Reading

Lesson 9:

- Short-answer
- Pick from a list
PASSAGE 1.
Cuts
Bleeding can usually be stopped by applying pressure to the cut for 2 or 3 minutes. The
cut can then be carefully inspected. If it has bled freely, any germs will normally have
been washed away by the blood.
Apply a plaster dressing firmly, bringing the edges of the cut together so that it knits
quickly. Keep dry for 1 to 3 days.
If the cut is deep and the edges cannot be pulled together with a dressing, consult the
doctor or practice nurse. A tetanus injection may be needed.
Grazes
Dirt will often enter a graze caused by falling on a hard or rough surface. It must be
cleaned out carefully.
After cleaning, leave the graze uncovered. Exposure to the air will cause a scab to form.
This will gradually dry and fall off. It is not a good idea to apply a dressing. This may
stick to the graze or make it infected.
Bruises
Bruises are very common in children. They normally get better in 7 to 10 days. Parents
sometimes worry that a bone may be broken. Children’s bones are rubbery and rarely
break, but if in doubt consult the doctor.
If a child gets up at once after a fall and moves about normally, it is unlikely that a bone
has been broken. But the child may be stiff the next day because of the bruising which
has occurred.
Severe bruising can be treated by rest for 24 to 48 hours. In the case of a badly bruised
leg, the limb should be raised. Lying in bed is the easiest way to do this.
A cold compress may ease a bad bruise if applied at once. This is made by soaking
some material in water and applying it to the bruise.
Bruises on the head may cause anxiety. If the patient was not “knocked out” and can
remember the accident, it is unlikely that serious injury has resulted.
But if the patient was knocked unconscious and cannot remember what happened, he
or she should be taken to a hospital Casualty Department.
Insect Bites
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These are common in the summer. They look like spots about 5 mm across. They are
very itchy and usually appear on exposed parts, e.g. arms and legs.
The itching can be relieved by calamine lotion.
Burns and Scalds
Minor burns and scalds cause redness of the skin. Immediate treatment by pouring cold
water over a burn is often helpful. If burns cause severe blistering or break the skin, the
doctor should be consulted.
Sunburn should, if possible, be prevented by avoiding long exposure and covering
exposed areas adequately. It may be treated by calamine lotion and soluble aspirin to
relieve the pain.

Task 1.
Refer to the passage and answer the following questions with NO MORE THAN
THREE WORDS taken from the passage.
1. What can you do to the cut to stop the bleeding quickly? __________________
2. When the cut bleeds freely, what may be brought out by the blood?
__________________
3. What may cause a graze to become infected? __________________
4. What types of people are likely to get bruises? __________________
5. When may a child feel uncomfortable because of a bruise he or she gets after a
fall? __________________
6. What is the easy way suggested to treat a badly bruised leg?
__________________
7. Where could the injury be if anxiety is a symptom? __________________

PASSAGE 2
NEW RULES EQR THE PAPER GAME
1. Computerised data storage and electronic mail were to have heralded the paperless
office. But, contrary to expectations, paper consumption throughout the world shows
no sign of abating. In fact, consumption, especially of printing and writing papers,
continues to increase. World demand for paper and board is now expected to grow
faster than the general economic growth in the next 15 years. Strong demand will be
underpinned by the growing industrialization of South-East Asia, the re-emergence
of paper packaging, greater use of facsimile machines and photocopiers, and the
popularity of direct mail advertising. It is possible that by 2007, world paper and

