C. Henry Edwards, David E. Penney - Elementary Differential Equations (6th Edition) (2008, Pearson Education) (Elsolucionario - Org) (601-645)

588 Answers to Selected Problems
Section 3.2
1. Cn+ 2 = C,". y(X) = Co �

Co + C l X
� X 2n+ l = ---
� X 2n + CI � ;p =
15. C2
(
C3 = 0; ( n + 3)(n + 4)Cn+4 = -Cn ;
y(x) = Co I + L n . .
=
00
( _ I ) n x4n
n= 1 4 n ! 3 · 7 · . . (4n - I )
) +
1 - x2
n= O n=O 00
(_ I ) n X 4n+ 1
CI L ---'------
n
n=O 4 . n ! 5 . 9 · . . (4n + I )
.
16. y(x) = x
17. y (x) I + x 2
=
18. y(x) = 2 L ; converges for all x

3. (n + 2)Cn +2 = -Cn ;
8 8
(_ I ) n x 2n
00 00
( _ I ) n x 2n+ 1 (- I ) n (x _ 1 ) 2n
00
y(x) = Co + CI ; p = + 00 n ! 2n
n !2n (2n + I ) ! ! n=O
� L (2n + 3)(x - 1 ) 2n+ l ; converges if 0 < x

00
4. (n + 2)Cn+ 2 = - e n + 4)cn ; p = I ; < 2
y(x) = Co (- I ) n (n + l )x 2n + � CI L (- I )" (2n + 3)X 2n+ 1

00
19. y(x) =
L
00
n =O
11=0 n=O 20. y(x) = 2 - 6(x - 3? ; converges for all x
5. 3(n + 2)Cn+2 = ncn ; p = vS"; y (x) Co + C I L

x 2n+ l 00
21. y (x) = 1 + 4(x + 2) 2 ; converges for all x
=
n =O (2n + 1)3 n
---
23. 2C2 + Co = 0; (n + I ) (n + 2)Cn+ 2 + Cn + Cn - I 0 for n � I ;

22. y (x) = 2x + 6
6. (n + I ) (n + 2)Cn + 2 = (n - 3)(n - 4)cn ; p = 00 ;
YI (x) = 1 - 2 - 6 + " ' ; Y2 (X) = x - 6 - 12 + . . .
y (x) = co ( l + 6x 2 + x 4 ) + CI (x + x 3 )
=
x2 x3 x 3 X4
( �)
7. 3(n + I ) (n + 2)Cn+ 2 = - e n - 4) 2 Cn ;
24. YI (X) = 1 + 3" + 5" +
;
( )
8 2 4 x 3 XS x6
y(x) = Co I _ + + + ..;
45 .
CI x - 2 +
(- I ) n (2n - 5) ! !X 2n + l Y2 (X) = x + 3" + 6 + 5" +
X3 x5 00 x 3 X4 XS . . .
1 20
+9
� (2n + 1 ) !3 n
( )
25. C2 = C3 0, (n + 3)(n + 4)cn+4 + (n + I )Cn+ 1 + Cn = 0 for
=
8. 2(n + I ) (n + 2)Cn+2 = (n - 4) (n + 4)cn ; y(x) = co( l - 4x 2 + X4 x7

2x 4 ) + CI X - 4 + 32 + � �
n �- O ,· YI (x) = I - - + - + . . . .
Y2 (X) x - 12 -
5x 3 7xs (2n - 5) ! !(2n + 3) ! !X 2n+ l 1 2 1 26 '
(2n + 1 ) !2n X4 XS .
+ ..
( ;� + ;� + . . . ) + CI (x - :� + �� + . . . )
=
20
9. (n + I ) (n + 2)Cn +2 = (n + 3)(n + 4)cn ; P = I ;
iL
00
L
00
C 26. y(x) = Co I -
y(x) = Co (n + 1 ) (2n + I )x 2n + (n + 1 ) (2n + 3)X 2n + 1
n� _0
( ; �� )
10. 3 (n + I ) (n + 2)Cn+ 2 = - en - 4)cn ;
( )
2 2
( �2 + x; + " ) ( : + �; + . . . )
y(x) = Co I + + +
CI x + 6 +
X3 XS (- I ) n (2n - S ) ! !x 2n+ I
00
28. Y(X) = CO I _ ' + CI X -
360
+3
� (2n + 1 ) !3 n
I I
29. YI (x) = I - 2: x 2 + x +...;
no 6
( )
11. 5(n + I ) (n + 2)Cn+2 = 2(n - 5)cn ;
( )
Y2 (X) = x - 6 x - x 5' + . . .
4x 3 4X S I 3 I
y(x) = CI x _ + +
: ) ( ; �; + . . . )
15 375 60
x4
10 750
X6
-S (2n) !5n
Co I - x 2 + - + - + 1 5 '" ---'---
(2n _ 7) ! ! 2n X 2n
00
( 2
�
30. Y (X) = co I _ + + " ' + CI X _ +
X
( )
12. C2 = 0; (n + 2)Cn + 3 = Cn ; 33. The following figure shows the interlaced zeros of the 4th and
5th Hermite polynomials .
y(x) = Co I + f x 3n
+ CI �
� n !3 n
X 3n+ 1
n= 1 2 · 5 · · · (3n - I ) y
13. C2 = 0; (n + 3)Cn+ 3 = -Cn ;
� n !3 � 1 · 4 · · - · (3n-+-I )
( _ I ) n x 3n
00
( _ I ) n x 3n+ 1
00
y (x) = Co '" n + CI '" -...,.--
(
14. C2 = 0; ( n + 2)(n + 3)Cn+ 3 = -Cn ;
y(x) = Co I + L n .
00
( _ I ) n x 3n
n= 1 3 n ! 2 · 5 . . . (3n - I )
·
) +
8
34. The figure below results when we use n = 40 terms in each
00
( _ I ) n x 3 n+ 1 summation . But with n = 50 we get the same picture as
CI
3 n . n ! . I · 4 · . . (3n + I ) Fig. 3 . 2 . 3 in the text.
www.elsolucionario.org
( )
Answers to Selected Problems 589
f:-r 2n . n ! · 7 · 1 3 · . . (6n + I ) ,
Y 00
(_ I ) n x 2n
24. Y I (x) = x l /3 I + "
(_ I ) " x 2n
L
00
Y2 (X) = I + n
n=l 2 n ! 5 . I I . . . (6n - I )
. .
(- I ) " x n
25. Y I (X) = X I /2 � l2 2
n = x / e -x / ,
n=O n ! . 2
L..-
00
(- I ) " x n
Section 3.3 Y2 (X) = I + � (2n _ I ) ! !
1. Ordinary point 2. Ordinary point
3. Irregular singular point 4. Irregular singular point 2n
L
00
x
26. Y I (x) = X I /2 n = X / exp ( 2 x ) '
-- I2 l 2
5. Regular singular point; r l = 0, r2 = - I n=O ! . 2
n
2n X 2n
Y2 (X) = I + L 3 . 7 . . .
00
6. Regular singular point; r l = I , r2 = -2

n= l (4n - I )
7. Regular singular point; r = -3, -3
8. Regular singular point; r = & - 3 I I .
' 27. Y I (x) = - cos 3x, Y2 (X) = - sm 3x
9. Regular singular point x = I x x
10. Regular singular point x = I
11. Regular singular points x = I , 1 -
Y
12. Irregular singular point x 2 =
13. Regular singular points x = 2, -2 Y2

14. Irregular singular points x = 3, -3
15. Regular singular point x = 2
16. Irregular singular point x = 0, regular singular point x = I -1
YI
17. Y I (X) = cos ,JX, Y2 (X) = sin ,JX
� n !(2n + I ) ! ! ' Y2 (x) - X - / "

� n ! (2n - I ) ! !
00 00
� I2 �
( )
18 Y I (x) - " ---- 1 I .
• 28 YI (X) = - cosh 2x, Y2 (X) = - smh 2x
• x x
00
xn
19. Y I (x) = x 3 /2 I + 3
� n ! (2n + 3 ) ! ! ' Y
xn
L
00
Y2 (X) = I -x -
n=2 n .' (2n _ 3 ) .",
(- 1 ) " 2n x n
L '
00
20. Y I (X) = x l /3
n=O n ! . 4 . 7 . . . (3n + I )
(_ I ) n 2n x n
L
00
( )
Y2 (X) = -----
n=O n ! . 2 · 5 · . . (3n - I )
x 2n ----':---=-2 x
-L-
00
( )
21. Y I (X) = x 1 +
�
n ! · 7 · 1 1 · . . (4n + 3)
,
00
x 2n
Y2 (X) = X- I /2 I +
�
I x I x
( )
n ! . I · 5 · . . (4n - 3) 29. Y I (X) = - cos - , Y2 (X) = - sin -
x 2 x 2
00
(- I ) " x 2n
( � n ! · 9 · 1 3 · . . (4n + 5)
)
22. YI (x) = X 3 /2 I + , Y
( _ i ) n - I x 2n
00
Y2 (X) = X- I � n ! 3 · 7 · · · (4n - I )
( )
1+
.
00
x 2n
( )
23. YI (x) = x l /2 I +
� 2n . n ! · 19 · 3 1 . . · ( l 2n + 7) ,
00
x 2n
Y2 (X) = X - 2/3 1+
� 2n . n ! · 5 · 17 . . · ( l 2n -www.elsolucionario.org
7)
-0. 5
5 90 Answers to Selected Problems
31. y , (x) = X '/2 cosh x , Y2 (X) = X '/2 sinh x

Y
--'-"'-------7-- X
y, (x) = x + 5 '
x2
( 15x8 -2 - 4s )
32.
Y2 (X) = x -'/2 1 - 2 5x - - 5x 3 + . . .
33. ( 3
y , (x) = x-, 1 + lOx + 5x 2 + 1 + . . . . � ) 14. (
y, (x) = x 2 1 - 5 2x + x 2 - 2x 3 + X 4 - . . . ,)
( ) ( )
10 105 336
1 1x 2 + 671x 3 + . . .
1 1x - -- -- Y2 (X) = y, (x) · - 4X4 + 15x1 3 + 100x
1 1 13
Y2 (X) = x ' /2 I + -20 224 24192 2 - 1750x + . . . ;
34. ( :� ;;
y , (x) = x 1 - + 1 0 + . . . . ) (
Y2 (X) contains no logarithmic term .
)
( ) y, (x) = X 3/2 1 + L 2" . n! . (- 1) " x 2"
( )
00
7X 2 + --
19x 4 . . . 16.
5 7 · . . (2n + 3) '
Y2 (X) = X -'/2 1 - - "= ,
·
24 3200 + " 2"
Y2 (X) = X -3/2 1 + f 2" . n! . (- 1)(-. 1)1 ·x3 · . . (2n - 3)
"= ,
Section 3.4
y , (x) = -1 +-x (X) = 1 + 2 L x " 00
---
X 2 ' Y2
1.
"= ,
(n + 2)!
2. (1 x 2 X3 )
y , (x) = x2 1 + x + -2 + -6 , Y2 (x) = 1 + 24 L (n x+" 4)!
00
"= ,
---
Section 3.5
:( )
2 3 2.
3. y , (x) = 4 1 3x + 9� _ 9� .
_
"" "
Y2 (x) = 1 + 24 L (-(n1)+ 34)x! -
-'----'- ---
:c-:
00
"= ,
4. (
y , (x) = x51 1 - 5 50 250
3x + 9x 2 - 9x 3 + 27X4
5000 '
)
(-1) " 3" x "
f=t (n5) . · 5"
00
4.
Y2 (X) = 1 + 120 " I
( 8 )
y , (x) = 1 + "4 3x + x 2 + x 3
5. "4 24 '
"
Y2 (X) = x 5 1 + 120 (n(n++1)X
( ")
00
5)!
y , (x) = x4 1 + s 8 n!(2n(n++5)!!x
8
6.
00
J (x) = 1 (x 2 - 24)Jo(x) + -8 (6 - x 2 ) J, (x)

4)!2" 4 5
www.elsolucionario.org •-
x2 x3
12. The following figure corroborates the calculated value y(O) = 3. 13. S- 2 - 2(s - 3)- 1 , S > 3
y 14. 3.J7T/(4ss/2 ) + I/(s + 10), s > 0
15. S- I + S(S 2 - 25)- 1 , S > 5 16. (s + 2)/(S 2 + 4), s > 0
17. cos2 2t �(1 + cos 4t); � [S- I + S/(S 2 + 16) ] , s > 0
=
18. 3/(S 2 + 36), s > 0

19. S- I + 3s-2 + 6s-3 + 6s-4 , S > 0
-----+- x 20. I/(s - 1) 2 , s > 1 21. (S 2 - 4)/(S 2 + 4) 2 , S > 0
f
13. X 2 JI (X) + XJI (x) - Jo(x) dx + C 22. � [S/(S 2 - 36) - S- ] I 23. �t 3
14. (x 3 - 4x)JI (x) + 2x 2 Jo(x) + C 24. 2"fiTii 25. 1 - �t 3/2 1!"- 1 /2
15. (x4 - 9x 2 )JI (x) + (3x 3 - 9x)Jo(x) + 9 Jo(x) dx + C f 26. e-s, 27. 3e4'
16. f
-XJI (x) + Jo(x) dx + C
28.
30.
3 cos 2t + � sin 2t
- cosh 2t - � sinh 2t
29. � sin 3t - 3 cos 3t
31. � sinh 5t - I O cosh 5t
17. 2xJI (x) - x 2 Jo(x) + C
18. f
3x 2 JI (x) + (3x - x 3 )JO (x) - 3 Jo(x) dx + C
32.
37. f(t) 1 - u(t - a ) . Your figure should indicate that the graph
2u(t - 3)
=
(4x3 - I6xM (x) + (8x 2 - X4 )JO (X) + C

38. f(t) u(t - a ) - u(t - b). Your figure should indicate that the
of f contains the point (a, 0), but not the point (a, 1).
f
19.
20. -2]1 (x) + Jo(x) dx + C =
points (a, 0) and (b, 1).

graph of f contains the points (a , 1) and (b, 0), but not the
21. Jo(x) - x-4 JI (x) + C
26. 0.3 39. Figure 4.2.8 shows the graph o f the unit staircase function.
Section 4.2
1. =
x(t) 5 cos 2t =
2. x(t) 3 cos 3t + � sin 3t
-0.3 3. = 2
x(t) � (e ' - e-') =
4. x(t) � (7e-31 - 3e-SI)
5. = =
x(t) t (2 sin t - sin 2t) 6. x(t) t (cos t - cos 2t)
Section 3. 6
7. = =
x(t) � (9 cos t - cos 3t) 8. x(t) � ( I - cos 3t)
1. y(x) = x [cI JO (X) + C2 YO (X)]
I 9. =
x(t) � (2 - 3e-' + e-3')
=
2. y(x) x- [CI JI (x) + C2 YI (x)] 10. =
x(t) � (2t - 3 + I2e-' - ge-2')
3. y(x) = x [CI JI /2 (3x 2 ) + C2 '-1 /2 (3x 2 )]
= =
4. y(x) = x 3 [CI J2 (2x l /2 ) + C2 Y2 (2x 1 /2 )] 11. x(t) 1 , y(t) -2
5. y(x) = X- I /3 [CI JI /3 (tX 3/2 ) + C2 '- 1 /3 (tX 3/2 )] 12. = =
x(t) � (e21 - e-' - 3te-'), y(t) � (e2' - e-' + 6te-')
6. y(x) = X- I /4 [CI JO (2x 3/2 ) + c2 Yo(2x 3/2 )] 13. x(t) - (2/v'3) sinh (t /v'3) ,
=
7. y(x) = X- I [CI Jo(x)I + C2 YO (X)] I
8. y(x) = x 2 [CI JI (4X /2 ) + C2 YI (4X /2 )] y(t) cosh (t/v'3) + ( I/v'3) sinh (t/v'3)
=
9. y(x) = X I /2 [CI JI /2 (2x 3/2 ) + C2 '- 1 /2 (2x 3/2 )] 14. = =

x(t) � (2t - 3 sin 2t), y(t) - � (2t + 3 sin 2t)
10. y(x) = X- I /4 [CI J3/2 G XS/2 ) + C2 '-3/2 G XS/2 )]
= r
x(t) t (2 + e-3'/2 [cos(rt /2) + sin(rt /2)1),
11. y(x) = X I /2 [CI JI /6 (tx 3 ) + C2 '- 1 /6 (tx 3 )] 15.
12. y(x) = X I /2 [CI JI /S U XS/2 ) + C2 '- I /S U XS/2 )] y(t) = -k (28 - ge' + 2e-31/2 [cos(rt /2) + 4r sin(rt /2)1) where
r = v'3
Chapter 4 16. = = =
x(t) cos t + sin t, y(t) e' - cos t, z (t) -2 sin t
Section 4. 1
17. f(t) = t (e3' - 1)
18. =
f(t) �(1 - e-S')
1. I/s 2 , s > 0 2. 2/s 3 , S > 0
3. e/(s - 3), s > 3 4. S/(S 2 + 1), s > 0 19. = =
f(t) �(1 - cos 2t) � sin2 t
5. I/(s 2 - 1), s > 1 20. =
f(t) � (6 sin 3t - cos 3t + 1)
6. HI/s - S/(S 2 + 4)], s > 0
7. (1 - e-')/s, s > 0 21. =
f(t) t - sin t
8. (e-' - e-2,)/s, s > 0 22. =
f(t) � (- I + cosh 3t)
10. (s - 1 + e-')/s 2 , s > 0 23. =
f(t) -t + sinh t
11. �.J7Ts-3/2 + 3s-2 , S > 0
24. =
f(t) � (e-2' - 2e-' + 1)
12. (451!" - 192s 3 /2 )/(8s7/2 ), S > 0 www.elsolucionario.org
Section 4.3 32. (S 2 + 2s)X'(s) + (4s + 4)X(s) = 0;

