“A PROPOSED RETREAT CENTER INTEGRATING

GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS”

Stephanie Queen H. Geronimo
School of Engineering and Architecture
University of Baguio

Abstract
Human beings have an inner connection with our environment by physical, mental, emotional
and spiritual means. This connection can create a dynamic life that people can thrive from in
every aspect. The purpose of a spiritual retreat, as an addition to daily spiritual activities, is to
temporarily leave behind the usual distractions we all face for a time long enough to allow
relaxation and for an inner change to occur. This thesis study aims to introduce an innovative
concept of integrating green building materials to the retreat center for the ICM missionaries.
The built environment and the spaces it creates should not be seen as only a physical
surrounding, but as an interconnection between conscious and subconscious. The built
environment can be described as an ecological niche, which implies that physical surroundings
have a direct relationship with how a person reacts and behaves. The data was gathered by
applying descriptive type of study for the exploration of the research, supported by documentary
analysis from the site visits and observation guides. The outcome of the architectural feature and
character is identified that would reflect a retreat center. The green building materials are
carefully filtered out as to what is attainable and integrated. Furthermore, the architectural design
integrating architectural features and character of a retreat center and incorporating green
building materials to the retreat center is presented and detailed in this study.
Keywords: Retreat Center, Green Building Materials, Architectural Features/Character, Green
Building, Architecture

INTRODUCTION

The Maslow’s hierarchy of needs portrays five different categories of human needs. The
hierarchy of needs by Maslow is often presented as a pyramid. The bottom levels of the pyramid
include the basic physiological requirement that pertains to food, water, sleep, and warmth. On
the next level, safety, love/belonging, personal esteem and the most emphasized, self-
actualization. The self-actualized individual can view life as it unfolds both logically and
rationally (Kendra Cherry, 2018). Self-actualization is described as a value-based system when
discussing its role in motivation, by this later theory, one finds the fullest realization in giving
oneself to something beyond oneself — for example, in altruism or spirituality. To define
spirituality, it is a quest for meaning, unity, and connectedness to nature, humanity, and the
transcendent. For other people, spirituality is a non-religious encounter that varies from
individual to individual, and some people connect with their spiritual well-being through private
prayer, yoga, meditation, and calm reflection, a faith in the supernatural or long walks. In order
to attain self-actualization and spirituality, retreat is practiced.

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 According to the Cambridge Dictionary, retreat means a period used to pray and study quietly
or thinks carefully, away from normal activities and duties. A retreat is a period of group
withdrawal for prayer, meditation, study, under a director (Merriam Webster’s Dictionary, 2018).
The retreat activities offer everything including spiritual healing, fitness through meditation, and
counseling. The significance of a spiritual retreat, as an addition to daily spiritual activities, is to
leave behind the usual distractions temporarily we all face for a time long enough to allow
relaxation and for an inner change to occur.

A retreat center is one of the facilities that support spiritual needs and religious assistance of
oneself. A retreat allows oneself for personal prayer, reflection, petition or contemplation. It can
be a period of isolation or a community involvement held peacefully, and there might be a lot of
conversation contingent upon the accepted practices of the retreatant. Retreats are a period away
from our usual activities to spend time getting associated with God, to evaluate the priorities of
life and to make concrete and practical resolutions for improvement. Retreat also offers plenty of
different exercises that extinguish hunger for adventure and exploring self.

The proponent for this study is the Immaculate Cor de Maria or Missionary Sisters of the
Immaculate Heart of Mary (ICM), a sister organization of CICM (Congregation of the
Immaculate Heart of Mary) which is for priests and brotherhoods. The existing ICM House of
Prayer built in the 1920s, located at Navy Base, Baguio City offers meditation retreats,
introductory classes, and monthly-workshop seminars. In an interview, with Sr. Perla
Macapinlac, one of the Missionary sister of the Diocese of Baguio, affirm that ICM House of
Prayer was formerly a formation house that was converted into a retreat house because of the
decreasing number of missionaries, seminarians and young novices that was transferred to other
convents and formation houses. The existing retreat house could accommodate 37 people
maximum. At present, ICM House of Prayer serves as the accommodation house for those who
practice retreat. One of their programs and mission is to provide a retreat center that will be used
mainly for retreat. The ICM House of Prayer is planning to put up a retreat that would cater to a
more significant number of people who practice retreat, due to their lacking facilities and spaces
in their existing retreat center (see figure 1-6 appendice A, page 22). The meditation area could
accommodate 20 person at one time. In line with the ICM missionaries’ plan of establishing a
retreat center, the proposed location is at Tadiangan Tuba, Benguet.

