PIPING MATERIALS

INTRODUCTION

Piping materials are of many types. The specific material

to suit a design requirement is chosen on the basis of certain key
factors.
 FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF PIPING
MATERIALS

• Mechanical properties – tensile, yield, creep, rupture, fatigue

and impact
• Performance requirements and material reliability
• Safety
• Environmental conditions
• Availability
• Resistance to erosion and corrosion
• Economic factors
VITAL CHARACTERISTICS REQUIRED

Toughness
Creep Strength
Ductility
Good surface finish
Hardness
 CLASSIFICATION OF PIPING MATERIALS
P IP IN G M A T E R IA L S

M E T A L L IC N O N -M E T A L L IC L IN E D

FERROUS N O N -F E R R O U S PVC M S R U B B E R L IN E D

C A S T IR O N C O P P E R & IT S A L L O YS HDPE M S P TFE , M S P V DF

CAR BO N S TEEL A L U M IN IU M & IT S A L L O YS PTFE M S L E A D L IN E D

ALLO Y STE EL N IC K E L A N D IT S A L L O YS LDPE M S C E R A M IC L IN E D

S T A IN L E S S S T E E L L E A D A N D IT S A L L O YS G LA SS M S G L A S S L IN E D

O T H E R S P E C IA L A L L O YS C E R A M IC F R P P P L IN E D

CEMENT
 COMMONLY USED PIPING MATERIALS

LOW CARBON STEEL, LOW ALLOY STEEL AND STAINLESS STEELS

(used for high temperature services)

WROUGHT IRON, CAST IRON, DUCTILE IRON, COPPER, BRASS,

ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS AND NICKEL STEEL
 
OTHER PLASTICS MATERIALS
(PVC, polythene, polypropylene, asbestos cement, GR pipes, concrete, glass,
rubber and some newer plastics)
 TEMPERATURE LIMITATION OF PIPING MATERIALS
SI MATERIAL MAX WORKING REMARKS
NO TEMP OC
1 Carbon Steel Yield stress decreases beyond this temp
A106 GrB 427
API 5L GrB 230
2 Alloy Steel -do-
A335 GrP11 570
A335 GrP22 600
A335 GrP91 650
3 Stainless Steel From –220 OC to 538 OC
A312 GrTP304 -200 to 500
A312 GrTP316 -200 to 538
4 Aluminium 175 Loses strength beyond this temp
5 Titanium 400 -do-
6 Thermoplastics 260 Melts beyond this temp
7 Thermosetting 260 Some epoxies can be used upto 290 OC
plastics
8 Concrete 290 Cannot be used for temp intensive services
9 Rubber Room Temp -do-
 MATERIAL PROPERTIES
MATERIAL YIELD STRENGTH (Mpa) UTS (MPa)
Carbon Steels 260-1300 500-880
Cast Irons 220-1030 400-200
Low Alloy Steel 500-1980 680-2400
Mild Steel 220 430
Stainless Steel, austenitic 286-500 760-1280
Stainless Steel, ferritic 240-400 500-800
Nickel and its alloys 200-1600 400-2000
Titanium and its alloys 180-1320 300-1400
Copper 60 400
Cooper Alloys 60-960 250-1000
Brasses and Bronzes 70-640 230-890
Aluminium 40 200
Aluminium Alloys 100-627 300-700
Lead and its alloys 11-55 14-70
Tin and its alloys 7-45 14-60
Polypropylene 19-36 33-36
Polyurethene 26-31 58
Polyethylene HD 20-30 37
Polyethylene LD 6-20 20
FERROUS MATERIALS
 CARBON STEELS
Is an alloy of Iron and Carbon
Contains 0.1 % to 1.5 % of Carbon
Based on Carbon Content it can be classified into
1. Mild steel - 0.05 % - 0.30 %
2. Medium Carbon steel – 0.30 % - 0.70 %
3. High carbon Steel – 0.70 % - 1.5 %
4. It can withstand upto to a temperature of 450 C
 
General chemical composition of CS is C - 0.07, 1.56 %, Mn – 1.6 %,
Si – 0.6 %, S – 0.1%, P – 0.1%.
CARBON STEEL – MATERIAL COMPOSITION

