y tan  = y y1
subtangent at a point may be positive or negative. The subtangent at P is positive or negative
according as K lies on the right or left side of M.
Illustration 1
Find the slope of the curve y2 = x at point x = 1.
Solution :
Give curve is y2 = x ...(i)
Given point is x= 1
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2
from (i), when x = 1, y = 1  y = 1
 points are (1, 1) and (1,  1)
Differentiating both sides of (i) w.r.t. x, we get
dy dy 1
2y 1  = 2y ...(ii)
dx dx
dy 1 1
 at (1, 1), = 
dx 2 1 2
dy 1 1
and at (1,  1), = 
dx 2( 1) 2
1 1
Hence slope of tangents at points (1, 1) and (1,  1) are and  respectively.
2 2
Illustration 2
1
Prove that the tangents to the curve y2 = 2x at the points where x  are at right angles.
2
Solution :
Given curve is y2 = 2x ...(i)
1
Given point is x=
2
1 1
From (i), when x = , y2 = 2 . = 1,  y = 1
2 2
1  1 
 given points are  , 1  and  ,  1 
 2   2 
Differentiating both sides of (i) w.r.t. x, we get
dx dy 1
2y  2.1;  = ...(ii)
dy dx y
 1  dy 1
 at  , 1 , = = 1 = m1 (say)
 2  dx 1
1  dy
and at  2 ,  1 , = 1 =  1 = m 2 (say)
  dx 1
Since m1m2 = 1.( 1) =  1
hence the two tangents are at right angle to each other.
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Illustration 3
ax
If the slope of the curve y  at the point (1, 1) be 2. Find the values of a and b.
bx
Solution :
ax
Given curve is y  ...(1)
b x
Since point (1, 1) lies on curve (1)
a
 1 = b ...(2)
1
 dy  (b  x)a  ax( 1) ab
Now,   = 2

 dx  ( b  x) ( b  x) 2
 dy  ab
  dx  at (1, 1) =
  ( b  1) 2
 dy 
But  dx  at (1, 1) = 2 (given)
 
ab  
  2 or, b  2  a  1 from (2) 
2
( b  1) b 1  b a 
or, 2b  2 = b or, b = 2,  from (2), a = 1
Hence a = 1, b = 2
Illustration 4
Find the angle of intersection of the curves y2 = 4a x and x2 = 4by.
Solution :
Given curves are
y2 = 4ax ...(i)
2
and x = 4by ...(ii)
dy dy 2a
from (i), 2 y  4a   ...(iii)
dx dx y
dy dy x
from (ii), 2 x  4 b   ...(iv)
dx dx 2b
x2
Putting y  from (ii) in (i), we get
4b
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1 2
x4
 4 ax or 3
x (x  64ab ) = 0 2
 x  0, 4a 3 b 3
16b2
x2
From (iii), y   when x = 0, y = 0
4b
2 4
1 2 2 1
16 a3 b3
and when x  4 a b3 ,
3 y  4 a b3
3
4b
 1 2 2 1 
 4 a3 b3 , 4 a3 b3 
 Points of intersection of curves (i) and (ii) are (0, 0) and  
 
Angle of intersection of the curves at (0, 0) :
2a
From (iii), slope of the curve (i) at (0, 0) = (undefined)
0
0
From (iv), slope of the curve (ii) at (0, 0) =  0  tan 0 
2b
 angle between of the curves at (0, 0) = 90  0  90
 1 2 2 1 
Angle of intersection of the curves at  4a 3b 3 , 4a 3 b 3 
 
 
1
dy 2a a3
From (iii), = = = m1 (say)
dx 2 1 1
4 a 3 b3 2b 3
1 2 1
dy 4 a 3 b3 2a 3
From (iv), = = = m2 (say)
dx 2b 1
b3
If  be the acute angle between the two curves, then
1/ 1/
2a 3 a 3
1/
 1/
m1  m 2 b 3 2b 3
tan  = 
1  m1m2 1/
3
1/
3
2a a
1 1/
. 1/
b 3 2b 3
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1/ 1/
3a 3 b 3
= 2  b 2/3  a 2/3 
 
 
1/ 1/
3a 3 b 3
1
  tan
  2/ 2/ 
2 b 3  a 3

 
Illustration 5
Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve x3 + y3 = 6xy at point (3, 3).
Solution :
Equation of the given curve is x3 + y3 = 6xy ...(i)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
dy  dy 
3 x2  3 y2
dx
 6 1. y  x 
 dx 
or 3 y 2
6 x  dy
dx
6 y 3x 2
dy 6 y  3 x2 2 y  x2
   ...(ii)
dx 3y 2  6x y 2  2x
dy 2.3  32  3
at (3, 3), dx  2   1
3  2.3 3
 Slope of tangent at (3, 3) i.e. m =  1

 equation of tangent at (3, 3) will be
y  3 =  1(x  3) or x+ y 6= 0
1 1
Again slope of normal at (3, 3) =  m   ( 1)  1

 equation of normal at (3, 3) will be
y  3 = 1 (x  3) or x y= 0
Illustration 6
Find the equations of the tangent and the normal at the point t on the curve x = a sin3 t,
y = b cos 3t.
Solution :
Given curve is x = a sin 3t,
y = bcos 3 t. ...(i)
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dy
From (1),  b3 cos2 t.(  sin t)
dt
dy
and  a3 sin 2 t.cos t
dt
dy dy / dt  3 bcos 2 tsin t  b cos t b

     cot(t)
dx dx / dt 3a sin2 t cost a sin t a
b
 slope of tangent at point ÂtÊ =  cot(t)
a
a
and slope of normal = tan t
b
Equation of tangent at point ÂtÊ i.e.

at point (a sin 3t, b cos 3t) is
b
y  b cos 3t=  cot (t ) (x  a sin 3t)
a
b cos t
or y  b cos3t=  ( x  a sin 3 t)
a sin t
or, ay sin t  ab cos3 t sin t = bx cos t + ab cos t sin3 t

or, bx cos t + ay sin t = ab cos t sin t (cos2t + sin 2t)
or, ay sin t + bx cos t = ab sin t cos t
Equation of normal at point ÂtÊ is
y  b cos3 t 
a sin t
b cos t
x  a sin3 t 
or, yb cos t  b2 cos4t = xa sin t  a2 sin4 t
or, ax sin t  by cos t = a2 sin4 t  b 2 cos4 t.
Illustration 7
Prove that the curves xy = 4 and x 2 + y 2 = 8 touch each other.
Solution :
Equation of the given curves are
xy = 4 ...(i)
2 2
and x + y = 8 ...(ii)
dy dy y
from (i), 1. y  x  0,   =  ...(iii)
dx dx x
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dy x
from (ii), 2 x  2 y dy  0,  =  ...(iv)
dx dx y
Putting the value of y from (i) in (ii), we get
16 x4 + 16 = 8x 2
x2  2
8, or
x
or x 4  8x2 + 16 = 0 or (x2  4)2 = 0
or x 2  4 = 0, or x2 = 4,  x=  2
4
from (i), when x = 2, y= 2
2
4
and when x =  2, y= 2
2
Hence points of intersection of the two curves are (2, 2) and ( 2,  2).
Slope of the tangent to the curve (i) at point (2, 2).
2
m1    1 [from (iii)]
2
Slop of tangent to the curve (ii) at point (2, 2)
 2
m2       1 [from (iv)]
 2
 m1 = m 2, therefore, the two curves have a common tangent at (2, 2)
i.e. they touch each other at (2, 2).
At point (ă 2, ă 2) :
2
Slope of tangent to curve (i), m3 =    =  1
2
2
Slope of tangent to curve (ii), m4 =    =  1
2
Since m3 = m4 , hence the two curves touch each other at ( 2,  2). Thus curves (i) and (ii) touch
each other.
Illustration 8
Find the condition that the curves a x 2 + by 2 = 1 and a 1 x 2 + b 1 y2 = 1 may cut each other
orthogonally.
Solution :
ax 2 + by2 = 1 ...(i)
and a1x2 + b1y2 = 1 ...(ii)
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dy dy ax
From (i), 2ax + 2by 0 ,  =  ...(iii)
dx dx by
dy dy a x
From (ii) 2a1x + 2b1 y 0,  =  1 ...(iv)
dx dx b1 y
dy
Curves (i) and (ii) will cut each other at right angles if the product of the values of for the
dx
two curves is  1
 a x   a1x  aa1 x2
i.e.     1 or, 1 ...(v)
 b y   b1 y  bb1 y2
From (i) and (ii), ax2 + by2 = a1 x2 + b1 y2

or, (a  a1) x2 = (b1  b)y2
x2 b1  b
  ...(vi)
y 2 a  a1
x2 aa1  b1  b 
Putting the value of 2 in (v), we get bb  a  a    1
y 1 1
a  a1 b1  b b  b1
or, = 
aa1 bb1 bb1
1 1 1 1
or  = 
a1 a b1 b
This is the required condition.
Illustration 9
Find the equation of the normal to the curve x2 = 4y which passes through the point (1, 2).
Solution : [IIT84]
Given curve is x2 = 4y
dy
Differentiating w.r. to x, we get 2x = 4
dx
dy x dy 
  at (, ), 
dx 2 dx 2

 slope of tangent at (, ), =
2
2
 slope of normal at (, ) = 

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2
Now equation of normal at (, ) is y     (x  )

Since this normal passes through (1, 2)
2
 2 (1   ) or 2   =  2 + 2

or,  = 2 ...(ii)
Again since (, ) lies on curve (i),
 2 = 4 ...(iii)
Putting the value from (ii) in (iii), we get
2
2  4  or 3 = 8   = 2

2 2
From (ii),    1
 2
Now from (A), required equation of normal is
2
y 1   ( x  2) or x+ y 3= 0
2
Illustration 1 0
Show that the normal to the curve x = a (cos  +  sin  ), y = a (sin  ă  cos  ) at any point
 is at a constant distance from the origin. [IITă83]
Solution :
dy dy / d  a[cos    (  sin )  1.cos ]

   tan 
dx dx / d  a[  sin   1.sin    cos ]
Hence the equation of the normal at any point  on the curve is given by
cos 
y  a(sin    cos ) =  [x  a (cos    sin )]
sin 
or y sin   a (sin    cos ) sin  =  x cos  + a cos  (cos  +  sin )

or x cos  + y sin  = a (cos2 + sin 2 ) = a
or x cos  + y sin   a = 0 ...(i)
Now length of the perpendicular from the origin to normal (i)
0.cos   0.sin   a
=  a  constant.
cos 2   sin 2 
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Illustration 1 1
Find all the tangents to the curve y = cos (x + y), ă 2  x  2
 that are parallel to the line
x + 2y = 0 [IITă85]
Solution :
The given curve is y = cos (x + y) ...(i)
dy  dy 
 =  sin(x + y)  1   ...(ii)
dx  dx 
dy sin (x  y)
or =  1  sin ( x  y)
dx
The given curve is x + 2y = 0 ...(A)
1
its slope = 
2
Since tangent is parallel to line (A)
dy 1
 = slope of the tangent =  ...(iii)
dx 2
sin(x  y) 1
From (ii) and (iii),  
1  sin( x  y) 2
or 2 sin (x + y) = 1 + sin (x + y)
or sin (x + y) = 1 or 1 = sin (x + y) ...(iv)
2 2 2
From (i) and (iv), y + 1 = cos (x + y) + sin (x + y) = 1
or y2 = 0  y= 0

 from (i), cos (x + 0) = 0 or cos x = 0 = cos
2

 x = 2n  , where n = 0,  1 1,  2, ...
2
 values of x such that  2  x  2 are
 3  3
 , of which only and  satisfy equation (iv)
2 2 2 2
   3 
Hence points are,  2 , 0  and   2 , 0
   
  1 
Equation of tangent at  2 , 0  is y  0 =  ( x  )
  2 2
or 2x + 4y   = 0
 3  1 3
Equation of tangent at   , 0  is y  0 =  (x  )
 2  2 2
or 2x + 4y + 3 = 0
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Illustration 1 2
a a  a2  x2 
y  log e
   a2  x2
Show that the segment of the tangent to the curve 2 a  2 2 
 a  x 
contained between the y-axis and the point of tangency has a constant length.
Solution :
Given curve is
a a  a 2  x2 
y log   a 2  x2 ...(1)
2 a  a2  x2 