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board demand will reach 455 million tonnes, compared with 241 million tonnes in
1991.
2. The pulp and paper industry has not been badly affected by the electronic
technologies that promised a paperless society. But what has radically altered the
industry's structure is pressure from another front—a more environmentally
conscious society driving an irreversible move towards cleaner industrial
production. The environmental consequences of antiquated pulp mill practices and
technologies had marked this industry as one in need of reform. Graphic descriptions
of deformed fish and thinning populations, particularly in the Baltic Sea where old
pulp mills had discharged untreated effluents for 100 years, have disturbed the
international community.
3. Until the 1950s, it was common for pulp mills and other industries to discharge
untreated effluent into rivers and seas. The environmental effects were at the time
either not understood, or regarded as an acceptable cost of economic prosperity in
an increasingly import-oriented world economy. But greater environmental
awareness has spurred a fundamental change in attitude in the community, in
government and in industry itself.
4. Since the early 1980s, most of the world-scale pulp mills in Scandinavia and North
America have modernised their operations, outlaying substantial amounts to
improve production methods. Changes in mill design and processes have been aimed
at minimising the environmental effects of effluent discharge while at the same time
producing pulp with the whiteness and strength demanded by the international
market. The environmental impetus is taking this industry even further, with the
focus now on developing processes that may even eliminate waste-water discharges.
But the ghost of the old mills continues to haunt the industry today. In Europe,
companies face a flood of environment-related legislation. In Germany, companies
are now being held responsible for the waste they create.
5. Pulp is the porridge-like mass of plant fibres from which paper is made. Paper
makers choose the type of plant fibre and the processing methods, depending on
what the end product will be used for: whether it is a sturdy packing box, a smooth
sheet of writing paper or a fragile tissue. In wood, which is the source of about 90%
of the world's paper production, fibres are bound together by lignin, which gives the
unbleached pulp a brown colour. The pulping stage separates the wood into fibres so
they are suitable for paper making. Pulping can be done by mechanical grinding, or
by chemical treatment in which woodchips are ‘cooked’ with chemicals, or by a
combination of both methods.
6. Kraft pulping is the most widely used chemical process for producing pulp with the
strength required by the high-quality paper market. It is now usually carried out in a
continuous process in a large vessel called a digester. Woodchips are fed from a pile
into the top of the digester. In the digester, the chips are cooked in a solution called

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white liquor, nosed of caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) sodium sulphide. The chips
are cooked at high temperatures of up to 170° ? for up to three hours. The pulp is
then washed and rate from the spent cooking liquor which has turned dark and is
now appropriately ailed black liquor. An important feature of kraft pulping is a
chemical recovery system which recycles about 95% of the cooking chemicals and
produces more than enough energy to run the mill. In a series of steps involving a
furnace and tanks, some of the black liquor is transformed into energy, while some
is regenerated into the original white cooking liquor. The recovery system is an
integral part of production in the pulp and paper industry. The pulp that comes out
has little lignin left in the fibres. Bleaching removes the last remaining lignin and
brightens the pulp. Most modern mills have modified their pulping processes to
remove as much of the lignin as possible before the pulp moves to the bleaching
stage.
Task 2.
Questions 1-4
Below is a list of possible factors, A-G, which will influence the amount of paper
being used in the future. From the list, choose FOUR factors which are
mentioned in Paragraph 2 of the reading passage. Write your answers A-G, in
the spaces numbered 1-4 on the answer sheet.
List of factors
A more people read newspapers
B increased use of paper bags
C increased book production for education
D wider use of sign post advertising
E increased use of fax machines
F wider use of leaflet advertising
G greater use of duplicating machines
Task 3.
Questions 5-7
The following THREE statements are summaries of Paragraphs 2, 3 and 4
respectively. However, they are incomplete. Complete each of the statements
using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS FROM THE TEXT. Write your
answers in the spaces numbered 5-7 on the answer sheet.

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5. The international community has begun to demand __________________

6. In the past, the environmental effects of pulp mill practices, were probably a
price to pay for __________________
7. Some paper mills have recently modernised their mill design in order to
decrease __________________

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Listening
Lesson 9:
- Sentence completion
- Table completion

Task 1.
Work in pairs. Read Questions 1-5 and decide what type of information you need
for each gap.
Questions 1-5
Complete the sentences below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
1. Keep your _____________ in a safe place throughout your visit.
2. Pass through the _____________ to enter and leave the museum.
3. You need to buy a _____________ if you want to use a camera in the museum.
4. Look after your _____________ and mobile phone.
5. Arrive at the cinema about _____________ before the start of the show.
Task 2. (Sound L9.1)
Listen and answer Questions 1-5.
Task 3.
Work in pairs. Look at the key words and phrases below from Questions 1-5.
Listen to the recording again and note down the words the speaker uses that have
a similar meaning.
1 keep 4 leave 7 look after
2 safe 5 buy 8 arrive at
3 enter 6 use a camera 9 before the start
ITN Listening Strategy
Sentence completion
● Use words in the sentence to help you listen for the answer.
● Check the completed sentences are grammatically correct.

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Task 4.
Work in pairs. Look at the table below and decide what type of information you
need for each gap.
Questions 6-10
Complete the table below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
3D Film Choice
name of film time what you will see
The Secrets of the Nile 10.00 a.m. The first 6. ____________
along the river Nile.

7._________________ 11.45 a.m. Life at the bottom of the sea

Ocean
Dinosaurs Alive 8. ________________ A re-creation of a
9._______________ of
dinosaur

Arabia 2.30 p.m. A trip across the

10.____________ and a
dive in the Red Sea

Task 5. (Sound L9.2)

Read the ITN Listening Strategy, listen and answer Questions 6-10.
ITN Listening Strategy
Table completion
● Use the tithe and headings in the table to focus your listening,
● Check your writing to make sure you have not written unnecessary or incorrect
words.