CHEMICAL COMPOSTION
MATERIAL DESCRIPTION
C Mn Si P S
A106 GrB
Seamless, CS pipe for high Temp & Pr services 0.3 0.29 - 1.06 0.1 0.035 0.035
(1/2”-14”)
API 5L GrB
ERW ( E=0.85), CS pipe, Seamless 0.27 1.15 - 0.04 0.05
(1/2”-14”)
A53 GrB
Seamless, CS pipe for low Temp services (Galv) 0.3 0.9 0.15 - 04 0.035 0.035
(1/2”-14”)
A105 (S.W.)
Forged CS for ambient and high Temp services 0.35 0.9 0.35 0.05 0.05
(1/2”-1½”)
A216GrWCB
CS castings suitable for high Temp services 0.3 1 0.6 0.04 0.045
2” & above
 ALLOY STEELS

• Adding of Alloying elements to improve the characteristics of

the material is termed as Alloy Steel.
• Commonly used Alloying elements are Silicon, Chromium,
Nickel, Molybdenum, Manganese, Vanadium, Titanium, Boron,
Aluminium, Cobalt and Tungsten.
• WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF ALLOYING?
 PURPOSE OF ALLOYING

1. Improved Corrosion resistance

2. Better Hardenability
3. Improved Machinability
High or low temperature Stability
Ductility
Toughness
4. Better Wear resistance
 INFLUENCE OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS
Alloying Advantage Disadvantage
Aluminium          Resistance to heat and oxidation
(2 - 5 %)          Improves scale resistance Increases brittleness
         Imparts strength
         Increases wear resistance (carbides)
         Corrosion resistance Machinability,
Chromium
         Hardness & Strength weldability
         If above 5% corrosion resistance is improved even at high temp
Manganese          Increases tensile strength & machinability
         Improves hardenability
Molybdenum          High temp strength & impact resistance
(0.15 – 0.6 %)          Corrosion resistance especially to chloride solutions
         Machinability
Nickel          Decreases decomposition of austenite
(upto 5%)          Increases resistance to oxidation at high temp Machinability
         Decreases critical temperature
         Prevents precipitaion of Cromium Carbides
Titanium
         Imparts strength
         Wear resistance
Tungsten          Abrasion resistance
         Increases red hardness (hot working)
         Powerful deoxidiser, forms strong carbides
Vanadium          Wear resistance & strength
         Causes fine grain structure
 LOW ALLOY STEEL – MATERIAL COMPOSITION

CHEMICAL COMPOSTION
DESCRIPTION SERVICE
C Mn Si Cr Mo
0.05 - 0.15 0.3 - 0.6 0.5 1.9 - 2.6 0.87 - 1.13 HP, superheated and hot reheat Steam
Ferritic alloy steel pipe for high Temp services
0.08 - 0.12 0.3 - 0.6 0.2 - 0.5 8 - 9.5 0.85 - 1.05 Superheated steam piping system
Pipe fitting alloy steel for moderate and elevated
0.05 - 0.15 0.3 - 0.6 0.5 1.9 - 2.6 0.87 - 1.13 High Temp services
Temp
Alloy steel castings for Pr containing parts suitable for
0.18 0.4 - 0.7 0.6 2 - 2.75 0.9 - 1.2 Valves for AS pipes
high Temp services
 STAINLESS STEEL

        Adding 11.5 % or greater chromium in iron,changes the

microstructure and based on that its varieties are obtained.
        Posses greater percentage of chromium which forms a
chromium oxide film exposed to air that prevents chemical
attack of moist air on the material surface
        Nickel retains the austenitic structure of steel
        Greater resistance to corrosion than all types of steels
        Classified into three types based on its micro structure
1. Austenitic stainless steel
2. Ferritic stainless steel
3. Martensitic stainless steel
 STAINLESS STEEL – MATERIAL COMPOSITION

CHEMICAL COMPOSTION
MATERIAL DESCRIPTION SERVICE
C Mn Cr Mo Ni

A312 GrTP304 0.04 2 18-20 - 8 - 11 Hydrocarbons, chemicals, etc.