Let x = a sin , then from (1)
a  a  acos  
y = log    a cos
2  a  a cos 

= a log cot  a cos 
2
Thus parametric equation of given curve is
x  a sin  

  ...(2)
y  a log cot  a cos 
2 
dy  a tan   cosec 2    sin 

 a
2  2 
=
d 2
a a cos2 
=   a sin   
sin  sin 
dx
= a cos 
d
dy dy / d cos 
 = 
dx dx / d sin 
 a  
Let P  a sin  , log cot  a cos  be a point on the curve (2).
 2 2 
a  cos 
Equation of tangent at P is y  log cot  a cos    ( x  a sin ) ...(3)
2 2 sin 
Let line (3) cut the y-axis at Q (0, k)
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a  a 
then k  log cot  a cos   a cos     k  log cot ...(4)
2 2 2 2
a 
Now PQ2 = (0  a sin ) 2 + ( k  log cot  a cos ) 2
2 2
= a 2 sin2  + a 2 cos 2  [from (4)
= a2
 PQ = |a| = constant
Illustration 1 3
Prove that the ordinate of any point of the curve 2x2y2 ă x4 = c is the mean proportional
between the abscissa and the difference between the abscissa and subnormal drawn to the
curve at the same point.
Solution :
Given curve is 2x2y2  x4 = c ...(1)
subnormal at P (x, y)
Y
dy
= yy1  y ...(2)
dx
y f(x)
2 dy J
From (1), 2( x . 2 y  2 xy 2)  4 x 3  0
dx P(x,y)
y 
dy x( x2  y2 )
  ...(3) 
dx x2 y O Q L R X
To prove, y  x ( x  yy1 )
or, y2 = x (x  yy1 ) ...(4)
dy
Now x (x  yy 1) = x2  xy
dx
= x2  (x2  y2) [from (3)]
2
= y .
Illustration 1 4
Find the equation of tangent to the curve x 2/3 + y2/3 = a 2/3 at (x 0, y0 ). Hence prove that the
length of the portion of tangent intercepted between the axes is constant.
Solution :
Method 1 :
Differentiating wrt x,
1 1
2 3 2 dy
x  y3  0
3 3 dx
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1
dy   y 3
    0
dx (x0 , y0 )  x0 
1
 y 3
 equation is y  y0 =   0  (x  x 0 )
 x0 
 x10 / 3 y  y0 x01/ 3   x y01 / 3  x0 y01 / 3  x y01 / 3  yx01 / 3  x0 y01 / 3  y0 x01 / 3
xy01 / 3 y x01 / 3
   x02 / 3  y02 / 3
x10 / 3 y10 / 3 x10 / 3 y10 / 3
x y
 equation of tangent is :   a2 / 3
x10 / 3 y01 / 3
Length intercepted between the axis
Lenth = ( x.int .)2  ( y.int)2
= ( x01 / 3 a 2 / 3) 2  ( y01 / 3 a 2 / 3) 2 = x02 / 3 a 4 / 3  y20 / 3 a 4 / 3
= a 2 / 3 x02 / 3  y02 / 3 = a 2 / 3 a 2 / 3
= a i.e. constant
Method 2 :
Express the equation in parametric form
x = a sin 3t, y = a cos3 t
3  3 a cos2 t sin t
Equation of tangent is : y  a cos t  ( x  a sin 3 t)
3 asin2 t cos t
 y sin t  a sin t cos 3 t =  x cos t + a sin 3 t cos t
x y
 x cos t + y sin t = a sin t cos t   a
sin t cos t
x y
in terms of (x0, y0 ) equation is :  a
 x0 / a  1/3
 y0 / a 1 / 3
Length of tangent intercepted between axes
=  xint 2   yint  2 = a2 sin2 t  a2 cos2 t  a

Note :
(1) The parametric form is very useful in these type of problems.
(2) Equation of tangent can also be obtained by substituting b = a and m = 2/3 in the result
of example 2.
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ROLLE’S THEOREM
Statement : If a function f(x) is
(i) continuous in the closed interval [a, b] i.e. continuous at each point in the interval [a, b].
(ii) differentiable in an open interval (a, b) i.e. differentiable at each point in the open interval
(a, b) and
(iii) f(a) = f(b), then there will be at least one point c, in the interval (a, b) such that f´(c ) = 0.
G eomet r ical M eaning of Rolle’s T heor em

Y Y
T´ P T
E
A B y = f´(x) C
fig (i) A B
fig (ii)
f(a) f´(b)
D
f´(a) f´(b)
O L M X O L M X
a b a b
If the graph of a function y = f (x) be continuous at each point from the point A (a, f (a)) to the
point B (b, f (b)) and tangent at each point between A and B is unique i.e. tangent at each point
between A and B exist and ordinates i.e. y co-ordinates of points A and B are equal, then there
will be at least one point P on the curve between A and B at which tangent will be parallel to
x-axis.
In fig. (i) there is only one such point P, where tangent is parallel to x-axis, but in fig. (ii) there
are more than one such points where tangents are parallel to x-axis.
Note : Converse of RolleÊs theorem is not true i.e, if a function f (x) is such that f´ (c) = 0 for at
least one c in the open interval (a, b) then it is not necessary that
(i) f (x) is continuous in [a, b]
(ii) f (x) is differentiable in (a, b)
(iii) f (a) = f (b)
Algeb r aic I nt ep r et a t ion of R olle’s T heor em
for a function f (x) which is continuous & differentiable and follows RolleÊs theorem.
i.e. f (a) = f (b) = 0, where a, b are roots of the function then we say there exists c  (a, b) such
that f´(c) = 0 or we can say c is the root of f´(x).
 Between any two roots of a polynomial function f(x) lies a root of its derivative f´(x).
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L angr an ge’s M ean Va lue T heor em :
For a function f (x) defined over [a, b] such that

(i) it is continuous on [a, b]
(ii) it is differentiable on (a, b)
f (b)  f (a)
then there exists a real number c (a, b) such that f ´(c ) 
ba
Note : Rolle Theorem is a special case of this theorem, when f (b) = f (a) i.e. f´(c) = 0
G eomet r ical Meaning of L agr ange’s Mea n Value T heor em
Let A (a, f (a) and B (b, f (b)) be two points on the curve y = f(x). T
Y
Then OL = a, OM = b, AL = f (a), BM = f (b).
B
Now slope of chord AB P
BK f (b)  f (a)
tan    ...(i) 
AK b a A
K
T´ f(b)
f( b)  f( a)  f(a)
By LagrangeÊs Mean Value theorem  f ´(c ) = slope of OH L M X
b a
a b
tangent at point P (c, f (c))
from (i), tan  = slope of tangent at P
 slope of chord AB = slope of tangent at P
Hence chord AB || tangent PT.
Thus geometrical meaning of mean value theorem is as follows :
Y E
T B
Y
P
T´ B C
D
A
A
f(a) f(b) f(a) f(b)
O L M X L O M X
a b
If the graph of a curve y = f (x) be continuous at each point from the point A (a, f (a)) to to the
point B (b, f (b)) and tangent at each point between A and B exists i.e. tangent is unique then
there will be at least one point P on the curve between A and B, where tangent will be parallel
to chord AB.
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In fig. (i) there is only one such point P where tangent is parallel to chord AB but in fig. (ii) there
are more than one such points where tangents are parallel to chord AB.
Illustration 1 5
If a function f (x) is continuous in the closed interval [0, 1] and differentiable in the open
interval (0, 1) then show that there will be at least one c , where 0 < c < 1 such that f ´(c ) =
f (1) ă f (0).
Solution :
Given,
(i) f (x) is continuous in the closed interval [0, 1]
(ii) f (x) is differentiable in the open interval (0, 1)
 by LagrangeÊs mean value theorem, there will be at least one c, 0 < c < 1 such that
f (1)  f (0)
f ´(c )   f (1)  f (0)
1 0
Illustration 1 6
Taking the function f (x ) = (x ă 3) logx, prove that there is at least one value of x in (1, 3)
which satisfies x log x = 3 ă x.
Solution :
Given : f (x) = (x  3) log x ...(1)
1
 f´(x) = (x  3) .  1.log x ...(2)
x
Clearly f (x) is finite for all positive values of x and hence f (x) is differentiable for all x > 0
 f(x) is differentiable in [1, 3]
 f(x) is also continuous in [1, 3]
Also f(1) = (1  3) log 1 = 0 and f (3) = (3  3) log 3 = 0
 f(1) = f (3)
Therefore, by RolleÊs theorem, there will be at least one value of x in (1, 3) such that f´(x) = 0
x3
 from (2),  log x  0 or x log x = 3  x
x
Illustration 1 7
If functions f (x) and g (x) are continuous in [a , b ] and differentiable in (a , b ), show that
f (a ) f (b ) f ´(a ) f ´(c )
there will be at least one point c , a < c < b such that g (a ) g (b )  (b  a ) g (a ) g ´(c )
f ( a) f ( x)
Solution : Let F(x) = g a g x  f (a ) g (x )  g (a ) f (x ) ...(i)
( ) ( )
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 F´(x) = f(a) g´ (x)  g(a) f´ (x) ...(ii)

Since f (x) and g (x) are continuous in [a, b] and differentiable in (a, b), therefore, from (i) and
(ii) it follows that F (x) is continuous in [a, b] and differentiable in (a, b).
Also from (i), f(a) = f(a) g(a)  g(a) f(a) = 0
and f (b) = f (a) g (b)  g (a) f (b) = 0
F(b )  F(a )
such that F´( c) 
b a
f ( a) g (b)  g( a) f ( b)  0
 f (a) g´(c)  g (a) f ´( c) 
ba
or, f(a) g (b)  g (a) f(b) = (b  a) {f(a) g´ (c)  g (a) f´(c)}
f (a ) f (b) f (a ) f ´(c )
or,  ( b  a)
g (a ) g (b ) g (a ) g ´(c )
Illustration 1 8
1
Verify RolleÊs theorem for the function f (x) = 2x3 + x2 ă 4x ă 2, where   x 2
2
Solution :
Given f(x) = 2x3 + x2  4x  2 ...(1)
2
 f´(x) = 6x + 2x  4 ...(2)
Clearly f´(x) is finite for all x and hence also f(x) is differentiable at all x, therefore,
 1 
(i) f(x) is continuous at all x and hence also continuous in  , 2 
 2 
 1 
(ii) f(x) is differentiable in   , ( 2)
 2 
 1  1 1  1
(iii) Also from (1), f     2      4     2  0 and
 2  8 4  2
 1
f ( 2)  2.2 2  2  4 2  2  0  f     f ( 2)
 2
Hence all conditions of RolleÊs theorem are satisfied.
Now f´(c) = 0
 6c2 + 2c  4 = 0 or, 3c 2 + c  2 = 0
or, 3c2 + 3c  2c  2 = 0 or, (c + 1) (3c  2) = 0
2
or, c   1,
3
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1 2
But   c  2,  c
2 3
 2 1
Thus we get at least one c    , where   c  2 such that f´(c) = 0
 3  2
Thus RolleÊs theorem has been verified.
Illustration 1 9
Are all the conditions of RolleÊs theorem satisfied for the function f (x) = |x| in the interval
[ă 1, 1] ?
Solution :
Given f (x) = |x|
f(x) = |x| is differentiable at all x except x = 0, therefore f (x) may or may not be continuous at
x = 0 and will be definitely continuous at all other x.
Since 0 lies in the closed interval [ 1, 1] hence continuity of f (x) at x = 0 must be tested.
L.H. limit in this case x < 0  |x| =  x
Lt f (x ) = Lt x  Lt ( x )  0
 x 0 0 x0 x 0 0
R.H. limit, x > 0  |x| = x
Lt f ( x) = Lt x  Lt x  0
 x 0 0 x 0  0 x 0 0
and f(0) = |0|´ = 0
Thus Lt f (x ) = Lt f (x )  f (0)
x 0 0 x 0 0
Hence f (x) is continuous at x = 0

Thus (i) f (x) is continuous in the closed interval [ 1, 1]
(ii) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0 and hence it is not differentiable in ( 1, 1).
(iii) Also f ( 1) = | 1| = 1, f (1) = |1| = 1
 f( 1) = f (1)
Hence conditions (i) and (iii) of RolleÊs theorem are satisfied but condition (ii) is not satisfied.
Illustration 20
Are the conditions of LagrangeÊs mean value theorem satisfied for the function f (x )  x  1
in the interval 1  x  3 ?
Solution : Given, f ( x)  x 1 ...(i)
1
 f ´(x)  ...(ii)
2 x 1
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Clearly f´(x) is finite at all x > 1 and hence f (x) will be differentiable at all x > 1.
Therefore, f´(x) will be also continuous at all x > 1
Since 1  [1, 3], therefore, continuity of f (x) at x = 1 must be tested.
Now f (1)  1  1  0
R.H. limit : In this case x > 1  f ( x)  x 1
Now Lt f ( x)  Lt x1  11  0

x 1  0 x 1  0
Here Lt f ( x) is not needed

x 1  0
as f ( x)  x  1 is not defined when x < 1
Since x L1t  0 f ( x) = f (1)
Hence f (x) is continuous at x = 1

Thus (i) f(x) is continuous in [1, 3]
(ii) f(x) is differentiable in (1, 3)
Therefore, all conditions of LagrangeÊs mean value theorem are satisfied for f (x) in [1, 3].
f (b )  f (a )
Now f ´(c ) 
b a
1 f (3)  f (1) 20 1

