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اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﻫﻮ ﻋﻀﻮ إﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ رأﺳﻲ ﯾﺤﻤﻞ ﺣﻤﻼً اﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﯿﺎ ﻣﺤﻮرﯾﺎً أو ﺣﻤﻼً اﻧﻀﻐﺎﻃﯿﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺰم .
) (1-3ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻒ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة -:
ﺗﺼﻨﻒ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة إﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻧﻮاع -:
1-Short compression block or pedestals: -
وﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻋﻀﻮ إﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﯾﻘﻞ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﺮﺿﻪ و ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﺎدة ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺣﻤﻞ
اﻟﻌﻤﻮد إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﺎس وﻗﺪ ﻧﺺ A C I .C o d e .0 2 ( sec .2 .1 ) ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ
أن ﯾﺼﻤﻢ ﺑﺪون اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺪﯾﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﯿﺢ ) (Plain Concreteﻟﻐﺎﯾﺔ وﺻﻮل إﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ
إﻟﻰ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺔ )' (φ 0.85fcﺣﯿﺚ )(φ = 0.65
وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻌﺮض اﻟﻌﻀﻮ اﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ إﻟﻰ إﺟﻬﺎد أﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﯾﺠﺐ إن ﯾﺼﻤﻢ ﻛﻌﻤﻮد ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻲ
ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﯾﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﯿﺢ )(Reinforced Concrete Column
2- Short reinforced concrete column: -
وﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﻀﻮ اﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺮأﺳﻲ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺪث ﻟﻪ اﻧﻬﯿﺎر ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺼﻞ إﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ واﺟﻬﺎد
ﺣﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﺢ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﻀﻮع أي أن ﺣﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﯾﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎد اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ وﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد
اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ .
3- Long or slender reinforced concrete: -
وﻫﻲ أﻋﻤﺪة ﯾﻜﻮن ﻃﻮل اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﻛﺒﯿﺮاً ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﻪ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻪ وﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ
اﻷﻋﻤﺪة ﻋﺰوم إﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ زﯾﺎدة ﻃﻮﻟﻬﺎ وﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﺸﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة ﺑﺴﺒﺐ
اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎج )(Buckling
77
(Spiral Columns) اﻷﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﻮﻟﺒﯿﺎ-2
ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻪ ﻋﺎدة داﺋﺮﯾﺎ وﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﻜﻮن ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎ أو أي ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﺎري آﺧﺮ وﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﻀﺒﺎن اﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﺢ
( ﻣﺘﻘﺎربHelical Spiral)اﻟﻄﻮﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻮزﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ داﺋﺮة وﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﻠﻮﻟﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ
. اﻷﺑﻌﺎد
(5-3) ﺷﻜﻞ
78
5. Minimum clear cover (40mm)… sec (7.7.1c)
6. Use ties (No.10) for longitudinal bars (No.32) or smaller and use
ties (No.12) for longitudinal bars larger than (No.32)…
Sec (7.10.5.1)
7. Spacing of ties shall not exceed the smallest of: - …. Sec (7.10.5.2)
- 48 tie diameter.
- 16 longitudinal bar diameter.
- Least dimension of the column.
79
2. The minimum diameter of longitudinal bar is (16mm) and the
minimum diameter of spirals is (10mm)…. Sec (R7.10.4)
3. Spacing between spiral’s … sec (7.10.4.3)
25mm ≤ S ≤ 75mm
4. Splices may be provided by welding or lapping the spiral bar’s by
(48dbar) but not less than (30mm) ……. Sec (7.10.4.5)
5. Creak for shear where:
Nu fc '
Vc = 1+ 6 bw.d.....( ACI.eq.11.4 )
14Ag
-:( ﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﻘﺼﯿﺮةACI.Cod.02) ( ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﻮد اﻷﻣﺮﯾﻜﻲ5-3)
1. Axial load capacity of column’s (sec.10.3.6)
- For spiral column’s:
φ Pn = 0.85φ (0.85fc'(Ag - As) +fy.As)
Where: φ = 0.70 → sec (9.3.2.2a)
- For tied column’s:
φ Pn = 0.80φ (0.85fc'(Ag - As) +fy.As)
Where: φ = 0.65 → sec (9.3.2.2b)
e
IF : ≤ 0.1 → for tied column.... sec(R10.3.6)
2. h
e
≤ 0.05 → for spiral column....sec(R10.3.6)
h
Short column’s can be completely designed by equations in section
(10.3.6)
80
3. For section’s subjected to axial load with flexure …. Sec (9.3.2.2)
