Subject

The subject is the person or

thing that does the action.
The subject can be:

a noun
Flowers bloom in spring.
a pronoun
We are all born so beautiful.
a noun phrase
One of the women greeted me.
The spotted puppy is up for
adoption.
several nouns/pronouns
Mom and dad were happy to
see her.
Some unusual subjects

it as an 'empty' subject
It is raining.
existential there
There is a fly in my soup.
 Advanced info
Clauses and phrases can also function as Subjects
That-clause
That his theory was flawed soon became obvious.
Relative clause (a word group beginning with a wh-word)
What I need is a long holiday.
To-infinitive clause
To become an opera singer takes years of training.
-ing clause
Feeling sad is just another part of being human.
prepositional phrase
After nine is a good time to call.
Let's practice!
Identify each subject of every clause in the following sentences

Maria and her sister go to piano class every week.

Tuna salad is easy to make.
I like her and she likes me.
Getting married never seemed like a good idea to me.
What you do with your life doesn't concern me.
There is still some milk in the fridge.
That we would become friends was obvious to me.
It is sunny today.
To be human is to be at the center of our own universe.
The answers
Identify each subject of every clause in the following sentences

Maria and her sister go to piano class every week.

Tuna salad is easy to make.
I like her and she likes me.
Getting married never seemed like a good idea to me.
What you do with your life doesn't concern me.
There is still some milk in the fridge.
That we would become friends was obvious to me.
It is sunny today.
To be human is to be at the center of our own universe.
Verb
The verb tells what the subject
is doing.
The verb:

is usually an action word

Flowers bloom in spring.
sometimes doesn't have
much action
She is amazing! I like her a lot.
can have two (or more)
actions for one subject
They create and play beautiful
music.
Let's practice!
Identify each main verb of every clause in the following sentences

Maria and her sister go to piano class every week.

Tuna salad is easy to make.
I like her and she likes me.
Getting married never seemed like a good idea to me.
What you do with your life doesn't concern me.
There is still some milk in the fridge.
That we would become friends was obvious to me.
It is sunny today.
To be human is to be at the center of our own universe.
The answers
Identify each main verb of every clause in the following sentences

Maria and her sister go to piano class every week.

Tuna salad is easy to make.
I like her and she likes me.
Getting married never seemed like a good idea to me.
What you do with your life doesn't concern me.
There is still some milk in the fridge.
That we would become friends was obvious to me.
It is sunny today.
To be human is to be at the center of our own universe.
Grammatical tense
present

past future
In grammar, tense is a category
that expresses time reference.
Tenses are usually manifested by
the use of specific forms of verbs.
 There are 2 types of verbs
regular irregular
a verb whose conjugation a verb whose conjugation
follows the typical pattern: follows a different pattern:

1 2 3 1 2 3
play played played do did done
create created created be was/were been
study studied studied cut cut cut
 Simple Continuous Perfect