   
2 c1 2 1 2 2
 1 2 c1  1 = 2 (c  1)
1 3
 c1  c
2 2
Illustration 21
Using RolleÊs theorem show that on the graph of y = x2 ă 4x + 3 there is a point between
(1, 0) and (3, 0) where the tangent is parallel to x-axis. Also find that point.
Solution :
Given f (x) = x 2  4x + 3 ...(i)
 f´(x) = 2x  4 ...(ii)
Clearly f´(x) is finite for all x and hence it is differentiable at all x, therefore
(i) f (x) is continuous at all x and hence also at all points from A (1, 0) to B (3, 0)
(ii) f (x) is differentiable at all points between A (1, 0) and B (3, 0) i.e. tangent at all points
between A and B exists.
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Again f (1) = f(3) = 0
Hence by geometrical meaning of RolleÊs theorem, there will be at least one point C(c, f(c))
between A and B on curve
where tangent will be parallel to x-axis and x-co-ordinate c of this point C is given by f´(c) = 0
Now 2c  4 = 0  c= 2
 from (i), y = f (2) = 2 2  4.2 + 3 =  1
Hence required point is (2,  1)
App licat ion of Der ivat ive in Det er minin g t he Nat u r e of Root s of a Cu bic Polynomial
Let f (x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c be the given cubic polynomial, and f (x) = 0 be the corresponding
cubic equation, where a, b, c  R
Now, f´(x) = 3x2 + 2ax + b
Let D = 4a2  12b = 4 (a2  3b), be the discriminate of the equation f´ (x) = 0.
Then the following cases arises,
Y
Case I : If D < 0 
 f ´(x) > 0  x R.
y = f(x), if c > 0
That means f (x) would be an increasing function of x. (0,c)
Also lim f (  x)    and lim f ( x)  , f y = f(x), if c < 0

x x  x0
x0 X
It is clear that graph of y = f (x) would cut the x-axis only once. O
That means we would have just one real root, (say x0 ).
(0,c)
Case II : Clearly x 0 > 0 if c < 0 and x 0 < 0 if c > 0
If D > 0, f´(x) = 0 would have two real roots (say x1 and x2, let x1 < x2)
 f´(x) = 3 (x  x1 ) (x  x2)
+ +
Clearly, f´(x) < 0, x  (x1 , x2)
x1  x2
f´(x) > 0, x ( , x1)  (x2 , )
That means f (x) would increase in ( , x1 ) and (x2, ) and would decrease in (x 1, x2). Hence,
x = x 1 would be a point of local maxima and and x = x2 would be a point of local minima.
Thus the graph of y = f (x) could have these five possibilities
(i) Y (ii) Y
f(x1 ) > 0, f(x 2) < 0
f(x1) > 0 , f(x 2) > 0
x2
X
0  x1   X 0  x1 x2
Here f(x) = 0 with three f(x) = 0 with one real root

distinct real roots x = , ,  x =  and two imaginary root
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(iii) Y (iv) Y
f(x1) < 0, f (x2) < 0 f(x1) > 0 , f(x2) = 0
(o,c)
x1 x2 
X 
O x1 x2 X
f (x) = 0 with one real root f(x) = 0 with three roots

x =  and two imaginary roots x = , x 2, x2 (x 2 being repeated root)
(v) Y
f(x1) = 0, f(x2) < 0
x2
 X
O x1
f (x) = 0 with three real roots

x = x1, x1,  (x 1 being repeated root)
Thus following results are obtained from above graphs,

(a) f(x1) f (x2) > 0, f (x) = 0 would have just one real root.
(b) f(x1) f (x2) < 0, f (x) = 0 would have three real and distinct roots.
(c) f(x1) f (x 2) = 0, f (x) = 0 would have three real roots but one of the root would be repeated.
Case III : If D = 0, f ´(x ) = 3 (x ă x1 ) 2 where x1 is root of f´ (x) = 0

 f(x) = (x  x1) 3 + k
Then f(x) = 0 has three real roots, if k = 0
f(x) = 0 have one real root, if k  0
Illustration 22
Find all possible values of the parameter a so that x3 ă 3x + a = 0 has three real and distinct
roots.
Solution :
Let f(x) = x3  3x + a
 f´(x) = 3x2  3
= 3 (x  1) (x + 1)
Now, f (1) = a  2, f ( 1) = a + 2
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We know the roots would be real and distinct if,
f(1) f ( 1) < 0  (a  2) (a + 2) < 0
 2 < a < 2 [using wavy curve method]
Thus the given equation would have real and distinct roots if a  (ă 2, 2).
Illustration 23
Let f (x) = a x5 + bx 4 + cx 3 + dx2 + ex, where a , b , c , d , e  R and f (x) = 0 has a positive
root , then
(a) f ´ (x) = 0 has root a1 such that 0 < 1 < 
(b) f´´ (x) = 0 has at least one real root
(c) f ´ (x) = 0 has at least two real roots
(d) all of the above
Solution :
It is given that  is a positive root of f (x) and by inspection, we have f (0) = 0
 x = 0 and x = a are roots of f (x) = 0
By RolleÊs theorem, f´ (x) = 0 has a root 1 between 0 and  i.e., 0 <  1 < 
 (a) is correct.
Clearly, f´ (x) = 0 is a fourth degree equation in x and imaginary roots always occurs in pairs.
Since x = 1 is a root of f´ (x) = 0
 f´(x) = 0 will have another real root, 2 (say)
Now, 1 and  2 are real roots of f´ (x) = 0
 By RolleÊs Theorem f´´ (x) = 0 will have a real root between 1 and  2 .
 (b) is correct.
We have seen that x = 0, x =  are two real roots of f (x) = 0. As f (x) = 0 is fifth degree equation,
it will have at least three real roots. Consequently by RolleÊs Theorem f´ (x) = 0 will have at least
two real roots.
 (c) is correct.
Hence (d) is the correct answer.
Illustration 24
f (x) is a polynomial of degree 4 with real coefficients such that f (x) = 0 is satisfied by
x = 1, 2, 3 only, then find the value of f´ (1). f´ (2). f ´ (3)
Solution :
f(x) = has roots 1, 2, 3 only
 Any one of 1, 2 or 3 is a repeated root of f (x) = 0
 f´ (1) or f´ (2) or f´ (3) any one of them must be zero.
 f´ (1). f´ (2). f´ (3) = 0
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Illustration 25
If f (x) is a polynomial of degree 5 with real coefficients such that f (|x|) = 0 has 8 real roots
then f (x) = 0 has how many real roots :
Solution :
Given that f(|x|) = 0 has 8 real roots.
 f(x) = 0 has 4 positive roots.
Since f(x) is a polynomial of degree 5, f(x) cannot have even number of real roots.
 f(x) has all the five roots real in which four positive and one root is negative.
Illustration 26
Prove that if 2 a 20  15 a, all roots of x5 ă a 0x4 + 3a x3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 cannot be real. It is
given that a 0, a , b , c , d  R ?
Solution :
Let f( x) = x5  a0 x4 + 3ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
f´(x) = 5x4  4a 0 x3 + 9ax2 + 2bx + c
f´´( x) = 20x3  12a0x 2 + 18ax + 2b
f´´´( x) = 60x2  24a0x + 18a
or f´´´(x) = 6 (10x2  4a0x + 3a)
Now, discriminant = 16 a02 4.10.3a
  
D = 8 2 a20  15 a  0 [as 2a02  15a  0 given]
Hence, the roots of f´´ (x) = 0 cannot be real.

And therefore, all the roots of f (x) = 0 will not be real.
MONOTONICITY
There are 2 types of functions according to their behaviour / monotonicity.
(1) Increasing function
(2) Decreasing function
We further divide them into 2 subcategories
(a) strictly increasing function
(b) increasing or non decreasing function / decreasing or non increasing function
1. Increasing functions
As the name suggests these functions are such that there value at a point on the curve keeps
increasing or stays constant as we increase the value of x.
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i.e. if x  x2
f(x1)  f(x2)
Some examples :
Now let us talk about sub categories.

(a) Strictly Increasing function : Since we have used the word „strictly‰ here, the function is
always increasing i.e. its value increases as x increases.
i.e. as x1 > x2
f(x1 ) > f(x2 )
Note, there is no equality sign in the second
inequality.
Necessary condition :
If we see by the adjacent diagram, the tangents
drawn to an increasing function always form acute
angles.
Hence the required condition is 1 2
f´(x) > 0 for all x  (a, b), for a function to be
strictly increasing in interval (a, b).
(b) Increasing or non decreasing : Here the functions value may be constant for some values and
then increase and this cycle continues. It is not necessary that value increases for every input.
For example :
a b c d
MARKS 29
the curve in the above figure is an example of this. The value of curve is constant for the period
(a, b) & (c, d )
Note : The value never decreases though it may remain constant.
 As x1 > x 2
f (x 1) > f (x2 )
(2) Decreasing functions : As the same suggests the value of function keeps on decreasing as the
value of x increase.
(a) Strictly decreasing function : In this case the value of the function decreases continuously
as the value of x increase.
 As x1 > x 2
f (x 1) < f (x 2)
note the change in equality sign.
Example :
 
dy
Also note the tangent to such curves always forms obtuse angles that means or f´(x) =
dx
tan  < 0 as  is obtuse.
Necessary Condition : Hence the necessary condition required is f ´(x) < 0 for all x.
(b) Decreasing or non decreasing functions : Here the value of function might be constant
for some period & then will reduce and this cycle goes on, but remember never the value
of function starts increasing.
Example :
a b c d
30 MARKS
Notice that during the interval (a, b) & (c, d) the value remains constant whereas it has decreasing
values for other inputs.
So the required condition is
as x1 > x 2
f (x 1) < f (x2 )
Note the equality sign.

In case we find out that f´(x) is greater than zero in some part of domain & less than zero in other,
then what can we say ?
i.e. for f (x) be continuous in [a, b] & differentiable in (a, b) & then
f´(x) > 0 for x  (a, c)
< 0 for x  (c, b)
where c  (a, b)
for example
for y = sin x curve, it is increasing function
   
from  0,  and decreasing function from  ,  .
 2 2 
0  
2
Pr oper t ies of monotonic funct ions :
(1) If f (x) is continuous on [a , b] such that f´ (c )  0 for each c  ( a, b), then f (x) is
monotonically increasing function. Similar definition goes for monotonically decreasing
function.
(2) If f (x) is strictly increasing function on [a, b] then f1 (x) exists & is also strictly increasing
on [a, b].
Similar result follows for strictly decreasing functions.
(3) If f (x) & g (x) are two continuous & differentiable functions, then we can relate fog (x) &
gof (x) by the following table.
f(x) g(x) fog/gof
+ + +
+  
 + 
  +
+ denotes increasing function
 denotes decreasing function
C ompa r ison of functions

Generally we come across questions where we are asked to compare two functions i.e. we need
to know which one is greater. So if we need to find the greater of two functions viz f (x) & g (x),
then follow the steps :
MARKS 31
Step 1 : assign  (x) = f (x)  g (x)

Step 2 : find ´ (x)
Step 3 : If ´ (x) > 0  (x) is increasing function, which is only possible
if f(x) > g (x) for that domain
   ´ (x) < 0  (x) is decreasing function, which is only possible
if f(x) < g (x) for that domain
Illustration 27
 
Show that the function f (x) = cos2 x is decreasing in  0, 2
 
Solution :
Given function is f(x) = cos2 x
= f´(x) = 2 cos x ( sin x) =  2 cos x sin x =  sin 2x
  
Now, x   0,   0  x
 2 2
Multiplying by 2
 0 < 2x <   2x  ]0, [
 
sin 2x > 0 if 2x  ]0, [ i.e. x   0,  [ sin  is +ve in 1st & 2nd quadrant]
 2
 
  sin 2x < 0, if 2x  ]0, [ i.e. x  0, 
 2
 
 f´ (x) < 0, if x   0, 
 2
 
 f (x) is decreasing function in 0, 
 2
Illustration 28
   3 7 
Show that the function f (x) = cos  2x   is increasing in  , 
 4 8 8 
Solution :
Given function is
   
f (x) = cos  2x    f´ (x) =  2 sin  2 x  
 4  4
32 MARKS
 3 7  3 7
Now, x   ,   x
 8 8 8 8
3 7
  2x
4 4
3   7  
   2x       2x   2x
4 4 4 4 4 4
   
 2x   , 2   sin  2x    0, if 2 x   , 2  
4  4  4
    3 7 
  sin  2 x    0, if 2 x   , 2 i.e. x  , 
 4 4  8 8
 3 7 
 f´ (x) > 0 if x   , 
8 8 
 3 7 
Hence, f (x) is increasing in  , 
 8 8
Illustration 29
Find the least value of Âa Ê such that f (x) = x2 + a x + 1 is increasing on ]1, 2[.
Solution :
Given function is f (x) = x2 + ax + 1
 f´ (x) = 2x + a
Now, x  ]1, 2[
 1< x< 2  2 < 2x < 4
 2 + a < 2x + a < 4 + a  2 + a < f´ (x) < 4 + a
If f (x) is an increasing function.
f´(x) > 0  2 + a  0  a   2
 the least value of a is  2.
Illustration 30
2x
Show that the function f (x )  log (1  x )  is increasing for all x > 0.
2x
Solution :
2x
Given function is f ( x)  log (1  x) 
2 x
MARKS 33
1 (2  x).2  2 x
 f´(x) = 1  x  (2  x)2
1 4 (2  x) 2  4  4 x
=  
1  x (2  x) 2 (1  x) (2  x) 2
4  4x  x2  4  4x x2
=   0 for all x > 0
(1  x ) (2  x)2 (1  x) (2  x)2
 f(x) is increasing for all x > 0
Illustration 31
Find the intervals of monotonicity of the function y = 2x 2 ă log |x|, x  0 [IITă83]
Solution :
Given, y = 2x2  log |x|, x  0 ...(i)
2 x  log (  x), x  0

2
 y 
2
 2 x  log x, x 0
 1 1 4 x2  1
4 x  (1)  4x   , x0
dy 

  x x x
 dx  1 4x 2  1
 4x   , x0
 x x
dy 4 x2  1 dy 4 x2  1
Thus  , x  0 Sign scheme for i.e. for is
dx x dx x
y is dec. inc. dec. inc.