1. 24/(s - 71') 5 2. � .J1f (s + 4)-5/2 x(t) = C(l - t - e-2t - te-2t), C ::f: 0
2
3. 37r/[(s + 2) + 971' ] 2 4. "fi (2s + 5)/(4s 2 + 4s + 17) 33. (S 2 + I)X'(s) + 4sX(s) = O; x(t) = C(sin t - t cos t), C ::f: 0
5. � e2t 6. (t - t 2 )e-t 34. x(t) = Ce-2t(sin 3t - 3t cos 3t), C ::f: 0
7. te- 2t 8. e- 2t cos t
3
9. e t (3 cos 4t + � sin4t) 10. �e2t/3 (8 cos �t - 5 sin �t)
11. � sinh 2t 12. 2 + 3e3t Section 4.5
2
13. 3e- t - 5e- t 5 14. 2 + e2t - 3e-t
15. -/s (e5t - 1 - 5t) 16. 1 �5 [e2t (5t -2) +e-3t (5t +2) ] 1. f(t) = u(t - 3) . (t - 3)
17. i\i (sinh 2t - sin 2t) 18. e4t ( 1 + 12t + 24t 2 + ¥t 3 )
19. t (2 cos 2t + 2 sin 2t - 2 cos t - sin t) fit)
20. J'z[e2t(2t - 1) + e- 2t(2t + 1) ]
21. �e-t (5 sin t - 3t cos t - 2t sin t)
22. �et/2 [(4t + 8) cos t + (4 - 3t) sin t]
27. �e- 3t (8 cos 4t + 9 sin 4t)
28. � (l - 2e2t + e4t) 29. � (-6t + 3 sinh 2t)
30. i\i[2e-t - e- 2t (2 cos 2t + sin 2t)]
31. 1s (6e2t - 5 - e- 3t) 32. � (cosh t + cos t)
33. x(t) = r(cosh rt sin rt - sinh rt cos rt) where r = 1/ "fi
34. � sin 2t + t sin 3t 35. i\i (sin 2t - 2t cos 2t)
36. M2e2t + (lOt - 2) cos t - (5t + 14) sin t] 2. f(t) = (t - l)u(t - 1) - (t - 3)u(t - 3)
37. � [(5t - l)e-t + e- 2t(cos 3t + 32 sin 3t)]
38. : 0 e- 3t (489 cos 3t + 307 sin 3t) + l �o (7 cos 2t + 6 sin 2t) fit)
5
39. 20
2
-20 x = -t 3
Section 4.4 3. f(t ) = u(t - 1) . e- 2(t- l )

1. �t 2 2. (eat - at - 1)/a 2
3. � (sin t - t cos t) 4. 2(t - sin t) fit)
5. teat 6. (eat - ebt)/(a - b)
7. t (e3t - l) 8. � ( l - cos 2t)
9. it (sin 3t - 3t cos 3t) 10. (kt - sin kt)/ k3
11. � (sin 2t + 2t cos 2t) 12. H l - e-2t (cos t + 2 sin t)]
13. i\i (3e3t - 3 cos t + sin t) 14. t (cos t - cos 2t)
15. 6s/(s 2 + 9) 2 , s > 0 16. (2S 3 _ 24s)/(S 2 + 4) 3 , S > 0
17. (S 2 - 4s - 5)/(S 2 - 4s + 13) 2 , S > 0
2 + 6s + 7)
18. (s +2(3s
1) 2 (s 2 + 2s + 5) 2 ' s > 0
fit)
19. �7r - arctan s = arctan(l /s), s > 0
20. � In(s 2 + 4) - In s, s > 0 21. In s - In(s - 3), s > 3
22. In(s + I) - In(s - I), s > I
23. -(2 sinh 2t)/t 24. 2(cos 2t - cos t)/t
25. e-2t + e3t - 2 cos t)/t 26. (e-2t sin 3t)/t -5
27. 2(l - cos t)/t 28. � (t sin t - t 2 cos t)
29. (s + I)X'(s) + 4X(s) = O; x(t) = Ct 3 e-t, C ::f: 0
30. X(s) = A/(s + 3) 3 ; x(t) = Ct 2 e- 3 t, C ::f: 0 -10
=
31. (s - 2)X'(s) + 3X(s) 0; x(t) = Ct 2 e2t, C ::f: 0
5. f(t) = u(t - 71") . sin(t - 71") = -u(t - 71") sin t 10. f(t) = 2u(t - 7I") cos 2(t - 71") - 2u(t - 271") cos 2(t - 271")
= 2[u(t - 71") - u(t - 271")] cos 2t
j(t)
j(t)
2
-2
6. f(t) = u(t - 1) · COS 7l"(t - 1) = -u(t - I) cos lTt 11. f(t) = 2[1 - U 3 (t)]; F(s) = 2(1 - e-3')/s
j(t) 12. F(s) = (e-' - e-4s)/s
13. F(s) = ( l - e-'brs )/(s 2 + 1)
14. F(s) = s(I - e-2s)/(s 2 + 71" 2 )
15. F(s) = (1 + e-3"')/(s 2 + 1)
16. F(s) = 2(e- - e-2x')/(s 2 + 4)
'"
17. F(s) = 7I"(e-2s + e-3')/(s 2 + 71" 2 )

F(s) = e-' (S- l + S-2 )
18. F(s) = 271"(e-3s + e-S')/(4s 2 + 71" 2 )
19.
-1 20. F(s) = ( l - e-')/s 2
21. F(s) = (1 - 2e-' + e- 2s)/s 2
7. f(t) = sin t - u(t - 271") sin(t - 271") = [l - u(t - 271")] sin t 28. F(s) = (1 - e-a, - ase-a')/[s 2 (1 - e-2a,)]
31. x(t) = & [1 - u(t - 71")] sin2 t
j(t)
x(t)
+-----�----�x�-- t
8. f(t) = cOS lTt - u(t - 2) COS 7l"(t - 2) = [1 - u(t - 2)] COS lTt
32. x(t) = g(t) - u(t - 2)g(t - 2) where g(t) = 12 (3 - 4e-1 +e-4t) .
j(t)
x(t)
0.1
9. f(t) = cos lTt + u(t - 3) cos 7l"(t - 3) = [1 - u(t - 3)] cos lTt 33. x(t) = k [1 - u(t - 271")] (sin t - t sin 3t )
j(t) x(t)
2x
-0.1
34. x(t) = g(t) - u(t - l)[g(t - 1) + h(t - 1)] where Section 4.6
g(t) = t - sin t and h(t) = 1 cos t.
-
1. x(t) = t sin 2t
x(t)
0.5 x
-0.5
-1
35. x(t) = � { - I + t + (t + l )e-2' +
u(t - 2) [ 1 - t + (3t - 5)e- 2('-2) ] } 2. x(t) = W + u(t - n)] sin 2t
x(t) x
4
!
3. x(t) = HI - e-2' - 2te-2,] + u(t - 2)(t - 2)e-2('-2)

36. i(t) = e- 1 0, - u(t - l)e- I O('- I )
37. i(t) = [1 - u(t - 2n)] sin lOOt x
38. i(t) = � [1 - (u - n)](cos lOt - cos lOOt) 0.5
39. i(t) = -lo [ (1 - e- 50') 2 - u(t - 1)(1 + 98e-50(t- I ) - 9ge-' OO('-' ) ]
40. i(t) = -lo [ (1 - e-50' - 50te-50, ) - u(t - 1)(1 - e-50('- I )
I
+ 2450te- 50( '- » ) ]
41. x(t) = 21 sin tl sin t
4. x(t) = -2 + t + 2e-' + 3te-'

x
1t
00
42. x(t) = g(t) + 2 L (_ 1) n u(t - nn)g(t - nn) where

n= l
g(t) 1 - t e-' (3 cos 3t + sin 3t)
=
5. x(t) = 2u(t - n)e- (l-1r ) sin(t - n)

x(t)
2 x
0.5
-2 3x
00
6. x(t) = i (t - 2u(t - 3rr» sin 3t 21. i(t) = L u (t - nrr/lO)e3n"e-30t sin t

n=O
x
i(t)
0.1
It
-0.1
7. x(t) = [2 - e2Jru(t - rr) + e4"u(t - 2rr)] e-2t sin t 00
22. x(t) = L u(t - 2nrr) sin t

x n=O
x(t)
5
31t
8. x(t) = (2 + 5t)e-t - u(t - 2)(t - 2)e-(t-2) -5
Chapter 5
x
3
Section 5. 1
1. x ; = X2 , x� = -7xl - 3X2 + t 2
2. x; = X2 , x� = X3 , x� = X4 , x� = -XI + 3X2 - 6X3 + cos 3t
3. x ; = X2 , t 2x� = (I - t 2 )XI - tX2
4. x ; = X2 , x� = X3 , t 3 x� = -5xl - 3tX2 + 2t 2x3 + In t
6 5. x ; = X2 , x� = X3 , x� = xi + COS XI
x ; = X2 , xi = 5xI - 4yI . Y; = Y2 , y� = -4xl + 5 Y I
[ ! (sin 2r)f(t - r) dr
6.
9. x(t) = 7. x; = X2 , Y; = Y2 , x� = -kxl . (x� + y�)-3/2 ,
Yi = -kY I . (x� + y�)-3/2
10. x(t) = I u - 3 , f(t - r) dr
t 8. x; = X2 , xi = -4xl + 2Y I - 3X2
Y; = Y2 , Yi = 3xI - Y I - 2Y2 + cos t
11. x(t) = 1 (e - 3 , sinh r)f(t - r) dr
' 9. x; = X2 , Y; = Y2 , z; = Z 2 , xi = 3xI - Y I + 2zl,
yi = XI + Y I - 4zI . z i = 5xI - Y I - Z l
1 1t
10. x ; = X2 , xi = xl (1 - Y I)
12. x(t) = - (e -2 , sin 2r)f(t - r) dr Y; = Y2 , Yi = Y I ( l - XI)
2 0 x(t) = A cos t + B sin t, y(t) = B cos t - A sin t
11.
13. (a) mx, (t) = p[t 2 - U, (t)(t - E) 2 ]/(2E);
>
(b) If t E, then mx, (t) = p(2Et - E 2 )/(2E), and hence 5
�
mx, (t) pt as E 0; �
(c) mv = (mx)' = (pt)' = O.
15. The transform of each of the two given initial value problems is
(ms 2 + k) X (s ) = m vo = Po .
17. (b) i (t) = e- I OO(t- l ) u l (t) I- e- I OO(t-I 2) Ul 2 (t).
> <
If t 2, then i (t) = _(e OO - l )e OO( -t) O.
18. i (t) = [I - u(t - rr)] sin lOt
00
19. i(t) = L u(t - nrr/ lO) sin lOt

n =O
00
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
20. i(t) = L(- I) " u(t - nrr/5) sin lOt x
n=O www.elsolucionario.org
12. x(t) = Aet + Be-t, y(t) = Aet - Be -t 15. x(t) = A cos 2t + B sin 2t, y(t) = 4B cos 2t - 4A sin 2t
5
4
3
2
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5 ��
x -5 -4 -3 -2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x
13. x(t) = A cos 2t + B sin 2t, y(t) = -B cos 2t + A sin 2t;

x(t) = cos 2t, y(t) = sin 2t 16. x(t) = A cos 4t + B sin4t, y(t) = � B cos 4t - � A sin4t
-1
-2
-3
-4
� W-��-l-L-L��
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -4 -5
-2 -1 1 2-3 3 4 5
x x
14. x(t) = A cos lOt + B sin lOt, y(t) = B cos lOt - A sin lOt; 17. x(t) = Ae-3t + Be2t, y(t) = -3Ae-3t + 2Be2t ; x(t) = e2t,
x(t) = 3 cos lOt + 4 sin lOt, y(t) = 4 cos lOt - 3 sin lOt y(t) = 2e2t
2
1
'" 0 1tT-I:-'H�""I\""""t-;-tl-:t-=-if-oll-J""'-.H..w
-1
-2
-3
-4
W-��
� L-�� -5
-4 -5 -3
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x x
18. x(t) = Ae-21 + Be-51, y(t) = 2Ae- 2t + 5Be- 5t ; A = ¥ and Section 5.2
-
B = ¥ in the particular solution.
5
4
3
-I
-2 1
-3 '" O ��
-4 -1
-5
��-U-W
x -4
� ��W
-5 -4 -2 2 5
-3 -1 0 1 3 4
19. x(t) = _ e- 2t sin 3t, y(t) = e- 2t (3 cos 3t + 2 sin 3t) x
5
4
3
2
1
'" 0 kb-klr-+-r"t-+
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5 LL��LU��-L-W
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x
-5 ��
20. x(t) = (A + Bt)e3t, y(t) = (3A + B + 3Bt)e31 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 2 3 4 5
x
5
4
3
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 '" O ��
x -1
-2 �:;;...
....- ..
-3
-4
27. 2(1{ - I�) + 50/ 1 = 100 sin 60t, 2( 1� - I{) + 25/2 = 0 -5
w��
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 I 2 3 4 5 ��
x
15. x(t) = al cos t + a2 sin t + bl cos 2t + b2 sin 2t,

y(t) = a2 cos t - al sin t + b2 cos 2t - bl sin 2t
17. x(t) = al cos t + a2 sin t + ble2, + b2 e-2"
3 y(t) = 3a2 cos t - 3al sin t + bl e2, - b2 e-2t
2 18. x(t) = � (4cle3' - 3c2 e-4,), y(t) = cle3t + C2 e-4"
1
'" O IH"""",,-,,--p+,l'-;;;-hd"1rl�� z(t) = � (-4cle3' + 3c2 e-4,)
-1 19. x(t) = al + a2 e4t + a3 e8t, y(t) = 2a 1 - 2a3 e8"
-2 z(t) = 2al - 2a2 e4t + 2a3 e8,
-3
-4 20. x(t) = ale2, + a2 e-' + � te-t, y(t) = ale2, + b2 e-t - t te-',
-5 ��LruU1�� z (t) = ale2t - (a2 + b2 + D e-' - t te-'
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 2 3 4 5 23. Infinitely many solutions
x
5. x(t) = e-' (al cos 2t + a2 sin 2t), 24. No solution
y(t) = - t e-' [(al + a2 ) cos 2t + (a2 - al) sin 2tl 25. Infinitely many solutions
5 26. Two arbitrary constants
4
3 27. No arbitrary constants
2 28. No solution
1
'" 0 29. Four arbitrary constants
II (t) = 2 + e-s, [ -2 cos ( lOt / v'6) + 4 v'6 sin ( lOt / v'6) J.
-1
-2 31.
-3 12 (t) = (20/ v'6) e-s, sin ( IOt/ v'6)
-4
-5 32. II (t) = 1 312 1 (l20e-25,/3 - 120 cos 60t + 1778 sin 60t),
-5 -4 -3 -2 - 1 0 1 2 3 h(t) = 1 312 1 ( _ 240e-2St/3 + 240 cos 60t + 1728 sin 60t)
x
x(t) = e-2t (3 cos 3t + 9 sin 3t), y(t) = e- 2'(2 cos 3t - 4 sin 3t) 33. II (t) = � (2 + e-60t ), 12 (t) = W _ e-60,)
(a) x(t) = al cos 5t + a2 sin 5t + bl cos 5t v'3 + b2 sin 5t v'3,
6.
y(t) = 2al cos 5t + 2a2 sin 5t - 2bl cos 5t v'3 - 2b2 sin 5t v'3;
5 37.
4
3 (b) In the natural mode with frequency WI = 5, the masses move
frequency W2 = 5 v'3 they move in opposite directions. In each
2 in the same direction, whereas in the natural mode with
1
'" 0 case the amplitude of the motion of m 2 is twice that of m I .
-1 39. x(t) = al cos t + a2 sin t + bl cos 2t + b2 sin 2t,
-2 y(t) = 2a 1 cos t + 2a2 sin t - bl cos 2t - b2 sin 2t.
-3 In the natural mode with frequency W I = I the masses move in
-4 the same direction, with the amplitude of motion of the second
-5 mass twice that of the first mass. In the natural mode with
frequency W2 = 2 they move in opposite directions with the
-5 -4 -3 -2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 same amplitude of motion.
x
=
x(t) ale2, + a2 e3, - ! t + is , y(t) = -2ale2, - a2 e3, - � t - �
/YI
7. 3
8. x(t) = cle' + C2 e3, + e2t, y(t) = -cle' + C2 e3, = 2 cos(t)
9. x(t) = 3ale' + a2 e-' - � (7 cos 2t + 4 sin 2t), 2
y(t) = ale' + a2 e-' - � (2 cos 2t + 4 sin 2t)
10. x(t) = e', y(t) = -e'
11. x(t) = al cos 3t + a2 sin 3t - 4i\ e' - ie-t, '" 0
y(t) = t [(al - a2 ) cos 3t + (al + a2 ) sin 3tl + fo e' >{
12. 2 2 3 3
x(t) = cle , + C2 e- , + C3 e t + C4 e- "
y(t) = -cle2t - C2 e-2, + � c3 e3t + � c4 e-3' -1
13. x(t) = al cos 2t + a2 sin 2t + bl cos 3t + b2 sin 3t,
y(t) = t (al cos 2t + a2 sin 2t) - 2(bl cos 3t + b2 sin 3t) -2
14. x(t) = CI cos 2t + C2 sin 2t + t sin t, -3
y(t) = CI cos 2t + C2 sin 2t + C3 cos 2t v'2 + 0 1t 21t 31t
C4 sin 2t v'2 + 1i sin t www.elsolucionario.org
3 In the natural mode with frequency WI = I the masses move in

