Differentiate between Sludge & Scale
Sludge
1 Due to heating, the salt containing water will get
concentrated and changes into loose and slimy
precipitates called sludge.
2 Sludge is not harmful for boiler.
3 Sludge can be removed from the bottom of the
boiler time to time.
4 Sludge doesn’t cause clogging and corrosion.
5 Sludge increases the discarding cost of waste.
Differentiate between Priming & Foaming
Priming
1 When boiler is producing steam very rapidly some
particles of the water carried along with the steam.
This process of “Wet Steam” formation is called
priming.
2 Priming is caused by dissolved salts, high steam
velocity, sudden heating, improper design etc.
3 Priming can be prevented by improving the boiler
design, adding mechanical purifier, maintaining
low water level and decreasing the salt
concentration.
4 Priming reduces the boiler efficiency, life of
machinery parts.
5 Due to priming one can’t judge the water level
properly.
Scale
1 When these precipitates becomes hard and
adherent called scales.
2 Scales is harmful for boiler.
3 Scale can be removed by either external or internal
treatment or hammering.
4 Scale causes clogging and corrosion.
5 Scale increases the maintenance and operation
cost.
Foaming
1 Foaming is the persistent formation of bubbles or
foam in the boiler.
2 Foaming is caused by the presence of oily
substances in water.
3 Foaming can be prevented by addition of anti-
foaming agents such as castor oil, Gallic acid,
Tannic acid, sodium aluminate etc.
4 Foaming reduces the boiler efficiency and
damages machinery parts.
5 Due to foaming boiler pressure can’t be
maintained and water level also can’t be judged.
Differentiate between Proximate analysis & Ultimate analysis
Proximate analysis
1 Proximate analysis is an empirical analysis.
2 In Proximate analysis, the values are not accurate
but approximate as the data varies with the
procedure adopted.
3 The analysis performed are: Moisture content,
Volatile matter content, Ash content and Fixed
carbon content.
4 Proximate analysis is more physical analysis.
5 Proximate analysis is bulk analysis.
6 Sequence of analysis must be maintained.
Differentiate between Aniline point & Steam emulsion number (SEN)
Aniline point
1 The minimum equilibrium solution temperature
for equal volumes of aniline and oil sample is
called aniline point.
2 Aniline point gives an idea about the quality of
lubricating oil.
3 Aniline point should be high for a good quality of
lubricating oil.
4 The unit of Aniline point is degree Celsius (°C)
5 Higher Aniline point indicates the lower
percentage of aromatic hydrocarbons in
lubricating oil.
Ultimate analysis
1 Ultimate analysis is an absolute analysis.
2 In Ultimate analysis, the values are accurate.
3 The analysis performed are: Percentage of C, H,
N, S, O elements.
4 Ultimate analysis is more chemical analysis.
5 Ultimate analysis is an elemental analysis.
6 No need to maintain the sequence of analysis.
Steam emulsion number (SEN)
1 The number of seconds required for oil to separate
when it is emulsified and separated under
specified conditions is called Steam emulsion
number (SEN).
2 SEN gives an idea of stability of emulsion.
3 SEN should be low for a good quality of
lubricating oil.
4 The unit of SEN is time (sec).
5 Higher SEN indicates the high stability of
emulsion.
Differentiate between Viscosity & Viscosity index
Viscosity
1 The property of a liquid by virtue of which it
opposes relative motion between its difference
layers is known as viscosity or internal friction of
liquid.
2 Viscosity is the property of liquid.
3 The unit of viscosity is centipoise or centistokes.
4 Viscosity should be moderate (neither too high nor
too low) for a good quality of lubricating oil.
5 Viscosity can be measured by Redwood, Engler or
Saybolt viscometers.
Differentiate between LDP & HDP
LDP
1 Full form: Low density polythene
2 Temperature require for the synthesis is about
350-570 K.
3 Pressure require for the synthesis is about 1000-
2000 atm.
4 Chain initiator required for the synthesis is traces
of Oxygen or a Peroxide which initiate the
polymerization.
5 LDPs are branched polymers.
6 LDP is chemically inert tough but flexible and
poor conductor of electricity.
7 LDP is used in manufacturing of squeeze bottles,
toys, flexible pipes etc.
Viscosity index (VI)
1 Viscosity index is an empirical number indicating
the effect of change of temperature on viscosity of
oil.
2 Viscosity index is the property of lubricants.
3 Viscosity index is unit less property.
4 Viscosity index should be higher for a good
quality of lubricating oil.
5 Viscosity index can be determined graphically.
HDP
1 Full form: High density polythene
2 Temperature require for the synthesis is about
330-350 K.
3 Pressure require for the synthesis is about 1 atm.
4 Catalyst required for the synthesis is Zeigler-Natta
catalyst (ZNC).
5 HDPs are linear polymers.
6 HDP is chemically inert but relatively tough and
hard with high tensile strength.
7 HDP is used in manufacturing of containers,
drums, durable pipes, water tanks, bottles etc.
Differentiate between Starch & Cellulose
Starch
1 Molecular formula: (C6H10O5)n
2 Source: Wheat, Corn, Rice, Potatoes etc.
3 Starch is a condensation polymer.
4 Monomer: -D (+) Glucose
5 Starch contains 20% Amylose (water soluble) and
80% Amylopectin (water insoluble)
6 Starch is a mixture of linear (Amylose) and
branched-helix (Amylopectin) polymers.
7 In Amylose C1-C4 and in Amylopectin C1-C4 as
well as C1-C6 glycosidic linkages present.
8 The shape of glycosidic linkage is “U” shape in
Amylose and “Zigzag” shape in Amylopectin.
Differentiate between Graphite & Molybdenum disulphide
Graphite
1 Graphite is a planner structure.
2 It is a network structure.
3 The distance between two layers is 3.4 °A.
4 C-C bond length is 1.42 °A. (SP2 hybridization)
5 In air, it can be used up to 375 °C.
6 Graphite is being used as solid as well as Oil dag
and Aqua dag (mixture with oil and water as semi
solid lubricant).
7 Application: Railway tracks joints, Printer roller,
Internal combustion engines, Cast iron bearings,
Heavy chains, Air compressors etc.
Cellulose
1 Molecular formula: (C6H10O5)n
2 Source: Wood, Plant fibers, Cotton etc.
3 Cellulose is condensation polymer.
4 Monomer: -D (+) Glucose
5 There is a single component only as cellulose
(water insoluble).
6 Cellulose is a linear polymer.
7 C1-C4 glycosidic linkage present.
8 The shape of glycosidic linkage is “Z” shape.
Molybdenum dishulphide (MoS2)
1 MoS2 is a sandwich structure.
2 It is a network structure.
3 The distance between two layers of Mo is 6.26 °A.
4 Mo-Mo bond length is 3.08 °A and S-S bond
length is 3.15 °A.
5 In air, it can be used up to 400 °C.
MoS2 is being used as a mixture of 70% MoS2, 7%
Graphite and 23% Silicates.
7 Applications: Nuclear reactors, Low pressure and
extreme temperature applications, Space vehicles
etc.