 
ve 1 +ve 7/5 ve 1 +ve
2 2
1 1
y is continuous at x   and x  and not defined at x = 0
2 2
 1  1
(i) y is a decreasing function in   ,   and   0, 
 2   2
 1  1 
(ii) y is an increasing function in   , 0  and  ,  
 2  2 
34 MARKS
Illustration 32
The function f (x) = sin4 x + cos4 x increases if
  3
(A) 0< x < (B) x 
8 4 4
3 5 5 3
(C)  x (D)  x [IITă95]
8 8 8 4
Solution :
f´(x) = 4 sin3 x cos x + 4 cos3 x ( sin x)
= 4 sinx cos x (sin 2x  cos 2x)
=  2 sin 2x cos 2x =  sin4x
For f(x) to be an increasing function,
f´(x) > 0  sin 4x < 0
  < 4x < 2
 
  x
4 2
  3   
Since  ,  is a subset of  4 , 2   correct choice is (B).
4 8   
Illustration 33

If 0 <  <  < , show that  ă sin  <  ă sin  [IITă75]
2
Solution :
Let f(x) = x  sin x ...(i)
Then f´(x) = 1  cos x ...(ii)
 
In interval  0,  , f´ (x) = 1  cos x > 0
 2
 
Hence f (x) is an increasing function in the interval 0, 
 2
  
Now, 0 <  <  <  ,    0, 
2  2
  <   f () < f ()    sin  <   sin 
MARKS 35
Illustration 34
 x2
If 0 < x < , show that cos x > 1 ă
2 2
Solution :
x2
Let f(x) = cos x  1 + ...(i)
2
 f´(x) =  sin x + x = x  sin x ...(ii)
Y
y=x
y = sin x
X
 0  2
From the graph of y = sin x and y = x, it is clear that for x > 0, x > sin x
  
 In  0, 2  , f´ (x) > 0 and f´(x) is continuous at x = 0 and x 
  2
 
Hence f (x) is an increasing function in  0, 
 2

 0< x<  x > 0  f(x) > f(0)
2
x2 x2
 cos x  1 + > 0  cos x > 1 
2 2
Second Method :
x2
f(x) = cos x  1  ...(i)
2
 f´( x) =  sin x + x = x  sin x ...(ii)
 
 f´´( x) = 1 – cos x > 0 in  0, 
 2
 
 f´(x) is an increasing function in 0, 
 2
 x> 0  f´(x) > f´(0)
 
 x  sin x > 0  f´(x) > 0 in  0, 2 
 
36 MARKS
 
 f´(x) is an increasing function in 0, 
 2

[. .. f(x) is continuous at x = 0 and x  ]
2
x> 0  f(x) > f(0)
x2
 cos x  1  0
2
x2
 cos x  1 
2
Illustration 35
Use the function f(x ) = x1/x , x > 0 to determine the bigger of the two numbers e x and  e .
[IIT ă 81]
Solution :
f(x) = x1 /x
1/ x 1  log x 
 f´(x) = x
x2
Now 1  log x = 0  log x = 1  x = e
Since x2 > 0, therefore, sign scheme for f´ (x) will be same as that of 1  log x
Sign scheme for f´(x) i.e. for (1  loge x) is
f(x) is inc. max f(x) is dec.


+ve e ve
put x = 1
 in (e, ), f´ (x) < 0 and f (x) is continuous at x = e
Hence in interval [e, ), f (x) is is a decreasing function.
Now , e  [e, )
 > e  f() < f (e)    1 /   e1 / e
   e 
e 1/ e 
e
 1 /   e < e
 e is bigger of e and e.
MARKS 37
Illustration 36
Show that 1  x ln ( x  x 2  1)  1  x 2 , for all x  0 [IIT ă 83]
Solution :
Let f(x) = 1  x log(x  x2  1)  1  x2 ...(i)
1  2x  2x
2 1  
 f´( x) = 1.log(x  x  1)  x. 2  
x  x  1 2 x  1  2 1  x2
2
x x
log( x  x 2  1)  
= 2
x 1 1  x2
= log( x  x 2  1)
Clearly in interval (0, ), f´(x) > 0 and f(x) is continuous at x = 0

 f(x) is an increasing function in [0, )
 x > 0  f(x) > f(0)
 1  x log( x  x2  1)  1  x2  0 [ f (0) = 0]
 1  x log(x  x2  1)  1  x2
Illustration 37
dg
Let a + b = 4, where a < 2 and let g (x) be a differentiable function. If  0 for all x, prove
dx
a b
that  g (x )d x   g (x )dx
0 0
increases as (b ă a ) increases. [IIT ă 97]
Solution :
Given, a + b = 4 and a < 2  b > 2 Hence b > a
Let z = b  a, then z > 0 Now b + a = 4 and b  a = z
z4 4 z
 b = and a 
2 2
a b
Let y= 
0
g (x )dx 
 g (x)dx
0
38 MARKS
4z 4 z
2 2
Then, y =

0
g (x )dx 

0
g (x )dx ...(i)
dy 4 z 1  4 z 1

 = g     g  .
dz  2  2   2  2
1   4  z  4  z  1
= g    g    [ g (b)  g (a )] ...(ii)
2  2   2  2
dg
According to question  0 for all real x
dx
 g(x) is an increasing function
 b > a  g (b) > g (a)
dy
Therefore, from (ii),  0 for all real z
dz
Hence y increases as z increases.
MAXIM A & MINIMA

Before going on to find maximum & minimum value of a function. Let us discuss some basic
definitions & results which will help us later on.
Cr itical Point s
An interior point of the domain of a function where f´ is zero or undefined is a critical point of f.
Also the function can attain a maxima or minima only at critical points or at end points (of
domain).
L oca l M a xima & M inima
There may be points in the domain of the function where function does not attain the greatest
(or the least) value but its value it greater than or less than the values of function at neighbouring
points.
Such points are known as local maxima or local minima or combined known as extreme points.
The values at these points are called local maximum value, local minimum value and extreme
values respectively.
Let us take the following diagram to understand the concept.
Points P, R T are points of local maxima
Points Q, S are points of local minima.
MARKS 39
R
T
P
S
a p r s t b
Points to notice :
1. All the points of local maxima / minima are critical points i.e. tangent to the curve at these
points is parallel to axis or f´(x) = 0 at these points.
2. They are local maxima / minima, but remember they are not the maximum & minimum
values of the functions. Local minimum might not be the least value of function.
3. A value of local minimum can be greater than value of local maximum. For example in our
case value at S (local minimum value) is greater than value at P (local maximum value).
St eps t o find loca l ma xima & local minima

Method 1 : First derivative test
Step 1 : Find the critical points of the function by putting f´(x) = 0
Step 2 : For each of the critical points obtained in step 1 do the following :
for a critical point x = a
Case 1 : x = a is local maxima

if f´(x) changes from + to  as x passes through a i.e. at every point to
the left of a f´(x) > 0 & at every point to the right f´(x) < 0
+ · f´ > 0 f´ < 0
x=a
x=a
Case 2 : x = a is local minima
if the sign of f´(x) changes from  to + as x passes through a i.e.
at every point to the left of a, f´(x) < & at every point to the right of
a, f´(x) > 0
40 MARKS
f´ < 0 f´ > 0
+ ·
Case 3 : There is no sign change across a this means that x = a is neither a

point of maxima or minima.
f´ < 0
f´ > 0 f´ > 0
f´ < 0
a
C
Befor e goi ng on t o hi gher or der der i vat i ve t est , l et us di scuss t he shape of cur ve.
Concave shape
If f ´´(x) > 0 in the interval (a, b) then the function f (x) is concave upwards in the domain
(a, b).
a b
(Concave Upward)
C on vex sh ap e
If f ´´(x) < 0 in the interval (a, b) then the function f (x) is convex upwards in the domain
(a, b).
a b
Point of inflect ion
A point of inflection is point where the curve changes its shape from convex to concave or from
concave to convex.
MARKS 41
A point x = c is a point of inflection if

1. f´´(c) = 0 or not defined and there is no sign changes across c.
2. But if there is a sign changes across c, then with f´´(c) = 0, f´´(c)  0 should also be true.
H igher O r d er T est
Let f be a differentiable function on interval I & let c be any point in the domain of f such that
(1) f´(c) = f´´(c) = f´´´(c) .... fn1 (c) = 0 and
(2) fn(c)  0 and exists.
then
 f ( c)  0  x  c is a local maxima
n
if n is even  n

 f ( c)  0  x  c is a local minima 
& if n is odd  x = c is a point of inflection.
for example, to understand it better

if x = c1 is the root of f´(x)
if f´´(c1 ) < 0 then x = c 1 is local maxima
> 0 then x = c 1 is local minima
= 0, then we will find f´´´(x)
If f´´´(c1)  0 then x = c 1 is a point of inflection
& f´´´(c1) = 0, then we will find f IV.
if f IV (c1 ) < 0, then x = c1 is local maxima.... & this cycle goes on.
Remember we talk about maxima & mimima for even derivatives of f whereas for point of
inflection we look for odd derivatives of f (x).
G lob a l M a xima & M in ima

We earlier discussed local maxima & minima which were restricted to their neighbourhood. Now
we need to find the (greatest / least) of the function over its whole domain. That value is known
as global maxima / absolute maxima or global minima / absolute minima.
Step s t o find G lob al Maxima / M inima

Step 1 : Find all critical points. Let say c1 c2 ... cn are n critical points.
Step 2 : Find the value of the function at all these critical points.
Step 3 : for
maximum = max  f (a ), f (c1 ), f (c2 )... f (c n ), f (b)
Minimum = min  f (a), f (c1 ), f (c2 )... f (cn ), f (b)

Note : The introduction of end points of domain. As told to you earlier also, the
function attains extreme values at critical points or at end points.
42 MARKS
Illustration 38
Find the maximum and minimum values of the function 2x3 ă 15x 2 + 36x + 11
Solution :
Let y = 2x3  15x2 + 36x + 11 ...(i)
dy
 = 6x2  30x + 36 = 6 (x2  5x + 6)
dx
= 6(x  2) (x  3) ...(ii)
dy
Sign scheme for i.e. for (x  2) (x  3) is
dx
 
+ve 2 ve 3 +ve
decreasing increasing
max. min.
putting x= 0
y is increasing
y has minimum value at x = 2
From (i), the corresponding minimum value of y
= 2.23  15.22 + 36.2 + 11 = 39
y has maximum value at x = 3
From (i), maximum value of y = 2.33  15.32 + 36.3 + 11 = 38
Second Method :
let y = 2x3  15x2 + 36x + 11 ...(i)
dy
 = 6x2  30x + 36
dx
= 6(x2  5x + 6) ...(ii)
dy
For maximum or minimum values of y, 0
dx
 x2  5x + 6 = 0  x = 2, 2
d2 y
From (ii), = 6 (2x  5) ...(iii)
dx2
d2 y
At x = 2, = 6 (2  2  5) =  6 < 0
dx2
Hence y has maximum value at x = 2
From (i) corresponding maximum value of y = 2.23  15.22 + 36.2 + 11 = 39
d 2y
At x = 3,  6(2  3  5)  6  0
dx2
Hence y has minimum value at x = 3
From (i), corresponding minimum value of y = 2.33  15.32 + 36.2 + 11 = 38
MARKS 43
Illustration 39
x2  7 x  6
Find the maximum and minimum values of the following function y 
x  10
Solution :
x2  7 x  6
Let y=
x  10
dy (x  10)(2x  7)  (x 2  7x  6).1
 = ...(i)
dx ( x  10)2
2x 2  27x  70  x 2  7x  6
=
(x  10)2
x 2  20x  64
= ...(ii)
( x  10)2
dy
Since (x  10)2 > 0, therefore sign scheme for will be same as that of x2  20x + 64.
dx
x2  20x + 64 = 0  x = 4, 16
dy
Sign scheme for i.e. for x2  20x + 64 is
dx
 
+ve 4 ve 16 +ve
y is increasing y is decreasing y is increasing
max. min.
y has maximum value at x = 4
42  7  4  6
From (i) corresponding maximum value of y = 1
4  10
y has minimum value at x = 16
From (i) corresponding minimum value of y
16 2  7  16  6 150
=   25
16  10 6
Second Method :
x2  7 x  6
let y= ...(i)
x  10
dy x2  20 x  64
 = ...(ii)
dx ( x  10)2
44 MARKS
dy
dx
 x2  20x + 64 = 0 or x = 4, 16
dy x2  20 x  100  100  64
From (ii), =
dx ( x  10)2
( x  10)2  36 36
= 2
1  ...(iii)
(x  10) (x  10)2
d2 y 72
 = ...(iv)
dx2 ( x  10)3
d2 y 72 1
At x = 4, 2
 3
 0
dx ( 6) 3

From (1), corresponding maximum value of y = 1
d 2y 72 1
At x = 16, 2
 3
 0
dx 6 3
From (i), corresponding minimum value of y = 25
Illustration 40
Investigate the values of x for which the function x5 ă 5x 4 + 5x 3 ă 1 has maximum or
minimum or neither. Find also its maximum and minimum values.
Solution :
y = x5  5x4 + 5x3  1
dy
 = 5x4 + 20x3 + 15x2 = 5x2 (x2  4x + 3)
dx
= 5x2 (x  1)(x  3)
dy
Sign scheme for 5x 2 (x  1)(x  3) = 0  x = 0, 1, 3
dx
dy
Sign scheme for i.e. for 5x2 (x  1)(x  3) is
dx
+ve +ve ve +ve
 
0 1 3
inc. dec. inc.
neither max. max. min.
nor min.
MARKS 45
y has maximum value at x = 1 and minimum value at x = 3

At x = 0, y has neither maximum nor minimum value.
Maximum value of y = 1  5 + 5 + 1 = 0
Minimum value of y = 243  5  81 + 5  27  1 =  28
Second Method :
Let y = x5  5x4 + 5x3  1 ...(i)
dy
 = 5x4  20x3 + 15x2
dx
dy
dx
 x4  4x3 + 3x2 = 0
 x2(x2  4x + 3) = 0 ...(ii)
2
 x (x  1)(x  3) = 0
 x = 0, 1, 3
d 2y
From (ii),  20x 3  60x 2  30x ...(iii)
dx2
d2 y
From (iii), at x = 1,  20  60  30  50  60   10  0,
dx 2
This maximum value of y = 15  5  1 5 + 5  1 4  1 = 0
d2 y
From (iii), at x = 3,  20  3 3  60  3 2  30  3  90  0,
dx 2
This minimum value of y = 35  5  34 + 5  33  1 =  28
d 2y
At x = 0,  20  0  60  0  30  0  0
dx2
d3 y
From (iii),  60 x2  120 x  30
dx3
d 3y
at x = 0,  30  0
dx3
Hence at x = 0, x has neither maximum nor minimum value.
46 MARKS
Illustration 41
x
 1
Show that the maximum value of   is e1 / e
 x
Solution :
x
 1
Let y    ...(i)
 x
x
 1
Here for,   to be defined x > 0
 x
 1
From (i), log y = x log   =  x log x
 x
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
1 dy 1
.   log x  x .   (1  log x)
y dx x
x
dy 1 
or,   y (1  log x)     (1  log x) ...(ii)
dx x
1 
Since x > 0  x log   > 0
x 
dy
 Sign scheme for will be same as that of  (1 + log ex)
dx
1
1 + log ex = 0  log ex =  1  x = e1 =
e
dy
Sign scheme for i.e. for  (1 + logex) is
dx
y inc. max y dec.