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Speaking
- IELTS Speaking Part 2 Introduction
- IELTS Speaking Part 2: Describe People – part 1
1. OVERVIEW
Với bài thi speaking part 2 của bài thi IELTS, thí sinh sẽ được cung cấp 1 đề bài với
các gợi ý.
- Thí sinh có 1 phút để chuẩn bị (take note)
- Thí sinh sẽ nói trong vòng 1,5 phút – 2 phút liên tục
- Các đề bài trong IELTS Speaking Task 2 có thể chia thành các topic lớn:
People, place, Activities, object, event, others
Ví dụ:
1.1.Describe a person
- Describe a person you admire.
- Describe a child you know and like a lot
- Describe a person who has a major influence on you
- Describe a famous person that you are interested in
1.2. Describe a place
- Describe The part of a town or city that you enjoy spending time in
- Describe a place that you like to go
- Describe a public part you often visit
- Describe a place that you don't like
1.3. Describe an Activity
- Describe an activity you like doing
- Describe a leisure activity near or on the sea
1.4. Describe an Object
- Describe something you own which is very important to you
- Describe a gift you gave or received
- Describe a technological device that you find useful
1.5. Describe an Event
- Describe a national festival in your country
- Describe a wedding you attended
- Describe a time when you had a problem with using the computer.
- Describe a time when it is important to tell your friend a truth
1.6. Others
- Describe a piece of international news you have just recently heard

2. CÁC LƯU Ý VỚI IELTS SPEAKING PART 2

- Có các câu mở đầu, câu kết thúc và các cấu trúc dùng để nối các câu trả lời với
nhau, tránh việc “liệt kê” các câu trả lời cho các gợi ý trong bài

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- Cố gắng sử dụng các cấu trúc ngữ pháp khác nhau, tránh việc “lặp lại” quá
nhiều mẫu câu đơn giản. Tuy nhiên, cần đảm bảo việc sử dụng “ĐÚNG” các
cấu trúc ngữ pháp
- Nên có một số các “cấu trúc” chung để trả lời cho từng “dạng” câu hỏi. Việc
này sẽ giúp giảm bớt thời gian suy nghĩ để tìm ra ý tưởng cũng như từ vựng
trong 1 phút chuẩn bị
- Cố gắng sử dụng các từ vựng học thuật phù hợp với chủ đề (uncommon
words), phrasal verbs và idioms khi nói. Lưu ý sử dụng “ĐÚNG” ngữ cảnh khi
nói.
3. MÔ TẢ NGƯỜI (DESCRIBE A PERSON)
3.1. Cấu trúc chung cho bài IELTS Speaking Part 2
- Introduction: Câu hoặc các câu dùng để giới thiệu về đối tượng được mô tả
- Description: Những ý chung có thể dùng để mô tả cho phần lớn các câu hỏi trong
cùng 1 dạng.
- Main ideas: Các nội dung nên mô tả để đáp ứng yêu cầu của đề bài
3.2. Mô tả người (describe a person)
a. Introduction:
Suggested Useful Structures:
- Well, today, I’m going to talk about…….
- Well what I’m going to make a description today is….
- When it comes to the person that I… I would like to talk about …

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b. Description
+ Age
- He/She is …years old (cấu trúc đơn giản nhất)
- He/She is at the age of… (He is at the age of 40)
- He/she is at the middle age (parents) tầm trung tuổi
- He/She is 2 years older than me (elder sister, elder brother, younger
sister/brother)

+ Occupation:
- My mother works as a teacher and she has been working for 20 years (hiện tại
hoàn thành tiếp diễn)

+ Physical appearance
- Tall/thin
- Muscular: cơ bắp
- Overweight: thừa cân
- fit
- well-built
- My brother is 163cm, 10cm taller than me.
- My sister is pretty short, just around 150cm.
- long black hair
- beautiful eyes
- charming
- good-looking

+ Characteristics = personalities:
- have great sense of humor: Hài hước
- Intelligent/ Smart/ Clever: Thông minh nhanh nhẹn
- Open-minded: hiểu biết
- Kind–hearted/ willing to help others: tốt bụng, hay giúp đỡ người khác
- easy-going: dễ tính
- extroverted: hướng ngoại
- Introverted: hướng nội
- bad-tempered: nóng tính
- trustworthy: đáng tin cậy
- ambitious
- confident
- shy