A312 Welded & seamless austenitic stainless steel

Gr.TP316L 0.27 1.15 16-18 2-Mar 11 - 14 Corrosive process service
(1/2”-14”)
A403
Wrought austenitic stainless steel pipe fittings 0.08 2 18-20 - 8 - 11 Forged fittings
Gr.WP304
A351
0.08 1.5 18-21 - 8 - 11 Valve castings
Gr.CF8
A182 Castings
Gr.F304 0.08 2 18-20 - 8 - 11 Flanges
(2” & above)
NON-FERROUS MATERIALS
 COPPER AND ITS ALLOYS

• Used when heat and electric conductivity are important

• Theraml conductivity is high
• Alloys are brasses, Bronzes (Cu-Sn) and Cupronickels (Cu-Ni)
• Upto 20% Zn in Brass gives good corrosion resistance
• Bronzes display good strength with corrsion resistance
• Cupronickels have highest corrosion resistance among Cu alloys
• Cupronickels are used for heat exchanger tubing
 NICKEL AND ITS ALLOYS

• Easy machinability and weldability

• Chloromet and Hastelloy are widely used other than Monel 400
• Not resistant to oxidising environments
• Monel 400 is used to handle dilute sulphuric acid and
hydrochloric acid
• Alkalis and sea water do not affect Nickel
 ALUMINIUM AND ITS ALLOYS

• Good thermal conductivity

• Most workable metal
• Highly resistant to atmospheric conditions, industrial fumes,
fresh brackish or salt water
• Not resistant to corrosion
• Loses strength rapidly at 1750C.
 TITANIUM

• Strong and medium weight

• Titanium Oxide is formed which prevents corrosion
• Resistant to Nitric acid of all concentrations except fuming
nitric acid
• Welding requires inert atmosphere
• Loses strength above 4000C
• Provides good resistance to hydrochloric acid when alloyed
with 30% Molybdenum
• Not affected by impingement and crevice corrosion
COMMON NON-FERROUS PIPING MATERIALS (METALS)
ASTM Des. DESCRIPTION SERVICES

SB42 Seamless Cu pipes Heat exchanger services

SB43 Seamless red brass pipes Moderate corrosion resistance

SB75 Seamless Cu tubes Heat exchanger tubing

SB161 Ni seamless pipes & tubes Alkaline solution, sea water

SB165 Ni-Cu alloy, seamless pipes & tubes Dilute sulphuric acid

SB167 Ni-Cr-Fe alloy for seamless pipes & tubes Hydro fluoric acids

SB171 Ni-Cr-Fe alloy for condenser tube plates Condenser tubing

SB210 Al alloy drawn seamless tubes Cryogenic

SB241 Al alloy extruded tubes & seamless pipes Cryogenic and low temp

SB337 Seamless and welded Ti & Ti alloy pipes Nitric acid & sea water

SB444 Ni-Cr-Mo-Columbium alloy, seamless High concentration acid

pipes & tubes
SB564 Ni alloy forgings Forged pipe fittings

SB690 Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo alloys, seamless pipes & Wear resistant services

tubes
 NON-FERROUS MATERIALS COMPOSITION
ASTM Si Cu Al Ni Pb Fe Zn Mn Ti P C Cr Others
Des (Co)
SB43 - 84.6- - - 0.5 0.5 Rem. - - - - -
86 max max
SB75 - 99.9 - - - - - - - 0.015 - -
min -0.45
SB161 0.35 0.25 - 99 - 0.4 - 0.35 - - 0.15 -
max max min max max max
SB165 0.52 0.3- 0-2.4 45-72 - 6-25 - 0.5- 0.05- 0.02 0.05 14-
-3 0.5 1.5 0.1 max - 29
0.25
SB171 - 58-62 6-11 - 0.07- 0.06- 0.2-1 1-1.5 0.1- - - - Sn
0.25 0.4 0.2
SB241 0.2- 0.05- - - - 0.35- 0.05- 0.03- 0.05- - - 0.05-
0.6 0.4 0.7 0.25 1.5 0.2 0.25
SB444 0.5 - 0.4 58 - 5 max - 0.5 - 0.015 0.1 20- Cb, Ta,
max max max max max 23 Co, Mo
SB564 0.05 0.2- 0.1- 20-99 - 0.2-50 - 1-3 0.1-2 0.04 - 0.5- Mo
-1 40 0.5 max 35
SB690 1 0.75 - 23.5- - Rem. - 2 - 0.04 - 20- Mo, N
max max 25.5 max 22
NON-METALLIC PIPES
 COMMONLY USED NON-METALLIC PIPING
MATERIALS

