Governments Should Place Few, If Any, Restrictions On Scientific Research and Development

Each Issue topic consists of an issue statement or statements followed by specific
task instructions that tell you how to respond to the issue. The wording of some
topics in the test might vary slightly from what is presented here. Also, because there
may be multiple versions of some topics with similar or identical wording but with
different task instructions, it is very important to read your test topic and its specific
task directions carefully and respond to the wording as it appears in the actual test.
Governments should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and

development.
Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree
with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In
developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which
adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how
these examples shape your position.
We have all heard, “Science is a necessary evil.” Why was this saying coined? The reason is
evident as all research work in science has two aspects. The results of scientific research can
be used both for constructive purposes as well as for destructive purposes. The probability of
the result of a scientific research being misused assumes greater importance when the
research is being carried out by private companies and organizations. Therefore, it is
imperative that the government puts some form of restrictions on scientific research and
development.
Research work in the field of nuclear science has always been a controversial issue. The
energy produced by nuclear reactions can be tapped for constructive purposes like generation
of power. At the same time, this nuclear energy can also be utilized for developing weapons
for mass destruction. If a private company carries out research for fabricating nuclear
weapons, then it is bound to make a lot of profit by selling these weapons to revolutionary
outfits and other countries. This would lead to a volatile situation wherein the power to cause
destruction on a large scale would be available with numerous organizations. Is this
acceptable? We all know the aftermath of the atomic explosions at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Can we afford to let it happen again? It would be worse if it happens at the hands of a
terrorist outfit. The memory of the terror attack on the World Trade Center towers in New
York is still fresh in our minds. The widespread destruction as the result of a probable terror
attack based on nuclear weapons confirms the fact that there is a requirement of restricting
the scientific research and development of nuclear energy.
One cannot refute the fact that the greatest contributions to the progress of mankind have
been made by scientists who carried out scientific research on their own without having to
seek permission from their respective governments. However, the scenario today is entirely
different from what existed centuries ago. In the present times, the quest to earn huge
amounts of money and fame has reached alarming proportions. People are willing to go to all
possible extents to make their lives more comfortable. Surgeons have carried out research
work and developed compounds like botox that can wipe years off your face by a couple of
injections. This may be useful for people who are associated with the glamour world and who
earn their livelihood because of the youthful appeal of their faces. However, what about the
common people who are now getting addicted to annual botox administrations? Won’t these
have side-effects? For how long can one conquer age? If one does intend to remain youthful
all his life, then is mutating the genes of human embryos justified?
Research is already underway for cloning animals, but there is widespread speculation about
the results of similar experiments on humans. Is it warranted to have a baby that is the clone
of a popular movie star or a clone of his own brother or sister? What would be the result if
such a technology falls into the wrong hands? People can use this for creating clones that will
carry out crimes by impersonations. All this will be possible if the research work on human
DNA is allowed to be carried out without any restrictions. At the same time, one cannot deny
the fact that extensive research on human DNA has led to the emergence of the stem cell
technology that can cure you from terminal diseases later on in life.
In view of the above, it is evident that putting stringent regulations on scientific research
work would not be a wise decision. Nevertheless, there should be some restrictions applied
by the government on all forms of scientific research to ensure that the technology being
developed will be used for the betterment of mankind
The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.
with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In
developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the
statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape
your position.
“The best way to teach-whether as an educator, employer, or parent-is to praise positive
actions and ignore negative ones.”
Encouragement helps a great deal in bringing up any quality. A positive feedback can boost
the morale to a great extent. Such learning, that is backed with positive feedback and
encouragement, is effective and faster. However, I disagree that negative actions should be
ignored. Along with praising positive actions, it is very important to point out the negative
ones so that they are not repeated.
Teaching involves inculcating good habits and eliminating bad ones. It is a process of
refining the personality and imparting correct knowledge. If it does not fulfill any one of the
two things, it is incomplete and ineffective. Education can be imparted in many ways.
However, the point is not just to make the students learn theie lessons anyhow but to make
them incorporate what they learn in their lives. Moreover, education also involves teaching
those things that the child is not able to pick up on his own. This can be done only if they are
taught in a proper way. Children in school are in their growing age. What they are taught in
school goes on for all their lives. Therefore, it is important that along with appreciating their
good actions they are told about the places where they are wrong. For example, a child may
be brilliant in studies and may score well in all subjects. However, he may not be friendly and
polite with other students. He could be a bully or rude to others. Here it is not only important
to encourage the child to do well academically but it is very important to teach him how to
behave. If this is not done, he will grow up to be an unfriendly person who is not accepted in
the society. This will eventually make him a loner since no one will want to interact with
him.
Similarly, parents have a very important role in bringing up their children. Home is the first
school of a child. A child has no knowledge of what is right or wrong. He picks up whatever
he sees around him. This may be good or bad. It is the duty of parents to check where their
child is going wrong. They should teach him values and morals. While students are under the
observation of educators for fixed hours, a child is under constant observation of his parents.
Therefore, there is increased responsibility of a parent to observe the actions that are not
accepted and correct them. I would like to add here that correcting such an action does not
mean that the child is scolded, rebuked or beaten to put him on the right tract. In fact, such
behaviour can make the child more stubborn and difficult to handle. Negative criticism need
not be done in a harsh manner. It can be done by making the child understand why a certain
action is wrong.
The habits as well as knowledge a child picks up in his growing years go a long way. It goes
to his benefit if he inculcates good habits and correct education. However, this does not mean
that he can never go wrong. For example, for an employer it is very important to check the
performance of his employees. The employees should be appreciated and encouraged to keep
up the good work. On the other hand, it is possible that they make wrong decisions at some
point of time. Instead of ignoring these mistakes, an employer must help them to come to the
right decision. This will help in the professional success of the individual as well as of the
employer he is working for.
In the end, I would like to maintain that correct and the best teaching is where a child is given
the knowledge of right and wrong. He should not only be appreciated for the right behaviour
but also be told about the places where he goes wrong. This is the essence of teaching.
Governments should offer college and university education free of charge to all
students.
Education plays an important role in the overall development of a child. For the harmonious
transformation of a student into a responsible citizen, education must be made mandatory at
least at the elementary level. To impart education to all, it should be made free at school
level.
However, making college and university education free may yield adverse results. Students,
as they pass high school and reach college are quite grown up and aware of their aptitudes.
There may be many who would rather go in for a professional or vocational course. Others
may be more interested in business. The ones left out would be genuinely interested in
academics. By making university level education free, more and more students would be
tempted to get enrolled. This can result in unemployment in future as lesser vacancies would
be available for the large number of qualified students. To tackle unemployment, government
would have to adopt various methods like entrance exams etc. which are not very reliable in
selecting the meritorious and deserving students.
Moreover, due to shortage of appropriate posts, the more qualified ones may have to settle
down for jobs that do not honor their capabilities and hard work put in for the acquired
degrees. This will not only demoralize the overqualified ones, but also distort the image of
university education in the eyes of new aspirants.
College and university education, if made free, will heavily burden the government
financially. It will be not only difficult to provide the best of facilities like good libraries,
laboratories, scientific and sports equipments etc. but also challenging to pay the hired staff
and faculty. In the wake of lesser salaries, less and less people would be interested in joining
the faculty. If the deserving candidates would not be paid justifiably, then there will be
deterioration in the quality of education imparted. Making education free at university level
may also reduce the standards of education as students may develop a laid back attitude and
may not feel the necessity to clear the courses at the earliest. This will further deteriorate the
standard of education and create a huge backlog of students for the government to entertain.
Apart from the financial difficulty in paying the staff and providing appropriate facilities to
the students, there will be yet another challenge for the government to look after the other
employment channels.
Although education is a must, there are other skills required too in different fields. If all these
skills are explored and promoted well, only then can a nation be more independent
financially. The works of handicrafts, interior and fashion designing, sports, farming, etc. are
just a few to mention that need the government’s assistance to flourish to the fullest. To be
unbiased towards all streams of talent and employment, the government will be under
pressure to make all these trainings free as well. This will be a difficult task to accomplish.
Thus, making the university level education free will put a lot of economic strain on the
government.
Making university and college level education free will be beneficial neither for the
government nor for the citizens in the long run. Thus, instead of making the university
education free, the government should adopt other ways of channelizing the talents of the
youth and also keep a check on private institutions overburdening the students by high fee
structure.
The luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life prevent people from developing
into truly strong and independent individuals.
your position.
Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are
entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and
