Sec 5 Maths P2

Chapter 5
SEQUENCES AND SERIES
5.1 Arithmetic Sequences (Page 81)
• In an arithmetic sequence, the difference between consecutive terms
is constant.
• If 𝑢𝑛 is the nth term, then
𝑢𝑛+1 − 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑑 = common difference, for 𝑛 = 1,2,3, …
• If a is the first term, the arithmetic sequence is of the form:
𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, …
• The formula for the nth term of an arithmetic sequence is

𝑢𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑

Example 1 (Page 81)

Given: 𝑢𝑛 = 55 − 2𝑛
(a) To write: first five terms
𝑢1 = 55 − 2 × 1 = 53
𝑢2 = 55 − 2 × 2 = 51
𝑢3 = 55 − 2 × 3 = 49
𝑢4 = 55 − 2 × 4 = 47
𝑢5 = 55 − 2 × 5 = 45
(b) To find: the 99th term
𝑢99 = 55 − 2 × 99 = −143
(c) To find: the first term in the sequence that is negative
𝑢𝑛 < 0
55 − 2𝑛 < 0
− 2𝑛 < − 55
− 55
𝑛> = 27.5
−2

⸫ 𝑛 = 28
𝑢28 = 55 − 2 × 28 = −1

Example 2 (Page 82)

(a) Given: arithmetic sequence 6, 20, 34, 48, 62, …
To find: the nth term
𝑎=6
𝑑 = 14
𝑢𝑛 = 6 + (𝑛 − 1) × 14
= 6 + 14𝑛 − 14
= 14𝑛 − 8
(b) Given: arithmetic sequence 101, 94, 87, 80, 73, …
To find: the nth term
𝑎 = 101
𝑑 =−7
𝑢𝑛 = 101 + (𝑛 − 1) × (− 7)
= 101 − 7𝑛 + 7
= 108 − 7𝑛
Example 3 (Page 82)
Given: 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏; 𝑢3 = 5, 𝑢8 = 20
To find: values of a and b
𝑢3 = 5
3𝑎 + 𝑏 = 5 --------- (1)
𝑢8 = 20
8𝑎 + 𝑏 = 20 --------- (2)
3𝑎 + 𝑏 = 5 --------- (1)
5𝑎 = 15
⸫𝑎=3
Substituting 𝑎 = 3 in (1),
3×3+𝑏 =5
⸫𝑏 = −4

Exercise 5A (Page 82)

No. 3 (Page 83)
(b) Given: arithmetic sequence 5, 8, 11, …, 119, 122
To find: number of terms
𝑎 = 5, 𝑑 = 3, 𝑢𝑛 = 122
𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 122
5 + (𝑛 − 1)3 = 122
(𝑛 − 1)3 = 117
⸫ 𝑛 = 40
(c) Given: arithmetic sequence 90, 88, 86, …, 16, 14
To find: number of terms
𝑎 = 90, 𝑑 = −2, 𝑢𝑛 = 14
90 + (𝑛 − 1)(−2) = 14
(𝑛 − 1)(−2) = − 76
𝑛 − 1 = 38
⸫ 𝑛 = 39

No. 6 (Page 83)

Given: arithmetic sequence, 𝑢3 = 30, 𝑢9 = 9
To find: first negative term
𝑎 + 2𝑑 = 30 --------- (1)
𝑎 + 8𝑑 = 9 --------- (2)
− 6𝑑 = 21
21 7
⸫𝑑=− =−
6 2
7
𝑎 + 2 × (− ) = 30
2

𝑎 − 7 = 30
⸫ 𝑎 = 37
Let 𝑢𝑛 < 0.
𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 < 0
7
37 + (𝑛 − 1)(− ) < 0
2
7
(𝑛 − 1) (− ) < −37
2
 74 4
𝑛> + 1 = 11
7 7

⸫ 𝑛 = 12
7 74 − 77 3
𝑢12 = 𝑎 + 11𝑑 = 37 + 11 × (− ) = =−
2 2 2

No. 8 (Page 83)

Given: arithmetic sequence 5𝑝, 20, 3𝑝
To find: 20th term
20 − 5𝑝 = 3𝑝 − 20
40 = 8𝑝
⸫𝑝=5
𝑎 = 5𝑝 = 25, 𝑑 = −5
𝑢20 = 𝑎 + 19𝑑 = 25 + 19 × (−5) = 25 − 95 = − 70

No. 10 (Page 83)

Given: arithmetic sequence, 𝑎 = 𝑘 2 , 𝑑 = 𝑘 > 0; 𝑢5 = 41
To find: value of k in the form 𝑝 + 𝑞√5
𝑎 + 4𝑑 = 41
𝑘 2 + 4𝑘 = 41
𝑘 2 + 4𝑘 − 41 = 0
− 4 ± √16 − 4×1×(−41) − 4 ± √180 − 4 ± 6√5
𝑘= = = = − 2 ± 3√5
2 2 2

𝑘 = − 2 + 3√5 (∵ 𝑘 > 0)
⸫ 𝑝 = − 2, 𝑞 = 3