Contents

Preface xiii 6 Arithmetic and geometric progressions 51

6.1 Arithmetic progressions 51
Syllabus guidance xv
6.2 Worked problems on arithmetic
1 Algebra 1 progressions 51
1.1 Introduction 1 6.3 Further worked problems on arithmetic
1.2 Revision of basic laws 1 progressions 52
1.3 Revision of equations 3 6.4 Geometric progressions 54
1.4 Polynomial division 6 6.5 Worked problems on geometric
1.5 The factor theorem 8 progressions 55
1.6 The remainder theorem 10 6.6 Further worked problems on geometric
progressions 56
2 Partial fractions 13 7 The binomial series 58
2.1 Introduction to partial fractions 13 7.1 Pascal’s triangle 58
2.2 Worked problems on partial fractions with 7.2 The binomial series 59
linear factors 13 7.3 Worked problems on the binomial series 59
2.3 Worked problems on partial fractions with 7.4 Further worked problems on the binomial
repeated linear factors 16 series 62
2.4 Worked problems on partial fractions with 7.5 Practical problems involving the binomial
quadratic factors 17 theorem 64

3 Logarithms 20 Revision Test 2 67

3.1 Introduction to logarithms 20
3.2 Laws of logarithms 22 8 Maclaurin’s series 68
3.3 Indicial equations 24 8.1 Introduction 68
3.4 Graphs of logarithmic functions 25 8.2 Derivation of Maclaurin’s theorem 68
8.3 Conditions of Maclaurin’s series 69
4 Exponential functions 27 8.4 Worked problems on Maclaurin’s series 69
4.1 Introduction to exponential functions 27 8.5 Numerical integration using Maclaurin’s
4.2 The power series for e x 28 series 73
4.3 Graphs of exponential functions 29 8.6 Limiting values 74
4.4 Napierian logarithms 31
4.5 Laws of growth and decay 34 9 Solving equations by iterative methods 77
9.1 Introduction to iterative methods 77
4.6 Reduction of exponential laws to
linear form 37 9.2 The bisection method 77
9.3 An algebraic method of successive
approximations 81
Revision Test 1 40
9.4 The Newton-Raphson method 84

10 Binary, octal and hexadecimal 87

5 Hyperbolic functions 41 10.1 Introduction 87
5.1 Introduction to hyperbolic functions 41
10.2 Binary numbers 87
5.2 Graphs of hyperbolic functions 43
10.3 Octal numbers 90
5.3 Hyperbolic identities 45
10.4 Hexadecimal numbers 92
5.4 Solving equations involving hyperbolic
functions 47
Revision Test 3 96
5.5 Series expansions for cosh x and sinh x 49