independent individuals.
As per the author, people’s independence is deteriorated by use of modern facilities. In some
aspects, this is true, as people have become more dependent. However, we cannot neglect the
importance of many things in our lives. Moreover, despite the use of the facilities, humans
are still very strong and independent beings. It is just that whenever people see some crimes
happening around, they blame the luxurious and convenient life for the fecklessness,
irresponsible behavior, and independence of contemporary individuals. However, it is not the
luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life that hampers the healthy development of
individuals; rather it is the attitudes one has of life and his personality that guides him
through moral development.
Before discussing this topic, one should be clear about what luxury is. Luxury is something
inessential and expensive but conducive to pleasure and comfort. In the modern times,
people, especially the urban population, are enjoying the luxurious and convenient lives.
Ironically, people in cities encounter much difficulty in developing themselves into truly
strong and independent personalities in the modern “harmless” life. Technological
advancement has brought humans many convenient facilities, which are useful if a person
does not depend on them completely. These facilities help humans to overcome physical
difficulties, which were otherwise hard to conquest by mere human power. Through luxuries,
people could overcome difficulties caused by geography, weather, or time for example, car,
cell phone, computer, airplanes etc. Cars and airplanes take people from one place to another
in less time. However, people start depending on them too much. They get into the habit of
using a car for just short trips to a store at a corner. They avoid walking down even short
distances. People prefer to go to gyms instead of walking or riding a cycle.
Many people spend much of their time with facilities like television and habitually use
mobile phones. These people get so much addicted to these things that absence of these
facilities makes them feel insecure. However, this partial dependency does not prove that
people are less strong or are weakened mentally or emotionally. A person with a strong
personality and positive attitude toward life is always well prepared for any challenge and
competition. While those with characteristic deficiencies or negative attitudes towards life are
always blaming the luxuries or poverty for the failure without examining the actual causes
that may be lying in themselves.
However, we cannot neglect the effect of the improved life on the developing of individual
traits. Without proper guidance, today’s youth may well take it for granted that there is no
necessity for hard work and responsibility since the convenient life is already at hand. Hence,
they should be explained that improvement of life is the contribution of every individual’s
hard work, and that no one deserves it unless he also does his contribution. In order to
achieve the strength and soundness of personality, one should set up healthy attitudes to life
and chasten himself through competitions and failures.
In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important
contributions.
your position.
A person who is constantly working to achieve his aim in life and in the end does achieve it is
an expert. An expert is an expert because he knows all the aspects related to his field and he
knows the answers to all the related questions. The experience an expert has gone through to
reach his aim can never be felt by a beginner and most of the times what procedure a
beginner goes through an expert has already gone through. Therefore, I do not agree that in
any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important
discoveries. It can be by chance that beginners discover something but otherwise an expert is
an expert because he has already gone through all the stages of learning.
We see so many scientific creations around us. There is so much of hard work that has gone
into making the perfect creations. There must be so many failures before the actual creation
was made. If there were many failures they do not make an expert less trained but he is
learning from his experiences. His experiences provide a yardstick for the newcomers in the
same field. A new chef can make a dish nicely the very first time but making the same dish
again and again with the same flavor is an expert’s work. Similarly, Newton did not become
an expert in his field after discovering that apple fell from the tree because of some force but
when he researched and studied on it then only was he able to prove that the force is gravity.
A newcomer can make a film and that can be appreciated by every one but mastering the
techniques of good film making is not that easy, one has to put in real hard work to master it.
There are film directors who are one film wonders and there are those directors who keep
making good films after good films. “Always listen to experts. They’ll tell you what can’t be
done and why. Then do it.” Robert Heinlein has described in these lines the true meaning of
an expert.
Although there is no comparison between experts and beginners but still there are beginners
who have created history. Madam Curie is one such example who discovered radium.
Radium is used till date and Madam Curie won Nobel Prize for this discovery of hers. A
beginner has many ideas and his area of thinking is vast as compared to an expert’s restricted
vision.
All the important discoveries are made by experts and there contribution in the history can
not be denied. In any field of enquiry we need to trust our experts as they have put in so many
years of research into it. There has been so much practice gone by an expert into discovering
something and such practices make a perfectionist.
Knowledge can never exhaust, and there always lies the chance of a discovery at any moment
of time. For any person to question the unknown and find the answers to, an innovative mind
and an everlasting sense of curiosity hold the keys to the treasure. Thus, when venturing into
the unknown, it is equally likely for a beginner to contribute to the same extent as an expert.
For scientific discoveries and innovations, it is the combined effort of the inexperienced and
the experienced which results in successful outcomes. The beginner, with his radical ideas
and approach and newer methodologies, clubbed with the enthusiasm and the zeal to work on
a subject, prove as valuable as the deep knowledge, profound understanding and efficient
problem solving techniques of an expert. Thus, both the beginner and the expert contribute
equally, however, in their own ways, and one cannot be neglected in lieu of the other.
It is however that the experts play a more dominant role in certain fields. When it comes to
Governance and politics, an expert is lauded. It becomes necessary to elect a person with
profound knowledge and understanding of the mechanism of the state machinery than
electing a beginner with lack of expertise. Business ventures call for the same solution: expert
opinions are considered more valuable than those of a beginner. A person with better
comprehension of market and its fluctuations, and efficient in handling myriad situations and
people, is likely to be considered more valuable when it involves decision making. Decision
making at courtrooms also call for the expertise of the head judge. While he listens to the
remarks of his fellow judges, it is his own expert opinion that tends to create a difference,
thus calling for a supreme knowledge and understanding. Hence, contributions by experts
play a major and significant role at certain points of time.
On the contrary, important contributions are often made by beginners too. When we come to
innovations, start-ups, next generation technologies and ideas, it is the beginners who have
dominated significantly. Mark Zuckerberg has radically transformed online social sites by
inventing Facebook, a technology that was still not worked on few years back. Start-ups like
Apple and Amazon have grown into multi-billion dollar companies today. They all started as
beginners and have gained considerable expertise over time. However, contributions by
young people are not limited only to the 21st century. Sir Isaac Newton was young and
curious enough to ask the reason behind the drop of an apple, Albert Einstein was bold
enough to inquire about gravity and relativity, and Stephen Hawking was courageous enough
to venture into the arcane study of black holes. All the above researchers, with their
enthusiasm, zeal and curiosity to work for, had started researching on domains which were
entirely undiscovered and unknown, and had contributed to an unparalleled extent.
Thus, to make a mark, all it requires is the inner passion and curiosity, along with the thirst of
knowledge. Be it a beginner or an expert, anyone with radical ideas and out-of-the-box
concepts can prove to be as valuable as the rest.
The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its
rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people.
your position.
How is a nation classified as great? Does this classification depend on the achievements of
the rulers, scientists and artists that the nation has produced or does it depend on the
satisfaction and happiness of the citizens of the nation? It is evident that a nation cannot be
termed as a great nation if there is widespread discontent amongst its citizens no matter how
successful the nation has been in producing illustrious rulers, scientists and artists. Therefore,
the general welfare of the people of a nation is definitely an indicator of the greatness of a
nation.
A nation marches ahead on the path to progress with support from the contributions made by
its people. The citizens need to be employed, literate, healthy, satisfied and happy in order to
assist the nation on its way to progress. A nation plagued by poverty, famine, slow economic
growth, unemployment will have to deal with several related problems that will make it
difficult for the nation to progress and to be known as a great nation.
People who are below the poverty line will resort to unscrupulous means to make money.
Unemployed youth can easily be lured into carrying out criminal activities because of the
probability of high monetary gains. Corruption would be rampant and we all know the effect
that corruption has on the well-being and progress of a nation. Living in the country would no
longer be safe either for the citizens or for the tourists visiting the country. The nation may
boast of several well-known scientists, artists and rulers, but will the achievements of these
people help in improving the image of the nation in the eyes of the world? The answer to this
question would be a definite, “No”. People judge the greatness of a nation by the living
conditions of the nation and the greatness of some of its citizens makes little or no
contribution to the greatness of the nation.
Breakthroughs in the world of science and technology made by the scientists of a nation
cannot do much for the well-being of the nation unless the technology is made use of for
improving the living conditions of the citizens of the nation. For instance, if a team of
scientists from a developing country makes a path breaking discovery in the field of
generation of power, the nation can progress ahead only if the technology is applied for
generation of power within the nation. The team of scientists may move to another developed
nation for further research work or the nation may not have the necessary funds to implement
the newly discovered technology for the betterment of its citizens. In either of the cases, the
scientists would not be able to contribute anything towards the progress of their nation.
A nation is determined by its people. If the people are looked after well by their leaders and
their welfare is always kept in mind whenever major political decisions are taken, then it is
evident that the nation will progress on the path which leads to greatness. This is because the
well-being of a nation is directly related to the well-being and welfare of its people who
constitute the nation. The greatness of a nation cannot be determined by a handful of people
who have gained popularity and fame because of their achievements in the field of science
and technology or politics.
The best way to teach — whether as an educator, employer, or parent — is to praise