+ve 1/e ve
1
y has maximum value at x 
e
From (i), maximum value of y  e1 /e
MARKS 47
Second Method :
x
dy  1
    (1  log x) ...(ii)
dx  x
d2 y   1 x 1   1 x  
      .  (1  log x).     (1  log x)   ...(iii)
dx2  x  x x
    

2
1 d y  1 
At x , 2
  e1 / e  0  at x  , 1  log x  0
e dx  e 
1
Hence y has maximum value at x 
e
Corresponding maximum value of y  e1 / e
Illustration 42
Let f (x) = 2x3 ă 9x2 + 12x + 6. Discuss the global maxima and minima of f (x) in [0, 2] and
(1, 3).
Solution :
f(x) = 2x3  9x2 + 12x + 6
 f´(x) = 6x2  18x + 12 = 6 (x2  3x + 2) = 6 (x  1) (x  2)
First of all let us discuss [0, 2]
Clearly the critical point of f (x) in [0, 2] is x = 1
f(0) = 6, f (1) = 11, f (2) = 10
Thus x = 0 is the point of global minimum of f (x) in [0, 2] and x = 1 is the point of global
maximum.
Now let us consider (1, 3). Clearly x = 2 is the only critical point in (1, 3).
f(2) = 10. xLim f( x)  11 and Lim f ( x)  15

 1 0 x 3 0
Thus x = 2 is the point of global minimum in (1, 3) and the global maximum in (1, 3) does not
exist.
Illustration 43

t 3
The function f (x )  t (e  1)(t  1)(t  2) (t  3)dt has local
minimum at x = (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 [IITă99]
 t( e  1) ( t  1) ( t  2)
t 3
Solution : Given, f(x) = ( t  3) 5 dt
1
48 MARKS
 f´ (x) = x(ex  1) (x  1) (x  2) (x  3)5
3
 f´( x) = 0  x = 0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3
Sign scheme for f´(x) i.e. for x(ex  1) (x  1) (x  2)3 (x  3) 5 is :
 dec. dec. inc. dec. inc. 

ve 0 ve 1 +ve 2 ve 3 +ve
min. max. min.
 f(x) has local minimum at x = 1 and x = 3

Ans. (B) and (D)
Illustration 44
Investigate for maxima and minima the function

f ( x)  [2( t  1)( t  2)3  3( t  1)2 ( t  2)2 ] dt
1
[IITă88]
Solution :

Given, f ( x)  [2(t  1)(t  2) 3  3(t  1) 2 (t  2) 2 ]dt
1
 f´(x) = 2(x  1)(x  2)3 + 3(x  1)2 (x  2)2

= (x  1)(x  2)2 [2(x  2) + 3(x  1)]
= (x  1)(x  2)2 (5x  7)
7
(x  1)(x  2) 2 (5x  7) = 0  x  1, 2, 2,
5
Sign scheme for f´(x) is
 
+ve 1 ve 7/5 +ve 2 +ve
7
Hence the max. value at x = 1 and min. value at x 
5
f(x) has neither maximum nor minimum value at x = 2
Illustration 45
 
Let f (x) = sin3 x +  sin 2 x,   x  . Find the intervals in which  should lie in order that
2 2
f (x) has exactly one minimum and exactly one maximum. [IITă85]
MARKS 49
Solution :
f(x) = sin3x +  sin 2x
 f´(x) = 3 sin2x cosx + .2 sinx.cosx
1
= sin x.cos x(3 sin x + 2) = sin 2x(3 sin x + 2) ...(i)
2
1
f´´( x) = cos2x(3 sin x + 2) + sin 2x(3 cos x) ...(ii)
2
For maximum or minimum values of f (x), f´(x) = 0
 sin 2x(3 sin x + 2) = 0
Now, sin 2x = 0  2x = n, n = 0,  1,  2, ...
  
 x = 0    x  
 2 2
 2
3 sinx + 2 = 0  sin x 
3
1  2 
 x = sin      (say)
 3 
1  2  
Also for sin    to be defined,
 3 
2     2 
1  1     2 , 2 ,  3   1 
3  
3 3 3 3
    ...(A)
2 2 2 2
Also since f(x) has exactly one maximum and one minimum, therefore  0 as x should have two
values.
   0 ...(B)
From (ii), f´´(0) = 2 ...(iii)
1
and f´´()= cos2 (3 sin  + 2) + sin 23 cos
2
1
= 0 2 sin  cos  3 cos 
2
1  2  2
[  = sin     sin     3sin   2  0 ]
 3  3
  2   42  2
2
= 3 sin  cos  =    1    (42  9)
 3   9  = 9
50 MARKS
3
Since from (A) and (B),   0,   f´´(0) = 0 and f´´()  0
2
f (x) has exactly one maximum and one minimum, therefore
f´´(0) and f´´() must be of opposite signs i.e. f´´(0) f´´() < 0
4 2  4 
  (4  2  9)  0  4 2  9 < 0  2  0
9  9 
Sign scheme for (42  9) is
 
+ve 3/2 ve 3/2 +ve
3 3
 f´´(0)f´´() < 0     ,  0 ...(C)
2 2
From (A), (B) and (C) common values of  are given by
3 3 3
    ,   0 i.e.  3    3 or 0   
2 2 2 2 2
MARKS 51
CURVE SKETCHING
There are 5 steps to draw a curve, y = f(x)
Step 1 :
CHECK FOR SYMMETRY
1. Check whether function is even.
(a) Replace x by  x
(b) If no change in f(x), then function is even
(c) Graph is symmetrical about y-axis.
2. Check if function is odd
(a) Replace x by  x
(b) If f ( x) =  f(x), then function is odd
(c) Graph is symmetric about origin
3. Replace y by  y, if no change, then the graph is symmetrical about x-axis.
4. If function is periodic, draw graph only in the period, as the remaining curve is a repetition of
this one.
Step 2 :
POINTS OF INTERSECTION
(a) Find points of intersection with x-axis & y-axis.
for x axis, put y = 0
y axis, put x = 0
(b) Special care of double & triple roots
for example, if f (x) = (x  a) 2 g (x)
here x = a, is a double root of f (x) or you can also say repeated root of f (x) = 0
note in this case f (a) = 0, f´(a) = 0 but f´´ (a)  0 i.e. can be point of local maxima / local
minima
now take f (x) = (x  a) 3 g (x)

 x = a is a triple root of f (x)
here, note
f (a) = 0
f´(a) = 0
a
f´´ (a) = 0, but
f´´´(a)  0
52 M RK
 a is the point of inflection (as shown in diagram) i.e. the point where shape of the
curve changes from convex to concave & vice-versa.
 TIP : if f (x) = (x  a)n g (x)
& nth derivative is the first non zero derivative then
if n is even  x = a is a point of local maxima / minima
n is odd  x = a is a point of inflection
let us take another example

y = x (x ă 1)2
we can see that x = 1 is a double root of f (x)
Step 1 : no symmetry
Step 2 : has double root at x = 1
Step 3 : put f (x) > 0
 x (x  1)2 > 0
· + +
0 1
double root so
no sign change across it.
 for x  (0, ) y > 0
x  (  0) y < 0
so approximate graph would be
0 1
from this we can also deduce that x = 1 will be point of local minima & not local
maxima. If it was local maxima then the curve will come in the negative half.
Step 3 :
SIGN OF GRAPH
(a) Put y > 0 & see where the graph is above x-axis & where it is below x-axis.
for example if f (x) = x (x  1) (x  2)
· + · +
put x (x  1) (x  2) > 0
0 1 2
(using wavy curve)
M RK 53
So corresponding to it the graph will be above x-axis where region is +ve & below x-axis
where region is represented by  ve sign.
0 1 2
Further x (x  1) (x  2) is a polynomial function, so it will be continuous & hence the

following will be the curve.
Check the domain : Find the domain (especially in cases where denominator can become
zero). Draw the curve only in its domain.
Step 4 :
ASYMPTOTE
Examples of asymptote
y=Logx
y=1
x
x=0 is a vertical
asymptote
here x = 0 is a vertical asymptote
& y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote
54 M RK
(a) Horizontal asymptote
Ć If lim f ( x)  c1 , where c 1 is finite then y = c1 is horizontal asymptote in right half.

x
 if lim f ( x)  c2 , where c is finite then y = c is horizontal asymptote in left half.

x   2 2
for example
y = tan1 x
here y = /2 is a horizontal asymptote in right half.

y =  /2 is a horizontal asymptote in left half.
(b) Vertical Asymptote
 If ylim g( y)  c1 , where c is finite, then x = c is a vertical asymptote.

 1 1
OR
in normal words, if for a finite value of x, y approaches ( or  ) then x = c is a vertical
asymptote.
e.g.
 /2
y = tanx y = Log x
x = /2 , a vertical asymptote x = 0, a vertical asymptote
Take special care in case of

(a) when denominator can be zero. Put denominator = 0 to get the value of x for which vertical
asymptote will be formed.
M RK 55
(b) Logarithmic functions

for log (f(x)) = 0, find f (x) = 1 & for those values of x it will be a vertical asymptote.
Step 5 :
 Find the points of maxima, minima.
 find the shape of curve, i.e. either concave or convex.
Concave Convex
No line segment lies above the graph No line segment lies below the graph
A twice differentiable function f defined on interval I is

(a) concave if and only if f´´(x)  0 for x  I
(b) convex if and only if f´´(x)  0 for x  I
inflection is the point where the shape of the curve changes from convex to concave or vice-versa.
Illustration
Trace the following curves
(a) y = ă 3x 4 + 4x 3 + 3x2 ă 4x
2x  3
(b) y 2
x  3x  2
Solution :
(a) The function given is a polynomial which we know are continuous for all x. So there is no point
of finding the asymptotes as the function is completely continuous.
We will go step by step for a better understanding
Step 1 : Symmetry : No
There is no symmetry as the function is neither odd nor even.
Step 2 : Points of Intersection :

y intercept : Put x = 0
 y= 0
56 M RK
x intercept : Put y = 0
 3x4 + 4x 3 + 3x2  4x = 0
x3(3x  4) + (3x  4)x = 0
(x  x3 )(3x  4) = 0
 x(x2  1)(3x  4) = 0
4
xint. = 0, μ 1,
3
Step 3 : Sign of curve

Method 1
now since we have found the intersection points the function can be written as
 4
f(x) = x(x  1)(x + 1)  x  
 3
by wavy curve
So the curve will lie in + · + · +
the shaded region 1 0 1 4/3
Step 4 : Asymptote : Since a continuous function so no asymptotes.

Now nothing is required as we already know everything
1 0 1 4/3
The curve will be similar to this shape.