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c. Main ideas
+ Activities you do with the person
- Hang out together
- Chit chat
- Go shopping
- Help each other in study/ life
- Cook together, learn delicious recipes from her
- go fishing
- help with household chores
(often, usually, sometimes, every weekend)

+ Memory you had with the person (past tense)

- I remember that…
- If my memory serves me right… (Nếu tôi nhớ không nhầm thì…)

+ The reason you like/admire/be impressed by the person (2 - 3 reasons)

- Stand by me and give me a lot of encouragement whenever I need: Ở bên cạnh
và cho tôi rất nhiều sự động viên mỗi khi tôi cần
- Inspire me a lot: Truyền cảm hứng cho tôi
- Set a mirror for me: Là một tấm gương cho tôi noi theo
- Be my role model: hình mẫu lí tưởng
- Have a positive outlook on life: có cái nhìn tích cực về cuộc sống
- I always turn to him/her for advice: luôn tìm đến ở nhận lời khuyên

+ Future:
- spend more time with
- I am looking forward to spending more time/traveling with my mom over the
world.
- I want to make her proud me.
- I will always look up to her.

List useful linking words for Part 2

Linking words Show your opinion

● Actually/ Well
Firstly/ Second/ Thirdly
● I suppose/ I guess
In addition
Moreover ● Let me think
What’s more ● How to say
Last but not least

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Example 1:

Describe a person you admire

You should say:

● what relation this person is to you;

● what are your first memories of this person;

● how often you see this person.

=> and explain why you really admire this person.

(Introduction) Today, I would like to talk about my father, whom I admire most in my life.
(Description) First of all, my father is at the middle age and of medium height. You know,
he’s not only a good businessman but also a great father.
(Main ideas) (1) I remember when I was small, I dreamt of becoming a successful
businessman like my father, to run my own business and have a lot of staff; that’s the exact
reason why I applied for Foreign Trade University later. (2) I still remember that when I
was 10; he taught me how to swim in a lake near my house every afternoon. He helped me
overcome the scare of water by getting familiar with it step by step. (3) The special thing
making him my role model is that although he’s always up to his ears (luôn bận rộn) with
his work, he always gives my family a lot of support whenever anyone needs him. I really
want to be a man like him when I have a family.

4. PRACTICE
Topic 1: Describe a person who is very good at something
You should say:
- Who this person is
- How you became friends with this person
- What kinds of things he/she is good at

Introduction:

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Today, I’m going to talk about

________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Description:
+ Age/Job/How you knew this person
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
+ Appearance
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
+Characters
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Main ideas:
+ The things she/she are good at
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
+ Influence on you/ Reason you like him/her
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
+ Memory you had with the person
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Topic 2: Describe a polite person you know.
You should say:
- Who he/she is
- How you knew him/her
- What he/she is like
- And explain why you think he/she is polite

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Introduction:
Today, I’m going to talk about
________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Description:
+
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
+
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
+
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Main ideas:
+ Activities which shows that he/she is polite
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
+ Influence on you
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
+ Memory you had with the person
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

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Vocabulary:
Từ vựng Nghĩa Ví dụ
relationship mối quan hệ In any relationship, you have to make
/riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp/ compromises.
(Trong bất kỳ mối quan hệ nào, bạn phải
thỏa hiệp. )
kind Tốt bụng She has such a kind, friendly personality.
/kaɪnd/ Cô ấy có một tính cách tốt bụng, thân thiện.

polite lịch sự I've never seen such a polite clerk.

/pəˈlaɪt/ Tôi chưa bao giờ thấy một nhân viên lịch sự
như vậy.
likeable dễ mến She's warm, friendly and likeable.
/ˈlaɪkəbəl/ Cô ấy ấm áp, thân thiện và dễ mến.

sympathetic thông cảm I did not feel at all sympathetic towards

/ˌsɪmpəˈθetɪk/ Kate.
Tôi không cảm thấy thông cảm với Kate
chút nào.
nervous lo lắng I get very nervous before a big race.
/ˈnɜrvəs/ Tôi rất lo lắng trước một cuộc đua lớn.

bad-tempered nóng tính It is his illness that makes him bad-

/bæd/-/ˈtempərd/ tempered.
Chính căn bệnh của anh ấy đã khiến anh ấy
trở nên nóng tính.
sensitive nhạy cảm She is very sensitive to other people's
/ˈsensətɪv/ feelings.
Cô ấy rất nhạy cảm với cảm xúc của người
khác.

sensible hợp lý That seems to be a sensible idea.