positive actions and ignore negative ones.
with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the
most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your
position.
None has been carved out perfectly. Being a melange of righteousness and wrongdoings, it is
the upbringing of a human being which remains the ultimate parameter for shaping his
personality. Thus, in the process of growing up, besides praising positive actions, negative
actions should also be highlighted to render a holistic and wholesome teaching.
A teacher should always be, as William Wordsworth writes in Ode to Duty, “A rod, a guide
to the erring.” It is the duty of any teacher to provide a wholesome education, uplifting each
faculty of human consciousness. Praising positive actions no doubt provides a person the
necessary push and encouragement to do a better work. If however, a person is always
admired and praised for his positive deeds only, chances develop he might foster over-
confidence in himself, and will develop a lack of insight into consequences of wrongdoings
and facing failures. Our first step of learning begins with our mother, who fosters confidence
in a child and encourages it to take risks and grow. While guiding a child, pointing the child
its wrongdoings thus becomes important for a mother to ascertain fruitful and healthy growth.
Hence, to inculcate the completeness of any teaching, a person should be trained to accept
both positive and negative aspects of his work with equal priority.
To teach is not to educate a person academically. Teaching calls for over all development of a
person as a human being, physically, spiritually, morally, socially and emotionally. Praising a
person and ignoring his faults will only result in an incomplete growth. An uncouth but
academically brilliant child will not be perceived well by peers. An impolite but sophisticated
boss will not be respected by his employees, nor an unfriendly rich businessman by the
society. Thus, in spite of harbouring positive aspects, negative actions should also be
highlighted to impart the best life lessons. A complete teaching, as imparted by our ancestors
through religions, sacred scriptures, calls for giving importance to morality, abstention from
sins, having a clear judgement and a sense of duty and self-realization – placing importance
to realize and rectify negative actions for the betterment of self.
Ignoring negative actions may also prove to be fatal. If remain unchecked, they cumulate. No
matter how academically sound a student is, if his resorting to unfair means remain
unchecked, he can never grow into a truthful person later in life. Thus, to impart a holistic
teaching, negativities must be highlighted, and solutions, provided. A person at fault should
be made aware of his shortcomings. Constructive criticisms and alternate solutions should be
provided for him to do a better work. As failure is the stepping stone of success, drawing
attention to such shortcomings will not only provide him an added motivation, but also will
teach him how to handle disappointments in life.
The best way to impart teachings is thus by giving negative actions the same priority as the
positive ones.
Teachers' salaries should be based on their students' academic performance.

position.
The fundamental theory of education is based on the approach of imparting teachings and
sharing knowledge. It is the duty of a teacher to render holistic education and a student to
imbibe it in the best possible fashion. Thus, basing the teachers' salaries on the academic
records of students may not seem prudent enough, as it calls for proportionating two different
and unrelated parameters.
It is highly illogical to base the teachers' salary on the academic performance of the students -
this is because performance is relative. In a class of fifty students, the overall performance of
is based on a myriad of factors, depends not only on the methodology of the education
imparted by the teacher, but also on the intelligence and maturity level of the students. Basing
the teachers' salary directly on the academic performance of the students poses a confusing
problem too: the difference in performance of various classes, in which a subject is taught by
the same teacher, calls for different salary structure for the same person. Salaries also tend to
vary on a monthly basis, if students are monthly assessed, calling for widespread confusion of
salary management system. A newer teacher, who still is not adapted to his/her new school,
under this policy, will receive a substantially lower salary than expected. Besides, judging the
teacher's ability of teaching from the academic excellence of students does not fit when we
deal with toddlers on one hand and seniors on others. Indifferences will inevitably arise
among teachers for inequality in pay, which will lead to acrimonies and bitterness, thus
lowering the quality of education.
A major shortcoming is overlooked when we propose such an alternative solution of teachers'

pay: increase in adoption of unfair means. If the salaries are directly proportional to the
performance of students, teachers might encourage students to resort to unfair means,
resulting in better performances of students and higher payments of teachers. Teachers will
undoubtedly school more students; and helping them attain better grades through unfair
means will be easy. As a result, teaching becomes a fashion of making money in the long run
rather than the instrument of imparting sound education and creating complete human beings.
To impart holistic education, keeping a check on quality of teaching imparted, as well as

upholding the right of the teachers to get paid for their duty, schools should approach a win-
win technique. Academic performance of students should be monitored on regular basis, and
teachers should be given additional payments for successful teaching, besides a fixed certain
salary. This will result in uniformity of payments, better teaching approach and sound
education system.
Basing the payments of teachers' on the academic performance of the students, thus may not
be rational enough, if imparting sound education is the core objective for an education
institution.
Society should make efforts to save endangered species only if the potential
extinction of those species is the result of human activities.
Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your
reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you
should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain
how these consequences shape your position.
At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of
natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make
extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered
species.”
It is the responsibility of humans to maintain the ecological balance of our planet by virtue of
their being the most intelligent creatures on earth. Moreover, Man has the necessary power to
save endangered species to ensure that the ecological balance of the Earth is not disturbed.
However, there is no apparent reason for society to save endangered species at costs of
money and jobs that are very high. Therefore, it is essential that society makes all possible
efforts to save endangered species, but if the costs involved are sky high, then the society can
choose not to save the species and save the human costs instead.
We no longer see Dinosaurs on the planet whereas they freely roamed on Earth eons ago. Has
their non-existence made any difference to life on Earth? It can be accepted that their
disappearance would have made some difference to the food chain as they were one of the
most prominent predators. However, in today’s context their absence has no effect on the
food chain existing on the planet. Similarly, it is highly probable that the extinction of a
particular species of animals may be of no consequence in the future. Therefore, it would not
be justified to spend an enormous amount of money in trying to save the species. On the other
hand, if the species can be saved without much investment, then society should do its bit to
preserve the environment and the animals that live therein.
The same line of reasoning may not hold true for certain types of plants and animals. This is
because apart from providing nutrition, certain species of plants and animals have been
known to have therapeutic advantages including herbal remedies. For instance, cod-liver oil
is well known for its content of Omega 3 fatty acids that help you fight against heart disease,
cancer, depression, arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, ulcers, diabetes and a host of other
diseases. Plants containing Aloe Vera have now been found to have extremely useful healing
properties and all the species containing Aloe Vera are now in high demand. Therefore,
society may have to make an attempt to save any of these species if they are endangered, but
technology has now developed so much that one can look for other alternatives if the cost of
saving these species goes beyond what society can easily afford.
There are certain natural events that are beyond the control of society. Recurring floods,
storms, forest fires, climatic changes etc. may be playing havoc with the existence of certain
types of rare species. There is little that society can do to contain such events in such a way
that the species are preserved. There will be the requirement of pulling in maximum
resources for making efforts to save every endangered species. Society will need to go to
extreme extents in case of attempting to save endangered species that exist at high altitudes or
at ocean floors. Therefore, in a majority of cases, society should avoid making an attempt to
save endangered species that would require colossal efforts.
The fact remains that in the face of catastrophic chain effects as a result of the extinction of a
particular plant or animal, it might become necessary for society to save the species. Other
than this reason, there is no evident reason for which society should invest huge amounts of
money and other human costs to save each and every species of plants and animals.
our complex and multidimensional biota faces imminent dangers from both human activities
as well as natural causes. Laws have been passed against human interference, but not enough
mandating the protection of species against naturally occurring dangers. Thus it becomes
obligatory for societies to protect endangered species from both natural causes and human
intrusion.
The development of biodiversity, as we observe today, has been for over a billion years, and
presents an arcane, multidimensional and complex phenomenon, destroying which will result
in destabilizing of the ecosystem. The ecosystem that we live in today constitute a vast
proportion of a myriad species of flora and fauna. Human beings, a smaller part of this vast
ecosystem, has evolved both physically and mentally, growing into the smartest of all
species. He however, in his development, has exploited nature in ways irreversible, wiping
out species or alarmingly reducing their numbers worldwide, rendering them endangered and
pushing towards extinction. Natural causes have done no less. Calamities like widespread
floods inundate, while forest fires engulfs entire forest lands, resulting in widespread loss of
species, resulting in the loss of ecological balance, and disruption of food web, which
ultimately leads to an ecological catastrophe. Thus, as superior species and being the
champion of ethics, we human beings, armed with advanced technology, should strive to
protect endangered species and maintain environmental balance. Care should be taken to
monitor natural habitats, scientific study should be undertaken and data should be analysed
on the number and growth of species
Endangered species often face extinction as a result of widespread diseases, which when
unchecked, may wipe out large number of plants and animals at a single strike. Mutations and
genetic alterations, as a result of growth, spread and evolvement of species over distance and
time, also results in loss of numbers. Care should be taken to preserve the original genes of
such species who faces imminent dangers; and with the advent of modern technological
advancement in biotechnology and genetic engineering, algorithms should be developed to
reverse or combat mutations. A recent report surveyed the possible endangerment of an
indigenous species of banana in Brazil which was affected by a certain parasites, wiping out
hectares of fields. The Government invested in research, and scientists developed better
bacteria resistant plants by bombarding with gamma rays. Development of synthetic habitats
for various endangered species, encouraging ex-situ breeding and providing artificial
ambiance for thriving can result in checking losses of varieties. Thus, it becomes necessary
for us to make efforts to protect such species facing alarming dangers.
Nature is guided by one universal principle: the survival of the fittest. Species indulge in
competition for food and light and other natural resources with its competitors, and quite
often, the weaker ones are subdued by stronger and more resilient ones. These dwindling
varieties may often promise to be valuable for the ecological balance or for human needs, and
thus saving such species call for human intervention.
It thus becomes necessary for us human beings to make efforts to save both naturally and
artificially threatened species, ethically, environmentally and for our very own survival.
College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs
in that field.
position.
I agree with the statement saying that one should choose his or her
major, or field of study, based on his or her interest. Surely speaking,
choosing a major based on the job market is a practical method, I
consider personal interest is the most important factor.
Choosing a major is a life-changing decision, most people’s jobs are