the same direction, while in the natural mode with frequency
2 W2 = .J5 they move in opposite directions. In each case the
amplitudes of motion of the two masses are equal.
;>,
� 0 2 .-----�----,---�
-1 Xl Yl cos(t)
\X2
= =
-2 = cos(2t)
;>,
-3 � 0
0 1t 21t 31t
-1
40. x(t) = al cos 5t + a2 sin 5t + bl cos l Ot + b2 sin lOt,

yet) = 2al cos 5t + 2a2 sin 5t - bl cos lOt - b2 sin l Ot. -2
0 1t 21t
41. =
x(t) al cos t + a2 sin t + bl cos 3t + b2 sin 3t,
=
yet) al cos t + a2 sin t - bl cos 3t - b2 sin 3t.
In the natural mode with frequency WI = I the masses move in 2
the same direction, while in the natural mode with frequency
W2 = 3 they move in opposite directions. In each case the
amplitudes of motion of the two masses are equal.
;>,
2 .-----.----r---. � 0
Xl Y l
= = cos(t)
X2'" cos(t {5 )
-I
;>,
=
� 0 -2
0 1t 21t
-1
44. x(t) = al cos tv2 + a2 sin tv2 + bl cos 2t + b2 sin 2t,
yet) = al cos tv2 + a2 sin tv2 - bl cos 2t - b2 sin 2t.
-2
0 1t 21t 45. x(t) = al cos tv2 + a2 sin tv2 + bl cos tv's + b2 sin tv's,
yet) = al cos tv2 + a2 sin tv2 - 4 bl cos tv's - 4 b2 sin tv's.
Y2
2 In the natural mode with frequency WI = v2 the two masses
= - cos(3t) move in the same direction with equal amplitudes of oscillation .
In the natural mode with frequency � = v's 2v2 the two =
masses move in opposite directions with the amplitude of m 2
being half that of m I .
;>,
� 0
2 .-----�----,---�
-1
-2
0 1t 21t ;>,
� 0
x(t) = al cos t + a2 sin t + bl cos 2t + b2 sin 2t, '"

Xl Yl
42. -I
yet) = al cos t + a2 sin t - 4 bl cos 2t - 4 b2 sin 2t. = = cos(t V2)
-2
43. =
x(t) al cos t + a2 sin t + bl cos t.J5 + b2 sin t.J5, 0 1t 21t
=
yet) al cos t + a2 sin t - bl cos t.J5 - b2 sin t.J5.
2 r-----�----�--, 21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
-2 � ____�____�____ �
1t 21t 26.
o
46. x(t) = al cos 2t + a2 sin 2t + bl cos 4t + b2 sin 4t, 27.

yet) = a l cos 2t + a2 sin 2t - bl cos 4t - b2 sin 4t.
[ �� !� l [ � �� l
Section 5.8
28.
1. (a) - (b)
(c) [ �� -�� l [ -�� -�� ](d)

29.
2. (AB) C = A(B C ) = [ :::: �� l
[
I 30.
A (B C ) = A B + AC = -!� :::: : ]
+
3. AB = [ �! _ �
] BA = - ! -I�
1
; ]
[!
31.
32.
33.
I
x = 2xI - X2
x = 7x - 2X2
x = 1 5x I - 4X2
[ ]
;
8 -13 o 34. x = � (3xI - 2X2 )
. ],
35. x = XI + 2X2 + X3
2t !� -t
4. Ay = [ 3t 2 _ � SlD
2 2 - co s � �1 36. x = 7xI + 3X2 + 5X3
� ] [ _� �� - �! ] ;
Bx
[
t + cos t =
6t _ 2e- t 37. x = 3xI - 3X2 - 5X3
38. x = -2xI + 15x2 - 4X3
2 39. x = 3xI + 7X2 + X3 - 2�
5. (a) ! 4� ; (b) x = 1 3xI + 41x2 + 3X3 - 12�
� ] [- ! � ��
40.
[ ] (b) W(XI o X2 ) == 0, whereas Theorem 2 would imply that W 1= 0

-27 34 45 -25 - 19 26 41. (a) X2 = tXI , so neither is a constant multiple of the other.
(c) 1� �� - 1 ; (d) -1� ; if XI and X2 were independent solutions of a system of the
[3 ]
16 58 -23 11 22 6 indicated form.
� 4 :' t -;
t 1 Section 5.4
(e)
-5 2 7-t
7. 144
'-
_
det(A) = det(B) = 0 8. det(A B) = det(BA ) =
[ - 8t + 18t 2 I + 2t - 12t 2 + 32t 3

]
[�
I
9 (AB)
•
3 + 3t 2 - 4t 3 8t + 3t 2 + 4t 3
11. x = J. [ J. []
p et) = � - � f(t) = �
13. x = [ � J . P (t) = [ ; _ i J .
[ ] f( t ) = ��
15' X � [n [: � n m p {' ) �
[ � ] , [ � -6 -� ] , [ ]
f«) �
Xl
17. x=
Z
pet) = f(t) = tt 3�
[n n i ! H m
0 6 -7
XI (t) = CI e- t + 3c2 e4t , X2 (t) = -c l e-t + 2C2 e4t
2.
General solution XI (t) = cle- t + 4c2 e6t , X2 (t) = -c l e-t + 3c2 e6t
3.
I •. x� p )� f«) � Particular solution X I (t) = � (-e- t + 8e6t ),
« X 2 (t) = � (e- t + 6e6t ).
S
4
3
S 2
4 1
3 � 0
2 -1
1 -2
� 0 �"H�f-Jl-r'-Jf--.d-�f-fr-H+1l -3
-1 -4
-2 -S
-3
-4
� ��-il��
-S -4 -3 -2 -1 0 2 3 4 S 8. XI (t) = SC I cos 2t + SC2 sin 2t,
X2 (t) = (C I - 2C2 ) cos 2t + (2cI + C2 ) sin 2t
S ��
4
3
2
� 0
-1
S -2
-3 � �
4 -? -? � � -v ."""'�'
3 -4
2 -S � � � � -=--�,
��
1 -S -4 -3 -2 -1 0
� O Xl
-1 E-_--v�_+_ 9. General solution XI (t) = SC I cos 4t + SC2 sin 4t,
=
-2 '--...... X2 (t) CI (2 cos 4t + 4 sin 4t) + c2 (2 sin 4t - 4 cos 4t).
Particular solution XI (t) = 2 cos 4t - ¥ sin 4t,
=
X2 (t) 3 cos 4t + � sin 4t
-S 10. XI (t) = -2cI cos 3t - 2C2 sin 3t,
��
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 S
-S X2 (t) = (3cI + 3C2 ) cos 3t + (3C2 - 3cI) sin 3t
xl 1 1. General solution XI (t) = e' (CI cos 2t - C2 sin 2t),
X2 (t) = e' (C I sin 2t + C2 cos 2t)
Particular solution XI (t) = -4e' sin 2t, X2 (t) = 4e' cos 2t
S
6. General solution XI (t) = SC l e31 + C2 e41, X2 (t) = -6c l e31 - C2 e41 4
Particular solution XI (t) = -Se31 + 6e4t , X2 (t) = 6e31 - 6e41. 3
2
� 0 �'l'-1='f-!¥-,f-Ft",*,'-k--hr--Ift---7'I
S -1
4 -2
3 -3
2 -4
-S
0 WL��
�
-1
-2
-3 XI (t) = e21 (-Sc l cos 2t - SC2 sin 2t),
12.
-4 X2 (t) = e21 [(c l + 2C2 ) cos 2t + (-2c 1 + C2 ) sin 2t]
-S 13. XI (t) = 3e21 (CI cos 3t - C2 sin 3t),
X2 (t) = e21 [(c l + C2 ) cos 3t + (CI - C2 ) sin 3t]
14. XI (t) = e31 (CI cos 4t + C2 sin 4t),
xl X2 (t) = e31 (c1 sin 4t - C2 cos 4t)
15. XI (t) = 5e5' (CI cos 4t - C2 sin 4t), 28. X I (t) = 15e-o.4" X2 (t) = 40( _e-O.4' + e-O.25').
X2 (t) = e5'[(2cI + 4C2 ) cos 4t + (4cI - 2C2 ) sin 4t] The maximum amount ever in tank 2 is about 6.85 lb.
16. XI (t) = cl e- I Ot + 2c2 e- l OO', X2 (t) = 2c l e-J O' - 5c2 e- 1 00t
5 l5 r----r----.--�
4
3
2
1
� 0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
20
17. XI (t) = CI e9' + C2 e6' + C3 ,
X2 (t) = cle9' - 2c2 e6',
X3 (t) = cle9' + C2 e6' - C3
18. XI (t) = cle9' + 4C3 ,
X2 (t) = 2cle9' + C2 e6' - C3 ,
X3 (t) = 2cle9' - C2 e6' - C3
19. XI (t) = cle6' + c2 e3' + c3 e3"
X2 (t) = cl e6t - 2c2 e3',
X3 (t) = cl e6' + C2 e3' - C3 e3'
20. XI (t) = CI e9' + C2 e6' + C3 e2',
X2 (t) = cle9' - 2c2 e6',
X3 (t) = cle9' + c2 e6' - C3 e2'
21. XI (t) = 6c 1 + 3c2 e' + 2c3 e-',
X2 (t) = 2c 1 + C2 e' + C3 e-',
X3 (t) = 5cI + 2c2 e' + 2c3 e-'
22. XI (t) = C2 e' + C3 e3',
X2 (t) = cle- 2' - C2 e' - C3 e3',
X3 (t) = -cle-2' + C3 e3'
23. XI (t) = cle2t + C3 e3',
X2 (t) = -CI e2' + C2 e-2' - C3 e3', 5 10 15
X3 (t) = -C2 e-2, + C3 e3'
24. XI (t) = cle' + c2 (2 cos 2t - sin 2t) + C3 (COS 2t + 2 sin 2t)
X2 (t) = -cle' - c2 (3 cos 2t + sin 2t) + C3 (COS 2t - 3 sin 2t)
X3 (t) = c2 (3 cos 2t + sin 2t) + c3 (3 sin 2t - cos 2t)
25. XI (t) = CI + e2' [(C2 + C3 ) cos 3t + (-C2 + C3 ) sin 3t],
X2 (t) = -CI + 2e2' ( -C2 cos 3t - C3 sin 3t),
X3 (t) = 2e2' (C2 cos 3t + C3 sin 3t)
26. xI (t) = 4e3' - e-'(4 cos t - sin t),
X2 (t) = ge3' - e-'(9 cos t + 2 sin t),
X3 (t) = l7e-'o cos t
27. XI (t) = 15e- .2', X2 (t) = 15(e-o.2' - e-o.4t ).
The maximum amount ever in tank 2 is x2 (5 1n 2) = 3.75 lb.
0 1-.------'---'---'
o 5 10 15
XI (t) = 27e-',
31.
X2 (t) = 27e-' - 27e-2',
20 X3 (t) = 27e-' - 54e-2, + 27e-3'.
The maximum amount of salt ever in tank 3 is X3 (In 3) = 4
pounds. �
X3 q In 5) 21 .4663 pounds.
40 .----,
35
30
15
10
5
4
32. X l (t) 45e-3t ,
=
35. X l (t) 10 - � (55e- 1 8t - 216e- ll t ),
X2 (t) - 1 35e-3t + 135e-2t ,
=
X3 (t) 1 35e- 3t - 270e-2t + 1 35e- t . X2 (t) 3 - � (165e- 1 8t - 144e- ll t ),

=
=
The maximum amount of salt ever in tank 3 is X3 (In 3) 20 X3 (t) 20 + � (220e- 1 8t - 360e- ll t ).
=
The limiting amounts of salt in tanks I, 2, and 3 are 10 lb, 3 lb,

=
pounds. and 20 lb.

45
40 r-------�
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
5
33. X l (t) 45e-4t , 36. X l (t) 4 + e-3t /S[14 cos(3t/1O) - 2 sin(3t/1O)],

=
X2 (t) 10 - e- 3ts/S[lO cos(3t/1O) - lO sin(3t/1O)],

=
X2 (t) 90e-4t - 90e-6t , =
X3 (t) 4 - e- 3t / [4 cos(3t/1O) + 8 sin(3t/1O)].

=
X3 (t) -270e-4t + 135e- 6t + 135e-2t .

=
=
The maximum amount of salt ever in tank 3 is X3 (1 1n 3) 20

=
The limiting amounts of salt in tanks I, 2, and 3 are 4 Ib, 10 lb,
pounds. and 4 lb.
45 r------,r--,
40
35
10
34. X l (t) 40e- 3t , 37. X l (t) = 30 + e- 3t [25 cos(tv'2) + lOv'2sin(tv'2)],

X2 (t) 10 - e- 3t [lO cos(tv'2 ) - ¥v'2 sin(tv'2)],
=
3
X2 (t) = 60e- t - 6Oe-St , =
X3 (t) - 1 50e- 3t + 75e-St + 75e- t .

= X3 (t) 15 - e- 3t [15 cos(tv'2 ) + 1jv'2sin(tv'2)].
=
The maximum amount of salt ever in tank 3 is The limiting amounts of salt in tanks I, 2, and 3 are 30 lb, 10 Ib,
and 15 lb.
Xl
� 50.
25
20 X3
15
X2
2
38. XI (t) = cl et ,
X2 (t) = -2clet + C2 e2t , Section 5.5
X3 (t) = 3cI et - 3c2 e2t + C3 e3t ,
X4 (t) = -4clet + 6c 2 e2t - 4c3 e3t + C4 e4t The natural frequencies are Wo = 0 and WI = 2. In the
1.
39. XI (t) = 3clet + C4 e-2t , degenerate natural mode with "frequency" Wo = 0 the two
X2 (t) = -2cl et + C3 e2t - C4 e-2t, masses move linearly with XI (t) = X2 (t) = C/o + hot. At
X3 (t) = 4cI et + C2 e- t , frequency WI = 2 they oscillate in opposite directions with equal
X4 (t) = clet amplitudes.
40. XI (t) = cle2t , 2. The natural frequencies are WI = I and W2 = 3. In the natural
X2 (t) = -3cle2t + 3c2 e- 2t - C4 e-5t , mode with frequency WI > the two masses m l and m 2 move in the
X3 (t) = C e5t , same direction with equal amplitudes of oscillation. At
X4(t) = -C3 2 e-2t - 3c3 e5t frequency W2 they move in opposite directions with equal
[ �] U ] [ �]
41. XI (t) = 2e l Ot + e l 5t = X4 (t), X2 (t) = _ e l Ot + 2e l 5t = X3 (t)
amplitudes.
3. The natural frequencies are WI = I and W2 = 2. In the natural
X(t) = CI - + C2 e2t + C3 _ e5t mode with frequency WI> the two masses ml and m 2 move in the
[ -l] m " [ -J}'

42.
same direction with equal amplitudes of oscillation. In the
natural mode with frequency W2 they move in opposite directions
4. The natural frequencies are WI = I and W2 = ./5. In the natural
>
with the amplitude of oscillation of ml twice that of m 2 .
� x(,) � " ,- +"
[ -l] m [ -l },.
H,
mode with frequency WI > the two masses ml and m 2 move in the
same direction with equal amplitudes of oscillation. At
� x(, ) � " ,-x
+" .. H, frequency W2 they move in opposite directions with equal
5. The natural frequencies are WI = "fi and W2 = 2. In the natural
U }-. +c, [ t J m +ct� }·
amplitudes.
mode with frequency WI , the two masses m I and m 2 move in the
45. x( < ) � "
- +c' ..
frequency W2 they move in opposite directions with equal
6. The natural frequencies are WI = "fi and W2 = .J8. In the
amplitudes.
" [ -lJ ' In [ -1 ] .. +,tU"