a) Classical analysis method: -
- When: Pu = φ Pn ≥ 0.1fc' Ag
φ = 0.65 for tied column
Than
φ = 0.70 for spiral column
- When: 0.1fc ' Ag > Pu = φ Pn ≥ 0
2.Pu
φ = 0.9 - ≥ 0.65 for tied column
fc'Ag
1.5Pu
φ = 0.9 - ≥ 0.70 for spiral column
fc'Ag
fy ≤ 420MPa
Where:
γ (g) ≥ 0.70
- When: Pu = φ pn = o
Then: φ = 0.9
- Compute: g = γ =
h-2d'
h
- Use interaction diagram to determine ( ρ t )
- Cheak: Pu ≤ φ Pn
81
) (6-3اﻷﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﻄﻮﯾﻠﺔ Long(slender) Columns
ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻌﺮض اﻟﻌﻤﻮد إﻟﻰ ﻗﻮة ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺤﻮرﯾﺔ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻟﻪ إزاﺣﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﯿﺔ ﻣﻘﺪارﻫﺎ ) ∆ ( ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ
اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎج ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺴﺒﺐ زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺰوم ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ) ∆ (P.وﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻫﺬه اﻷﻋﻤﺪة وﺑﺤﺴﺐ
ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ) ACI.Code (10.10.1ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪة ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ]ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻷﺣﻤﺎل واﻟﻌﺰوم اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻤﯿﺔ ،ﻓﺘﺮة
اﻟﺘﺤﻤﯿﻞ ،اﻹزاﺣﺎت اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﯿﺔ ،واﻟﺘﻤﺪد واﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش ،ﺷﻜﻞ اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء – ﻧﻮع اﻟﺘﺜﺒﯿﺖ ،وﺟﺴﺎءه اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ[
* ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ -:
اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺮي اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻖ
اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﯾﺒﻲ
* اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﯾﺒﻲ -:
ﯾﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ) (δﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻜﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﺧﺎﺻﺔ وﺑﻀﺮب اﻟﻌﺰم اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻲ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ
ﺑﻬﺬه اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺰوم اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ .
* Non-sway and sway frames
ﯾﺘﻮﺟﺐ اﻟﺘﻔﺮﯾﻖ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻹﻃﺎرات ذات اﻹزاﺣﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﯿﺔ )ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ( وﻋﺪﯾﻤﺔ اﻹزاﺣﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﯿﺔ
)اﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ( ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ واﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ .
)* Effective length of columns (Le
Le = K .Lu
Lu = unsupported length
ﺷﻜﻞ )(7-3
82
* Non-sway frames columns
1. Effective length factor (k) ≤ 1 ACI-Code (10.12)
pu .∆o
2. Q =∑ ≤ 0.05 ACI-Code (10.11.4.2)
Vu .Lc
(8-3) ﺷﻜﻞ
(9-3) ﺷﻜﻞ
83
∑ pu = Total factored vertically load for all of the columns on the story.
∆O = The elastically determined first-order lateral deflection due to Vu
at the top of the story.
Vu = the total factored horizontal shear for the story.
Lc = the height of columns c/c
Q = stability index
84
From chart [ACI.Code (Fig.R10.12.1)] ⇒ [k= f (ψ A, ψ B)]
ψ A = at the top of column
ψ B = at the bottom of column
II) Determining K factors with equations:-
1. For braced frames [ACI.Code (10.12.1)]
K = 0.7 + 0.05 (ψ A +ψ B) ≤ 1
Or k = 0.85 + 0.05 ψ min ≤1
Where: ψ min = ψ A ≤ψ B
K=
20 −ψ m 1+ψ m
20
b) If ψ m ≥ 2
K = 0.9 1 +ψ m
3. For unbraced member that are hinged at one end
K = 2+0.3ψ
ψ = At the restrained end
∆ V = Pcr. ∆L → (2)
Pcr = π . E.I
2
2
→ (1)
Le
Pcr π 2 .EI2 π 2 .E.r 2 π 2 .E π 2 .E
σ cr = = = = =
A Le 2 .A Le2
Le
2
k.lu
2
r r
∴σ cr = π 2E
2
Klu
r
Where:
I = Igmin
I
r = = The radius of gyration
A
KLu
= the effective slenderness ratio
r
86
Where:
- The term (34-12M1/M2) ≤ 40
- The term (M1/M2) is positive if the member is bent in single
curvature, and negative if the member is bent in double
curvature.
- M2 > M1
- If k u / r > 100 a theoretical second-order analysis must be made
[ACI-Code (10.11.5)]
Where:
δ ns = Cm ≥ 1
1- P u
0.75 Pc
Pc = π 2
.EI
( k .Lu )2
EI = 0.4 .Ec Ig
1+ βd
Ø M 2 ≥ M2 min = Pu (15+0.03h)....... ACI-Code (10.12.3.2)
87
M1
Ø Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 ≥ 0.4 ACI-Code (10.12.3.1)
M2
Ø For members with transverse loads between supports Cm =1
Ø M2 = Larger factored moment
Ø When M 2 < M 2 min ⇒ Cm = 1
M2 = M2ns + δ s.M2s
Where:
M1ns, M2ns = the end moments, which do not cause appreciable side sway.
M1s, M2s = the factored end moments that cause side sway.
δ s =
1
≥1 A C I (1 0 .1 3 .4 .3 )
1−
∑ pu
0 .7 5 ∑ p c
88
The maximum moment will occur at a point between the member ends
and will exceed the maximums end moment by more than (5%)
For this case the design moment is to be determined by the following
expression.
Mc = δ ns(M2ns + δ s.M2s)
89