associated with their major back in the college or other academies.
For example, my father holds bachelor and MBA degree in finance,
and he has worked for banks or other finance-related fields; my
brother, who studied engineering in college and recently got a job in
a technological company. Says, the field-choosing decision should be
made wisely because it will then affect your life path in a significant
way.
If a person is not interested in studying in his or her field, then even
he or she graduates from schools, it is not likely that he or she will
keep working in that field, then the years he or she spent are all in
vain; even he or she continues to work in that field, it is not possible
that he or she will achieve any sort of satisfying level. Says, if we do
not like what we are currently studying, it is hard for us to get high
performance in the future.
Further, many examples have shown that only when people are
doing what they are interested in, then something great will happen.
For instance, Steve Jobs, the founder of Apple Computer, is
interested in art and engineering-related field and dedicated his
whole life working on it, then we can now have witnessed the
blooming of the electronic technology. Another example, Jane
Goodall, a famous anthropologist who is known for her studies with
apes, is interested in the behavior of apes and gorillas and also
spends her whole life working on the study, and now, we can have a
great understanding about the way how apes communicate and
behave.
Although some think we should choose our major based on the

trend of the job market because if we cannot sustain our living with
what we have learned, then it is not worth it to choose that particular
field of study. Again, it is fair to say that they are right, however, the
trend on the job market is unpredictable, it is unsafely to choose the
major based on the current job market demand, maybe four or five
years later, the demand has gone, and the only thing left is the
knowledge you do not like, and it is just a waste of time.
All in all, I contend that people should choose their field of study
based on their interest, though demanding of the job market plays a
role in the decision-making process, it should not be the main factor
that affects our choices.
As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but

more complex and mysterious.
your position.
Knowledge is the state of being enlightened. It is acquiring information and skills which help
you to understand things around you in a better way. It also helps in bringing perfection in a
person’s work and life. Knowledge is gained consciously as well as unconsciously. While
one makes an effort to acquire knowledge through getting educated and becoming learned it
is also through experience that one becomes knowledgeable. It is however questionable as to
why gaining knowledge is important. As discussed earlier, it makes you understand your
surroundings better and bring perfection in your life. Things become more comprehensible
and you gain confidence. However, as a person gains more and more knowledge, it can lead
to details, complexities and mysteries, but it is only with more efforts that new study comes
to light.
When a child comes into this world, he is completely ignorant and therefore is dependent on
his parents. As he grows up, he observes things around him. Slowly he gets the knowledge
about what is good and what is bad for him. It is only when he gains the knowledge of his
surroundings that he is capable of being on his own. He comes to know that by putting his
hand in a fire, he might get burnt, and by playing with sharp objects he can hurt himself. In
case this does not happen, he would remain dependent upon others all his life. Therefore,
knowledge makes you independent and practical in life.
It is with exercising one’s brain and gaining knowledge that we are living in this age. Without
the knowledge of agriculture, we would not be able to produce food for ourselves, without
the knowledge of iron we would not be able to set up industries. Similarly, the knowledge of
human body and medicines helps us to keep fit and live a healthy life. Such things are basic
to our life and life is incomprehensible without them.
Apart from the basic knowledge of things, one needs to acquire specific knowledge as well.
That makes him survive in the world by making a place for himself. For example, if a person
gains the knowledge of carpentry, he can extend his knowledge to others who do not have
this specific skill and earn his living.
A person goes on acquiring information unless he is satisfied. However, there are unlimited
things unknown to man. There are a number of things that are unexplainable and accepted as
they are. It is only with the efforts of someone that we can have an explanation of these
things. We did not know anything about the universe unless it was explored. The biggest of
inventions and discoveries have been possible only by indulging in them. If we retreat our
steps for the fear of getting jumbled up in complexities, new inventions and discoveries
would never be possible.
However, in the pursuit of acquiring knowledge, one must not lose ground and get lost in the
complexities. While it is important to gain knowledge, it is also important to keep your
balance and not get lost in finding solutions to mysterious and complex situations.
In any situation, progress requires discussion among people who have contrasting
points of view.
your position.
It is always a good thing to have a healthy discussion wherein people have contrasting points
of view. Such a discussion enables everyone participating in the discussion to address the
issue from the perspective of the others. However, can you force someone else to agree to
your viewpoint? On the contrary, how many times have you agreed with the viewpoint of the
other person or have you ever agreed that you are wrong and that the other person is right?
We as humans always try to stick to our viewpoint and rarely admit that we are wrong.
Therefore, can a discussion among people with contrasting points of view proceed in the right
direction? It is true that everyone will learn something new as he sees the issue from a
different angle, but it would be wrong to assume that such a discussion can actually lead to
progress and that this would be the best way to make progress. On the contrary, it is very rare
to make progress in the right direction when the participants of a discussion do not see eye to
eye with each other on the issue being discussed.
Consider the example of a committee that has been constituted to work out the modalities for
the implementation of a publicity campaign. What do you expect will happen if the members
of the committee have contrasting viewpoints on the method to be adopted for the publicity
campaign? If the members of the committee do not agree to a common method for the launch
of the publicity campaign, how can one expect the details of the campaign to be worked out?
The members of the committee who are of the view that spending money on advertising in
the print media is a total wastage of money will definitely oppose those who think that the
print media is as important as the television media. Each member will try his best to criticize
the viewpoint of the other members in a bid to defend his own viewpoint. The discussion can
progress further only if all members agree on a common method and then only can the other
details be worked out.
There can be no progress if the participants of the discussion stick to their viewpoints which
are in stark contrast to those of the others. Such a discussion would lead to total chaos and
wastage of time. The only solution lies in either forcing some of the participants to agree to
the viewpoints of the others or finding a solution that both parties agree to. Isn’t this always
the best method to steer a discussion in a direction that will lead to progress? We have always
heard of cases wherein discussions were fruitful because the participants either agreed on an
issue unanimously or found a common ground where everyone agreed.
Whenever a discussion goes out of hand, the person chairing the discussion opts for carrying
out voting to arrive at the solution which is agreed to by a majority of the participants. This is
done because it is certain that a discussion cannot progress in the right direction if the
participants have contrasting points of view.
Progress calls for a universal approach of problem solving, delving into matters which
impeded a certain situation, and finding out ways to present an effective solution. We call it
progress when ambiguities are resolved, obstructions eliminated and clear-cut comprehension
of situations, facilitated. While aiming for progress in a particular realm, it becomes
necessary to undertake a holistic approach for the better understanding of the situation; both
the pros and cons thus be evaluated with equal respect.
Consider a situation when the authorities of a school implement an online forum for parent-
teacher discussion, doing away with the conventional face-to-face interaction. While the
school may coin progress in terms of easy monitoring of students and equally easier access of
information by parents, in reality, without the opinions of the guardians, the adoption of the
technological advances may prove to be inefficient than the tradition interaction between
parents and teachers. People visualize the same situation in different perspectives, based on
their past experiences, present day scenarios, emotional judgement and future assessment of
the problem. For a progress to encompass the needs of everybody, it thus becomes equally
important to respect the contrasting opinions as those in favour.
For the growth, improvement and development of a situation, it is wiser to view the situation
from various standpoints. These problems may be multifaceted, calling for different
approaches for its mitigation, requiring the opinion of everybody associated with the subject.
Contrasting views will bring into limelight the difficulties in carrying out a particular deed, or
the shortcomings which remained buried under the veil of progress. West Bengal
Government had once supported cultural progress by eradicating English from primary
schools, without taking into heed the opinions against such a brazen move. The result was
catastrophic in the long run- students in Bengal falling behind their contemporaries in
adoption of English in higher classes. Thus, evaluating the opposing views might result in a
smarter approach towards progress, finding out newer and more efficient, sometimes
economical approaches, which might be even more long lasting and sustainable.
Taking into account the contrasting opinions will help judge priorities too: whether to invest
multi-billion dollars in space research in times of economic depressions and fluctuating
markets, whether the tax revenues be spend for a new flyover to reduce congestion or be
spent in uplifting the poor strata of the society and spend in healthcare and education. After
all, progress is only possible when the needs of the people at large, and not a certain section,
are taken into consideration. New bills passed after respecting the oppositions’ viewpoint will
generate wider acceptance by the public. For progress to be successful, people thus should be
involved, debates held, discussions arranged, opinions heard, problems mitigated and steps
implemented.
Be it societal, educational, political or economic, efficient progress and development in any