46. x (t) =
, - +' natural mode with frequency WI , the two masses m I and m 2
.. H, move in the same direction with equal amplitudes of oscillation.
In the natural mode with frequency W2 they move in opposite
directions with the amplitude of oscillation of m I twice that of
" [ j ] -" [ -t ] [ 1 ] [ =� ] "

47. x(t ) =
m2 ·
, +" +" .. + "
7. The natural frequencies are WI = 2 and W2 = 4. In the natural
�, mode with frequency WI , the two masses m I and m 2 move in the
frequency W2 they move in opposite directions with equal
,, [ -t}" +'l!}m+" [ !] U}�

48. x(t) =
amplitudes.
- � +4 8. xl (t) = 2 cos t + 3 cos 3t - 5 cos 5t,
X2 (t) = 2 cos t - 3 cos 3t + cos 5t.
[l J [ -r J + " [ t J " +
We have a superposition of three oscillations, in which the two
masses move (I) in the same direction with frequency WI = I
and equal amplitudes; (2) in opposite directions with frequency
�. x( < ) � " . -,, + ,, W2 = 3 and equal amplitudes; (3) in opposite directions with
frequency W3 = 5 and with the amplitude of motion of m I being
5 times that of m 2 .
9. XI (t) = 5 cos t - 8 cos 2t + 3 cos 3t,

X2 (t) = 5 cos t + 4 cos 2t - 9 cos 3t. 5
We have a superposition of three oscillations, in which the two
masses move ( I ) in the same direction with frequency WI = I 4
and equal amplitudes; (2) in opposite directions with frequency 3
W2 = 2 and with the amplitude of motion of m I being twice that 2
10.
of m 2 ; (3) in opposite directions with frequency W3 = 3 and with
the amplitude of motion of m 2 being 3 times that of
XI (t) = cos 2t - 15 cos 4t + 1 4 cos t,
mi. � O
-1
��
X2 (t) = cos 2t + 15 cos 4t + 1 6 cos t. -2
We have a superposition of three oscillations, in which the two -3
masses move (1) in the same direction with frequency WI = I -4
and with the amplitude of motion of m 2 being 8/7 times that of
w-��-u
ml ; (2) in the same direction with frequency W2 = 2 and equal -5
amplitudes; (3) in opposite directions with frequency W3 = 4 and -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
equal amplitudes.
r;
11. (a) The natural frequencies are WI = 6 and Wz = 8. In mode I
the two masses oscillate in the same direction with frequency 2. Repeated eigenvalue A. = 2, single eigenvector v =[I I
m
WI = 6 and with the amplitude of motion of I being twice that X I (t) = (CI + C2 + c2 t)e2t, X2 (t) = (CI + c2 t)e2t
of m 2 . In mode 2 the two masses oscillate in opposite directions
with frequency W2 = 8 and with the amplitude of motion of m 2
being 3 times that of mi. 5
(b) x(t) = 2 sin 6 t + 19 cos 7t, y(t) = sin 6t + 3 cos 7t 4
We have a superposition of (only two) oscillations, in which the 3
two masses move (1) in the same direction with frequency 2
WI = 6 and with the amplitude of motion of m l being twice that 1
of m 2 ; (2) in the same direction with frequency W3 = 7 and with � 0
the amplitude of motion of m I being 19/3 times that of m 2 .
12. The system ' s three natural modes of oscillation have ( I ) natural -I
-2
frequency WI = ./2 with amplitude ratios I : 0 : - I ; (2) natural -3
frequency W2 = ./2 + ./2 with amplitude ratios I : -./2: I ; -4
(3) natural frequency W3 = ./2 - ./2 with amplitude ratios -5
1 : ./2: 1. -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 I 2 3 4 5
13. The system ' s three natural modes of oscillation have ( I ) natural
frequency WI = 2 with amplitude ratios I : 0: - I ; (2) natural
frequency W2 = ./4 + 2./2 with amplitude ratios I : -./2: I ; (3) 3. Repeated eigenvalue A. = 3, eigenvector = [ -2 2 r;
v
natural frequency W3 = ./4 - 2./2 with amplitude ratios 1 : ./2: XI (t) = (-2cl + C2 - 2c2 t)e3t, x2 (t) = (2cl + 2c2 t)e3t
I.
15. XI (t) = � cos 5t - 2 cos 5../3 t + � cos lOt,
v =
Repeated eigenvalue A. = 4, single eigenvector [ -1 1 ] ; T
X2 (t) = � cos 5t + 4 cos 5../3 t + ¥ cos lOt. 4.
We have a superposition of two oscillations with the natural XI (t) = (-CI + C2 - c2 t)e4t, X2 (t) = (CI + c2 t)e4t
Repeated eigenvalue A. = 5, eigenvector = [ 2 -4 r ;
frequencies WI = 5 and W2 = 5../3 and a forced oscillation with
frequency W = 10. In each of the two natural oscillations the 5. v
amplitude of motion of m 2 is twice that of m I , while in the XI (t) = (2cI + C2 + 2c2 t)eSt, X2 (t) = (-4cl - 4c2 t)eSt
forced oscillation the amplitude of motion of m 2 is four times
that ofmi.
20. > rr
x; (t) = -Vo, x�(t) = 0, x; (t) = Vo for t 12 5
21. > rr
x; (t) = -Vo, x�(t) = 0, x; (t) = 2vo for t /2 4
22. > rr
x; (t) = -2vo, x�(t) = VO , x; (t) = Vo for t /2 3
23. > rr
x; (t) = 2vo, x�(t) = 2vo, x; (t) = 3vo for t /2 2
24. � �
(a) WI 1 .0293 Hz; Wz 1 .7971 Hz.
� �
(b) VI 28 mi/h; V2 49 mi/h � 0 �..---;;--=-....,..-"Ii:"""':--''-''�"'''--i
27. �
WI = 2JTQ, VI 40.26 (ft/s (about 27 mi/h), -I
�
W2 = 5.J5, V2 7 1 . 1 8 ftls (about 49 mi/h) -2
� �
28. WI 6. 1 3 1 1 , VI 39.03 ftls (about 27 mi/h) -3
� �
W2 10.3 155, V2 65.67 ftls (about 45 milh) -4 �;-.----,-
29. � �
WI 5.0424, VI 32. 10 ftls (about 22 mi/h), � ��-LLL��
� �
W2 9.9158, V2 63. 1 3 ftls (about 43 mi/h) -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 2 3 4 5
Section 5. 6
1. Repeated eigenvalue A. = -3, eigenvector = [ I - 1 r ;

v 6. Repeated eigenvalue A. = 5, single eigenvector = [ -4 4 r; v
XI (t) = (CI + C2 + c2 t)e-3t, X2 (t) = (-CI - c2 t)e- 3t XI (t) = (-4cl + C2 - 4c2 t)eSt, X2 (t) = (4c1 + 4c2 t)eSt
3;
20. Eigenvalue A = 2 with multiplicity 4 and defect

5 XI (t) = (CI + C3 + C2 t + C4 t + 4C3 t 2 + iC4 t 3 )e21,
X2 (t) = (C2 + C3 t + 4 C4 t 2 )e21 ,
3 X3 (t) = (C3 + C4 t)e21, X4 (t) = C4 e21
2 21. Eigenvalue A = 1 with multiplicity 4 and defect 2;
1 XI (t) = (-2C2 + C3 - 2c3 t) e', X2 (t) = (C2 + c3 t)e',
� 0 X3 (t) = (C2 + C4 + c3 t)et , X4 (t) = (CI + C2 t + 4c3 t 2 )e'
-1 22. Eigenvalue A = 1 with multiplicity 4 and defect 2;
-2 XI (t) = (CI + 3C2 + C4 + C2 t + 3C3 t + 4c3 t 2 )et ,
-3 X2 (t) = -(2C2 - C3 + 2c3 t)et , X3 (t) = (C2 + c3 t)e',
X4 (t) = -(2c 1 + 6c2 + 2C2 t + 6c3 t + c3 t 2 )e'
x(t) = cl vle-t + (C2 V2 + c3 v3 )e31 with VI = [ 1 - 1 2 f ,
3 -3
-4
V2 = [ 4 0 9 f , V3 = [ 0 2 1 f
-5 23.
f,
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x(t) = clvle-I + (C2 V2 + c3 v3 )e3t with VI = [ 5
V2 = [ 4 0 - 1 f , V3 = [ 2 - 1 0 f
xl 24.
7. Eigenvalues A = 2, 2, 9 with three linearly independent
eigenvectors; XI (t) = cle21 + C2 e21, X2 (t) = cle21 + C3 e91, 25. x(t) = [CI VI + C2 (Vlt + V2 ) + C3 (4Vl t 2 + V2 t + V3 )] e2t with
X3 (t) = C2 e21 vl = [ - 1 0 -I f , v2 = [ -4 - 1 O f , and
8. Eigenvalues A = 7, 13, 1 3 with three linearly independent V3 = [ 1 0 0 f
eigenvectors; XI (t) l= 2cle71 - C3 e 1 3t , X2 (t) = -3cle71 + C3 e 1 3t , x(t) = [CI VI + C2 (Vl t + V2 ) + C3 (4Vlt 2 + V2 t + V3 )] e31 with
X3 (t) = cle7t + C2 e 3t 26.
V I = [ O 2 2 f , V3 = [ 2 1 -3 r. and
V3 = [ 1 0 0 f
9. Eigenvalues A = 5, 5, 9 with three linearly independent
3, 3
eigenvectors; xl (t) = cleSt + 7c2 eSt + 3c3 e91, x2 (t) = 2clesl,
X3 (t) = 2c2 esl + C3 e9t x(t) = [CI VI + C2 (Vl t + V2 ) + c3 v3 ] e2t with
8 f , V2 = [ I 0 0 f , V3 = [ 1 0f
27.
10. Eigenvalues A = 3, 7 with three linearly independent VI = [ -5
eigenvectors; XI (t) = 5cle31 - 3c2 e31 + 2c3 e7t , 28. x(t) = [CIVI + C2 (Vl t + V2 ) + C3 (4Vl t 2 + V2 t + V3 )] e21 with
X2 (t) = 2cle3t + C3 e71, X3 (t) = C2 e3t v l = [ 1 19 -289 0 f , v2 = [ - I7 34 17 f , and
V3 = [ 1 0 0 f
-3
11. Triple eigenvalue A = - 1 of defect 2;
XI (t) = (-2C2 + C3 - 2c3 t) e-l,
X2 (t) = (CI - C2 + C2 t -'C3 t + 4c3 t 2 )e-', 29. x(t) = [CIVI + C2 (Vlt + v2 )]e-1 + [C3 V3 + C4 (V3 t + v4 )]e2t with
X3 (t) = (C2 + c3 t)e-1 vl = [ I - 1 -2 f , V2 = [ O 1 0 O f ,
3
12. Triple eigenvalue A = - 1 of defect 2; V3 = [ O - 1 O f , V4 = [ O 0 2 I f
3
XI (t) = e-t (CI + C3 + C2 t + 4C3 t 2 ) x(t) = [CIVI + C2 (Vlt + v2 )] e-1 + [C3 V3 + C4 (V3 t + v4 )]e21, with
VI = [ O 1 - 1 - f , V2 = [ O 0 1 2 f ,
30.
X2 (t) = e-I (ci + C2 t + 4C3 t 2 ),
X3 (t) = e-l(c2 + C3 t) V3 = [ - 1 0 0 0 f , V4 = [ 0 0 5f
13. Triple eigenvalue A = -I of defect 2; 31. x(t) = [CIVI + C2 (Vl t + V2 )
XI (t) = (CI + C2 t + 4 c3 t 2 )e-l, + C3 (4Vlt 2 + V2 t + V3 ) + C4 V4 ] e' with
X2 (t) = (2C2 + C3 + 2c3 t)e-l,
X3 (t) = (C2 + c2 t)e-1 VI = [ 42 7 -21 -42 f ,
v2 = [ 34 22 - 1 0 -27 f , v3 = [ - I 0 0 O f ,
V4 = [ 0 1 3 0 f
14. Triple eigenvalue A = - I of defect 2;
-3
XI (t) = e-I (5cl + C2 + C3 + 5C2 t + C3 t + �C3 t 2 ),
X2 (t) = e- t (-25cl - 5C2 - 25c2 t - 5C3 t - ¥C3 t 2 ),
1 0 f , v2 = [ 1 0 0 0 3 f ,
32. x(t) = (CIVI + c2 v2 )e21 + (C3 V3 + C4 V4 + cs vs )e31 with
-3 3
X3 (t) = e-t (-5cl + 4C2 - 5C2 t + 4C3 t - �C3 t 2 ) vl = [ 8 0
15. Triple eigenvalue A = 1 of defect 1 ; v3 = [ 3 -2 - 1 0 O f ,
XI (t) = (3cl + C3 - 3c3 t)e',
X2 (t) = (-CI + c3 t)e', x3 (t) = (C2 + c3 t)e' V4 = [ 2 -2 0 0 f, Vs = [ 1 - 1 0 0 f
16. Triple eigenvalue A = 1 of defect 1 ; 33. XI (t) = [ cos 4t sin 4t 0 O f e31,
XI (t) = et (3cl + 3C2 + C3 ) X2 (t) = [ - sin 4t cos 4t 0 O f e31,
X2 (t) = e' (-2cl - 2C3 t), X3 (t) = [ t cos 4t t sin 4t cos 4t sin 4t f e3t ,
[3 3 3 ]
X3 (t) = et (-2c2 + 2C3 t) �(t) = [ -t sin 4t t cos 4t - sin 4t cos 4t f e31
17. Triple eigenvalue A = 1 of defect 1 ;
XI (t) = (2cl + c2 )e', X2 (t) = (-3C2 + C3 + 6c3 t)et , s
XI (t ) - cos /�� sin t e21 ,
[3Sin3tC�Si�OS3t ]
X3 (t) = -9(cl + c3 t)e' 34. _
0
18. Triple eigenvalue A = I of defect 1 ; sin 3t
X I (t) = e' (-CI - 2C2 + C3 ),
X2 (t) = e' (C2 + C3 t),
[3 3 3 ]
X3 (t) = e' (CI - 2C3 t) X2 (t ) -
_
0 e21 ,
19. Double eigenvalues A = -1 and A = 1, each with defect 1 ; - cos 3t
XI (t) = cle-I + C4 et , cos 3t + t sin t
X2 (t) = C3 e', ( t - 10) cos 3t - (3t + 9) sin 3t e21 ,
X3 (t) = C2 e-1 + 3c4 e', X3 ( t ) - _
sin 3t
X4 (t) = cle-I - 2c3 e' www.elsolucionario.org t sin 3t
[ ]
[ ]
-t cos 3t + 3 sin 3t 21. eAt = I ;- t 1 -t- t
(3t + 9) cos 3t + (3t - 10) sin 3t e 2t
X4 (t) = - cos 3t
[ ]
[
-t cos 3t 22
+ 6t 4t
eAt -_ 1 -9t
XI (t) = X2 (t) = vo(l - e- t ); lim XI (t) = lim X2 (t) = vo
•
1 - 6t
H OO H OO
35.
X I (t) = vo(2 _ 2e-t _ te- t ), I +� t
[ ]
36.
x.z (t) = vo(2 -:- 2e-t - te-t - tt 2 e- t ); 23. eAt =
hm X (t) = hm X2 (t) = 2vo
t -HX) I , --,," 00
1 + 3t 0 -3t
eAt = 5t + 1 8t 2 I 7t - 1 8t 2
]
Section 5. 7
]
24.
[ 3
c)(t ) = _etet ee3tt , x(t) = l2 -5e 5et + e3t [ 3t 0 1 - 3t
]
1. t + e3 t
c)(t) = [� l
-2::: x(t) = � i � 1 ;:;t
5 [
]
2.
[
c)(t) = 2 cos 54tcos+ 4t4 sm. 4t 4 cos-5 sin 4t
]
4t - 2 sin 4t '
3.
[
x(t) = l4 4 cos-54t sin 4t
[ ;- ]
- 2 sin 4t
4. c)(t) = e2t [�
1 t x(t) = e2t I t
;- l
5. [
c)(t) = -3 cos2 3tcos+3t3 sm. 3t 3 cos-23t sin
]
3t
+ 3 sin 3t ' ]
[
x(t) = l3 -33 cos 3t - sin 3t
[ ]
cos 3t + 6 sin 3t
6. c)(t) = e5t cos 4t2 cos - 2 sin 4t 2 cos 4t + 2 sin 4t '
4t 2 sin 4t
[
[ ]] [ ]
x(t) = 2e5t cos 4t + sin 4t
sm. 4t
7.
6 3et 2e- t
[
c)(t) = 2 et e- t , x(t) =
] [
- 12 + 12et + 2e-t
-4 + 4et + e -t
] [ I 0 0
n
5 2et 2e-t -10 + 8et + 2e- t 6t I 0
0 et e 3 t et A
30. e t = e3t 2
9t + 1 8t 6t I
8. c)(t) = e-2t _ et _ e3t , x(t) = -et + e-2t 12t + 54t 2 + 36t 3 9t + 18t 2 6t
]
[1]
_e-2t 0 e3t _ e - 2t
[ '«l =
3 3
eAt = 2ee3tt -- eett _-e 2e t + 2et
]
9. 3t + 2et
[
�
A t _ -2 + 3e
e - -2 + 2e2t 3 _ 2e2t
2t 3 - 3e2t
] [ ]
[ ]
10 •
CI c?sh t + C2 sinh t
A [3e 3 t - 2e 2 t
e t = 2e3t - 2e2t _ 2e3t + 3e2t _ 3e 3 t + 3e 2 t 33. x(t) = CI smh t + C2 cosh t
]
11.
I 2t� 3t + 4t 2
[ g
]
-3e t + 4e 2t 4et - 4e2t A t t
[
e
A t
e = -3et + 3e2t 4et _ 3e2t 36. = e
it
]
12.
13. eAt = 4e[ 3t - 3et _ 4e3t + 4et