/ˈsensəbəl/ Đó có vẻ là một ý tưởng hợp lý.

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popular nổi tiếng Mary is popular among the students.

/ˈpɑpjələr/ Mary nổi tiếng trong giới sinh viên.

ordinary bình thường No ordinary families can afford to hire

/ˈɔrdəˌneri/ servants.
Không một gia đình bình thường nào có đủ
khả năng để thuê người hầu.

close gần gũi với I'm very close to my wife.

/kloʊs/ Tôi rất thân thiết với vợ tôi.

infamous mang tiếng xấu He is infamous for his dishonesty.

/ˈɪnfəməs/ Anh ta mang tiếng xấu vì sự không trung
thực của mình.
bring up nuôi nấng She's struggling to bring up a family alone.
/brɪŋ/ /ʌp/ Cô ấy đang phải vật lộn để nuôi dưỡng một
gia đình một mình
get on with có mối quan hệ tốt He doesn't get on with his daughter.
/get/ /ɑn/ /wɪð/ với Anh ta không có mối quan hệ tốt với con
gái của mình.

grow up lớn lên Children grow up so fast these days.

/groʊ/ /ʌp/ Trẻ em ngày nay lớn quá nhanh.

look up to ngưỡng mộ, đặt ai I need a boss I can look up to.

/lʊk/ /ʌp/ /tu/ đó làm mục tiêu Tôi cần một ông chủ mà tôi có thể phấn đấu
phấn đấu theo.

have an argument có một cuộc tranh Whenever we have an argument, how is it

/hæv/ /ən/ cãi that I always seem be in the wrong?
/ˈɑrgjəmənt/ Bất cứ khi nào chúng ta có một cuộc tranh
cãi, tại sao mà tôi dường như luôn luôn sai?

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take care of chăm lo She helped take care of her aged

/teɪk/ /ker/ /ʌv/ grandmother.
Cô đã giúp chăm sóc người bà của mình.

start a family bắt đầu một gia đình They want to start a family but can't afford
/stɑrt/ /ə/ /ˈfæməli/ it at the moment.
Họ muốn xây dựng một gia đình nhưng
không đủ khả năng vào lúc này.

nuclear family gia đình hạt nhân . Clearly, then, housing policy operates at
/ˈnukliər/ /ˈfæməli/ (gia đình chỉ có 2 present to reinforce the nuclear family.
thế hệ) Rõ ràng, chính sách nhà ở hiện tại đang
hoạt động để củng cố gia đình hạt nhân.

extended family đại gia đình (gia The role of the extended family has been
/ɪkˈstendəd/ đình có nhiều hơn 2 decaying for some time.
/ˈfæməli/ thế hệ) Vai trò của đại gia đình đã bị suy giảm
trong một vài khoảng thời gian.

mood tâm trạng I am not in the mood to argue.

/mud/ Tôi không có tâm trạng để tranh luận.

approve chấp thuận The boss wouldn't approve of the plan.

/əˈpruv/ Ông chủ sẽ không chấp thuận kế hoạch.

independent độc lập Although she is young, she is

/ˌɪndɪˈpendənt/ very independent.
Tuy còn nhỏ nhưng cô ấy rất tự lập.

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 IELTS TRANG NGUYỄN
We truly care about your SUCCESS! Unit 9
Hotline: 0972888754

Pronunciation
1. Greetings
Patterns

Listen and repeat (Sound Pro9.1)

Example:
Good morning. Be careful.
Good afternoon. Drive safely.
Good evening. Say hello to your mother.
Good night. Goodbye.
Hello. Bye.
Hi. Thank you.
Excuse me. You're welcome.
Take care. See you later.

When you say the name of the person you are talking to, add a second pattern to the
previous greeting:

Now, repeat these phrases. (Sound Pro9.2)

Example:
- Good morning, Bill.
- Good evening, Miss Jones.
- Be careful, Emily.
- Say hello to your mother, John.

2. Statements
2.1. Pattern 1: one-phrase sentences
Listen and repeat (Sound Pro9.3)
She’s my sister. I have a dog.
They're from Venezuela. It’s beautiful.
We're going to visit them. We love it.
He’s here.

2.2. Pattern 2: two-phrase sentences

Listen and repeat (Sound Pro9.3)
- He's here, but she isn't.
- T have a dog, and you have a cat.
- She’s my sister, and he's my cousin.

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 IELTS TRANG NGUYỄN
We truly care about your SUCCESS! Unit 9
Hotline: 0972888754

- When I see him, I'll tell him.