field requires the cerebration and proper assessment of various opinions, both in favour and
contrasting. Doing so will inevitably result in a win-win situation, beneficial in the long run.
Educational institutions should dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in

which they are unlikely to succeed.
The responsibility of any educational institution is to mould the career of a student in the
direction where one can find his true potential. Any institution must emphasize on a holistic
curriculum which helps to find the proclivities of a student. If there is a prejudice towards
enforcing certain specific fields of study only, then the learning capability and growth are
hampered. The following argument is supported by stating numerous examples.
In India many schools dissuade students to opt for subjects like arts, commerce and humanities.
Indian Institutions consider these fields as high risk prone and hence from the starting of the
career, such institutions wheedle the young students to opt for either engineering or medical.
Though these fields promise high career growth and better return on investments, when jobs
become limited and number of applicants becomes large, many are left with no jobs. The same
case is of start-ups. Any finance or social start-up is discouraged from the very beginning as
people feel the failure rate of 99.99% is too big for them to handle. Nevertheless, the successful
start-ups have made some of the billionaires of our country. The after-effects of biasness
towards particular fields lead to extremely poor performance in other fields where a fair chance
of success exists with lesser competition. This is illustrated by performance of India in Olympics
where the country is able to earn a small number of medals. Finland on the contrary, encourage
students to pursue any field they like. People like Mark Zuckerberg have emerged out successful
from such places . If you give limited options to a student and he fails then frustration and
feeling of worthlessness occurs. The cases of students committing suicide due to unbearable
peer pressure are disheartening. Albert Einstein was also told to focus on subjects like History
and English. But his proclivity towards geology and physics helped him discover his true interest
and the rest is known.
However there are some exceptions to the above statement. During the time of Industrial
Revolution educational institutions asked students to study mechanical engineering only because
there were a lot of jobs in that field. As a result many students got placed and got a good
lifestyle. The students who opted for different subjects failed to get any jobs as there were no
other jobs available. Similarly during 2008 recession many students opted for core branches like
mechanical,electrical and civil engineering as they feared loss of jobs in other emerging sectors
like computers and IT. So educational institutions suggested to proscribe such risky fields and
students readily agreed and secured decent paying safe jobs.
But it will be wrong to say that institutions should pursuade students to pursue only success
assured fields as the possibility of getting success depends on a large number of factors and one
cannot forecast them.The best possible encouragement a student must be given is to do
whtetever they like and habitually develop advancement in that field.
Educational institutions play a vital role in shaping the future of the world. I believe, these
institutions have a responsibility towards the students in helping them grow intellectually and
morally but do not have a role in dissuading them to not pursue the fields in which they are
unlikely to succeed.
Schools lay down the foundation for various subjects like Math, Science, History, and English etc.
It is a place where the kids are introduced to so many new fields; the minds of children are
growing and acquiring knowledge. Initially, if a child is not good at Math, does not mean he/she
will never be good in their life or not be able to take up a field that requires Math like
Engineering. In fact, it is the duty of the teachers to help that child in understanding his/her
weakness and put in the extra effort to help them overcome this challenge. This is why schools
exist and why it is called learning. Dissuading him/her from learning Math is not going to solve
the problem at all and will render the child incapable of being an Engineer.
However, some might argue that why waste time and resources if the institution knows that a
child is not going to succeed in a certain field based on their grades. I would like to repudiate
this point by saying that not all children are the same. Each and every student has a brain that
functions differently and everyone has different learning capabilities. Some might be slow in
learning Math but good at Biology; some might be bad in English but improve later on with the
right guidance.
In conclusion, I disagree with the issue simply because not all children are the same and each
student learns at a varied pace. It is the duty of educational institutions to be accepting of all
kinds of students and their moral obligation to nurture, mold and help these students achieve
their dreams. Hence, the institutions should definitely not dissuade students from pursuing fields
of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.
Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are
unclear.
NASA has invested over thousand billion dollars in an attempt to fathom the functioning of
the outer space, yet little understanding has dawned on man after years of research. No
comprehensive and complete astronomical theory has yet been spun to facilitate our
understanding of the nebulous space. But did we give up?
Similarly, on the other hand, the entire European community has poured in a billion to run the
large Hadron Collider. In a promise to discover the God particle, funding have poured in
from myriad sources, researchers have zoned in from around every corner of the world trying
to solve the most intriguing puzzle of the time – yet with no results after years of testing,
experimenting, hypothesizing and spending billion pounds. But did we stop?
The answer is simple: No. Be it searching a cure for AIDS or the most efficient renewable
energy resource yet undiscovered, or even harnessing the powers of sun, we humans have not
stopped dreaming or feeding ourselves the optimism for finding the solutions. The very
fundamental basis of scientific research is discovering the unknown, the curiosity of which
has sustained man over centuries. Who could have thought in the early 20th century that
landing on the moon or sending a satellite to orbit Pluto would have been feasible in years to
come? Had Governments rejected the claims of scientists and researchers to undertake such
hideous journey into the unchartered territories, we would never have gained an insight into
these vast, intriguing and unknown realms.
Before assessing whether or not Government should stop funding researches whose
consequences are unclear, we ask three questions. One, how do we define unclear? Currently,
there are no specific models to judge the extent to which certain projects are unclear, or
whether we define it on the basis of the effects it pose on people, or other practical difficulties
associated with it. . Stopping funding of any ongoing research projects on the grounds of
eliminating as unclear will not prove wise enough. Thus, unless we develop a strategy to
effectively divide scientific research into two broader categories of clear and unclear,
effective and ineffective, we cannot decide which researches to grant aid and which not to.
Two, how do we foresee future consequences of an ongoing project? A project that is failing
today might yield a substantial result tomorrow. That our world is lit today is a result of
Edison’s failure of finding a suitable metal for the filament of the electric bulb; it was only
after rejecting a thousand elements that he was able to fit tungsten. Thus, a better approach
might always be taken, and who knows, by sheer serendipity, it might result in a world
changing invention one day. Without a strategy to effectively assess what consequences
ongoing scientific experiments can yield, it becomes unwise on the Government’s part to stop
funding it. It is only after repeated failures when one succeeds in changing the way we live
today.
Finally, who is responsible for taking the decisions on the Government’s part to judge
whether a project is likely to yield commendable results or not? Is it the funding body, or
senior scientists? It becomes highly impractical when experiments are judges on the basis of
the results produced than focusing on the significance they hold for future. When Government
stops funding researches, progress takes a toll. Withdrawal of funding impedes researchers
from pursuing experiments, or may even intimidate them about future withdrawal of funds
from their projects, thus jeopardizing careers. Possible discovery of newer horizons will
reduce when more researchers give up on their studies, universities will suffer worldwide and
pursuing a career in scientific discovery will gradually plummet. The only possible solution
for selective funding is to undertake a study which categorizes researches undertaken over
many years without significant impact to the scientific community, or maybe experiments
which have proved to be misleading on the long run. Funding can be substantially reduced,
and diverted to fields which hold greater impacts and more promising results.
Answering the following questions will help us decide on the allocation of funding for
various researches. Instead of completely funding certain projects, the best possible solution
for the Government in the long run calls for a wiser and smarter allocation of resources
among all undergoing projects.
Society should identify those children who have special talents and provide training
for them at an early age to develop their talents.
This statement rightly states that if children with special talents get training at an early stage,
then they can do wonders in their respective fields. It is necessary to identify these children to
give them the right direction. Otherwise, if these children do not get the chance and the
facilities, they might be lost and it will be a loss to the society.
Sometimes, gifted children do not have means to develop their talents. Hence, it is the society
or government’s duty to nurture their talents. It can be access to musical instruments or
providing education. If a child has a special talent in scientific facts and researches, then he
needs access to science labs. In the realms of science, especially in physics, it is important for
society to pay more attention on genius kids so that they can eventually excel in research in
the future. If one gets the facilities to grow then he might prove a prodigy for the society.
Similarly, students with outstanding talents for sports should be selected and trained
separately. It will for make sure that they show their special talents to the maximum extent.
Special training can polish a child and can produce an extraordinary athlete. The children
need to be trained at an early stage and they need special coaching to win medals. They need
special coaches. If they get the right guidance, they can smash all the previous records.
There should be special schools where students at the same level should be admitted and
special training should be provided to them. In a free academic atmosphere, students will feel
motivated, a sense of competition will be there, and it will constantly stimulate him or her to
advance in the specific areas of his interest. This facility cannot be provided by common
schools.
However, giving attention to the children with special abilities should not mean neglecting
other kids. Providing facilities to specially gifted kids should not be at the expense of other
children. Giving attention to some children might divide the children into fractions, which
can cause ill effects on the delicate minds of the children. It would be undemocratic to give
preference to some kids over others. The unchosen children might feel neglected and inferior.
That would lead to childhood trouble.
The children who will get more attention and facilities might have the feeling of superiority
and they might misuse their talent and facilities to harm the society. Sometimes, parents also
push their children with special talents and affect their childhood and other times, parents
simply refuse to acknowledge their kids’ special talents.
Hence, considering all these factors, it is important for the society to identify children with
special talents and to nurture them. However, they have to take care not to neglect other
children. It should not lead to social and economic disparity. A well-planned training or a
talent program will systematically train the talented child on his way to reach the full
potential at an early age.
While there are some veritable points that were raised by the topic statement, I cannot
find myself fully agreeing with all the sentiments raised by the author. I agree that by
providing early training to a precocious child is advantageous to the development of the
talents. However, to claim those talents are likely to remain underdeveloped otherwise is
erroneous for talents and abilities can be cultivated even at an older age. Also, there is
also a consideration of the objectivity of tracing the special abilities and talents in young
children.
There is no denying that there are many benefits of providing training to a precocious
child at an earlier age. Among the pros of providing training at a younger age is giving
the child the advantage of focusing and understanding the use of their abilities earlier in
the game as well as provide more time for learning. Also, training at a young age is ideal
as a young child is more receptive and malleable to the learning process than at a later
age.
While being able to detect precocious abilities at a younger age is definitely beneficial to
the development of individual talents, it is erroneous to claim that the talents would
likely remain underdeveloped otherwise. Let us consider several notions. First, are the
special talents and abilities of a person only innately conceived? Or can special talents
and abilities be cultivated? Though there are many child prodigies that are in existence
in the world, there are also many other people who excel in their areas of ability even
though they were not provided the training from a very young age. A person can become
a great artist or musician by the merit of hard work, even though their talent was not
traceable at a young age. Therefore by this claim, the notion of latent talents and
abilities being likely to remain underdeveloped if not provided the appropriate training
from young is wrong.
Also, one must consider the objectivity of the detection of 'special' talents and abilities in
young children. Some talents in young children are more obvious to the eye than most.
A baby banging her spoon rhythmically on her high chair might be an indication that the
child has a good ear for music. A child being able to read content beyond the
understanding of one of her age might also be an obvious indication of precociousness.
Some talents are more easily seen and identified than others. What about children who
are 'late bloomers'? Should we disregard their latent talent just because they did not
demonstrate their abilities at a young age? Albert Einstein was teased for his speech
impediment and slow manners in school, but now he is considered an iconic genius of
the 20th century.
In sum, it is undeniable that there are advantages in identifying special talents and
abilities in young children for we are able to provide them the training from an early age
to help cultivate their talents. However, to claim that their talents and abilities will most
likely remain underdeveloped without training from an early age is erroneous for their
talents can be cultivated even at an older age and there is some questionable red mark
about the objectivity of detecting special talents in the young.
It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves.
your position.
The identity of a person is his characteristics, features or beliefs that help in distinguishing
him from others. It gives the answer to a stranger who is unknown to you and thus helps in
defining your persona. However, one wonders what the best definition of a person would be.
I believe the definition of a person depends upon the people he is interacting with. While
superficially we can identify ourselves with social groups in order to define ourselves, a
deeper definition becomes explicit, giving importance to ndividual identity within a social
group. Holding this view, I agree with the statement only partially, and I would like to add
that a person does not only define himself by identifying with a social group but also by his
personal characteristics that differ from others’.
People are generally a part of some social group or the other. This social group can be
identified for its distinct characteristics from another and these characteristics help the person
define his personality. This is the definition of an individual as taken in the superficial sense.
For example, if a student visits a foreign country for an exchange program, he refers to
himself according to his nationality, which is the social group he belongs to. In an
international beauty contest, we have different contestants from various parts of the world
and they are referred to as Miss Africa, Miss Venezuela etc. Sometimes an individual is a part
of more than two social groups at the same time. That means that a person can be a Christian
as well as an Indian. Belonging to a social group helps to identify peculiar characteristics of a
person with the members of the same group and distinguish from those of another. It is not
only a matter of convenience to refer to the broader social groups that a person belongs to but
also the only thing that significantly distinguishes a person from others.
On the other hand, I hold that the true definition of a person lies in what he is when he stands
as a single unit, without attaching himself to any social group. It is this definition of the self
which is more important and detailed when it comes to the description of a person. For
example, if a person goes for an interview for a job and is asked to define himself, he would
have to bring out his personal definition by introducing himself by his name. Further, the
employer would like to know his personal achievements, interests, experiences and skills. It
would not matter to him if the candidate belongs to any social group. Similarly, the personal
achievements of people like Newton and Graham Bell is what helps to define them.
Further, the view expressed in the statement also does not help to define a person who does
not belong to any social group. There could be many people who are not socially active and
thus do not identify themselves with any group in particular. The statement does not help in
defining these people who however may establish their personal identities.
In the end I would like to conclude that defining a person by identifying him with a social
group only defines him on a superficial scale. However, on a detailed scale, it is the personal
characteristics, interests, sex, achievements, skills and ideas that make a person different from
the other.
Living in nowadays interconnected human society, it is hard to just