• Plastics – Thermoplastics and Thermosetting plastics

• Concrete
• Ceramic
• Asbestos-Cement
• Glass
• Rubber
THERMOPLASTICS
 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)

• Tough and exceptionally resistant to chemical attack

• Rigid unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride is thermoplastic material
• Pipes are manufactured by extrusion
• Fittings, flanges and valves are manufactured by injection
moulding
 TYPES OF PVC

There are three types of PVC pipes,

Type-I, “normal-impact” grade
Type-II, “high-impact” grade
Type-IV, newer grade
 PVC MATERIAL PROPERTIES

PROPERTIES TYPE – I TYPE – II TYPE - IV

Hydrostatic design 2000 psi 1000 psi 1600 psi
pressure
Temperature 160 OF - -
Grades available PVC 1120, PVC PVC, 2110, PVC PVC 4116
1220 212, PVC 2116
 ADVANTAGES OF PVC PIPES

• No physical or little deterioration when exposed to direct

sunlight, unlike other plastics
• Does not support combustion
• No scales are formed over smooth inside surface
 APPLICATIONS OF PVC

• Extensively used in highly corrosive application involving

acids, alkalis, salt solution, alsohols and many chemical
• In oil fields as it can carry sour crude oil to which PVC is inert
and paraffin built-up is minimum
• Salt-water disposal in oil fields
• Gas transmission service
• Cold water line in Industry as it is non-toxic and doesn’t add
any odour or taste to water
• For vent piping for removal of acid fumes and corrosive gases
 TETRAFLUROETHYLENE (TEFLON)

• Unaffected by alkalis and acids except flourines and chlorines,

molten metals at elevated temperatures (260 0C max)
• TFE + Chlorine = CTFE, which is highly resistant to corrosion
by acids and alkalis up to 180 0C
• TFE components can be prepared only by powder metallurgy
 POLYETHYLENE (PE)

• Produced from hydrocarbons and ethylene under high

temperature and extremely high temperature pressure
• Types – Low, Medium and High Density
• HDPE is not very flexible as LDPE
• 2% Carbon black is added to increase weather resistance
 APPLICATIONS OF PE

• HDPE is used in jet wells and farm sprinklers

• Salt water disposal lines
• Chemical waste lines
• Gas gathering systems
• Conduit for power and telephone cables
 ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE (ABS)

• It produced by injection or compression moulding

• Exhibit good toughness and tensile strength
 APPLICATIONS OF PE

• Service of inorganic acids, bases and salts

• Sewage piping
• Crude oil and gas piping
THERMOSETTING PLASTICS

Generally produced by centrifugal casting,

hand lay-up moulding and filament winding. Major
resins are Epoxy and Polyester resins and generally
reinforced with glass or blue asbestos fibre.
 EPOXY

• Used in transportation of acids, neutral or basic salt solutions,

waste process water and sewage
• Used in paper industries for pulp stock wastes and dyes
• It resists fouling, salt atmosphere and marine organism
• Used in food and beverage industry
CONCRETE PIPES
 CONCRETE PIPING MATERIALS

• Types – reinforced and non-reinforced

• Some non-reinforced concrete pipe material specifications are
ASTM C14, AASHO M86, ASTM C412, etc.
• Non-reinforced pipe sizes vary from 12” to 24”
• Some reinforced concrete pipe material specifications are
ASTM C76, AASHO M170, SS-P-375, etc.
• Used for sewage and industrial waste, storm waste, culverts,
water supply
 ASBESTOS-CEMENT PIPES

• Not used very commonly

• Some standard material specification are ASTM C296, AWWA
C400, SS-P-331, etc.
• Used for drains and industrial waste
PIPE LININGS
 COMMONLY USED LINING MATERIALS

• Rubber
• Plastic
• Lead
• Glass
• Epoxy resin
• Synthetic resin
 RUBBER LINED PIPES