- After you get here, have a cup of coffee.
- Before you start, take a deep breath.

3. Questions
3.1. Pattern 1: Tag Questions
Listen to and repeat each of the following sentences after the speaker. (Sound
Pro9.4)
- He's coming, isn’t he?
- You're a lawyer, aren't you?
- My sister told you, didn’t she?
- You'll come to my party, won't you?

3.2. Pattern 2: Tag Questions Indicating Displeasure

A message of displeasure can be conveyed through a different intonation pattern.
Listen to the same sentences, noting the change in the speaker's tone and repeat each
question after the speaker. (Sound Pro9.5)
- He’s coming, isn’t he?
- You're a lawyer, aren’t you?
- My sister told you, didn’t she?
- You'll come to my party, won't you?

3.3. Pattern 3: Questions with Question Words

You will note that this is the same pattern as that used in greetings and one-phrase
statements. Try to imitate the speaker’s tone.
Listen to and repeat each sentence after the speaker. (Sound Pro9.6)

When are you going? Why are you crying?

Who is the teacher? Where did he go?

3.4. Pattern 4: Questions Indicating Annoyance

Next, repeat these questions that show annoyance through the intonation pattern.
(Sound Pro9.7)

- Why do you ask?

- When is he coming?
- Where did you hear that?

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IELTS TRANG NGUYỄN
We truly care about your SUCCESS! Unit 9
Hotline: 0972888754

- Who did this to you?

3.5. Pattern 5: Questions Without Question Words
Repeat after the speaker. (Sound Pro9.7)

Are you happy? Was she there?

Will he win? Were they hurt?
Do you like it? Did you see it?

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 IELTS TRANG NGUYỄN
We truly care about your SUCCESS! Unit 9
Hotline: 0972888754

Writing
Task 2: Paragraph
- Analyze the structure of a paragraph
I. Paragraph (đoạn văn)
Đoạn văn là một nhóm các câu về một chủ đề trung tâm. Một đoạn văn sẽ có một mục
đích (purpose) rõ ràng ví dụ như: liệt kê, trình bày nguyên nhân hoặc kết quả, hoặc để
tranh luận về một vấn đề nào đó. Mỗi thành phần của đoạn văn đều có một chức năng
nhất định.
Task 1.
Làm việc theo cặp. Xác định mục đích của các đoạn văn cũng như các câu văn
của các đoạn văn dưới đây.

Paragraph 1.
On the other hand, people find happiness in their working lives in different ways. (1)
Firstly, not everyone dreams of doing a particular job, and it can be equally rewarding
to try a variety of professions; starting out on a completely new career path can be a
reinvigorating experience. (2) Secondly, some people see their jobs as simply a means
of earning money, and they are happy if their salary is high enough to allow them to
enjoy life outside work. (3) Finally, job satisfaction is often the result of working
conditions, rather than the career itself. (4) For example, a positive working
atmosphere, enthusiastic colleagues, and an inspirational boss can make working life
much more satisfying, regardless of the profession. (5)
Purpose: ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Sentence 1:
____________________________________________________________________
Sentence 2:
____________________________________________________________________
Sentence 3:
____________________________________________________________________
Sentence 4:
____________________________________________________________________

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 IELTS TRANG NGUYỄN
We truly care about your SUCCESS! Unit 9
Hotline: 0972888754

Sentence 5:
____________________________________________________________________

Paragraph 2
There are several reasons why saving minority languages could be seen as a waste of
money.(1) Firstly, if a language is only spoken by a small number of people,
expensive education programs will be needed to make sure that more people learn it,
and the state will have to pay for facilities, teachers and marketing. (2) This money
might be better spent on other public services. (3) Secondly, it would be much cheaper
and more efficient for countries to have just one language. (4) Governments could cut
all kinds of costs related to communicating with each minority group.(5)
Purpose: ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Sentence 1:
____________________________________________________________________
Sentence 2:
____________________________________________________________________
Sentence 3:
____________________________________________________________________
Sentence 4:
____________________________________________________________________
Sentence 5:
____________________________________________________________________

Paragraph 3
There are several reasons why fewer university students are choosing science as their
major. (1) Firstly, these subjects are usually more difficult and demanding, which
requires students to put much effort into their study. (2) For example, my friend who
is doing a course in Biology said that he had to conduct too many experiments and
complete numerous projects, which prevented him from having any free time. (3) As a
result, science subjects seem to be less attractive to students compared to economics
or business related subjects. (4) Secondly, as there are currently fewer employment
opportunities available for graduates in science fields, learners are less likely to decide