construe a person as a single unit regardless of his or her role in any
form of society. Thus, I agree with the statement saying that we
primarily define ourselves through social groups.
Since we were born, we have been considered as parents’ children,
someone’s brothers or sisters, says, we are deeply mounted into a
net connecting with parents and relatives, and what we have done
are all related to gain the recognition from other members. For
example, we are said to be great sons and daughters, we are hoped
to become great peers, we are supposed to put piety as a priority, all
these things are what we have been trying to achieve to build the
identification with the family.
After we have become adults and started to work for corporates, we

started to build our own families, we are all suffered from the roles
the society hopes we can be. For instance, we should do great
parenting, we should be productive employees or ambitious
executives; the list can go on and on, and human usually let these
things define us, mostly it is because of that if we reach these goals,
we are right fitted into the society, and human is a social creature,
we always think that being in a social group is the only thing that
matters.
However, some might contend that it is also crucial for us to find our
own identities, says, we have different personalities, we have
different habits, we have different preferences of tastes, …… All
indicates that we are all different, we should not let the society to
define what we are. Though it sounds convincing, the thing which
we should acknowledge is that while we are all different, we still live
together in society, no matter it is a family or a larger social group.
Others’ opinions shape what we are, and it is the thing that builds
the complex human society, says, in order to become a member of
human society, we still need to get recognition from others, which
means, let society define ourselves.
All in all, though it is also important to scrutinize a person inside-

out to find his or her own identity, I believe it is that we primarily
find our identification within any format of social groups.
College students should be encouraged to pursue subjects that interest them rather
than the courses that seem most likely to lead to jobs.
Claim: When planning courses, educators should take into account the interests and
suggestions of their students.
Reason: Students are more motivated to learn when they are interested in what they
are studying.
with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.
The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not
by their contemporaries.
your position.
Students should always question what they are taught instead of accepting it
passively.
your position.
The increasingly rapid pace of life today causes more problems than it solves.
your position.
Claim: It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a
hero.
Reason: The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually
be diminished.
Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all levels of
education.
your position.
Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the
student's field of study.
Educators should find out what students want included in the curriculum and then
offer it to them.
Educators should teach facts only after their students have studied the ideas, trends,
and concepts that help explain those facts.
Claim: We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than
from those whose views contradict our own.
Reason: Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning.
Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly
carry out the will of the people they serve.
Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than
seek immediate fame and recognition.
The best way to teach is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones.
If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it are justifiable.
your position.
In order to become well-rounded individuals, all college students should be required

to take courses in which they read poetry, novels, mythology, and other types of
imaginative literature.
In order for any work of art — for example, a film, a novel, a poem, or a song — to
have merit, it must be understandable to most people.
your position.
Many important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the
answer to one question that we come across the answer to another.
your position.
The main benefit of the study of history is to dispel the illusion that people living now
are significantly different from people who lived in earlier times.
your position.
Learning is primarily a matter of personal discipline; students cannot be motivated by
school or college alone.
your position.
Scientists and other researchers should focus their research on areas that are likely
to benefit the greatest number of people.
Politicians should pursue common ground and reasonable consensus rather than
elusive ideals.
People should undertake risky action only after they have carefully considered its
consequences.
Leaders are created by the demands that are placed on them.

your position.
There is little justification for society to make extraordinary efforts — especially at a

great cost in money and jobs — to save endangered animal or plant species.
your position.
The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only
tools of human minds.
your position.
People who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are also the most
critical of it.
your position.
Some people believe that society should try to save every plant and animal species,
despite the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being. Others
believe that society need not make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in
money and jobs, to save endangered species.
Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own
position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and
supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.
Some people believe that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit.
Others believe that formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather
than set them free.
Some people believe it is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to
withhold information from the public. Others believe that the public has a right to be
fully informed.
Claim: Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside
the student's major field of study.
Reason: Acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to
become truly educated.
Young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals rather than
seek immediate fame and recognition.
your position.
Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are
unclear.
Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.
your position.
In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to

regard any living man or woman as a hero.
your position.
We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from
people whose views contradict our own.
your position.
The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends
of its youth.
your position.
People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings

than by society as a whole.
your position.
Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of
their citizens are hungry or unemployed.
All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools.

Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one
semester studying in a foreign country.
Teachers' salaries should be based on the academic performance of their students.

It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero.
position.
Some people believe that in order to thrive, a society must put its own overall
success before the well-being of its individual citizens. Others believe that the well-
being of a society can only be measured by the general welfare of all its people.
Claim: Any piece of information referred to as a fact should be mistrusted, since it

may well be proven false in the future.
Reason: Much of the information that people assume is factual actually turns out to
be inaccurate.
Claim: Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant
numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed.
Reason: It is inappropriate — and, perhaps, even cruel — to use public resources to
fund the arts when people's basic needs are not being met.
Claim: Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal
system.
Reason: Laws cannot change what is in people's hearts or minds.
Educators should take students' interests into account when planning the content of
the courses they teach.
The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's

efficiency so that they have more leisure time.
your position.
Educators should base their assessment of students' learning not on students' grasp
of facts but on the ability to explain the ideas, trends, and concepts that those facts
illustrate.
Unfortunately, in contemporary society, creating an appealing image has become

more important than the reality or truth behind that image.
your position.
The effectiveness of a country's leaders is best measured by examining the well-

being of that country's citizens.
position.
All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools.

position.
A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until
they enter college.
position.
position.
Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of

study in which jobs are plentiful.
People's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.

position.
Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer
schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often
distract from real learning.
your position.
The best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things.

your position.
To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and
moral standards.
position.
Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience.
Reason: People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the
constraints of established habits and attitudes.
In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than

knowledge.
your position.
To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and
moral standards.
your position.
Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from
someone who is an expert in that field.
your position.
Some people believe that scientific discoveries have given us a much better
understanding of the world around us. Others believe that science has revealed to us
that the world is infinitely more complex than we ever realized.
Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from
someone who is an expert in that field.
position.
In any profession — business, politics, education, government — those in power

should step down after five years.
position.
Requiring university students to take a variety of courses outside their major fields of
study is the best way to ensure that students become truly educated.
your position.
Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers,
artists, or scientists.
Reason: The surest indicator of a great nation is actually the welfare of all its people.
Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will
accomplish little.
your position.
Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly
carry out the will of the people whom they serve.
your position.
they enter college.
your position.
It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are generated and preserved.
your position.
We can learn much more from people whose views we share than from people
whose views contradict our own.
your position.
When old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used
for modern purposes, modern development should be given precedence over the
preservation of historic buildings.
your position.
Claim: The surest indicator of a great nation must be the achievements of its rulers,
artists, or scientists.
Reason: Great achievements by a nation's rulers, artists, or scientists will ensure a
good life for the majority of that nation's people.
Some people claim that you can tell whether a nation is great by looking at the
achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. Others argue that the surest indicator
of a great nation is, in fact, the general welfare of all its people.
The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of
the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role models.
position.
All college and university students would benefit from spending at least one
your position.
Some people claim that a nation's government should preserve its wilderness areas
in their natural state. Others argue that these areas should be developed for
potential economic gain.
In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than

knowledge.
position.
The surest indicator of a great nation is not the achievements of its rulers, artists, or
scientists, but the general well-being of all its people.
position.
Some people argue that successful leaders in government, industry, or other fields
must be highly competitive. Other people claim that in order to be successful, a
leader must be willing and able to cooperate with others.
College students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs
in that field.
Some people believe that corporations have a responsibility to promote the well-
being of the societies and environments in which they operate. Others believe that
the only responsibility of corporations, provided they operate within the law, is to
make as much money as possible.
Claim: Researchers should not limit their investigations to only those areas in which
they expect to discover something that has an immediate, practical application.
Reason: It is impossible to predict the outcome of a line of research with any
certainty.
Some people believe that our ever-increasing use of technology significantly reduces
our opportunities for human interaction. Other people believe that technology
provides us with new and better ways to communicate and connect with one
another.
Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions
today.
Reason: The world today is significantly more complex than it was even in the
relatively recent past.
Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions
today.
Reason: We are not able to make connections between current events and past
events until we have some distance from both.

study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.

study in which jobs are plentiful.
position.
Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing

fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.
your position.
Some people believe that competition for high grades motivates students to excel in
the classroom. Others believe that such competition seriously limits the quality of
real learning.
Claim: Major policy decisions should always be left to politicians and other
government experts.
Reason: Politicians and other government experts are more informed and thus have
better judgment and perspective than do members of the general public.
Some people believe that universities should require every student to take a variety
of courses outside the student's field of study. Others believe that universities should
not force students to take any courses other than those that will help prepare them
for jobs in their chosen fields.
It is more harmful to compromise one's own beliefs than to adhere to them.

your position.
Claim: Colleges and universities should specify all required courses and eliminate
elective courses in order to provide clear guidance for students.
Reason: College students — like people in general — prefer to follow directions
rather than make their own decisions.
No field of study can advance significantly unless it incorporates knowledge and
experience from outside that field.
your position.
True success can be measured primarily in terms of the goals one sets for oneself.
your position.
The general welfare of a nation's people is a better indication of that nation's

greatness than are the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists.
position.
The best test of an argument is the argument's ability to convince someone with an
opposing viewpoint.
your position.
The effectiveness of a country's leaders is best measured by examining the well-

being of that country's citizens.
your position.
Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural
state.
position.
In any field — business, politics, education, government — those in power should be

required to step down after five years.
Some people claim that the goal of politics should be the pursuit of an ideal. Others
argue that the goal should be finding common ground and reaching reasonable
consensus.
The best way to solve environmental problems caused by consumer-generated

waste is for towns and cities to impose strict limits on the amount of trash they will
accept from each household.
position.
We learn our most valuable lessons in life from struggling with our limitations rather
than from enjoying our successes.
position.
Claim: While boredom is often expressed with a sense of self-satisfaction, it should

really be a source of embarrassment.
Reason: Boredom arises from a lack of imagination and self-motivation.
Some people believe that the most important qualities of an effective teacher are
understanding and empathy. Others believe that it is more important for teachers to
be rigorous and demanding in their expectations for students.
Claim: Though often considered an objective pursuit, learning about the historical
past requires creativity.
Reason: Because we can never know the past directly, we must reconstruct it by
imaginatively interpreting historical accounts, documents, and artifacts.
with the claim and the reason on which the claim is based.
Claim: No act is done purely for the benefit of others.

