MTE 3151

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

• Addition of Signals
• Multiplication of Signals
• Elementary Signals
• Operations using Elementary Signals
Addition of Signals

▪Point-by-point addition of multiple signals

▪y(t) = x1 (t) + x2 (t)
▪Graphical solution
–Plot each individual portion of the signal (break into parts)
–Add the signals point by point

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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Addition of DT Signals

▪ a[n]={0,2,2-1} and b[n] ={0,-1,1,2}

Try it
1. x1[n] ={1,-1,0.5,1,2,1.5} and x2[n] ={-1,1,2,1,-1,2}

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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Multiplication of Signals
▪Point-by-point multiplication of the values of each signal
▪y(t) = x1(t) . x2(t)
▪Graphical solution
–Plot each individual portion of the signal (break into parts)
–Multiply the signals point by point.

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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Multiplication of DT Signals

▪ a[n]={0,2,2-1} and b[n] ={0,-1,1,2}

Try it
1. x1[n] ={1,-1,0.5,1,2,1.5} and x2[n] ={-1,1,1.5,1,-1,0.5}

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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Elementary Signals

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Elementary Signals

▪ Impulse
▪ Step
▪ Ramp
▪ Sinusoidal
▪ Exponential

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1. Unit Impulse Signal
1
▪ Continuous Time Impulse (dirac delta function)
A unit impulse δ (t) is defined as a function which is zero for all t ≠ 0, and yet its integral
is nonzero. In particular δ (t) is such that:

▪ Discrete Time Impulse

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2. Unit Step Sequence (Heaviside step Signal)

Unit step Signal (Continuous)

Mathematical representation?

Discontinuity at t=0!
Gibbs Phenomenon: At the point of discontinuity, the signal value is given by the
average of signal value just before and after the value of discontinuity

Expressed in terms of δ (t)

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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Unit Step Sequence (Discrete)

Unit step in terms of δ (n) :

∞

𝑢 𝑛 = ෍ δ(𝑛 − 𝑘)
𝑘=0
Now, define δ (n) in terms of 𝑢 𝑛 :
δ (n) = 𝑢 𝑛 − 𝑢 𝑛 − 1

▪ In fact any signal can be represented in terms of δ (n) and 𝑢 𝑛 .

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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3. Unit ramp signal:
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑡 < 0,
𝑟 𝑡 =ቊ
𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑡 > 0
This is not a discontinuous signal.

Draw the ramp signal, and define in terms of 𝑢(𝑡).

𝑡
𝑟 𝑡 = න 𝑢 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
−∞
0 𝑡
𝑟 𝑡 = න 0 𝑑𝜏 + න 1 𝑑𝜏
−∞ 0

𝒓 𝒕 = 𝒕 𝒖(𝒕)

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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Unit Ramp Sequence (Discrete)
𝑛 ;𝑛 ≥ 0
𝑟 𝑛 =ቊ
0 ;𝑛 < 0

r[n]=n u[n]

Example: Express the given signal in the form of δ (n) and 𝑢 𝑛 .

0 1 2 3 n

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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4. Sinusoidal signal:

CT:
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos(𝑤𝑡 + ∅)
A→ amplitude
W→ frequency in rad/sec
∅ →phase angle in radians

DT:
𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (Ω𝑛 + ∅)

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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5. Exponential Signal
A continuous time exponential signal is defined as: 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐶 𝑒 𝑎𝑡

𝑥 𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 ??

Exponential Sequence |r|<1 – decaying exponent

It can be defined as: |r|>1 – growing exponent
r=1 – x[n] is constant
x[n]= 𝐴𝑟 𝑛 r>1 – sign of x[n] is positive
r<1 – sign of x[n] alternates
r= -1 -- x[n] alternates between +A and -A

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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▪Exponentially Damped sinusoidal signal:
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡 sin 𝑤𝑡 + ∅ , 𝛼 > 0

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Basic operations on signals
▪ Operations on independent variables:
–Time shifting
–Time scaling
–Time Reversal

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Time shifting:
▪ The time shifted version of x(t) is 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑡0

DT: y[n] = x [n-m]

where 𝑡0 is the time shift

Delay → if 𝑡0 >0 : Right shift
Advanced → if 𝑡0 < 0: Left shift

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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Shifted unit Signal

▪𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑎): unit step signal will shift to right side by a

▪𝑢(𝑡 + 𝑎): unit step signal will shift to left side by a

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Discrete Time

▪ x[n] ={ 2,3,2,1,3}. Find x[n-1] and x[n+1]

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Amplitude Shifting

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Time scaling:
CT: y(t) = x(at)

If |a|>1 → y(t) is compressed version of x(t)

If |a|<1 →y(t) is Expanded version of x(t)

DT: y[n] = x[an],

If |a|>1 → y[n] is compressed version of x[n]
If |a|<1 →y[n] is Expanded version of x[n]

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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Examples

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Discrete Time

▪ x[n] ={ 5,3,7,8,-2,4,9}. Find x[2n], x[3n] and x[n/2]

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Amplitude Scaling

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Reflection/Reversal
Time Reversal /reflection
CT: y(t) =x(-t)
DT: y[n] =x[-n]

Amplitude Reversal/reflection
CT: y(t) =-x(t)
DT: y[n] =-x[n]

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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▪ 𝑢(− 𝑡): replace 𝑡 by – 𝑡 in the mathematical expression

▪ 𝑢(−𝑡 + 2): replace 𝑡 by – 𝑡 + 2 in the mathematical expression

▪ Try 𝑢(−𝑡 − 3) without solving it!

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▪Sketch y(t) = u(t) – u(t – 2)

▪x(n) = u(n) - 2 u(n - 4) + u(n - 8)

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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Multiple operations on a signal

X[n]= {2,4,6,8,10} find

1. Y1[n]= x[2n/3]

Solutions
1. Y1[n]={2,0,0,6,0,0,10}

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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Multiple operations on a signal
Precedence Rule
1. X[n]={7,1,2,6,3}, Find Y[n]=x[-n-1] 1. Time Shifting
2. Time scaling
3. Time reversal

Solutions
1. Y[n]={3,6,2,1,7}

Try it!!
1. X[n]={1,2,3,4,5}, Find Y[n]=x[2n-1]

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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Differentiation of Signals
CT:
𝑑
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
DT:
𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥[𝑛 − 1]

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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Integration of Signals

CT:
𝑡

𝑦 𝑡 = න 𝑥 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
−∞
DT:
∞

𝑦 𝑛 = ෍ 𝑥[𝑘]
𝑘=−∞

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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