• Natural and Synthetic rubber linings are used to counteract

corrosion
• Generally used in the temperature range of –20 OC to 50 OC
• Commonly used natural rubbers are soft rubber, semi-hard and
hard rubbers
• Commonly used synthetic rubbers are Polychloroprene-
Neoprene, Butyl rubber, Nitrile rubber and Thiokol
• Cannot be used for strongly oxidising conditions or halogenated
carbon
 PLASTIC LINING

• PTFE and PVC are important lining materials

• Used for chemical resistance, corrosion protection, resist
abrasion, non-toxic and smooth bore reduces friction
• PTFE is chemically inert and used from –270 OC to 260 OC
• Polyvinyl flouride, fluoroethylene propylene and polypropylene
can be added to enhance the range of PTFE
• PVC provides tough and heavy-duty finish resistant to most acid
and marine growth
 LEAD LININGS

• Lead lining is useful for most corrosive fluids and sulphuric

acid below 80% concentration
• Should not be used for nitric acid, hydrochloric acids,
hydrofluoric acids, organic acids and alkalis
• Can be alloyed to improve mechanical properties
 GLASS LININGS

• Glass enamel (glass like) inorganic compositions are used as

linings
• Bonded to mild steel by fusion on metal surface above 750 OC
• Provide good resistance against acid attack and abrasion
• Cheap alternative in many situations
• Temperature range of –20 OC to 250 OC
 EPOXY RESIN LININGS

• Good resistance to alkalis and most acids except strongly

oxidising ones
• Good resistance to abrasion by suspended particles due to
glossy nature of lining
• Used mostly in natural gas pipe lines
 SYNTHETIC RESIN LININGS

• Sprayed phenol formaldehyde can be used when expected

corrosion is less
• Cannot be used above 80 OC
• Because of sterile and non-tainting properties it is used in food
processing industries
• Mostly used to line welded steel vessels
LINED PIPES SAMPLES
PIPING MATERIAL
SPECIFICATION
 What is a Material Specification?

A Piping Material Specification is an

engineering specification that contains requirements
for the selection of materials to be used in the
construction and fabrication for all process and utility
piping.
 FEATURES OF A MATERIAL SPECIFICATION
• Material of construction, end construction, end connections and
wall thicknesses for various ranges
• Individual line class of the piping materials
• Codes and standards relevant to the pipes and fittings of the
specified material class
• Line class coding system
• Pressure-Temperature ratings for various fittings and limiting
sizes of fittings
• Other general notes and design criteria as applicable to the
material class
 CLASS SERVICE INDEX – IDEA STANDARDS
SI NO CLASS MATERIAL MAX P T RANGE SERVICE
(kg/cm2) (OC)
1 A1A CS 20 -29 to 300 Fuel oil, nitrogen liquid, fuel gas,
NaOH, brine, steam tracing
2 A1AR CS 20 -29 to 300 Steam condensate, BFW
3 A1B CS 20 -45 to 400 Hydrocarbons, catalyst solutions,
lube oil, flare, flue gas, caustic, hot
nitrogen
4 A21A 304 SS 19.33 -29 to 300 Pure water(pump seal cooling) WPF,
additive solutions, seal oil, antifoam,
carbonate, brine II
5 A21B SS 19.33 -29 to 150 Demin. Water, other process
6 A37A Aluminium 1.4 100 Pneumatic conveying
7 B1C CS - - Chlorine vapour, chlorine liquid
8 B1EH CS 52 -29 to 260 Hydrocarbons for HDPE only
(Dupont B1E)
9 D21A 304 SS 101.25 -200 Liquid ethylene (Cryogenic)
10 S5A CS 10.55 -29 to 80 Chemical sewer, regeneration wastes
polypropylene (H2SO4 and NaOH)
lined
SOME MATERIAL
COMPARISONS
 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

• Seamless pipes are mostly preferred in power piping, butt welded

may also be used
• API 5L pipes are not permitted by IBR for design pr.>20 kgcm2
and temp>260 OC
• Most projects require multinational specification
• Economy precedes the choice of code for material specification,
after design requirements
 THANK YOU

FOR YOUR PATIENCE