Reason: All actions — even those that seem to be done for other people — are
based on self-interest.
To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its
major cities.
your position.
Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing

fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed.
position.
Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no
speaker or reformer ever could.
position.
Claim: Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support
they need in order to thrive.
Reason: It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and
generated.
Some people believe that government funding of the arts is necessary to ensure that
the arts can flourish and be available to all people. Others believe that government
funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts.
Claim: In any field — business, politics, education, government — those in power

should step down after five years.
Reason: The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new
leadership.
In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without

first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field.
your position.
Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural
state, even if these areas could be developed for economic gain.
People's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.
your position.
Governments should offer a free university education to any student who has been
admitted to a university but who cannot afford the tuition.
Claim: In any situation, the best way to persuade other people is to present them
with facts and statistics rather than with emotional arguments.
Reason: Facts are objective, so they are more persuasive than subjective appeals.
Some people believe that success in creative fields, such as painting, fiction writing,
and filmmaking, primarily requires hard work and perseverance. Others believe that
such success mainly requires innate talents that cannot be learned.
In business, education, and government, it is always appropriate to remain skeptical

of new leaders until those leaders show that they are worthy of trust.
position.
Claim: Group assignments that students must work together to complete should
replace a substantial amount of traditional lecture-based instruction in college and
university courses.
Reason: It is vital for students to gain experience collaborating with peers to study a
topic and to achieve a common goal.
position.
they enter college.

study that will prepare them for lucrative careers.
position.
Some people believe that in order to be effective, political leaders must yield to
public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise. Others believe that
the most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently
committed to particular principles and objectives.
Formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free.
your position.
The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority.
your position.
Governments should focus on solving the immediate problems of today rather than
on trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.
Some people believe that college students should consider only their own talents
and interests when choosing a field of study. Others believe that college students
should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field.
Laws should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and
places.
your position.
Claim: The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the
character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its role
models.
Reason: Heroes and role models reveal a society's highest ideals.
Some people believe that it is helpful to view a challenging situation as an

opportunity for personal growth. Others believe that reimagining challenging
situations this way occupies too much of the focus one needs to face challenges
effectively.
Some people believe that traveling to and living in numerous places increases one's
ability to relate and connect to other people. Others believe that this ability is better
cultivated by living in one place and developing a deep understanding of that
community.
Claim: Young people's tendency to make extensive use of portable devices like
smartphones and tablets has hurt their development of social skills.
Reason: These devices encourage users to form artificial personalities and
relationships online rather than fully and honestly engaging with the people around
them.
Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student’s
field of study because acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to
become truly educated.”
It is true that one should be aware of various academic disciplines in order to expand his
vision and become truly educated. One’s knowledge cannot remain restricted to one’s own
field of study or else he will not be able to analyze his knowledge with respect to the
happenings in other related fields. However, the decision to acquire knowledge of academic
disciplines other than their fields of study should rest with the students themselves. The
recommendation that students should be forced to study subjects other than their fields of
study is extremely unconvincing.
Students are in universities for a short duration of time that amounts to a couple of years in
which they have to acquire maximum possible knowledge about their fields of study. These
students will go on to become professionals in their respective fields. Is it justified to take out
time from this precious period to study subjects that will have no relevance to the career that
the students plan to pursue? If someone is studying medicine, will it be justified to force him
to study history? It is true that knowledge of history will definitely make him truly educated
as he will be aware of historical facts which are essential for being well-informed. However,
would this knowledge make such a big difference to his life that it should be made mandatory
for him to study this subject that has no relevance to his field of study?
It is a well known fact that students have to appear for various tests to prove their capabilities
in a particular subject. They are given admissions to various programs of study depending
upon their performance in such tests. Therefore, will all students be able to study all subjects
of the university level with equal ease? A student who has an aptitude for Biology may not be
in a position to study Mathematics that easily. If he is forced to take a course in Mathematics,
it might eventually turn out that he spends more time in studying Mathematics rather than
studying Biology which is his main subject. Making the students study subjects other than
their fields of study cannot be justified without assessing the aptitude of the students and their
liking for the additional subjects.
It is not warranted to force an engineering student to study English literature in the time that
he should have spent studying the concepts of engineering. Such an action could have serious
repercussions like the student not being able to become a competent engineer as he wasted
precious time during his years in the university memorizing facts that were of no relevance to
his choice of career. It would be a much better option to give ample time to students in their
years in the universities to learn as much as they can about their fields of study. They can
choose to take up additional courses pertaining to other disciplines if they feel that they have
spare time for the same. For instance, a student studying History may have additional time on
his hands as he does not have to go for practical classes and therefore, he may choose to take
up a course in some foreign language.
In conclusion, there is no denying the fact that gaining knowledge about various disciplines is
of a great advantage as it helps you to be more learned and educated. At the same time,
enforcing regulations in universities that force students to take a variety of courses outside the
students’ fields of study is unwarranted as the students should be allowed to take this decision
depending upon their capabilities.
Propositions to take up various courses outside the student’s primary domain in universities
have sparked many arguments over time. As we look at the bigger picture of the recent
embracement of inter-disciplinary courses and subjects by leading colleges and research
groups, we ask ourselves this question – how fruitful will it be for students to study courses
outside their major fields? Or should we confine ourselves to our domain, to one particular
field of study and excel in that?
It is often said, when one removes the boundary of keeping oneself restricted to a particular
field, the only boundary left is one’s imagination. And imagination runs wild. It is only with
the deeper understanding of human anatomy and cognition that researchers were able to build
human bots, in-depth knowledge of dynamics of balance in living beings that enabled MIT
researchers to build the four-legged robot animal that never lost its stability, however it was
hit. Would these have been possible without juxtaposing various disciplines and
amalgamating them into one unified design? Or how will researches publish their findings
without the skills of technical writing? And how will engineers develop smarter solutions to
problems without understanding what the current market demands. This requires a deeper
understanding of subjects other than one’s field. Hence, a singular solution will not be as
enthralling as a solution which encompasses a broader and exhaustive clarification.
It will be, thus, wiser on engineers’ part to take up language and technical writing courses or
understand the history of technological development, mathematicians to have a wider
knowledge of the symmetry that nature holds, and historians and literary researchers to get
accustomed to technologies and recent developments. Inter-disciplinary courses have led to
few amazing outcomes – it has made people visualize the importance and the necessity of
incorporation of digital technology in museums, merging arts with science, mathematics with
music, and architecture with nature. Google project nGrams and Olympic stadium The Bird’s
Nest are few of the wonders that amalgamation of disciplines gave to the world.
Breaking of boundaries and researching into newer sphere’s, apart from one’s one subject,
have led to the evolution of TED – technology, entertainment and design. It highlights how
deviation from main field of study by budding innovators or thinkers, and adding a touch of
variety and spicing it up a little has changed the way they viewed the subject. Pursuing other
subjects will not only make us further knowledgeable about the greater aspects of life, it will
help us appreciate the little connections and holes that we have missed during our studies, as
no subject is comprehensive on its own. Taking up courses such as games and self –
development will help us build ourselves both physically and mentally. It might, on the other
hand, provide a slight relief from the monotony of the subjects we are pursuing.
One might argue that forcing students to take up variety of courses will inherently violate the
very fundamentals of university education-specialization and streamlining. Every university
requires its students to focus and pursue one specific subject and few related topics. The
whole point of college educations falls apart when one is required to take up courses which
are not necessarily required. One of the compelling reason is that it pressurizes the student. It
acts as an extra burden and may divert concentration. With a gigantic syllabus, time crunch
and impossible deadlines, extra subjects, along with their labs and projects, will undoubtedly
hinder students from focussing. This might lead to in-efficient results, poor researches and
seemingly bored students.
The only possible solution to this pressing problem is to make students aware of the benefits
of inter-disciplinary courses and let them decide and choose which subjects will be beneficial
in the long run, instead of forcing them to. This will not only create a sense of independence
and self- responsibility, it might actually boost the enthusiasm the students invest in studies.

Governments Should Place Few, If Any, Restrictions On Scientific Research and Development

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Governments Should Place Few, If Any, Restrictions On Scientific Research and Development

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Each Issue topic consists of an issue statement or statements followed by specific

Governments should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and

The best way to teach — whether as an educator, employer, or parent — is to praise

Teachers' salaries should be based on their students' academic performance.

A major shortcoming is overlooked when we propose such an alternative solution of teachers'

To impart holistic education, keeping a check on quality of teaching imparted, as well as

Choosing a major is a life-changing decision, most people’s jobs are

Although some think we should choose our major based on the

As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but

Be it societal, educational, political or economic, efficient progress and development in any

Educational institutions should dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in

Living in nowadays interconnected human society, it is hard to just

After we have become adults and started to work for corporates, we

All in all, though it is also important to scrutinize a person inside-

In order to become well-rounded individuals, all college students should be required

Leaders are created by the demands that are placed on them.

There is little justification for society to make extraordinary efforts — especially at a

In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to

People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings

All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools.

Teachers' salaries should be based on the academic performance of their students.

Claim: Any piece of information referred to as a fact should be mistrusted, since it

The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's

Unfortunately, in contemporary society, creating an appealing image has become

The effectiveness of a country's leaders is best measured by examining the well-

All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools.

Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of

People's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.

The best ideas arise from a passionate interest in commonplace things.

In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than

In any profession — business, politics, education, government — those in power

In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than

Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of

Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of

Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing

It is more harmful to compromise one's own beliefs than to adhere to them.

The general welfare of a nation's people is a better indication of that nation's

The effectiveness of a country's leaders is best measured by examining the well-

In any field — business, politics, education, government — those in power should be

The best way to solve environmental problems caused by consumer-generated

Claim: While boredom is often expressed with a sense of self-satisfaction, it should

Claim: No act is done purely for the benefit of others.

Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing

Claim: In any field — business, politics, education, government — those in power

In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without

In business, education, and government, it is always appropriate to remain skeptical

Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of

Some people believe that it is helpful to view a challenging situation as an

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