Effect of time shifting, time scaling and time reversal:

1. 𝑥 𝑡 = sin 2π𝑡, calculate Fundamental Time Period for 𝑥 𝑡 + 2 ,

𝑥 2𝑡 , 𝑥 −𝑡 , 1 + 𝑥 𝑡 , 2𝑥 𝑡 , −𝑥 𝑡

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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▪ A signal 𝑥 𝑡 is given with fundamental time period T0 = 8 sec. Find the FTP of
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(−4𝑡 + 6)

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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Discrete Time For Periodicity

𝟐𝝅
= 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓
𝝎𝟎
▪ 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑒 𝑗2𝑛
3𝜋
▪ 𝑥 𝑛 = cos 4
𝑛
3𝜋 5𝜋
▪ 𝑥 𝑛 = sin 4
𝑛 +cos
4
𝑛

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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▪ A discrete time signal 𝑥 𝑛 = 2sin 𝜋 2 𝑛 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 being an integer is
–(a) periodic with period 𝜋 2
–(b) periodic with period 𝜋
𝜋
–(c) periodic with period 2
–(d) Not periodic

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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 Even and Odd Symmetry
▪ Even signals remain identical under folding operations
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑥(−𝑡)
▪ Odd signals does not remain identical under folding operations
𝑥(𝑡) = −𝑥(−𝑡) Same is valid
for discrete
signal, only
variable will
change

▪ Now, we can say, any signal can be divided in the even and odd signals.
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑥𝑜 𝑡
𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑡
𝑥 −𝑡 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑥𝑜 (𝑡)

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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From last equation three equations:

→Same type of decomposition applies for discrete-time signals.

𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥[−𝑛]
𝑥𝑒 [𝑛] =
2
𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥[−𝑛]
𝑥𝑜 [𝑛] =
2

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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Complex Signals

Even: 𝑥 ∗ (−𝑛) = 𝑥(𝑛)

Odd: 𝑥 ∗ −𝑛 = −𝑥(𝑛)

𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥 ∗ [−𝑛]
𝑥𝑒 [𝑛] =
2
𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥 ∗ [−𝑛]
𝑥𝑜 [𝑛] =
2

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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 Identify: even or odd?
1. 𝑥(𝑡) = 10
2. 𝑥 𝑡 = 10 + 𝑡 2
3. 𝑥 𝑡 = 10 + 𝑡 3
4. 𝑥 𝑡 = cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡
5. Draw: Even and odd parts of 𝑥 𝑡 = sin 𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)

Note: Even + Even = Even, Even*Even = Even, Odd *Even = Odd.

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India
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6. Consider finite length seq of length 7 defined for −3 ≤ 𝑛 ≤ 3. Find the even and odd
parts of this signal
g[n] ={0, 1+4j, -2+3j, 4-2j, -5-6j, -2j, 3}

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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7. Draw the even and odd parts of the following signal.

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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Properties
▪ DC : EVEN
▪ DC + EVEN = EVEN
▪ DC + ODD = NEITHER E OR O
▪E X E = E
▪O X E = O
▪O X O = E
▪ 1/E = E
▪ 1/O =O
𝑑
▪ 𝑑𝑡 𝐷𝐶 = 0
𝑑
▪ 𝑑𝑡 𝑂 = 𝐸𝑉𝐸𝑁
𝑑
▪ 𝑑𝑡 𝐸 = 𝑂𝐷𝐷

Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal, India

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