3e3t - 3e t -3e3t + 4et 37. eAt = g
e2t 3e2t - 3et 13e2t - (13 + 9t)et
[
[ ]
et 3tet
]]
A _ -8e t + ge 2 t 6e t - 6e 2 t 0 et
14 • e t - - 1 2et + 12e2t get _ 8e2t
[ e5gt 4e t _l 4e5t 16e t -l (16 + 50t)e5t
l O l O
eAt = 2e 5e22t - 4et _ lOe2t + 10et 38. eAt = e Ot 4e Ot _ 4e5t
]
_ 4e2t + 5et
3&k']
15. t _ 2et e5t
[ 2 2 0
A -ge t + lO
e t = -6et + 6e2t Oet _ ge2t e t 15e t - 15e t
[ ] 39. eAt =
16.
J 3tet 12e2t - (12 + 9t) et (5 1 + IBM - (51 -
[!
2 2
17 eAt _ :1I ee44tt +_ ee2tt ee44tt +- ee2tt et 3e2t - 3et 6et - (6 - 9t)e2t
•
0 e 2t 4e3t _ 4e2t
[
]
-
e2t
]]
A � e 2 t + e 6t _e 2 t + e 6t 0 0
e t = 2 _ e2t + e6t e2t + e6t
4te2t (4t + 8t 2 )e2t l llO<" - (l]]() + 9<d '''' l '''
['1
18.
40. eAt =
A t [
4e l Ot + e5t 2e l Ot - 2e5t
e = 5 2e l Ot _ 2e5t e l Ot + 4e5t e2t 4te2t 20e3t - (20 + 16t)e2t
]
19. l
[ 4e3t _ 4e2t
l l 0 e 2 t
20. eAt = �5 _e2e5t 5t++4e2e5tl 5t _4e 2e5t + 2el 5t
5t + e 5t 0 0 e3 t
Section 5.8 Chapter 6

1. x(t) = �, y(t) = - � Section 6. 1
2. x(t) = � (1 + 12t), y(t) = - � (5 + 4t) In Problems 1 through lO we round off the indicated values to 3
3. x(t) = 7!6 (864e- t + 4e6t - 868 + 840t - 504t 2 ), decimal places.
y(t) = 7� (-864e-t + 3e6t + 861 - 882t + 378t 2 ) 1. Approximate values 1 . 125 and 1 . 1 8 1 ; true value 1.213
4. x(t) = ii (9ge5t - 8e- 2t - 7et ), y(t) = ii (9ge5t + 48e- 2t - 63et ) 2 . Approximate values 1 . 1 25 and 1 .244; true value 1 .359
5. x(t) = t (- 12 - e- t - 7te-t ), y(t) = t (-6 - 7te- t ) 3. Approximate values 2. 125 and 2.22 1 ; true value 2.297
6. x(t) = - �6 (91 + 16t)et , y(t) = J'z (25 + 16t)e t 4. Approximate values 0.625 and 0.68 1 ; true value 0.713
7. x(t) = 4 :0 (36get + 166e-9t - 125 cos t - 105 sin t), 5 . Approximate values 0.938 and 0.889; true value 0.85 1
y(t) = 4 :0 (36get - 24ge-9t - 120cos t - 150 sin t) 6. Approximate values 1 .750 and 1 .627; true value 1 .558
8. x(t) = t 07 cos t + 2 sin t), y(t) = t (3 cos t + 5 sin t) 7. Approximate values 2.859 and 2.737; true value 2.647
9. x(t) = � (sin 2t + 2t cos 2t + t sin 2t), y(t) = �t sin 2t 8. Approximate values 0.445 and 0.420; true value 0.405
10. x(t) = fiet (4 cos t - 6 sin t), y(t) = fiet (3 cos t + 2 sin t) 9. Approximate values 1 .267 and 1 .278; true value 1 .287
11. x(t) = to - 4t + e4t ), y(t) = � (-5 + 4t + e4t ) 10. Approximate values 1 . 1 25 and 1 .23 1 ; true value 1 .333
12. x(t) = t 2 , y(t) = -t 2
13. x(t) = to + 5t)et , y(t) = -�tet
Problems 1 1 through 24 call for tables of values that would occupy
too much space for inclusion here. In Problems 1 1 through 16 we give
14. x(t) = � (-2 + 4t _ e4t + 2te4t ), y(t) = !t (-2 + e4t ) first the final x-value, next the corresponding approximate y-values
15. (a) Xl (t) = 200(1 - e- t / I O ), X2 (t) = 400(1 + e- t / I O - 2e- t /20 )
obtained with step sizes h = 0.01 and h = 0.005, and then the final
-+ -+
(b) Xl (t) 200 and X2 (t) 400 as t + 00 -+
true y-value. (All y-values rounded off accurate to 4 decimal places.)
(c) Tank 1 : about 6 min 56 s; tank 2: about 24 min 34 s 11. 1 .0, -0.7048, -0.71 15, -0.7183
16. (a) Xl (t) = 6000 - e- t /20 ), X2 (t) = 300(1 + e- t / I O _ 2e- t /20 ) 12. 1 .0, 2.9864, 2.993 1 , 3.0000
-+ -+
(b) Xl (t) 600 and X2 (t) 300 as t 00 -+
13. 2.0, 4.8890, 4.8940, 4.8990
(c) Tank 1 : about 8 min 7 sec; tank 2: about 17 min 13 sec 14. 2.0, 3.203 1 , 3.2304, 3.2589
17. Xl (t) = 102 - 95e- t - 7e5t , X2 (t) = 96 - 95e- t - e5t
15. 3.0, 3.4422, 3.4433, 3.4444
18. Xl (t) = 68 - 1 10t - 75e- t + 7e5t, X2 (t) = 74 - 80t - 75e- t + e5t
16. 3.0, 8.8440, 8.8445, 8.845 1
19. Xl (t) = -70 - 60t + 16e- 3t + 54e2t ,
X2 (t) = 5 - 60t - 32e- 3t + 27e2t
20. Xl (t) = 3e2t + 6Ote2t - 3e- 3t , X2 (t) = _ 6e2t + 30te2t + 6e- 3t In Problems 17 through 24 we give first the final x-value and then the
21. Xl (t) = _ e- t - 14e2t + 15e3 t , x2 (t) = -5e- t - lOe 2t + 15e3 t
corresponding approximate y-values obtained with step sizes
h = 0. 1, h = 0.02, h = 0.004, and h = 0.0008 respectively. (All
22. Xl (t) = - l Oe-t - 7te- t + lOe3t - 5te3 t , y-values rounded off accurate to 4 decimal places.)
X2 (t) = -15e- t - 35te- t + 15e3t - 5te3t 17. 1 .0, 0.2925, 0.3379, 0.3477, 0.3497
23. Xl (t) = 3 + l It + 8t 2 , X2 (t) = 5 + 17t + 24t 2
18. 2.0, 1 .6680, 1 .677 1 , 1 .6790, 1 .6794
1
24. Xl (t) = 2 + t + ln t, x2 (t) = 5 + 3t - - + 3 ln t 19. 2.0, 6. 1 83 1 , 6.3653, 6.4022, 6.4096
t
25. Xl (t) = - 1 + 8t + cos t - 8 sin t, 20. 2.0, - 1 .3792, - 1 .2843, - 1 .2649, - 1 .2610
X2 (t) = -2 + 4t + 2 cos t - 3 sin t 21. 2.0, 2.8508, 2.868 1 , 2.8716, 2.8723
26. Xl (t) = 3 cos t - 32 sin t + 17t cos t + 4t sin t, 22. 2.0, 6.9879, 7.2601 , 7.3 154, 7.3264
X2 (t) = 5 cos t - 13 sin t + 6t cos t + 5t sin t 23. 1 .0, 1 .2262, 1 .2300, 1 .2306, 1 .2307
27. Xl (t) = 8t 3 + 6t\ X2 (t) = 3t 2 - 2t 3 + 3t 4 24. 1 .0, 0.9585, 0.9918, 0.9984, 0.9997
28. Xl (t) = -7 + 14t - 6t 2 + 4t 2 In t, 25. With both step sizes h = 0.01 and h = 0.005, the approximate
X2 (t) = -7 + 9t - 3t 2 + In t - 2t ln t + 2t 2 ln t velocity after 1 second is 16.0 ftlsec (80% of the limiting
29. Xl (t) = t cos t - (In cos t)(sin t), velocity of 20 ftlsec); after 2 seconds it is 19.2 ftlsec (96% of the
X2 (t) = t sin t + (In cos t)(cos t) limiting velocity).
30. Xl (t) = !t 2 cos 2t, X2 (t) = !t 2 sin 2t 26. With both step sizes h = 1 and h = 0.5, the approximate
31. Xl (t) = (9t 2 + 4t 3 )et , X2 (t) = 6t 2 et , X3 (t) = 6tet population after 5 years is 49 deer (65% of the limiting
population of 75 deer); after 10 years it is 66 deer (88% of the
32. Xl (t) = (44 + 1 8t)et + (-44 + 26t)e2t , limiting population).
X2 (t) = 6et + (-6 + 6t)e2t , X3 (t) = 2te2t 27. With successive step sizes h = 0. 1 , 0.01 , 0.001 , . . . the first four
33. Xl (t) = 15t 2 + 6Ot 3 + 95t 4 + 12t 5 , X2 (t) = 15t 2 + 55t 3 + 15t\ approximations to y(2) we obtain are 0.7772, 0.9777, 1 .0017,
X3 (t) = 15t 2 + 20t 3 , X4 (t) = 15t 2 �
and 1 .0042. It therefore seems likely that y(2) 1 .00.
34. Xl (t) = 4t 3 + (4 + 16t + 8t 2 )e2t , 28. With successive step sizes h = 0. 1 , 0.01, 0.001 , . . . the first four
X2 (t) = 3t 2 + (2 + 4t)e2t , approximations to y(2) we obtain are 1 .2900, 1.4435, 1 .4613,
X3 (t) = (2 + 4t + 2t 2 )e2t , X4 (t) = ( I + t)e2t and �
1 .4631 . It therefore seems likely that y(2) 1 .46.
29. 12. 1 .0, 2.99995, 2.99999, 3 . 00000

13. 2.0, 4.89901, 4.89899, 4.89898
14. 2.0, 3.25847, 3.25878, 3.25889
15. 3.0, 3.44445, 3.44445, 3.44444
- 1 .0 1 . 0000 1 .0000 1 .0000 16. 3.0, 8.845 1 1 , 8.84509, 8.84509
-0.7 1.0472 1.05 12 1 .0521 In Problems 17 through 24 we give the final value of x and the
-0.4 1. 1213 1 . 1 358 1 . 1 390 corresponding values of y for h = 0. 1, 0.02, 0.004, and 0.0008.
-0. 1 1.2826 1 .3612 1 .3835 17. 1 .0, 0.351 83, 0.35030, 0.35023, 0.35023
0.2 0.8900 1.471 1 0.8210 18. 2.0, 1 .68043, 1 . 67949, 1 .67946, 1 .67946
0.5 0.7460 1 .2808 0.7192 19. 2.0, 6.40834, 6.41 134, 6.41 147, 6.41 147
20. 2.0, - 1 .26092, - 1 .26003, -1 .25999, - 1 .25999
21. 2.0, 2.87204, 2.87245, 2.87247, 2.87247
30. 22. 2.0, 7.3 1578, 7.3284 1 , 7.32916, 7.32920
23. 1 .0, 1 .22967, 1 .23069, 1 .23073, 1.23073
24. 1 .0, 1 .00006, 1 .00000, 1 .00000, 1.00000
25. With both step sizes h = 0.01 and h = 0.005 the approximate
1 .8 2.8200 4.3308 velocity after 1 second is 15.962 ft/sec (80% of the limiting
1.9 3.9393 7.9425 velocity of 20 ft/sec); after 2 seconds it is 19.185 ft/sec (96% of
2.0 5.8521 28.3926 the limiting velocity).
26. With both step sizes h = 1 and h = 0.5 the approximate
population after 5 years is 49.391 deer (65% of the limiting
31. population of 75 deer); after 10 seconds it is 66.1 13 deer (88% of
the limiting population) .
27. With successive step sizes h = 0. 1 , 0.01 , 0.001, . . . the first
are
three approximations to y(2) we obtain 1.0109, 1.0045, and
0.7 4.3460 6.4643 1 .0045. It therefore seems likely that y(2) 1.0045. �
0.8 5.8670 1 1 .8425 28. With successive step sizes h = 0. 1 , 0 . 01, 0.001, . . . the first four
are
approximations to y(2) we obtain 1.4662, 1.4634, 1.4633,
0.9 8.3349 39.5010 and 1 .4633. It therefore seems likely that y(2) "" 1 .4633.
29. Impact speed approximately 43.22 mls
Section 6.2
30. Impact speed approximately 43.48 mls
Section 6.8
1.
1. y(0.25) "" 1 .55762; y(0.25) = 1 .55760.
y(0.5) "" 1 .21309; y(0.5) = 1 .21306.
Solution: y = 2e - x
0. 1 1 .8100 1 .8097
0.2 1 .6381 1 .6375 In Problems 2 through 10 we give the approximation to y(0.5), its
0.3 1.4824 1 .4816 true value, and the solution.
x
0.4 1 .3416 1 .3406 2. 1 . 35867, 1.35914; y = ! e2
0.5 1.2142 1 .2131 3. 2.29740, 2.29744; y = 2e - 1 x
4. 0.71309, 0.71306; y = 2e - + x - I x
5. 0.851 30, 0.85 128; y = _ eX + x + 2

6. 1 .55759, 1 . 55760; u = 2 exp (_x 2 )
Note: In Problems 2 through 10, we give the value of x , the 7. 2.64745, 2.64749; y = 3 exp ( - x3)
corresponding improved Euler value of y, and the true value of y.
9 . 1 .28743, 1 .28743; y = tan i (x + 11')
8. 0.40547, 0.40547; y = In(x + 1)
2. 0.5, 1 .35 14, 1 . 3191
3 . 0.5, 2.2949, 2.2974 10. 1 .33337, 1 .33333; y = (1 - X 2 )-1
4. 0.5, 0.7142, 0.7131 11. Solution: y(x) = 2 - eX .
5 . 0.5, 0.8526, 0.8513
6. 0.5, 1 .5575, 1 .5576
7. 0.5, 2.6405, 2.6475
8. 0.5, 0.4053, 0.4055 0.0 1.00000 1 .00000 1.00000
9. 0.5, 1 .2873, 1 .2874 0.77860
10. 0.5, 1 .3309, 1 .3333
0.2 0.77860 0.77860
0.4 0.5081 8 0.50818 0.50818
In Problems 1 1 through 16 we give the final value of x, the 0.6 0. 17789 0.17788 0. 17788
corresponding values of y with h = 0.01 and with h = 0.005, and the 0.8 -0.22552 -0.22554 -0.22554
true value of y. 1 .0 -0.71 825 -0.71828 -0.71828
11. 1 .0, -0.71 824, -0.71 827, -0.71 828
In Problems 12 through 16 we give the final value of x, the 8. (2. 1600, -0.6300), (2.5200, -0.4600), (2.5320, -0.3867),
corresponding Runge-Kutta approximations with h = 0.2 and with (2.5270, -0.3889)
h = 0. 1, the exact value of y, and the solution.
9. At t = I we obtain (x, y) = (3.99261, 6.21770) (h = 0. 1) and
12. 1 .0, 2.99996, 3.00000, 3.00000; (3.99234, 6.21768) (h = 0.05); the actual value is
y = I + 2/(2 - x) (3.99232, 6.21768).
13. 2 . 0, 4.89900, 4.89898, 4.89898;
y = .J8 + x4 10. At t = I we obtain (x, y) = ( 1 .31498, 1 .02537) (h = 0. 1) and
14. 2.0, 3.25795, 3.25882, 3.25889; (1 .31501, 1 .02538) (h = 0.05); the actual value is
y = 1/(1 - In x) (1 .3 150 1 , 1 .02538).
15. 3.0, 3.44445, 3.44444, 3.44444; At t = I we obtain (x, y) = (-0.05832, 0.56664) (h = 0. 1) and
y = x + 4x 2 -
11.
(-0.05832, 0.56665) (h = 0.05); the actual value is
16. 3.0, 8.84515, 8.84509, 8.84509; (-0.05832, 0.56665).
y = (x 6 37) 1 /3
_
12. We solved x' = y, y' = -x + sin t, x(O) = y(O) = O. With