For the maxima & minima points we can find them by differentiating the function.
 2x  3 
(b) y   2 
 x  3x  2 
Now here there is a term in denominator and so we can talk of asymptotes in this question
Step 2 : Intersection points & domain

y int  put x = 0
M RK 57
3
 yint  
2
 2x  3 
xint   2   0
 x 3 x  2 
Since denominator can not be zero for a valid fraction

2x  3 = 0
3
 x
2
Step 3 : Sign of function
2x  3 2x  3
f (x)  
2
( x  3 x  2) ( x  2)( x  1)
+ +
· ·
1 3/2 2
The curve will be in these regions

Partă2
Increasing or decreasing ?
dy
Finding for it.
dx
dy 2( x2  3 x  2)  (2 x  3)(2 x  3)
=
dx ( x2  3x  2)2
(2 x2  6 x  4)  (4 x2  12 x  9)
=
( x2  3 x  2)2
 3
2
1
2  x    
2 x3  6 x  5  2 4 
= 
( x2  3 x  2) 2 ( x2  3 x  2) 2
 3
2
1
2  x    

2 4

= 2
[(x  1)(x  2)]
58 M RK
dy
now is always less than zero as numerator and denominator are both positive
dx
2
 3 1 2 2
i.e.  x  2   4  0 & (x  1) ( x  2)  0
 
 f(x) is strictly decreasing

 This also means that there will be no maxima & minima as it is strictly decreasing.
y is decreasing in (, 1)  (1, 2)  (2 , )
Step 4 :
Asymptotes : Since denominator could be zero there will be asymptotes for those points.
And in case denominator becoming zero there are vertical asymptotes at x = 1
& 2
We can also prove it
 2x  3 
lim 
  
x1  x
 ( 1)( x 2) 
 2x  3 
lim   

x1  ( x  1)( x  
2)
hence x = 1 is an asymptote
Similarly we can prove it for x = 2
Now we can draw the curve
(1,0) (3/2,0) (2,0)
3/2
x=1 x=2
vertical
asymptotes
M RK 59
Now we know that the function is a decreasing one so we will draw decreasing curve.
(1,0) (3/2,0) (2,0)

(3/2,0)
See all these curves are decreasing functions and have been drawn in their respective regions
according to step-3.
Illustration 47
Trace the following curves
1  x2 x2  4 x  3
(a) y (b) y
1  x2 x2  4 x  3
Solution :
1  x2
(a) Given function is y  f (x )  , going through our step procedure
1  x2
Step 1 : Symmetry : Yes

even function
f(x) = f(x)
 symmetrical about y-axis
Step 2 : Intersection points & domain

Since it is a fraction, so denominator should not be zero
 1  x2  0
 x  μ 1
 domain = R  {1, 1}
and also 1, 1 are asymptotes
60 M RK
for intersection point
yint = 1
xint : no x intercept as 1 + x2 cannot be zero.
Step 3 : Sign of curve :

y>0
1  x2 x2  1
f (x)   ( )
1  x2 x2  1 + · +
critical points 1 1
: x = μ 1 y<0
increasing & decreasing y>0
dy 2 x(1  x 2)  (1  x 2(2 x)
=
dx (1  x2 ) 2 1 1
y<0
2 x(1  x2  1  x2 )
=
(1  x 2 )2
4x
=
(1  x 2 )2
dy
> 0 for x> 0   increasing in x  (0,)
dx
dy
< 0 for x < 0     decreasing in x  (, 0)
dx
Step 4 : Asymptotes :
horizontal asymptote :
1  x2
right part : lim f ( x)  lim  1
x x 1  x2
1  x2
left part : lim f ( x)  lim  1
x x 1  x2
So y = 1 is the horizontal asymptote
Ver tical asymp tote :
We have already found them in step 2.

they are x = μ 1.
M RK 61
Now drawing the curve.
(0,1)
decreasing (1,0) (1,0) Increasing

function function
(0,1)
Note : that the graph is symmetrical about y-axis.
x2  4x  3
(b) y
x2  4x  3
Step 2 : Intersection point & domain
Domain : x2 + 4x + 3  0
(x + 3) (x  1)  0
 x = 3, 1
 domain : x  R  {3, 1}
Intersection points :
yint = 1
xint  x2  4x + 3 = 0
(x  3) (x  1) = 0
 x = 1, 3
Step 3 : sign of curve :
x2  4x  3
f (x) 
x3  4x  3
x2  4 x  3
0
x3  4 x  3
( x  3) ( x  1)
 0
(x  3) (x  1)
62 M RK
by wavy curve graph will be + + +
above x-axis for x  (,3)  (1, 1)  (3, ) 3 · 1 1 · 3
below x-axis for x  (3,1)  (1, 3)
increasing & decreasing
dy (2 x  4) ( x2  4 x  3)  ( x2  4 x  3) (2 x  4)
=
dx ( x 2  4 x  3) 2
8(x2  3)
=
(x 2  4x  3)2
critical points x   3
+  +
 3 3
dy
 0 for x  (, 3 )  ( 3 , ) i.e. increasing
dx
dy
0 for x  ( 3 , 3 ) i.e. decreasing
dx
 x 3 is minima &
x 3 is maxima
but we know that x = 3 & x = 1 are not in domain so
f(x) is increasing for x  (,3)  (3, 3 )  ( 3 , ) i.e. increasing
decreasing for x  ( 3 ,1)  (1, 3)
Step 4 : Asymptotes
horizontal asymptotes :
x2  4 x  3
lim f ( x)  lim 1
x x x2  4 x  3
lim f ( x)  1
x
 y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.
M RK 63
Vertical asymptotes :
This we have already covered
i.e. x = 3 and x = 1
Now let us draw the curve
(0,1) y=1
3 (1,0)
(3,0)
( 3 , 4 3  7)
X = 3 X = 1
Illustration 48
Trace the following curve y  log x

x
Solution :
log x
Given function y  f (x ) 
x
Step 1 : No symmetry
Step 2 : log x > 0 & x  0
 domain : x  (0, )
intersection points :
no intersection point on y-axis
xint = 1
Stet 3 : Sign :
log x
0 as x is always positive {a to domain}
x
log x > 0
+
  x > 1 · x=1
64 M RK
increasing & decreasing
1  x
dy    log x 1  log x
=  x =
dx x2
x2
dy 1  log x
putting 0  0
dx x2
 1  log x > 0
 1 > log x
 log e > log x
 e
 log    0
x
e
 1
x
 x<e
 function is increasing for (0, e)
& decreasing for (e, )
Step 4 : Asymptote :
horizontal asymptote
log x
lim 0
x x
 y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote
Vertical asymptote
only x = 0 , though this is not in domain
So drawing the curve Y
decreasing
X
(1,0) (e,0)
increasing
M RK 65
SOME MORE PROBLEMS
Illustration 1
x
If f (x )  ( p   2  2)x 

0
(cos4 t  sin2 t  2)d t is decreasing function of x for all x  R and
  R where  being independent of x, then find the range of p.

Solution :
f´(x) = p  2  2  (cos 4x + sin2x  2)
= 2 + p  (cos4x + sin2x)
=   2 + p   [(cos 2 x)2 + 1  cos 2x]
=  2  p  (cos2 x ) 2  1    cos2 x 
1 1
 4 4 
2 2
3  1
=  2  p  cos 2 x  1   1  1 = 2  p     cos 2 x  
 2 4 4  2
  1
2 
Clearly, f ´(x)   2  p  3  min.value of  cos 2
x    0
4   2 
 
For f(x) to be decreasing for all real x,

 f ´( x)  0
3
  2  p  0
4
 4 2  4 p  3  0   R
 D  0  16 p2  48  0   3  p  3
Illustration 2
 
Let f (x) = sin3 x + K sin2x,  x  . In order that f (x) has exactly one minimum find the
2 2
value K should belong to ?
Solution :
f´(x) = 3sin2 x . cosx + 2K sinx cosx
= sinx . cosx (3sin x + 2K) = 0
2K
sin x  0 or cos x  0 or sin x 
3
66 M RK
  2K    
x  0, sin 1   in  2 , 2 
 3   
2K 3 3
 1  1  K 
3 2 2
But K = 0, when sinx = 0
which gives only one critical point
 3 3
K    ,  ~ {0}.
 2 2
Illustration 3
Let f (x) = x 3 + 6x2 + a x + 2. If the largest possible interval in which f (x) is a decreasing
function is (ă 3, ă 1), then find the value of a
Solution :
f´(x) = 3x2 + 12x + a
Since, coefficient of x2 is positive, therefore f´(x) can be negative only when the roots  and 
( < ) of equation f´(x) = 0 are real and equal.
In this case the largest interval in which f(x) is a decreasing function will be (, ), but according
to question largest such interval is (3, 1).
  = 3,  = 1,  = 3
a
   3
3
  = 9.
Illustration 4
 2 g( x ) 
Let f ( x )  sin 1 
 1  (g (x ))2 
, then which are correct ?
 
(i) f (x) is decreasing if g (x) is increasing and |g (x)| > 1
(ii) f(x) is an increasing function if g (x) is increasing and |g (x)|< 1
(iii) f(x) is a decreasing function if g (x) is decreasing and |g (x)| > 1
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii) (d) (iii)
Solution :
If |g(x)| < 1, f(x) = sin 1(sin2), where g(x) = tan
f(x) = 2,  = tan1 (g(x))
= 2tan1(g(x))
M RK 67
when |g(x)|> 1,
1
f (x) = sin1(sin2), tan  
g (x )
f (x) = 2 = 2cot1 (g(x)), g(x) > 1
2
Thus, f´ (x) = g´(x),| g (x )|  1
1  g2 ( x)
2
= g ´(x ),| g (x )|  1
1  g 2 (x )
So option (a) is correct
Illustration 5
Discuss the monotonicity of the function g defined by g (x ) = f ( x 2 ă x ă 10) +
f (14 + x ă x2), f ´´(x) > 0 for all real numbers x except finite number of real numbers x, for
which f ´´(x) = 0
Solution :
f ´´(x) > 0 f´(x) is an increasing function of x. (f ´´(x) = 0 at finitely many values of x does not
affect the increasing ness of f ´(x)
Now g´(x) = (2x  1) f ´(x2  x  10)  f´(14 + x  x 2)
If g(x) increases then g´(x) > 0.
 (2x  1) and [f´(x2  x  10)  f´(14 + x  x2)] are of same sign.
Case I
2x  1 > 0 and f´ (x 2  x  10)  f´(14 + x  x 2) > 0
1
 x and x2  x  10 > 14 + x  x2, as f´ is increasing
2
 1 and x2  x  12 > 0  x > 4

x
2
Case II
2x  1 < 0 and f´(x2  x  10)  f´(14 + x  x2) < 0
1
 x and 3 < x < 4
2
1
 3  x 
2
Hence, g(x) increases for x  3,   [4,  )

1
 2
1 
Similarly, g(x) decreases for x  ( ,  3]   , 4 
2 
68 M RK
Illustration 6
The function f (x )  ax 3  bx 2  c x  d has its non-zero local minimum and maximum values
at ă 2 and 2 respectively. If a is a root of x2 ă x ă 6 = 0. Find the possible values of a , b , c
and d .
Solution :
Since minimum occurs before maximum, so a < 0. Also ÂaÊ is a root of x2  x  6 = 0 a = 2
Let g(x) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d =  2x3 + bx2 + cx + d
 g(x) =  6x2 + 2bx + c
root of g´(x) = 0 are 2 and 2    b = 0, c = 24
Since minimum value is non-zero g(2) > 0
 d > 32 so a = 2, b = 0, c = 24, d > 32.
Illustration 7
Suppose that f and g are non-constant differentiable, real valued functions on R. If for
every x, y  R,
f (x + y) = f(x)f (y) ă g (x)g (y),
g (x + y) = g (x)f (y) + f (x)g (y) and f´(0) = 0,
then prove that maximum and minimum value of the function f 2(x) + g 2 (x) are same for all
x  R.
Solution :
We have f(x + y) = f(x)f(y)  g(x)g(y)
Differentiate both sides w.r.t. x keeping y constant, we get
f´(x + y) = f´(x)(y)  g´(x)g(y)
Putting x = 0, we get
f´(y) = g´(0) g(y) ... (1) (as f´(0) = 0)
We also have g(x + y) = g(x) f(y) + f(x) g(y)
Differentiate both sides w.r.t. ÂxÊ keeping ÂyÊ constant, and put x = 0, we get
g´(y) = g´(0) f(y) ... (2) (as f´(0) = 0)
we have
f´(y) = g´(0) g(y) & g´(y) = g´(0) f(y)
 g (y )
 f ´(y )  g (y )  f (y )f ´(y )   g ´(y )g (y )
f ( y)
we get f(y)f´(y) + g(y)g´(y) = 0
d 2 2
 ( f ( y)  g ( y)  0
dy
 f 2(y) + g 2(y) =  (const)
M RK 69
Now putting x = y = 0 in both the given functional equations we get;