-(e)s 3
Present -ing

2
3
Past -ing

3
Future -ing
Let's practice!
Identify each subject
and main verb of every
clause in the following
sentences
Once upon a time, in Holland, there was a little girl
named Audrey who ate tulips.
It wasn’t because she loved flowers, though — it was
because she was so hungry. Life in Holland during the
Second World War was hard. There was never
enough food on the table, and Audrey often felt the
pangs of hunger in her empty stomach. Tulip bulbs
didn’t taste good, but they kept her from starving.
When Audrey was older, she moved to England and
became a film actress. She was admired the world over
for her elegant figure and her luminous beauty.
Famous fashion designers flocked to her, and she
became a style icon, known for her little black dress,
long gloves, and diamond tiara.
But what Audrey wanted to do was more than just star
in films and be admired for her clothes. She wanted to
help others, especially poor and hungry children.
Dedicating her life to serving UNICEF was her way of
making the world a better place. That no child should
ever be so hungry she would have to eat flower bulbs
was her strongest belief.
When Audrey died, a new pure white tulip was named
in her honor, to celebrate the wonderful work she did
for UNICEF.
The answers
Identify each subject
and main verb of every
clause in the following
sentences
(The subjects and verbs within
subject clauses are underlined)
Once upon a time, in Holland, there was a little girl
named Audrey who ate tulips.
It wasn’t because she loved flowers, though — it was
because she was so hungry. Life in Holland during the
Second World War was hard. There was never
enough food on the table, and Audrey often felt the
pangs of hunger in her empty stomach. Tulip bulbs
didn’t taste good, but they kept her from starving.
When Audrey was older, she moved to England and
became a film actress. She was admired the world over
for her elegant figure and her luminous beauty.
Famous fashion designers flocked to her, and she
became a style icon, known for her little black dress,
long gloves, and diamond tiara.
But what Audrey wanted to do was more than just star
in films and be admired for her clothes. She wanted to
help others, especially poor and hungry children.
Dedicating her life to serving UNICEF was her way of
making the world a better place. That no child should
ever be so hungry she would have to eat flower bulbs
was her strongest belief.
When Audrey died, a new pure white tulip was named
in her honor, to celebrate the wonderful work she did
for UNICEF.
Helping Verb
A helping verb (also known as an
auxiliary verb) is used with a main
verb to help express the main
verb's tense, mood, or voice.
have
Helping verbs that help express
the tense: be
do
Do you like to play videogames?
be
She is listening to music now.
have
I have not seen him this week.
will will
He will be there.
do
 Simple Continuous Perfect

Present do
am have
do be is have
does has
are

Past
2 2 was
do did be have 2
had
were

Future
will will be will have
 Modal helping verbs
The term modal means “noting or pertaining to mood.”
The modal verbs express ideas such as:
ability
We can do it!
I could run for hours when I was a kid. can
uncertainty (could)
It looks like it might rain today.
It may rain tomorrow. may
(might) must
necessity
You must turn in your assignment on time.
I think you should do it. should
You ought to listen carefully.
permission / request
shall
May I leave class early?
Can I have some cookies? ought to
will
Could I borrow your car?
(would)
Would you do this for me?
 Modal helping verbs

After a modal verb, the base (1)

form of a verb is generally used.

The word to should not appear

after a modal verb. An exception
is the phrase ought to, which is
considered a modal verb.
I may go out today.
She will be there.
We can do it!
You ought to be punctual.
Let's practice!
Identify each helping verb in the following sentences
I am studying the amazing life of Wilma Rudolf.
My class will write reports about this sports legend.
We have read an exciting account of her triumphs.
Teresa is painting a picture of the famous runner.
Anna and I are working on a poster about Wilma's victories.
We must turn it in on Friday.
Wilma had overcome serious physical problems.
Her mother had given her a great deal of support.
She believed her daughter could do it.
The people in Wilma's hometown were cheering for her.
People will remember Wilma Rudolf's accomplishments for many years.
Her story has inspired young athletes around the world.
You might want to know more about her story.
The answers
Identify each helping verb in the following sentences
I am studying the amazing life of Wilma Rudolf.
My class will write reports about this sports legend.
We have read an exciting account of her triumphs.
Teresa is painting a picture of the famous runner.
Anna and I are working on a poster about Wilma's victories.
We must turn it in on Friday.
Wilma had overcome serious physical problems.
Her mother had given her a great deal of support.
She believed her daughter could do it.
The people in Wilma's hometown were cheering for her.
People will remember Wilma Rudolf's accomplishments for many years.
Her story has inspired young athletes around the world.
You might want to know more about her story.
Word order

You are listening.

You are not listening.

Are you listening?

 Negative sentences
formal style

You are not listening.

informal style

You aren't listening.

Nobody is listening.
Not a single person is listening.
 Sometimes there are
several helping verbs

It could have been done.

It could not have been done.

Could it have been done?

 The exception
When verb to be is a main verb in Present Simple and
Past Simple, it becomes a "superhero verb". It doesn't
need the helping verb and acts as one itself.

You were great.

be
She is not wrong.

Was it awesome?