In Problems 17 through 24 we give the final value of x and the h = 0. 1 and also with h = 0.05 we obtain the actual value
corresponding values of y with h = 0.2, 0. 1, 0.05, and 0.025. x(1 .0) "" 0. 15058.
17. 1 .0, 0.350258, 0.350234, 0.350232, 0.350232 13. Runge-Kutta, h = 0. 1 : about 1050 ft in about 7.7 s
18. 2.0, 1 .6795 13, 1 .679461 , 1 .679459, 1 .679459
19. 2.0, 6.41 1464, 6.41 1474, 6.41 1474, 6.41 1474 14. Runge-Kutta, h = 0. 1 : about 1044 ft in about 7.8 s
20. 2.0, - 1 .259990, - 1 .259992, - 1 .259993, 15. Runge-Kutta, h = 1 .0: about 83.83 mi in about 168 s
-1 .259993
21. 2.0, 2.872467, 2.872468, 2.872468, 2.872468 16. At 40°: 5.0 s, 352.9 ft; at 45°: 5.4 s, 347.2 ft; at 50°: 5.8 s, 334.2
22. 2.0, 7.326761 , 7.328452, 7.32897 1 , 7.329134 ft (all values approximate)
23. 1 .0, 1 .230735, 1 .23073 1 , 1 .23073 1 , 1 .230731
24. 1 .0, 1 .000000, 1 .000000, 1 .000000, 1 .000000 17. At 39.0° the range is about 352.7 ft. At 39.5" it is 352.8; at 40°,
25. With both step sizes h = 0. 1 and h = 0.05, the approximate
352.9; at 40.5", 352.6; at 41 .0°, 352. 1 .
velocity after I second is 15.962 ftlsec (80% of the limiting 18. Just under 57.5"
velocity of 20 ft/sec); after 2 seconds it is 19. 1 85 ftlsec (96% of
the limiting velocity). 19. Approximately 253 ftls
26. With both step sizes h = 6 and h = 3, the approximate
population after 5 years is 49.3915 deer (65% of the limiting 20. Maximum height: about 1005 ft, attained in about 5.6 s; range:
population of 75 deer); after 10 years it is 66.1 136 deer (88% of about 1 880 ft; time aloft: about 1 1 .6 s
the limiting population). 21. Runge-Kutta with h = 0. 1 yields these results:
27. With successive step sizes h = 1 , 0. 1 , 0.01, . . . the first four (a) 21400 ft, 46 s, 518 ft/s; (b) 8970 ft, 17.5 s; (c) 368 ft/s (at
approximations to y(2) we obtain are 1 .05722, 1 .00447, t "" 23).
1.00445and 1 .00445. Thus it seems likely that y(2) "" 1 .00445
accurate to 5 decimal places.
28. With successive step sizes h = I , 0. 1 , 0.01 , . . . the first four
approximations to y(2) we obtain are 1 .48990, 1 .46332,
1.46331, and 1 .46331 . Thus it seems likely that y(2) "" 1 .4633 Chapter 7
accurate to 5 decimal places.
29. Time aloft: approximately 9.41 seconds Section 7. 1
30. Time aloft: approximately 9.41 seconds
Section 6.4
1. Unstable critical point: x = 4;
The format for the first eight answers is this: (x(t), y(t)) at t = 0.2 x(t) = 4 + (Xo - 4)e'
by the Euler method, by the improved Euler method, by the
Runge-Kutta method, and finally the actual values.
1. (0.8800, 2.5000), (0.9600, 2.6000), (1 .0027, 2.6401),
(1 .0034, 2.6408)
2. (0.8100, -0.8100), (0.8200, -0.8200), (0.8187, -0.8 187),
(0.8187, -0.81 87)
3. (2.8100, 2.3100), (3.2200, 2.6200), (3.6481 , 2.9407),
(3.6775, 2.9628) � 4 �o;e;;E:::::----l
4. (3 . 3100, -1 .6200), (3.8200, -2.0400), (4.2274, -2.4060),
(4.2427, -2.4205)
5. (-0.5200, 2.9200), (-0.8400, 2.4400), (-0.5712, 2.4485),
(-0.5793, 2.4488)
6. (- 1 .7600, 4.6800), (-1 .9200, 4.5600), (- 1 .9029, 4.4995),
(- 1 .9025, 4.4999)
7. (3 . 1200, 1 .6800), (3.2400, 1 .7600), (3.2816, 1 .7899),
(3.2820, 1 .7902) www.elsolucionario.org
Answers to Selected Problems 61 1
2. =
Stable critical point: x 3; s. =
Stable critical point: x -2; unstable critical point: x 2; =
=
x(t) 3 + (xo - 3)e-' 2 + (xo - 2)e4l] "
2[xo':'-"-+-::--:-,--'---=-:,-7"""
=
x (t) --=--
Xo + 2 - (xo - 2)e41
6 '---�--T>--�--'---'
2 3 4 5
=
Stable critical point: x 0; unstable critical point: x 4; =
= =
3.
6. Stable critical point: x 3; unstable critical point: x -3;
=
x (t) Xo 4xo ....:- 7
----:-:,...----:-
+ (4 - xo)e41 x ( t) 3[xo - 3 + (xo + 3)e61]
= --=-------:------=-:-:-�
3 - Xo + (xo + 3)e61
S r---r---�--�--,.--,
3 4 5
= =
=
4. Stable critical point: x 3; unstable critical point: x 0; 7. Semi-stable (see Problem IS) critical point: x 2;
x (t) Xo + (33xo
= ---- ----=----
- xo)e-31 x (t) (2ttxo--I)xo
= ----::----;
- 4t
2t - I
6 .---r---�--TT--'---'
4
O �-��-�--r--�
5 5
8. Semi-stable critical point: x = 3; 11. Unstable critical point: x = I ;

x(t) = (3ttxo+-I)xo - 9t
3t + I I I
(x(t) - 1) 2 =
(XO - 1) 2 - 2t
----
-2 L-_�_�_-u_��
o 2 3 4 5
9. Stable critical point: x = I ; unstable critical point: x = 4; 12. Stable critical point: x = 2;
x (t ) = 4_.:-.(lI _-----.: -.. 4.:...:)e�31
xo:..:.) ....:. +_(�X:.O _ I I
Xo + (XO - 4)e31 (2 - X(t» 2
---- =
(2 - XO ) 2 + 2t
2 3 4 5
- 2 �_�_��-L�_�
o 2 3 4 5
10. Stable critical point: x = 5; unstable critical point: x = 2; For each of Problems 13 through 18 we show a plot of slope field and
typical solution curves. The equilibrium solutions of the given
xo) + 5(xo - 2)e31
x(t) = 2(55 -- Xo
differential equation are labeled, and the stability or instability of
+ (xo - 2)e31 each should be clear from the picture.
13.
-4
o 2 3 4
14. 18.
\ \ \ \ \
I I
I I I I I
I I I
o 2 3
19. <
There are two critical points if h 21, one critical point if
15. >
h = 21, and no critical points if h 21. The bifurcation
x' = (x2 - 4)2
diagram is the parabola (e - 5) 2 = 25 - IOh in the he-plane.
<
, ' " / I
4 , 1 / , / I 20. There are two critical points if s i6 , one critical point if
>
s = i6 , and no critical points if s i6 . The bifurcation diagram
, , " "
I I
, , , " "
2 is the parabola (2e - 5) 2 = 25(1 - 1 6s) in the se-plane.
Section 7.2
1. 7.l . l 3 2. 7.l . l 5 3. 7.l . l S 4. 7.l . l 2
-2 �/·/�/��"��/�/� 5. 7.l . l 1 6. 7.l . l7 7. 7.l . l4 8. 7.l . l6

9. ==
Equilibrium solutions x(t) 0, ±2. The critical point (0, 0) in
, , , , ,
/ I , / I the phase plane looks like a center, whereas the points (±2, 0)
-4 1
,
/
I
,
I
/ I
I I look like saddle points.
o 2 3 4
16. x' = (x2 - 4)3

I I , , , I I I , , , I I I I I I
4 '
I
"
I ,
'
I
"
I I I
I I
I
I I
I ,
I
I
I
,
I I I I I
I I I I I
� :!_=_�
I I , , , I I I I , , , , I I I I
I I I .L I I I J) I I
2 l L
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I \ I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
� 0 1-+:"""':c-+:++-:-1:-+-:if:-+-: +: ...,:*: """':c-+: """':++-: -1:-+-: -I
-2 ��7.:"2 = -
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I I -5 o 5
'
I
"
"
'
I
"
I
I I
I I I
I
I
,
,
,
I
,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
x
==
-4 I
I
"
"
I
I
I
I I I "
I I I I ,
,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I 10. Equilibrium solution x(t) O. The critical point (0, 0) in the
o 2 3 4 phase plane looks like a spiral sink.
17.
x
==
Equilibrium solutions x(t) . . . -211" -11" 0 11" 211" . . . . The
11.
2 3 4 , , ,
phase portrait shown in the solutions manual suggests that the

, , ,
n
critical point (mr, 0 ) in the phase plane is a spiral sink if is improper node.
n
even, but is a saddle point if is odd.
12. ==
Equilibrium solution x(t) O. The critical point (0, 0) in the
phase plane looks like a spiral source, with the solution curves
emanating from this source spiraling outward toward a closed
curve trajectory.
-5 o 5
x
17. Solution x(t) = A cos t + B sin t, y(t) = B cos t - A sin t. The

origin is a stable center.
x
13. Solution x(t) = xoe-2t , y(t) = yoe- 2t . The origin is a stable
proper node similar to the one illustrated in Fig. 6. 1 .4.
14. Solution x(t) = xoe 2t , y(t) = yoe-2t . The origin is an unstable
saddle point.
-5 o 5
x
18. Solution x(t) = A cos 2t + B sin 2t,

y(t) = -2B cos 2t + 2A sin 2t. The origin is a stable center.
19. Solution x(t) = A cos 2t + B sin 2t, y(t) = B cos 2t - A sin 2t.
The origin is a stable center.
y(t) = e- 2t [( -2A + B) cos t - (A + 2B) sin t]. The origin is a
20. Solution x(t) = e- 2t (A cos t + B sin t),
x stable spiral point.
15. Solution x(t) = xoe-2t , y(t) = yoe- t . The origin is a stable node.
5
�__L-____�__-L____�
-5
-5 o 5
x 23. >
The origin and the circles x 2 + y 2 = C 0; the origin is a stable
center.
16. t 3 t unstable 24. The origin and the hyperbolas y 2 - x 2 = C; the origin is an
Solution x(t) = xoe , y(t) = yoe . The origin is anwww.elsolucionario.org
unstable saddle point. Section 7.8
1. Asymptotically stable node
-5 o 5
x -5
25. The origin and the ellipses x 2 + 4y 2 = C > 0; the origin is a 2. Unstable improper node
stable center.
3. Unstable saddle point
-5
4. Unstable saddle point

26. The origin and the ovals of the form X4 + y4 = C > 0; the origin 5. Asymptotically stable node
is a stable center.
x
-4 o 4
x 6. Unstable node
7. Unstable spiral point 13. Unstable saddle point: (2, 2)
-5 o 5
x
8. Asymptotically stable spiral point 14. Unstable saddle point: (3, 4)

9. Stable, but not asymptotically stable, center 15. Asymptotically stable spiral point: ( I , I )
-5 o
x
10. Stable, but not asymptotically stable, center 16. Unstable spiral point: (3, 2)
11. Asymptotically stable node: (2, I) 17. Stable center: ( � , - D
-5
12. Unstable improper node: (2, -3) 18. Stable, but not asymptotically stable, center:
www.elsolucionario.org (-2, - I)
19. (0, 0) is a stable node. Also, there is a saddle point at (±0.82, ±5.06) and nodal sources at (±3 . 65, 'f0.59) .
(0.67, 0.40).
x
-2 o 2
x
20. (0, 0) is an unstable node. Also, there is a saddle point at

(- I , -I) and a spiral sink at (-2.30, - 1 .70).
23. (0, 0) is a spiral sink. Also, there is a saddle point at
(- 1 .08, -0.68) .
-3 3
x -3 -2 -I 0 2 3
x
21. (0, 0) is an unstable saddle point. Also, there is a spiral sink at

(-0.51 , -2. 12).
24. (0, 0) is an spiral source. No other critical points are visible.
-5 o 5
x
-5 o 5
x
22. (0, 0) is an unstable saddle point. Also, there are nodal sinks at
25. Theorem 2 implies only that (0, 0) is a stable sink-either a node 27. Theorem 2 implies only that (0, 0) is a center or a spiral point,
or a spiral point. The phase portrait for -5 :5 x , Y :5 5 shows but does not establish its stability. The phase portrait for
also a saddle point at (0.74, -3. 2 8) and spiral sink at -2 :5 x , y :5 2 shows also saddle points at (-0.25, -0 . 51) and
(2.47, -0.46). The origin looks like nodal sink in a second (- 1 .56, 1 . 64), plus a nodal sink at (- 1 .07, - 1 .20). The origin
phase portrait for -0 . 2 :5 x, y :5 0 . 2, which also reveals a looks like a likely center in a second phase portrait for
second saddle point at (0. 12, 0.07). -0.6 :5 x , y :5 0.6.
-2 o 2
x
28. Theorem 2 implies only that (0, 0) is a center or a spiral point,

26. Theorem 2 implies only that (0, 0) is an unstable source. The but does not establish its stability (though in the phase portrait it
phase portrait for -3 :5 x , y :5 3 shows also saddle points at looks like a likely center) . The phase portrait for
(0.20, 0.25) and (-0.23, - 1 .50), as well as a nodal sink at -0 . 25 :5 x :5 0.25, - I :5 Y :5 I also shows saddle points at
(2.36, 0.58). (0. 13, 0.63) and (-0. 12, -0.47) .
-3 o 3
x
29. There is a saddle point at (0, 0) . The other critical point ( 1 , 1 ) is 37. Note that the differential equation is homogeneous.
indeterminate, but looks like a center in the phase portrait.
Section 7.4
1. Linearization at (0, 0) : x' = 200x, y' = - 1 50y; phase plane

portrait:
-2 o 2
There is a saddle point at ( I , 1 ) and a spiral sink at (- 1 , 1 ) .

x
30.
3
- 5 o 5
x
Linearization at (75 , 50) : u' = -300v, v' = J OOu ; phase plane

portrait:
o 3
There is a saddle point at ( I , I ) and a spiral sink at ( - 1 , - 1 ) .

x
31.
5. The characteristic equation is A2 + 45A + 1 26 = O.