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 IELTS TRANG NGUYỄN
We truly care about your SUCCESS! Unit 9
Hotline: 0972888754

to select these majors. (5) Instead, they tend to choose other subjects which allow
them to find jobs more easily. (6)
Purpose: ____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Sentence 1:
____________________________________________________________________
Sentence 2:
____________________________________________________________________
Sentence 3:
____________________________________________________________________
Sentence 4:
____________________________________________________________________
Sentence 5:
____________________________________________________________________
Sentence 6:
____________________________________________________________________

2. Cấu trúc đoạn văn

Một đoạn văn thường bao gồm các phần sau:
- Topic sentence (câu chủ đề)
- Supporting sentences (các câu để bổ trợ câu chủ đề)
- Concluding sentence (câu kết luận)
Trong một số trường hợp, đoạn văn có thể không cần câu kết luận
2.1. Topic sentence (câu chủ đề)
Câu chủ đề của đoạn văn sẽ nói cho người đọc biết về ý chính của cả đoạn hoặc
suy nghĩ mà người viết muốn trình bày.
Một câu chủ đề tốt thường có 2 yếu tố chính: topic + controlling idea
Topic: vấn đề được nói đến
Controlling idea: hướng được đề cập đến của topic
Ví dụ:
- A shortage of learners in science fields can result in some negative effects.
Topic: A shortage of learners in science fields
Controlling ideas: some negative effects

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 IELTS TRANG NGUYỄN
We truly care about your SUCCESS! Unit 9
Hotline: 0972888754

- There are several reasons why fewer university students are choosing science
as their major.
Topic: why fewer university students are choosing science as their major
Controlling ideas: several reasons why

2.2. Supporting sentences (các câu bổ trợ)

Các câu bổ trợ dùng để mô tả, giải thích, làm rõ hoặc đưa ra ví dụ cho câu chủ
đề.
Một câu bổ trợ có thể trực tiếp bổ trợ cho 1 câu bổ trợ khác (gián tiếp làm rõ
câu chủ đề)
Ví dụ:
1.Explain
- Topic sentence: There are many support services for students at the university.
- Supporting sentence: Since many college students experience at least some
level of stress, counselors are always available to help them.
2. Describe
- Topic sentence: The Platte River is an extremely important area for migratory
birds such as sandhill cranes.
- Supporting sentence: This rich, natural environment provides the birds with a
safe place to rest before continuing on their lengthy journey.
3. Give reasons
- Topic sentence: Note taking is one of the most useful study skills to learn,
- Supporting sentence: Reviewing good notes before a test will help students
learn the most important information.
Task 2.
Xác định chức năng của các câu trong task 1.
Task 3.
Viết câu topic sentence (câu chủ đề) cho các đoạn văn sau.
Paragraph 1.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Many young people want to start earning money as soon as possible. In this way, they
can become independent, and they will be able to afford their own house or start a
family. In terms of their career, young people who decide to find work, rather than
continue their studies, may progress more quickly. They will have the chance to
gain real experience and learn practical skills related to their chosen profession.
This may lead to promotions and a successful career.

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 IELTS TRANG NGUYỄN
We truly care about your SUCCESS! Unit 9
Hotline: 0972888754

Paragraph 2.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Firstly, telephones and the Internet allow business people in different countries to
interact without ever meeting each other. Secondly, services like Skype create new
possibilities for relationships between students and teachers. For example, a student
can now take video lessons with a teacher in a different city or country. Finally, many
people use social networks, like Facebook, to make new friends and find people who
share common interests, and they interact through their computers rather than face to
face.

Paragraph 3
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Users, or gamers, are transported into virtual worlds which are often more exciting
and engaging than real-life pastimes. From an educational perspective, these games
encourage imagination and creativity, as well as concentration, logical thinking
and problem solving, all of which are useful skills outside the gaming context.
Furthermore, it has been shown that computer simulation games can improve
users’ motor skills and help to prepare them for real-world tasks, such as flying a
plane.
Task 4.
Tìm các ý tưởng để hình thành lên các câu bổ trợ cho các câu chủ đề dưới đây
(Xem lại lesson 8)
1. As people live longer and the populations of developed countries grow older,
several related problems can be anticipated.
2. Governments could certainly make more effort to reduce air pollution.
3. Education is an important factor with regard to personal success in life.

