Energy and Power of Continues Time Signal

▪𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑖 𝑡 . 𝑅
𝑣 2 (𝑡)
▪ Instantaneous power 𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑖2 𝑡 . 𝑅, or 𝑝 𝑡 =
𝑅
▪ Let 𝑅 = 1, 𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 2 (𝑡)
∞ ∞
▪ 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑝 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑣 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

∞ 𝑇
▪ In general, 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = ‫׬‬−∞ |𝑥 𝑡 |2 𝑑𝑡 or 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = lim ‫׬‬−𝑇 |𝑥 𝑡 |2 𝑑𝑡
𝑇→∞

▪ The average of the signal energy over time is the signal power

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Energy and Power of Discrete Signals
▪ The signal energy in the discrete-time signal x(n) is:

▪ The signal power in the signal x(n) is:

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In short:

if energy is finite, Power of signal would be zero.

For a power signal, energy would be infinite.

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Examples:
Compute the signal energy and signal power for the discrete-time signal
1. 𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑟 [𝑛]
2. 𝑦[𝑛] = 𝐴
1 𝑛
3. 𝑥[𝑛] = 4
𝑢[𝑛]
𝜋 𝜋
𝑗 3 𝑛+ 2
4. 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑒
𝜋
5. 𝑥[𝑛] = sin( 𝑛)
3
6. 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑢 𝑛 − 𝑢[𝑛 − 6]
7. 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑛𝑢 𝑛
8. 𝑥[𝑛] = r 𝑛 − 𝑟[𝑛 − 4]
1 𝑛
9. 𝑥[𝑛] = 2
𝑢[𝑛]

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Identify: Energy or Power Signal ?
A0
x(t) A0 x(t) x(t)
A0
Conclusions:
- A0
-2 t Energy Signal: Finite Duration,
may extends to infinite but only
x(t) with decreasing amplitude.

Neither Energy Nor Power:

extends to infinite with
0 t increasing amplitude

Power Signal: infinite duration

with const. Magnitude

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Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India
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Causal, Anti Causal and non-causal signals

▪ A continuous time signal 𝑥(𝑡) is called causal signal if the signal 𝑥(𝑡) = 0
for 𝑡 < 0.
▪ Therefore, a causal signal does not exist for negative time.
▪ The unit step signal u(t) is an example of causal signal
▪ Similarly, a discrete time sequence x(n) is called the causal sequence if the
sequence x(n) = 0 for n < 0.

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Anti Causal

▪ A continuous-time signal x(t) is called the anti-causal signal if x(t) = 0 for t > 0.
▪ Hence, an anti-causal signal does not exist for positive time.
▪ The time reversed unit step signal u(-t) is an example of anti-causal signal
▪ Similarly, a discrete time sequence x(n) is said to be anti-causal sequence if the sequence
x(n) = 0 for 𝑡 > 0

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Non-causal

▪ A signal which is not causal is called the non-causal signal.

▪ Hence, by the definition, a signal that exists for positive as well as negative time is neither causal
nor anti-causal, it is non-causal signal.
▪ The sine and cosine signals are examples of non-causal signal x

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Numerical Example

▪ Find which of the following signals are causal or anti-causal or non-causal

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Deterministic and Non-deterministic signals /Random Signals

▪ A signal is said to be deterministic if there is no uncertainty with respect to its value at any instant
of time.
▪ Signals which can be defined exactly by a mathematical formula are known as deterministic signals.
▪ A signal is said to be non-deterministic if there is uncertainty with respect to its value at some
instant of time.
▪ Non-deterministic signals are random in nature hence they are called random signals.
▪ Random signals cannot be described by a mathematical equation.
▪ They are modelled in probabilistic terms.

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