7. The characteristic equation is (-24 - A)2 - 2 . ( 1 8)2 = O. Phase
There is a saddle point at ( 2 , I ) and a spiral sink at ( - 2 , - 1 ) .
plane portrait:
32.
Phase plane portrait for the nonlinear system in Problems 4-7: portrait:
(0,2 1 )
20
(6, 1 2)
15
'"
10
5 ( 1 5,0)
0
-5 o 5
u
0 5 10 15 20
x
9. The characteristic equation is )..2 + 58)" - 1 20 = O. 15. The characteristic equation is )..2 + 2)" - 24 = O.
10. The characteristic equation is ().. + 36) ().. + 1 8) - 576 = O. 17. The characteristic equation is )..2 - 4)" + 6 = O. Phase plane
Phase plane portrait: portrait:
��------��-
-5
-5 o 5
u u
Phase plane portrait for the nonlinear system in Problems 8-1 0: 19. The characteristic equation is ).. 2 + 1 0 = O. Phase plane portrait:
20
(0, 14)
15
'"
10
5 ( 1 2,6)
(20,0)
0
0 5 10 15 20
x u
12. The characteristic equation is )..2 + 2)" - 1 5 = O. 21. The characteristic equation is )..2 - ).. - 6 = O.
13. The characteristic equation is )..2 + 2)" + 6 = O. Phase plane 22. The characteristic equation is ).. 2 - 5)" + 1 0 = 0 . Phase plane
portrait: Nonzero coexisting populations x (t) == 4, y(t) == 8
15
(4,8)
10
o 5 10 15
-5 o 5 x
u
29. Logistic and naturally growing populations in competition
24. The characteristic equation is }.. 2 + 5}" - 1 4 = o. Critical points: nodal source (0, 0), nodal sink (3, 0), and saddle
point (2, 2)
==
Nonzero coexisting populations x (t) 2, y(t) 2 ==
25. The characteristic equation is }..2 + 5}" + 1 0 = O. Phase plane
portrait:
x
5
30. Logistic and naturally declining populations in cooperation
Critical points: saddle point (0, 0), nodal sink (3, 0), and saddle
point (5, 4)
26. Naturally growing populations in competition ==
Critical points: nodal source (0, 0) and saddle point (3, 2) 31. Logistic prey, naturally declining predator population
==
Nonzero coexisting populations x (t) 3, y (t) 2 == Critical points: saddle points (0, 0) and (3, 0), spiral sink (2, 4)
==
27. Naturally declining populations in cooperation
Critical points: nodal sink (0, 0) and saddle point (3, 2)
==
Nonzero coexisting populations x (t) 3, y (t) 2 ==
5
(2,4) +-ft--\1r\-t�
.X'-f--+-+-+ (3,2)
x
Logistic populations in cooperation
32.
o 5 Critical points: nodal source (0, 0), saddle points ( 1 0, 0) and
x (0, 20) , nodal sink (30, 60)
Nonzero coexisting populations x (t) 30, y(t) 60 == ==
28. Naturally declining predator, naturally growing prey population 33. Logistic prey and predator populations
Critical points: saddle point (0, 0) and apparent stable center Critical points: nodal source (0, 0), saddle points (30, 0) and
(4, 8) (0, 20), nodal sink (4, 22)
Nonzero coexisting populations x (t) == 4, y et) == 22 4. Eigenvalues: - 1 ± 2i ; stable spiral point
-4 o 4
x
5. Critical points: (0, mr) where n is an integer; an unstable saddle
point if n is even, a stable spiral point if n is odd
34. Logistic prey and predator populations
Critical points: nodal source (0, 0), saddle points ( 1 5 , 0) and
(0, 5), spiral sink ( 1 0, 1 0)
==
Nonzero coexisting populations x (t) 1 0, yet) 1 0 ==
Section 7.5
1. Eigenvalues: -2, -3; stable node
-5
6. Critical points: (n , 0) where n is an integer; an unstable saddle

point if n is even, a stable spiral point if n is odd
7. Critical points: (mc, mr) where n is an integer; an unstable
saddle point if n is even, a stable spiral point if n is odd
3lt
2lt
-10 It
'"
x
0
-It
2. Eigenvalues: 1 , 3; unstable node
-2lt
3. Eigenvalues: -3, 5 ; unstable saddle point
-3lt
-3lt -2lt -It 0 It 2lt 3lt

x
8. Critical points: (mc, 0) where n is an integer; an unstable node if
n is even, an unstable saddle point if n is odd
9. If n is odd then (mr, 0) is an unstable saddle point.
10. If n is odd then (mr, 0) is a stable node.
11. (mc, 0) is a stable spiral point.
12. Unstable saddle points at (2, 0) and (-2, 0), a stable center at
(0, 0)
13. Unstable saddle points at (2, 0) and (-2, 0), a stable spiral point
at (0, 0)
14. Stable centers at (2, 0) and (- 2, 0), an unstable saddle point at
x (0, 0)
15. A stable center at (0, 0) and an unstable saddle point at (4, 0) 20. (mf, 0) is a spiral n
sink if is even, a saddle point if is odd. n
16. Stable centers at (2, 0), (0, 0), and (-2, 0), unstable saddle
points at ( I , 0) and (- 1 , 0) Appendix
17. (0, 0) is a spiral sink.
IO ��--�---'�-'-'--TOn 1. Yo = 3, Yl = 3 + 3x, Y2 = 3 + 3x + �X 2 ,
Y3 = 3 + 3x + �X 2 + �x 3 ,
5 Y4 = 3 + 3x + �X 2 + �X 3 + kX4; y(x) = 3eX
3. Yo = I , Y l = I - x 2 , Y2 = I - x 2 + �X4,
Y3 = I - x 2 + �X4 - �X 6 ,
Y4 = I - x 2 + �X4 - �X 6 + � X8 ; y(x) = exp (_x 2 )
5. Yo = 0, Y l = 2x, Y2 = 2x + 2x 2 ,
-5 Y3 = 2x + 2x 2 + !X 3 ,
Y4 = 2x + 2X 2 + !X 3 + �X4; y(x) = e2x - I
7. Yo = 0, Y l = x 2 , Y2 = x 2 + �x4, Y3 = x 2 + �X4 + �X 6 ,
Y4 = x 2 + 4X4 + �X 6 + �X8; y(x) = exp(x 2 ) - I
-5 o 5 9. Yo = I ' YI = ( I + x) + 4X 2 , Y2 = ( I + x + x 2 ) + �X 3 ,
x Y3 = ( I + x + x 2 + kX 3 ) + � X4;
18. (0, 0) is a spiral sink; the points (±2, 0) are saddle points. y(x) = 2eX - I - x = I + x + x 2 + k X 3 + . . .
11. Yo = I , Y l = I + x, Y2 = ( I + x + x 2 ) + kx 3 ,
Y3 = ( 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 ) + �X4 + kX5 + �X 6 + tJx7;
I
y(x) = -- = I + x + x 2 + x 3 + X4 + x5 + . . .
I -x
12. Yo = I , Y l = I + 4x, Y2 = I + 4x + �X 3 + kX 3 + iiX4,
]
Y3 = I + �x + �X 2 + f6x 3 + �X4 + . . . ; y(x) = (1 - X) -1/2
13.
[ ��X ]] [ - ! +l 3t[ �: I t2 ][ - ! ! �� l
=
[ Y2 = [ - II + 5t +- � t2 ,
=
X3 ] [ I + 3t + I t 2 + I t3 ]
2
x
[ Y3 -[ et +- 1te+t ]5t - � t2 + � t3
_
14. x(t) = 16. Y3 ( 1 ) � 0.350 1 85

19. (0, 0) is a spiral sink. et
'" 0 f-:;:-+:-+--+--+....HI-J-+=-�
-5
-5 o 5
x
I N D E X
Boldface page numbers indicate where terms are defined.
A Beats, 1 64 Cascade, 55
Abel 's fonnula, 1 1 2, 1 24 Bernoulli, Daniel ( 1 700-1 782), 248 Catenary, 46
Acceleration, 12 Bernoulli equation, 63 Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, 570
Addition (of matrices), 348 Bessel, Friedrich W. ( 1 784-1 846), 248 Cello, 1 7 8
Adriatic Sea, 5 1 4 Bessel's equation, 1 24, 194, 228, 245, Center, 494
Air resistance, 85 248, 257, 300 of power series, 196
proportional to square of velocity, modified, 263 stable, 494, 506
88 parametric, 255 Chain (of generalized eigenvectors),
proportional to velocity, 22, 86 Bessel function: 398, 40 1
Airy equation, 2 1 7, 259 asymptotic approximations, 257 Chaos, 542
Airy function, 2 1 8 identities, 253 and period-doubling, 547
Alligator population, 82, 83 modified, 263 Characteristic equation, 109, 125
Almost linear system, 502, 508 order I , first kind, 232, of matrix, 368
�,
stability, 508 order I, second kind, 246, 247 complex roots, 1 3 1 , 1 33
Ampere, 1 7 3 order 232 distinct real roots, 1 09, 1 26
Amplification factor, 165 order � , 246 repeated roots, I l l, 1 29, 133
Amplitude, 139 order n, second kind, 252 Characteristic value, see Eigenvalue
Analog computers, 1 74 order p, first kind, 251 Churchill, Ruel V. , 274, 302, 303
Analytic function, 196 order zero, first kind, 228 Circular frequency, 139, 142
Argument (of complex number), 1 32 order zero, second kind, 245 Clairaut equation, 73
Arnold, David, 3 1 solutions in tenns of, 258 Clarinet reed, 540
Artin, Emil, 25 1 Bifurcation, 485, 5 1 1 , 525, 537 Clarke, Arthur, 1 9
Associated homogeneous equation, diagram, 486 Clepsydra, 45
101, 1 2 1 , 1 49, 1 5 1 , 356, 362 Hopf, 5 1 2 Closed trajectory, 495
Asymptotic approximations, 257 point, 486 Coefficient matrix, 355
Asymptotic stability, 494, 507, 508 Big bang, 44
Column vector, 349
Augmented coefficient matrix, 360 Binomial series, 195, 206, 233
Compartmental analysis, 37 1
Automobile: Birth rate, 74
Competing species, 5 1 6
two-axle, 392 Black hole, 94
Competition and cooperation, 522
vibrations, 1 7 3 Boundary value problem, 1 8 1
Competition, measure of, 5 1 7
Autonomous differential equation, 481 Brachistochrone problem, 46
Competition system, 5 1 7
critical point, 481 Broughton Bridge, 1 66
Complementary function, 121, 362
equilibrium solution, 481 Buckled rod, 1 9 1
Complex eigenvalue, 374
stable critical point, 482 Buckling o f vertical column, 259
Complex-valued function, 130
unstable critical point, 482 Buoy, 1 46
Autonomous system, 488 Complex-valued solution, 374
Bus orbit (Moon-Earth), 473
linearized, 502 Compound interest, 37
Auxiliary equation, see Characteristic Conservation of mechanical energy,
equation C 1 37, 1 66
Average error, 79 Cantilever, 188 Constant acceleration, 1 3
Capacitor, 173 Constant thrust, 95
B
Carbon- 14, 37 Continuous dependence of solutions,
Carrying capacity, 77 569
Batted baseball, 469, 474 Cart with flywheel, 1 62 Convergence of power series, 1 95
www.elsolucionario.org 1-1
1 -2 I n d ex
Convolution (of functions), 297 differential form, 67 Endpoint conditions, 1 88

Cooperation and competition, 522 exact, 67 Endpoint problem, 1 8 1 , 1 89
Corrector (improved Euler), 446 first-order, 7 Equidimensional equation, 222
Coulomb, 173 general solution, 1 0, 36, 1 06 Equilibrium position, 135
Criterion for exactness, 68 homogeneous, 60, 101 Equilibrium solution, 22, 50, 481
Critical buckling force, 1 9 1 independent variable missing, 7 1 stable or unstable, 493
Critical damping, 141 linear, 47, 100 of system, 488
Critical point (of autonomous normal form, 7 Error function, 54
equation), 481 order, 6 Error:
Critical point (of system), 488 order n , 1 1 3 in the Euler method, 442
asymptotic stability, 494 ordinary, 7 in the improved Euler method, 446
center, 494 partial, 7 in the Runge-Kutta method, 454
classification, 509 particular solution, 10 Escape velocity, 92
isolated, 500, 503 reducible second-order, 70 Euler, Leonhard ( 1 707-1783), 248,
node, 491 Riccati, 73 43 1
of predator-prey system, 5 14 separable, 32 Euler buckling force, 1 9 1
saddle point, 492 singular solution, 36 Euler equation, 1 1 3, 1 35
spiral point, 495 solution, 2, 6 Euler's formula, 1 30
spiral sink, 495 Differential equations and Euler's method, 432
spiral source, 495 determinism, 148 cumulative error, 435, 443
stability, 492 Differential form, 67 improved, 445
Critical speed (of whirling string), 1 87 Dirac, P. A. M. ( 1 902- 1 9 84), 3 1 7 local error, 435
Crossbow, 85, 87, 89, 450, 460, 474 Dirac delta function, 317 roundoff error, 436
Cumulative error, 435, 443 Direction field, 1 9 , 3 3 1 , 489 for systems, 464
Cycloid, 346 Displacement vector, 381 Exact equation, 67
Distinct real eigenvalues, 369 Existence, uniqueness of solutions, 23 ,
D
Doomsday situation, 82 24, 50, 1 04, 1 14, 557, 565, 567
Doomsday versus extinction, 8 1 for linear systems, 565
Damped motion, 136 Downward motion, 89 global, 562
nonlinear, 530 Drag coefficient, 87 local, 566
Damped pendulum oscillations, 537 Drug elimination, 38 of solutions of systems, 334,
Damping constant, 136 Duffing equation, 548 Exponential growth, see Natural
Death rate, 74 Duhamel 's principle, 322 growth
Decay constant, 38 Duplication, case of, 1 54 Exponential matrix, 411, 4 1 7
Defect (of eigenvalue), 396 Dynamic damper, 39 1 Exponential order, 273
Defective eigenvalue, 396 Exponential series, 196
E
Degenerate system, 343 Exponents (of a differential equation),
de Laplace, Pierre Simon 223
( 1 749-1 827), 275 Earth-Moon satellite orbits, 472 External force, 136
Delta function, 317 Eigenfunction, 182 vector, 3 89
inputs, 3 1 8 Eigenvalue, 182
F
and step functions, 320 complete, 393
Density of force, 1 88 complex, 374
Deflection of beam, 1 87 defective, 396 Famous numbers, 442, 452, 463
deflection curve, 187 distinct real, 369 Farad (unit of capacitance), 173
Dependence on parameters, 485 for matrix, 367 Feigenbaum, Mitchell, 547
Dependent variable missing, 70 multiplicity 2, 397 Feigenbaum constant, 547, 553
Derivative: multiplicity k, 393 Fibonacci number, 207
of complex-valued function, 1 30 Eigenvalue method, 367, 368 First-order equation, 7
of matrix function, 354 Eigenvalue problem, 182 First-order system, 329, 355
Determinant, 352 Eigenvector, 367 Flagpole, 26 1
Difference equation, 543 rank r generalized, 398 Flight trajectories, 65
Differential equation, 1 Electrical resonance, 1 7 8 Flywheel on cart, 1 62
autonomous, 481 Elementary row operations, 360 Folia of Descartes, 5 1 3
Bernoulli, 63 Elimination, method of, 339 Forced Duffing equation, 548
Clairaut, 73 Elimination constant, 38 Forced motion, 1 36
dependent variable missing, 70 Elliptic integral, 536 Forced oscillations:
Index 1 -3
damped, 1 6 8 Hooke's law, 1 35, 526 differentiation, 299