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 IELTS TRANG NGUYỄN
We truly care about your SUCCESS! Unit 9
Hotline: 0972888754

Grammar
Nominalisation
A. Introduction
Formal written English uses nouns more than verbs. For example, "judgement" rather
than "judge", "development" rather than "develop", "admiration" rather than "admire".
Changing a verb or other word into a noun is called nominalisation.
Instead of:
This information enables us to formulate precise questions.
we would write:
This information enables the formulation of precise questions.
More examples are:
There appeared to be evidence of differential treatment of children.
This is reflected in our admiration for people who have made something of their lives,
sometimes against great odds, and in our somewhat disappointed judgment of those
who merely drift through life.
All airfields in the country would be nationalised, and the government would continue
with the development of new aircraft as recommended by the Brabazon Committee.
Read the following text:
Reproduction with variation is a major characteristic of life. Without reproduction,
life would quickly come to an end. The earliest single-celled organisms reproduced
by duplicating their genetic material and then dividing in two. The two resulting
daughter cells were identical to each other and to the parent cell, except for mutations
that occurred during the process of gene duplication. Such errors, although rare,
provided the raw material for biological evolution. The combination of reproduction
and errors in the duplication of genetic material results in biological evolution, a
change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms over time.
W. K. Purves, D. Sadava, G. H. Orians & H. C. Heller, Life: The science of biology,
W. H. Freeman, 2004
and compare it to:
All organisms reproduce and sometimes when they reproduce, the children vary. This
is an important characteristic of life. If organisms did nor reproduce, life would
quickly come to an end. How did the earliest single-celled organisms reproduce?
They duplicated their genetic material and then they divided in two. Two daughter
cells resulted from this process; they were identical to each other and to the parent

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 IELTS TRANG NGUYỄN
We truly care about your SUCCESS! Unit 9
Hotline: 0972888754

cell. But sometimes as the genes duplicated, they changed or mutated. These errors
are not very common but they provide the basic material for life to evolve. So when
the genetic material duplicates, they reproduce and they make errors. As a result,
there is a change in what the genes are composed of. When these processes combine,
life evolves.
The first text is more academic. The second text is longer. It has shorter sentences. It
asks questions and answers them. All these features are typical of spoken language.
Compare these sentences:

1. Organisms reproduce. This is a major characteristic of life.

2. Reproduction is a major characteristic of life.

In general they mean the same, but sentence 2 is expressed more concisely. It uses the
word “reproduction”, whereas sentence 1 uses the word ”reproduce". Here the word
“reproduce” is a verb. It would change to “reproduces” if “organisms” changed to “an
organism”. “Reproduction” is a noun made from the verb “reproduce”; we call this
process nominalisation.
B. Practice
Task 1
Complete the table below by finding other nominalisations in the first text above,
based on the verbs in the second text.
Verb Nominalisation
reproduce reproduction
vary
duplicate
divide
mutate
combine
Here are some more verbs that are commonly nominalised. Add more to the table
from your own reading.
Verb Nominalisation
reproduce reproduction
adapt adaptation
contract contraction
expand expansion
react reaction
rotate rotation

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 IELTS TRANG NGUYỄN
We truly care about your SUCCESS! Unit 9
Hotline: 0972888754

However, not all nominalised words end in “tion” . Examples are:

1. The discovery of this general pattern generated the intermediate disturbance

hypothesis.
2. It serves as a template for the synthesis of proteins.
3. The increase occurs because the number of individuals an area can support
increases with productivity, and with larger population sizes,
species extinction rates are lower. But why should species richness decrease
when productivity is still higher?
4. This rise in body temperature inhibits the growth of the invading pathogen.
Cytokines may also attract phagocytic cells to the site of injury and initiate a
specific response to the pathogen.

Others are: -ity ability, similarity, complexity; -ness blindness, darkness,

preparedness; -ment development, encouragement; -ship friendship; -age mileage; -
ery robbery, bribery; -al arrival; -ance assistance, resemblance.
There are also other ways to nominalise:

● Some verbs are also used as nouns: plan, increase, influence, survey.
● Some involve a slight change: sell → sale, choose → choice.
● You can use the "-ing" form of the verb: selling, developing.

Furthermore, you can make nominalisations from adjectives by adding -ness, -ism, or
-ity. Add more to the table from your own reading.
Adjective Nominalisation
appropriate appropriateness
active activism
complex complexity
desirable desirability
sceptical scepticism
willing willingness

Nominalisations used in phrases with “of”.

Nominalisations often function as the head of a nominal group. Often associated
with nominalisation is the occurrence of prepositional phrases, introduced by of:

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 IELTS TRANG NGUYỄN
We truly care about your SUCCESS! Unit 9
Hotline: 0972888754

judgment of those
treatment of children
development of new aircraft

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