f(0) = f2(0) g2 (0), g(0) = 2f(0)g(0)
1
 g(0) = 1 or f(0) =
2
1
But if f (0)  , first equation gives g2 (0)  1 ,
2 4
whit is not possible.
Hence g(0) = 0 and f(0) = 1   = 1
Hence, f2(x) + g 2(x) = 1, x  R.
 Maximum and minimum values of f2 (x) + g2 (x) are same for all x  R.
Illustration 8
 x  y  2f (x )  2 f (y )  4
Real valued function f (x) satisfies the relation f    x , y  R. If f´(0)
 3  6
= 2, prove that f (x) is an increasing function for all x.
Solution :
For x = 0, y = 0, the given equation gives
4 f (0)  4
f (0)   f (0)  2
6
Now,
 3 x  3h 
f   f (x )
f (x  h )  f (x)
 lim  
3
f ´( x)  lim
h 0 h h 0 h
2 f (3 x)  2 f (3 h)  4
 f (x )
= lim 6
h 0 h
2 f (3 x)  2 f (3 h)  4  6 f ( x)
= lim
h 0 6h
For y = 0, the given relation yields
 x  2f (x )  2f (0)  4
f  
 3 6
2 f (3x)  4  4 f (3x)  4
 f (x)  
6 3
70 M RK
[Replacing x/3 by x]
 f(3x) = 3f(x) + 4
6 f (x )  8  2f (3h )  4  6 f (x)
Hence, f ´( x)  lim
h 0 6h
f (3 h)  2 f (3h)  f (0)
= lim  lim
h 0 3h h 0 3h
 f(x) = 2x + c at x = 0, c = 2
 f(x) = 2x  2
 f´ (x) = 2 > 0     Always increasing
Illustration 9
For what value of ÂaÊ the point of local minima of f (x) = x3 ă 3a x 2 + 3(a2 ă 1)x + 1 is less than
4 and point of local maxima is greater than ă 2 ?
Solution :
f´(x) = 3(x2  2ax + a2  1)
Clearly roots of the equation f´(x) = 0 must be distinct and lie in the interval (2, 4)
 > 0  a  R ...(1)
2
 f´(2) > 2     a + 4a + 3 > 0
 a < 3 or a > 1 ...(2)
2
f´(4) > 0    a  8a + 15 > 0
 a > 5 or a < 3 ...(3)
B
and  2   4 2 a 4
2A
From (1), (2), (3) and (4) 1 < a < 3.
Illustration 1 0
1
Let f (x)   (2  2  4 x  2x 2 ), where Â
Ê is a read parameter. Now let x 1 , x2 be the roots of f (x)
2
x2
) =
where x 1 < x2. If F(  f (x )d x find the minimum and the maximum value of F( ) and the
x1
corresponding .
Solution :
Consider g(x) = x2 + 2x
Clearly 2 will be a negative number. If  increases then 2 will decrease or graph of g(x) will
come down by the quantity 2. Also F() is algebraic area bounded by x-axis and the curve and
M RK 71
will be negative. So if we have increasing , F() will decrease, Hence maximum value of F() will
be corresponding to  = 0 and this value is equal to
0
0 x3 4
F()max   (x  2x) dx 
2
 x2 
2 3 3
2
4
 F()max   for  = 0 and clearly F() min does not exist.
3
Illustration 1 1
a 5 a
Let f (x) = 2x3 ă 15x 2 + 24x, and g (x )   f (x )d x   f (x )dx ,0  a  5 . Find the interval in which
0 0
g (x) is increasing.
Solution :
f´(x) = 6x2  30x + 24 = 6(x  4)(x  1)
Graph of f(x) will be as shown in fig.
g(a) = f(a)  f(5  a)
if a < 5  a f(x)
5
 a , then from the graph f(a) > f(5  a) x
2 1 5/2 4 5
so g´(0) > 0
5
and if a  , then f(5  a) > f(a) so g´(a) < 0.
2
Hence g(x) is increasing in  0, 

5
 2
Illustration 1 2
A point P(x, y) moves on the curve x2/3 + y2/3 = a 2/3, a > 0. For each position (x, y) of P,
perpendiculars are drawn from origin upon the tangent and normal at P, the length (absolute
dp1 dp2
value) of them being p 1(x) and p 2(x) respectively. Prove that . 0.
dx dx
Solution :
Any point P(x, y) on the curve can be represented by using parameter , as (acos3, asin 3)
dy
dy d 3 a sin 2  cos 
   tan 
dx dx 3a cos2 sin 
d
72 M RK
 equation of the tangent at P is
y  asin 3 =  tan(x  acos3)
xtan + y = asin3 + acos3 tan
a sin 3   a cos3  tan  1

p1   a sin 2
sec  2
Also, equation of the normal at P is

y  asin 3 = cot (x  acos 3)
or xcot  y = acos3 cot  asin3
a cos 3 .cot   a sin 3 

p1   a cos2
cosec
 4p12  p 22  a 2 = constant point P(x, y)

 If p1 increases, p2 decreases and commonly
dp1 dp2
 and are of opposite signs.
dx dx
dp1 dp2
. 0
dx dx
Illustration 1 3
Prove that (a + b)n  a n + bn , a > 0, b > 0 and 0  n 1.
Solution :
We went to prove that (a + b)n  an + b n i.e.
n n
a   a
  1     1
 b   b
i.e. (x + 1)n  1 + x n where x = a/b and x > 0,
Since a and b both are positive.
To prove above inequality, consider
f(x) = (x + 1) n  xn  1
Differentiate to get,
f´(x) = n (x + 1) n1  nxn1
 1 1 
= n
1 n
  ...(1)
 ( x  1) x1 n 
Consider x+ 1 > x
M RK 73
 (x + 1)1n > x1n ( 1  n > 0)
1 1
  ...(2)
1 n 1 n
( x  1) x
Combining (1) and (2), we can say

f´(x) < 0
 f(x) is a decreasing function  x  0
Consider x  0
f(x)  f (0)  f(x) is a decreasing function.
 f(x)  0
 (x + 1)n  xn  1  0
 (x + 1)n  xn + 1. Hence proved.
Illustration 1 4
x 
Let g (x )  2f    f (2  x ) and f´´(x ) < 0  x  (0, 2) . Find the intervals of increase and
2 
decrease of g (x).
Solution :
x 
We have g (x )  2f  2   f (2  x )
 
 x
 g ´(x )  f ´    f ´ (2  x ) ...(1)
2 
We are given that, f´´(x) < 0
It means that f´(x) would be decreasing in (0, 2).
x 3x 4
Let  2 x  2  x 
2 2 3
x 4 x 4
  2  x if 0 < x < and  2  x if  x 2
2 3 2 3
x  4 x  4 
 f ´    f ´ (2  x), x   0,  and f ´   f ´ (2  x ), x   , 2
2   3 2  3 
 4 4 
 g´(x) > 0, x   0, 3  and g´ (x) < 0, x   3 , 2 
   
 4 4 
 g(x) is increasing in  0,  and decreasing in  , 2 
 3 3 
74 M RK
Illustration 1 5
2 b
If a x   c for all positive x, where a > 0 and b > 0, show that 27a b 2  4c 3 [IITă 82]
x
Solution :
2 b
Let f (x )  ax  c ...(1)
x
Given, f (x)  0 for all x > 0,
 Least value of f (x) in (0, )  0 ...(2)
b 2 ax3  b
Now, f ´( x)  2ax   ...(3)
x2 x2
Since x2 > 0, therefore sign scheme for f´(x) will be same as that of (2ax3  b)
1
 b 3
Now 2ax3  b = 0  x    0
 2a 
Sign scheme for f´ (x) i.e. for (2ax3  b) is
f (x) is dec. min. f (x) is inc.


1
ve b 3 +ve
2a
1
 b 3
f´(x) has least value at x   
2 a
 1 2
  b 3   b 3 b
From (2), f  
a    0  a  2a   1
c0
  2    
   b 3
 2a 
 
2 1
 b 3 b b  b 3
 a   1
 c  a. b c 
 2a  2a  2a 
 b 3
 
 2a 
1
3b  b 3 27b3 3 b 2 3
  c.    c .  27ab  4 c
2  2a  8 2a
M RK 75
Illustration 1 6
 3 b3  b2  b  1
 x  , 0  x 1
Let f ( x)   b 2  3b  2 [IITă93]

 2x  3 1 x  3
Find all possible values of b such that f (x) has smallest value at x = 1
Solution :
b3  b2  b  1
Given, f(x)=  x3  , 0 x  1
b2  3 b  2
= 2x  3 1  x< 3
2
 f´(x) =  3x , 0  x < 1
= 2, 1 < x< 3
2
Here f´(1  0) =  3.1 =  3 and f´ (1 + 0) = 2
Therefore f (x) is not differentiable at x = 1
Sign scheme for f´(x) is
f (x) is dec. f (x) is inc.

0 ve 1 +ve 3
Since f (x) has smallest value at x = 1
Lt f (x)  f (1)
 x 1 0
 b3  b 2  b  1 
 Lt   x 3  1
x  1 0
 b 2  3b  2 
 b3  b2  b  1  ( b  1)(b 2  1)
  1    0   0 ...(i)
 b 2  3b  2  ( b  1)( b  2)
(b  1)(b 2  1)
Sign scheme for is
(b  1)(b  2)
 
ve 2 +ve 1 ve 1 +ve
(b  1)(b 2  1)
  0   2 < b <  1 or 1  b < .
(b  1)(b  2)
76 M RK
Illustration 1 7
A swimmer S is in the sea at a distance d km from the closest point A on a straight shore.
The house of the swimmer is on the shore at a distance L km from A. He can swim at a speed
U km/hour and walk at a speed V km/hour (V > U). At what point on the shore should he
and, so that he reaches his house in the shortest possible time. [IIT ă 83]
Solution :
Let H be the house of the swimmer
L
Let the swimmer land at B. A B H
Let AB = x, then since AH = L x Lx
 BH = L  x
d 2 2
Let t1 be the time taken to go from S to B and t2 be the time taken d +x
to go from B to H
Let T be the total time taken by swimmer to reach his house H.
S
2 2
d  x
Now t1 
U
L x
and t2 =
V
d 2  x2 L  x
 T = t1  t2   ...(i)
U V
dT
x 1

 = 2 2 V ...(ii)
dx U d x
Vx  U d 2  x 2
= 2 2 ...(iii)
UV d  x
dT
UV d 2  x2  0, therefore sign scheme for will be same as that of Vx  U d 2  x 2
dx
Now Vx  U d 2  x 2  0  V2x2 = U 2 (d2 + x2 )
Ud
x
 [ x > 0]
V  U2
2
Sign scheme for

dT
dx
i.e. for Vx  U d 2  x2  is
T is dec. min. inc.
O ve Ud +ve L
2 2
V U
Ud
 T is minimum when x 
V2  U2
M RK 77
Second Method :
dT
For maximum or minimum values of T, 0
dx
x 1 x2 1
 0 
 V or 2 2
U d 2  x2 U (d  x ) V2
2
2 U 2d 2
or, V 2 x2 = U2d2 + U2 x2 or, x 
V 2 U 2
Ud
x
 [ V > U]
V  U2
2
x
d 2  x2 .1  x.
2 d 2  x2
From (ii), d T  1 .
dx2 U d 2  x2
1 d2 Ud
= . 3
 0, when x 
U V2  U2
(d 2  2 2
x )
Ud
x
 T is minimum when
V  U2
2
Illustration 1 8
A lane runs at right angles to a road ÂaÊ feet wide. Find how many feet wide the lane must
be if it is just possible to carry a pole b feet long (b > a ) from the road into the lane, keeping
it horizontal.
Solution :
Let y be the width of the lane
Let BCL = 
given, AB = b, BL = a D B
Now b = BC + AC
a Road
= a cosec  + y sec  
b  a cosec  C L
 y =
sec   y
A M
= b cos   a cot  ...(i) Lane
dy
 =  b sin  + a cosec2 
d
a  b sin3 
= ...(ii)
sin2 
78 M RK
dy
Since sin2 > 0, therefore sign scheme for will be same as that of a  b sin 3.
d
1
 a 3
Now a  b sin3 = 0  sin    
b 
1
 a 3
   sin 1     (say)
b
1
 a 3
Here 0     and sin   
2 b
dy
Sign scheme for i.e. for (a  b sin 3) is
d
y is inc. max. y is dec.

O O
+ve a ve 
2
y has maximum value at  = 

The maximum (here greatest) value of
y = b cos   a cot 
b 2/3
a 2/3
b 2/3
a 2/3 b 1/3 a3
= b. a a 1/3 sin  1
1/3 1/3
b a b3
2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/
= b 3 b 3 a 3 a 3 b 3 a 3
3/
2
2/ 2/  2 /3 2/   2/ 2/ 
= b 3  a 3 b  a 3   b 3  a 3   k (say)
   
3/
2
 2/ 2/ 
Thus required width of the lane =  b 3  a 3  feet. k is the maximum width of the lane for
 
just taking the pole from the road to the lane keeping it horizontal and also k is the minimum
width of the lane for taking the pole from road to the lane.
M RK 79
Note : This is the maximum value of y (maximum width of the lane) when the pole can be taken
3
 2 2 2
from the road to the lane touching at A and B and if y   b 3  a3  ,

then the pole can be taken
 
 
3
 2 2 2
from the road to the lane without touching at A and B and if y   b3  a3 
it cannot be taken
 
 
from the road to the lane.
Thus maximum width of the lane so that the pole can be taken just touching at A and B is
3 3
 2 2 2  2 2 2
 b 3  a 3  and if width is more than  b 3  a 3  pole can be easily taken (without touching at
   
   
A and B) from the road to the lane and if width is less than this, pole cannot be taken from road
to the lane.
Illustration 1 9
x2 y2
Find the co-ordinates of all the points P on the ellipse   1, for which the area of
a2 b2
the triangle PON is maximum, where O denotes the origin and N, the foot of the perpendicular
from O to the tangent at P. [IIT 99]
Solution :
x2 y2
Given ellipse is  1 ...(1)
a2 b2
Let P (a cos, b sin ) be a point on the ellipse in the first quadrant.