and resonance, 388 Hopf bifurcation, 5 1 2 existence, 273
undamped, 1 62 Hypergeometric equation, series, for s large, 274
Forced vibrations, 1 0 1 232-233 general properties of, 272
Formal multiplication o f series, 197 Hypocycloid, 347 of higher derivatives, 278
Fourier, Joseph, ( 1 768- 1 830), 248, 546 and initial value problems, 278
Free motion, 136 of integral, 284
damped, 1 4 1
undamped, 1 38 Identity principle, 1 99
integrals of transforms, 30
inverse, 271
I
Free oscillations, 345, 3 84 Imaginary part, 1 30 inverse transforms of series, 304
Free space, 97 Impedance, 175 linearity of, 269
Free vibrations, 1 0 1 Implicit solution, 35 and linear systems, 28 1
Frequency, 139 Improper integral, 267 notation, 27 1
resonance, 178 Improper node, 505 of periodic function, 3 1 0
Frequency equation Improved Euler method, 445 products of transforms, 297
Frobenius, Georg ( 1 848- 1 9 1 9) , 222 error in, 446 translation on the s-axis, 289
Frobenius series, 222 for systems, 465 translation on the t-axis, 305
solutions, 225 Impulse, 316 uniqueness of inverse, 274
From the Earth to the Moon,
Fundamental matrix, 408
92, 94 Ince, E. L., 264, 343
Independent variable missing, 7 1
Legendre polynomial, 216
Legendre's equation, 194, 358, 2 1 8
Fundamental matrix solutions, 408 Indicial equation, 223 Limit cycle, 5 1 3
Fundamental theorem of algebra, 1 25 , Inductor, 1 7 3 Limiting population, 23, 77
368 Inhibition, measure of, 5 1 7 Limiting solution, 484
Funnel, 482 Initial condition, 4 , 8 Limiting velocity, 22
Initial position, 12 Linear dependence, independence,
Initial velocity, 12 105, 107, 116, 117
G Initial value problem, 8, 1 04, 1 14, 557 of vector-valued functions, 357
g, 14 and elementary row operations, 359 Linear differential equation, 47, 100
G , 90 for linear systems, 360 Linear system, 333
Gamma function, 250 , 268 order n, 1 14 almost linear, 502
Gauss's hypergeometric equation, 232 Integrating factor, 47 associated homogeneous equation,
General population equation, 75 Inverse Laplace transform, 271
General solution, 10, 36, 1 06, 1 07
356
Inverse matrix, 351 eigenvalue method, 368
of homogeneous equation, 120 Irregular singular point, 220 first-order, 355
of nonhomogeneous equation, 1 2 1 Isolated critical point, 500 general solution, 358
Generalized eigenvector, 398
homogeneous, 334
Generalized functions, 324
Geometric series, 195, 233 J nonhomogeneous, 334, 362, 420
Gleick, James, 553 solution, 334, 355, 362
Jacobian matrix, 502
Global existence of solutions, 562 upper triangular form, 360
Jump, 271
Gzyx, 1 8 Linearity of Laplace transform, 269
K
Linearization, 502
H
Linearized system, 502
Kansas City (skywalk collapse), 1 66 Lipschitz continuous, 561
Hailstone, 56 Kepler, Johannes ( 1 57 1- 1 630), 336 Local error, 435
Half-life, 40 laws of planetary motion, 336, 477 Local existence of solutions, 566
Halley 's comet, 478 Kinetic energy, 1 66 Logarithmic decrement, 148
Hard spring, 528 Kirchhoff's laws, 173, 328 Logistic difference equation, 543
oscillation, 528 Kutta, Wilhelm ( 1 867-1 944), 453 Logistic equation, 23, 76, 452, 542
Harvesting a logistic population, 453 , competition situation, 80
L
483 with harvesting, 453, 483
Heaviside, Oliver ( 1 850- 1 925), 275 joint proportion situation, 80
Henry (unit of inductance), 1 7 3 Lakes Erie, Huron, and Ontario, 5 3 limited environment situation, 80
Hermite equation, 217 Language families, 43 Logistic populations, interaction of,
Hermite polynomial, 217 Laplace transform, 267 522
Hole-through-Earth problem, 1 46 and convolution, 298 Lorenz, E. N., 55 1
Homicide victim, 45 of derivative, 277 Lorenz strange attractor, 55 1
Homogeneous equation, 60 , 101 derivatives of transforms, 299 Lorenz system, 552
1 ·4 I n d ex
Lunar lander, 1 3 , 90, 467 Multiplicity of eigenvalue, 393 Peaceful coexistence of two species,
520
M N
Pendulum, 1 37, 1 46, 1 7 1 , 262
nonlinear, 533
Maclaurin series, 196 Natural frequency, 163, 345, 3 84 variable length, 262
Manchester (England) bridge collapse, of beam, 644 Period, 139
1 66 Natural growth and decay, 37 Period doubling, 546, 550
Mass matrix, 381 Natural growth equation, 38 in mechanical systems, 548
Mass-spring-dashpot system, 1 0 1 Natural mode of oscillation, 345, 3 84 Periodic function, 310
Mathematical model, 4 Newton, Sir lsaac ( 1 642- 1 727), 85, Periodic harvesting and restocking,
Mathematical modeling, 4 336 453
Matrix, 348 Newton's law of cooling, 2, 40, 57, 480 Phase angle, 139
addition, 348 Newton's law of gravitation, 90, 336, Phase diagram, 481
augmented, 360 472 Phase plane, 489
coefficient, 355 Newton's method, 1 25 , 1 85 , 26 1 position-velocity, 527
columns, 348 Newton's second law of motion, 1 3 , Phase plane portrait, 33 1 , 489
determinant, 352 1 5 , 85, 95, 1 36, 1 62, 1 66, 1 86, Phenylethylarnine, 44
diagonal, 4 1 2 326, 3 8 1 Physical units, 1 4
elements, 348 Nilpotent matrix, 4 1 3 Picard, Emile ( 1 856- 1 94 1 ), 557
elementary row operations, 360 Nodal sink, 504 Pitchfork diagram, 486
equality, 348 Nodal source, 504 Piecewise continuous function, 271
exponential, 411 Node, 491 jump, 271
fundamental, 408 improper, 492, 504, 505 Piecewise smooth function, 277
identity, 351, 359
inverse, 352
proper, 491 , 505 Pit and the Pendulum, The,
Pitchfork diagram, 546
262
Nonelementary function, 430
multiplication, 350 Nonhomogeneous equation, 101, 1 2 1 , Poe, Edgar Allan ( 1 809-1 849), 262
nilpotent, 413 1 22 Polar form (of a complex number), 1 32
nonsingular, 352 Nonhomogeneous system, 334, 362 Polking, John, 3 1 , 499
order, 351 Nonlinear pendulum, 533 Polynomial differential operator, 1 27,
principal diagonal, 352 period of oscillation, 535, 539 340
rows, 348 Nonlinear spring, 527, 528 Population equation, 75
singular, 352 Nonsingular matrix, 352 Population explosion, 75, 82
subtraction, 349 Noonburg, Anne, 264 Population growth, 37
transpose, 349 Norm, 5 6 1 and period doubling, 542
zero, 348 Position function, 12
Matrix differential equation, 407 Position-velocity phase plane, 527
Matrix exponential solutions, 4 1 4 o Potential energy, 1 66
general, 4 1 6 Ohm (unit of resistance), 173 Power series, 194
Matrix-valued function, 354 Operational determinant, 341 Power series method, 1 94
continuous, 354 Operator, polynomial differential, 1 27, Power series representation, 1 95
differentiable, 354 340 Practical resonance, 1 69
Mechanical-electrical analogy, 1 74 Order of differential equation, 6 Predation, 522
Mechanical vibrations, 343 Ordinary differential equation, 7 Predator, 5 1 3
Method of elimination, 339 Ordinary point, 208 Predator-prey situation, 5 1 3
Method of Frobenius, 222 solution near, 209 Predator-prey system, 5 14
logarithmic case, 240 Oscillating populations, 5 1 6 Predictor (improved Euler), 446
nonlogarithmic case, 233 Overdamping, 1 4 1 Predictor-corrector methods, 445
the exceptional cases, 242 Prey, 5 1 3
p
Method of successive approximations, Principle of superposition, 1 02, 1 1 3
557 for nonhomogeneous equations, 1 55
Method of undetermined coefficients, Painleve transcendant, 264 for systems, 356
149
for nonhomogeneous systems, 42 1
Parachute, 87, 94, 440, 450, 457, 460
Parameters, variation of, 1 58, 1 60
Principia Mathematica,
Product of matrices, 350
85, 336
Mexico City earthquake, 1 66 Parametric Bessel equation, 255 Proper node, 505
Mixture problems, 52 Partial differential equation, 7 Pseudofrequency, 142
Modem Jazz Quartet, 640 partial fraction decomposition, 289 Pseudoperiod, 142
Modulus (of complex number), 1 32 Particular solution, 10 Pure resonance, 1 65
Index 1-5
R binomial, 195, 206, 233 Stable center, 506

Radio frequencies, 1 7 8 convergent, 195 Stable critical point, 492
Radioactive decay, 3 7 exponential, 196 Staircase function, 3 1 5
Radius o f convergence, 201 formal multiplication, 197 Star, see Proper node
Railway cars, 385, 39 1 , 402 geometric, 195, 233 Static displacement, 165
Rank r generalized eigenvector, 398 hypergeometric, 233 Static equilibrium position, 136
Rayleigh, Lord (John William Strutt, identity principle, 1 99 Steady periodic current, 175
1 842- 1 9 1 9), 540 Maclaurin, 196 Steady periodic solution, 390
Rayleigh's equation, 540 power, 194 Step size, 43 1 , 445, 47 1
Reactance, 176 radius of convergence, 201 Stiffness matrix, 382
Real part, 1 30 shift of index, 200 Stirling's approximation, 56
Recurrence relation, 200 Taylor, 1 96 Stokes' drag law, 148
many-term, 2 1 3 termwise addition, 197 Stonehenge, 40
two-term, 2 1 3 termwise differentiation, 1 98 Strange attractor, 552
Reducible second-order equation, 70 trigonometric, 205 Substitution methods, 59
Reduction of order, 1 24, 238 Shift of index of summation, 200 Superposition principle, 1 02, 1 1 3
formula, 239 Simple harmonic motion, 1 39 for nonhomogeneous equations, 155
Regular singular point, 220 Simple pendulum, 1 37 for systems, 356
Repeated quadratic factors, 294 Sine integral function, 5 1 Survival of a single species, 5 1 7
Resistance: Singular matrix, 352 Swimmer's problem, 1 6
proportional to velocity, 86 Singular point, 208 Systems analysis, 322
T
proportional to square of velocity, irregular, 220
88 regular, 220
Resistance matrix, 403 Singular solution, 36
Taylor series, 196
Resistor, 1 73 Sink, 492
Temperature oscillations, indoor, 57
Resonance, 165, 389 Skydiver, 457, 463
Terminal speed, 86
electrical, 178 Skywalk, 1 66
Termwise differentiation of series, 1 98
practical, 1 69 Slope field, 19, 489
Termwise inverse Laplace
pure, 1 65 Snowplow problem, 45
transformation, 304
and repeated quadratic factors, 294 Sodium pentobarbitol, 43
Thermal diffusivity, 7
Riccati equation, 73, 262 Soft spring, 528
Threshold population, 81
RLC circuit, 1 73 , 308, 320 oscillation, 529
Threshold solution, 484
initial value problems, 1 76 Soft touchdown, 1 4, 1 8
Time lag, 1 39, 176
integrodifferential equation, 308 Solution curve, 19, 33 1
Time-varying amplitude, 142
Rocket propulsion, 95 Solution: Torricelli's law, 2, 4 1
Rodrigues' formula, 217 of differential equation, 2, 7
Trace-determinant plane, 5 1 3
Rossler band, 553 of system, 326 Trajectory, 33 1 , 488
Rossler system, 553 on an interval, 6 closed, 495
Row vector, 349 linear first -order, 50 Transfer function, 322
Runge, Carl ( 1 856-1 927), 453 existence, uniqueness, 23, 24, 50, Transient current, 175
Runge-Kutta method, 453 1 04, 1 1 4, 557 Transient solution, 1 68, 390
error in, 454 general, 10, 36 Translated series solutions, 2 1 2
for systems, 466 implicit, 35 Triangular wave function, 288, 3 1 1
variable step size methods, 47 1 one-parameter family, 5 Trigonometric series, 205
singular, 36 Two-dimensional systems, 330
Source, 492
S Spacecraft landing, 467
Saddle point, 492, 504 Spiral point, 506 U
Saltzman, Barry, 552 Spiral sink, 495 Undamped forced oscillations, 1 62
Sawtooth function, 288, 3 1 4 Spiral source, 495 Undamped motion, 136
Schwartz, Laurent, 324 Spout, 482 Underdamping, 1 42
Second law of motion, 1 3 , 1 5 , 85, 1 36, Spring constant, 136 Undetermined coefficients, 149, 1 5 1 ,
1 62, 1 66, 1 86, 326, 3 8 1 Square wave function, 276, 288, 3 1 1 , 1 55, 42 1
Second-order system, 382, 383 3 1 4, 549 Unicycle model of car, 1 67
Separable equation, 32 Stability: Uniform convergence, 563
Separatrix, 520, 529 of almost linear systems, 508 Uniqueness of solutions, see Existence
Series: of linear systems, 507 Unit impulse response, 323
1·6 I n d ex
Unit on-off function, 288 Variation of parameters, 1 58, 1 60 W

Unit square wave function, 288 for nonhomogeneous systems, 423, Water clock, 45
Unit staircase function, 276, 287 425 Watson, G. N. ( 1 886-1 965), 248
Unit step function, 271, 305 Variable step size, 47 1 Weight function, 322
Unit step response, 323 Vector, 349 Well-posed problems and
Unstable critical point, 482, 492 scalar product, 350 mathematical models, 568
Upward motion, 88 Velocity, 12 Whirling string, 1 85
U. S. population, 78 limiting, 22 World population, 39
Verhulst, Pierre-Franc;ois ( 1 804-1 849), Wronski, J. M. H. ( 1 778-1 853), 1 1 7
78, 84
Wronskian, 106, 1 07, 117, 1 1 9
Verne, Jules ( 1 828-1 905 ), 92, 94
V Vertical motion with gravitational
of vector-valued functions, 357
van der Pol, Balthasar ( 1 889- 1 959), acceleration, 1 5
y
54 1 with air resistance, 85
van der Pol's equation, 541 Viscosity, 1 48
Vandermonde determinant, 123 Voltage drop, 1 73 Yorke, James, 547
Variable gravitational acceleration, 90 Volterra, Vito ( 1 860-1 940), 5 1 4 Young's modulus, 1 9 1 , 259

C. Henry Edwards, David E. Penney - Elementary Differential Equations (6th Edition) (2008, Pearson Education) (Elsolucionario - Org) (601-645)

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C. Henry Edwards, David E. Penney - Elementary Differential Equations (6th Edition) (2008, Pearson Education) (Elsolucionario - Org) (601-645)

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588 Answers to Selected Problems

1. Cn+ 2 = C,". y(X) = Co �

18. y(x) = 2 L ; converges for all x

� L (2n + 3)(x - 1 ) 2n+ l ; converges if 0 < x

4. (n + 2)Cn+ 2 = - e n + 4)cn ; p = I ; < 2

y(x) = Co (- I ) n (n + l )x 2n + � CI L (- I )" (2n + 3)X 2n+ 1

5. 3(n + 2)Cn+2 = ncn ; p = vS"; y (x) Co + C I L

23. 2C2 + Co = 0; (n + I ) (n + 2)Cn+ 2 + Cn + Cn - I 0 for n � I ;

8. 2(n + I ) (n + 2)Cn+2 = (n - 4) (n + 4)cn ; y(x) = co( l - 4x 2 + X4 x7

13. C2 = 0; (n + 3)Cn+ 3 = -Cn ;

y (x) = Co '" n + CI '" -...,.--

6. Regular singular point; r l = I , r2 = -2

13. Regular singular points x = 2, -2 Y2

� n !(2n + I ) ! ! ' Y2 (x) - X - / "

31. y , (x) = X '/2 cosh x , Y2 (X) = X '/2 sinh x

y , (x) = -1 +-x (X) = 1 + 2 L x " 00

J (x) = 1 (x 2 - 24)Jo(x) + -8 (6 - x 2 ) J, (x)

18. 3/(S 2 + 36), s > 0

(4x3 - I6xM (x) + (8x 2 - X4 )JO (X) + C

points (a, 0) and (b, 1).

9. y(x) = X I /2 [CI JI /2 (2x 3/2 ) + C2 '- 1 /2 (2x 3/2 )] 14. = =

Section 4.3 32. (S 2 + 2s)X'(s) + (4s + 4)X(s) = 0;

Section 4.4 3. f(t ) = u(t - 1) . e- 2(t- l )

17. F(s) = 7I"(e-2s + e-3')/(s 2 + 71" 2 )

3. x(t) = HI - e-2' - 2te-2,] + u(t - 2)(t - 2)e-2('-2)

4. x(t) = -2 + t + 2e-' + 3te-'

42. x(t) = g(t) + 2 L (_ 1) n u(t - nn)g(t - nn) where

5. x(t) = 2u(t - n)e- (l-1r ) sin(t - n)

6. x(t) = i (t - 2u(t - 3rr» sin 3t 21. i(t) = L u (t - nrr/lO)e3n"e-30t sin t

7. x(t) = [2 - e2Jru(t - rr) + e4"u(t - 2rr)] e-2t sin t 00

22. x(t) = L u(t - 2nrr) sin t

19. i(t) = L u(t - nrr/ lO) sin lOt

13. x(t) = A cos 2t + B sin 2t, y(t) = -B cos 2t + A sin 2t;

15. x(t) = al cos t + a2 sin t + bl cos 2t + b2 sin 2t,

3 In the natural mode with frequency WI = I the masses move in

40. x(t) = al cos 5t + a2 sin 5t + bl cos l Ot + b2 sin lOt,

x(t) = al cos t + a2 sin t + bl cos 2t + b2 sin 2t, '"

46. x(t) = al cos 2t + a2 sin 2t + bl cos 4t + b2 sin 4t, 27.

(c) [ �� -�� l [ -�� -�� ](d)

2. (AB) C = A(B C ) = [ :::: �� �� l

[ ] (b) W(XI o X2 ) == 0, whereas Theorem 2 would imply that W 1= 0

[ - 8t + 18t 2 I + 2t - 12t 2 + 32t 3

X3 (t) 1 35e- 3t - 270e-2t + 1 35e- t . X2 (t) 3 - � (165e- 1 8t - 144e- ll t ),

The limiting amounts of salt in tanks I, 2, and 3 are 10 lb, 3 lb,

pounds. and 20 lb.

33. X l (t) 45e-4t , 36. X l (t) 4 + e-3t /S[14 cos(3t/1O) - 2 sin(3t/1O)],

X2 (t) 10 - e- 3ts/S[lO cos(3t/1O) - lO sin(3t/1O)],

X2 (t) 90e-4t - 90e-6t , =

X3 (t) 4 - e- 3t / [4 cos(3t/1O) + 8 sin(3t/1O)].

X3 (t) -270e-4t + 135e- 6t + 135e-2t .

The maximum amount of salt ever in tank 3 is X3 (1 1n 3) 20

34. X l (t) 40e- 3t , 37. X l (t) = 30 + e- 3t [25 cos(tv'2) + lOv'2sin(tv'2)],

X3 (t) - 1 50e- 3t + 75e-St + 75e- t .

[ -l] m " [ -J}'

" [ -lJ ' In [ -1 ] .. +,tU"

" [ j ] -" [ -t ] [ 1 ] [ =� ] "

,, [ -t}" +'l!}m+" [ !] U}�

9. XI (t) = 5 cos t - 8 cos 2t + 3 cos 3t,

1. Repeated eigenvalue A. = -3, eigenvector = [ I - 1 r ;

20. Eigenvalue A = 2 with multiplicity 4 and defect

13. eAt = 4e[ 3t - 3et _ 4e3t + 4et

Section 5.8 Chapter 6

2. (AB) C = A(B C ) = [ :::: �� l

-2 �/·/�/��"��/�/� 5. 7.l . l 1 6. 7.l . l7 7. 7.l . l4 8. 7.l . l6