Then 0   
2 Y
NP( co , bsin )
Eqn. of tangent at P is
x cos  y sin 

 1  0
90
a b O
L X
or b cos x + asiny  ab = 0 ...(2)
Eqn. of normal at P is
ax sec  + bycosec  (a2  b 2) = 0 ...(3)
ab ab
 ON =   ...(4)
b2 cos2   a2 sin2  b2 cos2   a 2 sin2 
80 M RK
 ( a 2  b2) (a 2  b 2) sin  cos 

OL =  ...(5)
a 2 sec 2   b 2 cosec 2  a 2 sin 2   b 2 cos 2 
Let A be the area of ONP, then
1 1 1 ab (a2  b2 )sin  cos

A = 2 ON.NP = 2 ON.OL = 2 2
( b cos2   a2 sin2 )
ab (a 2  b2 ) ab (a 2  b2 )
= 2 ( b2 cot   a2 tan ) 
2[( b cot  a tan )2  2 ab]
A will be max. when (b cot   a tan )2  0
b
or tan  
a a2+b2
b
 a2 b2  
Hence P ,  a
 a2  b2 2 2 
a b 

By symmetry, there will be one point in each of the second, third and fourth quadrants and they
are
   
a2 b2 a2 b2
=  ,  ,  , 
 a2  b2 a2  b2   a2  b2 a2  b2 

 a2  b2 
 , 
and  2
 a  b2
a2  b2 
 a2 b2 
 
Thus required points are   ,
2 
 a2  b2 a2
 b 
Illustration 20
If a , b , c be non-zero real numbers such that [IITă81]
1 2
 (1  cos8 x ) (a x2  bx  c )dx   (1  cos 8

x ) (a x2  bx  c )d x  0
0 0
2
then equation a x + bx + c = 0 will have one root between 0 and 1 and other root between
1 and 2.
M RK 81
Solution :
 (1  cos
8
Let x) ( ax2  bx  c) dx  F( x)
 F(x) = (1 + cos8x) (ax2 + bx + c) ...(1)

 From given conditions
F(1)  F(0) = 0  F(1) = F(0) and
F(2)  F(0) = 0  F(2) = F(0)
 F(0) = F(1) = F(2)
Now by RolleÊs theorem for f(x) in [0, 1]
f´() = 0, for at least one , 0 <  < 1 and by RolleÊs theorem for f (x) in [1, 2]
f´() = 0, for at least one , 1 <  < 2
From (1), f´(), = 0  (1 + cos8) (a 2 + b + c) = 0
but 1 + cos8   0  a2 + b + c = 0
i.e.  is a root of equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
Similarly f´() = 0  a2 + b + c = 0
i.e.  is a root of equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
But equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, being a quadratic equation cannot have more than two roots.
 equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has one root  between 0 and 1 and other root  between 1 and 2.
Illustration 21
If f(x) and g (x) are differentiable functions for 0  x  1 such that f (0) = 2, g (0) = 0, f (1) =
6, g (1) = 2, then show that there exists ÂcÊ satisfying 0 < c < 1 and f ´(c) = 2g ´(c) [IIT ă 82]
Solution :
Let F(x) = Ag (x) + f(x) ...(1)
Since f (x) and g (x) are differentiable in [0, 1]
Therefore, f (x) and g (x) are also continuous in [0, 1] since differentiable functions are continuous.
Hence f (x) and g (x) are continuous in [0, 1] and f (x) and g (x) are differentiable in [0, 1] and
hence differentiable also in (0, 1).
Thus F (x) is a continuous function in the closed interval [0, 1] and differentiable in the open
interval (0, 1)
From (1), F´(x) = Ag´(x) + f´(x) ...(2)
 F´(c) = Ag´(c) + f´(c)
We choose A such that F(0) = F(1)
 Af(0) + g(0) = Af(1) + g(1)
g (1)  g (0)
 A  ...(3)
f (1)  f (0)
82 M RK
F(x) satisfies all conditions of mean value theorem in [0, 1], therefore there exists at least one c,
0 < c < 1 such that F´(c) = 0
 Af´(c) + g´(c) = 0
g´(c) g (1)  g (0) 2  0 1

 A  
f ´(c ) f (1)  f (0) 6  2 2
 f´(c) = 2g´(c).
 by LagrangeÊs mean value theorem for f´(x) in [c, x],
f ´(x)  f ´(c)
 f ´´( ) for at least one , c <  < x
x c
or, f´(x) = (x  c) f´´() [ f´(c) = 0]

or, |f´(x)| = |x  c| |f´´()| ...(3)
But x  [0, 1], c  (0, 1)  |x  c| < 1  0 or |x  c| < 1
Given |f´´(x)| < 1 for all x in [0, 1]  |f´´()|  1
 From (3), |f´(x)| < 1.1
or |f´(x)| < 1 for all x < c in [0, 1] ...(4)
Case III : When x > c
max.
O O
0 c a x 1
By lagrangeÊs man value theorem for f´(x) in interval [c, x], there exists c <  < x such that
f ´(c)  f ´( x)
 f ´´( )  | f´(x)| = |c  x| |f´´()|
cx
 |f´(x)| < 1.1 or |f´(x)| < 1

Thus from (2), (3) and (4), |f´(x)| < 1 for all x in [0, 1].
Illustration 22
Show that the semivertical angle of a cone of maximum volume and of given slant height
is tan 1 2
Solution :
Let  be the semivertical angle and k be the slant height of a cone.
A
Then AB = k, BD = k sin  and
AD = k cos  
Let y be the volume of the cone, then k
1 
y BD 2 . AD = . k 2 sin 2 . kcos 
3 3 B C
D
M RK 83

or, y  k3 .sin2  cos  ...(i)
3
dy  3
  k [2 sin cos .cos   sin 2  (  sin )]
d 3
k3
= sin (2 cos2   sin 2  ) ...(ii)
3
 dy
Here 0     sin  > 0, therefore sign scheme for will be same as that of 2 cos2   sin2 .
2 d

2 cos 2  sin2  = 0  tan   2 [ 0    ]
2
   tan  1 2   (say)
dy
Sign scheme for i.e. for (2 cos 2  sin2) is
d

O O
0 +ve  ve 
2

Put   tan   2
4
Thus y has maximum value at     tan1 2
Illustration 23
Show that the semivertical angle of a right circular cone of given surface area and maximum
1
volume is sin 1 .
3
Solution :
Let BD = r, AD = h, AB = l
BAD =  A
2
Given, r + rl = cos tan t = k (say)

k  r 2 l
 l ...(i) h
r
Let y be the volume of the cone, then B C
r D
1 2 1
y r h  r 2 l 2  r 2
3 3
84 M RK
2
Let z = y , then
1 2 4 2
z =  r ( l  r2 )
9
 2 
1 2 4  k  r2 
  r  [from (i)]
2
 r 
= 9  r  
 
2 r4 
  
2
= k  r 2  2 r4 
9 2 r2  
=
1 2 2
9

k r  2 kr2  ...(ii)
=
1 2 2
9

k r  2 kr4 

dz
dr
=
1 2
9

k 2 r  8 k r 3 
2
= kr (k  4r 2 ) ...(iii)
9
2
Clearly kr  0
9
dz
Sign scheme for i.e. for (k  4r 2) is
dr
z is inc. max. z is dec.

O O
0 +ve k ve
4
k
 z is maximum and hence y is is maximum when r 
4
k
k
From (i), l  4   3k . 2  3 k
k 4 k 2 

4
r 1 k 2  1
Now sin    .     sin  1 1
l 2  3 k 3 3
M RK 85
Illustration 24
Prove that the right circular cone of maximum volume which can be inscribed in a sphere
4
of radius r has its altitude equal to r
3
Solution :
Let OAB =  then BOD = 2 A
From OBD, OD = r cos2
r
and BD = r sin2
 AD = AO + OD = r + r cos2 O

r2
= r (1 + cos2 ) = 2rcos2  C
B D
Let y be the volume of the cone, then
1
y=  BD2 . AD
3
1 2
=  r sin2 2 .2r cos2 
3
2 3 8 3
r  2sin  cos  .cos2  =
2
= r sin 2  cos 4 
3 3
dy 8 3  2
 = r sin  .4 cos3    sin   2sin .cos .cos4  
d 3  

= 16 r 3 sin cos 3  ...(2)
3
 ve

cos2   2sin2  , 0   

2

1 1
cos2  2 sin 2 = 0  tan      tan1   (say)
2 2
dy
Sign scheme for i.e. for (cos2   2 sin2) is
d

0 +ve  ve 
2
1
Thus y is maximum when  = , where tan  
2
2r 2r 4
In this case altitude AD = 2r cos2 = 2
  r
sec  1 3
1
2
86 M RK
Illustration 25
Show that the height of the circular cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in
h
a gi v en r i gh t ci r cu l ar cone of h ei gh t h is .
3
Solution :
Let AL = x, MC = r
A
Given, AM = h  LM = h  x
From similar ALQ and AMC
P L Q
AL LQ x LQ rx
    LQ 
AM MC h r h
Let y be the volume of the cylinder, inscribed in the cone, then
S R
2 2 B M C
r x
y =  . LQ . LM = 
2 ( h  x) ...(i)
h2
dy r2 
  2 x(h  x)  x2   1  
dx 2 
h
r 2
x(2 h  3 x)
= ...(ii)
h2
For maximum or minimum value of y,
dy 2h
 0  x (2h  3x) = 0  x  [ x > 0]
dx 3
d2 y r 2
From (ii), =  2h  6 x ...(iii)
dx2 h2
2h d 2 y r 2
At x= ,  2 ( 2h)  0
3 dx2 h
2
Hence y in maximum when x  h
3
2 h
In this case height of the cylinder = h  x  h  h
3 3
Illustration 26
If the function f (x) = x 3 ă 9x2 + 24x + c has three real root and distinct roots ,  and  then
the value of [] + [
] + [] is :
Solution :
Take y = x3  9x2 + 24x = (x2  9x + 24) ve +ve
2 2
y = x (x  9x + 24) = x {(x  3) + 15} 0
M RK 87
dy
 = 3x2  18x + 24 = 3 (x 2  6x + 8)
dx
= 3 (x  2) (x  4)
+  +
2 4
for three real roots of

f(x) = x3  9x2 + 24x + c, c must lie in the interval ( 20,  16)
Now if c  ( 20,  18)
  (1, 2),   (2, 3)
  (4, 5)
y=x39x+2
20 (2,20)
18 (3,18)
16 (1,16)
(4,16)
X
1 2 3 4
 [] + [] + [] = 7

If c  ( 18,  16)    (1, 2,),   (3, 4),   (4, 5)
 [] + [] + [] = 8

19 Applications of Derivative

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19 Applications of Derivative

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APPLICATION

T a n gen t s & Nor m a ls

E q u at ion of T a ngen t & Nor ma l

Angle of I nt er sect ion of Cu r ves

tan 2  tan 1 tangent 1 tangent 2

L engt h of t angent , lengt h of nor mal a nd subt a ngent a nd subnor mal :

Since point (1, 1) lies on curve (1)

Angle of intersection of the curves at (0, 0) :

 angle between of the curves at (0, 0) = 90  0  90

If  be the acute angle between the two curves, then

 Slope of tangent at (3, 3) i.e. m =  1

dy dy / dt  3 bcos 2 tsin t  b cos t b

Equation of tangent at point ÂtÊ i.e.

or, ay sin t  ab cos3 t sin t = bx cos t + ab cos t sin3 t

Equation of normal at point ÂtÊ is

From (i) and (ii), ax2 + by2 = a1 x2 + b1 y2

This is the required condition.

dy dy / d  a[cos    (  sin )  1.cos ]

or y sin   a (sin    cos ) sin  =  x cos  + a cos  (cos  +  sin )

Let x = a sin , then from (1)

dy  a tan   cosec 2    sin 

 x10 / 3 y  y0 x01/ 3   x y01 / 3  x0 y01 / 3  x y01 / 3  yx01 / 3  x0 y01 / 3  y0 x01 / 3

Lenth = ( x.int .)2  ( y.int)2

= ( x01 / 3 a 2 / 3) 2  ( y01 / 3 a 2 / 3) 2 = x02 / 3 a 4 / 3  y20 / 3 a 4 / 3

=  xint 2   yint  2 = a2 sin2 t  a2 cos2 t  a

G eomet r ical M eaning of Rolle’s T heor em

Algeb r aic I nt ep r et a t ion of R olle’s T heor em

L angr an ge’s M ean Va lue T heor em :

For a function f (x) defined over [a, b] such that

G eomet r ical Meaning of L agr ange’s Mea n Value T heor em

 F´(x) = f(a) g´ (x)  g(a) f´ (x) ...(ii)

or, f(a) g (b)  g (a) f(b) = (b  a) {f(a) g´ (c)  g (a) f´(c)}

R.H. limit, x > 0  |x| = x

and f(0) = |0|´ = 0

Hence f (x) is continuous at x = 0

R.H. limit : In this case x > 1  f ( x)  x 1

Now Lt f ( x)  Lt x1  11  0

Here Lt f ( x) is not needed

as f ( x)  x  1 is not defined when x < 1

Since x L1t  0 f ( x) = f (1)

Hence f (x) is continuous at x = 1

1 f (3)  f (1) 20 1

Also lim f (  x)    and lim f ( x)  , f y = f(x), if c < 0

Here f(x) = 0 with three f(x) = 0 with one real root

f(x1) < 0, f (x2) < 0 f(x1) > 0 , f(x2) = 0

f (x) = 0 with one real root f(x) = 0 with three roots

f(x1) = 0, f(x2) < 0

f (x) = 0 with three real roots

Thus following results are obtained from above graphs,

Case III : If D = 0, f ´(x ) = 3 (x ă x1 ) 2 where x1 is root of f´ (x) = 0

Prove that if 2 a 20  15 a, all roots of x5 ă a 0x4 + 3a x3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 cannot be real. It is

Now, discriminant = 16 a02 4.10.3a

Hence, the roots of f´´ (x) = 0 cannot be real.

Now let us talk about sub categories.

Note the equality sign.

C ompa r ison of functions

Step 1 : assign  (x) = f (x)  g (x)

 f(x) is increasing for all x > 0

2 x  log (  x), x  0

y is dec. inc. dec. inc.

Sign scheme for f´(x) i.e. for (1  loge x) is

f(x) is inc. max f(x) is dec.

 > e  f() < f (e)    1 /   e1 / e

 e is bigger of e and e.