The architectural and spatial arrangement of a retreat center requires in-depth and multi-
method research of two critical aspects: 1. the stages of the development of the space planning;
and 2. the theological-religious component and the symbolism of the sacral space. The space
planning of the spiritual retreat center and the composition of the required functional groups of
facilities determine the number of essential criteria. According to the in-depth analysis, the
principle of universality is proposed to make the architectural arrangement of spiritual retreat
center by reference to the multi-use of the institution, for a wide range of visitors but also
provide conditions for comfortable stay of people of different levels of religiosity. Orientation to
the spiritual component allows the use of sacral symbols in the exterior and interior arrangement
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of the structure in order to spiritualize the space and create a proper atmosphere. In this aspect,
the conventional complexes should be considered, on the territories of which the delicate regular
monastery gardens with a parterre flower garden and cozy areas for prayer quite time were
formed. It is advisable to landscape the territory of the spiritual retreat center in a similar style
using the stylized modern features of the monastery gardens. Differentiation is essential to take
into account the specifics of the various categories of visitors - from deeply believing pilgrims,
practicing parishioners to tourists, religious scholars, that pursuing exclusively cognitive
purposes. The architectural arrangement of the spiritual retreat center by valuable sacral
attractions will ensure the inclusion of attractions in the spiritual and cultural life of the people.

The location of retreat center should be away from the city life, aloof, close to nature
preferably on hilly areas. Entrance foyer should reflect the whole concept of retreat. The
circulation passages should be easily connecting all the major areas of the site. Open spaces
should be developed as activity zones. There should be segregation of public, private, and semi-
private zones. The site should lie in a peaceful area considering climate, weather, and season.
Natural landscapes are wonderful settings for retreats, and mountains are one of the most popular
choices (Carl Lefever, 2015).

The relationship between the concept green buildings to retreat center takes into account the
interconnectedness of nature and creation of the built environment affecting the psychological
aspect of spirituality. Green buildings in the 21st century have similar obligations to the
psychological and physical needs of its inhabitants (James Wines, n.d). Green building reduces
the amount of pollution which positively affects human well-being. According to an EPA report,
indoor air pollution level is about two to five times larger contaminants than that of outdoor air.
The report states that most contaminants and pollutants are due to materials used in the building
construction. Other contaminants are volatile organic compounds that occur naturally. The most
common are paints, solvents, carpets, and cleaning products, so the presence of green
architecture will aid to improve and purify the air of many pollutants. According to the US Green
Building Council, it is defined as “a holistic concept that starts with the interpretation that the
built environment can have profound effects, both positive and negative, on the natural
environment. Considering the people who inhabit buildings every day and an effort to promote
the positive and alleviate the negative of these effects throughout the entire life cycle of a
building. The study integrates green building materials to retreat house as a feature that would
increase the effect of the built environment to the user’s psychology and serves as an additional
amenity. The connection between man and nature has obtained incredible significance in our
social sense, as we end up mindful how human activity and creation are dynamically damaging
the natural environment. As defined by the Global Wellness Institute, green architecture is also
the practice of designing built environments with socially intended order and materials to
promote the balance between physical, cognitive, emotional, and spiritual wellbeing while
restoring the natural environment. The key design considerations are human health, wellbeing,
and comfort that augment a foundation rooted in sustainable and regenerative design practices. A

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part of the green architecture is the use of green building material that seeks to minimize adverse
environmental effect by code-compliant buildings. The conservation of energy, reuse, and
recycling of building materials, consideration of minimizing the carbon footprint over the
lifespan of the building and seek building orientations that are conducive to passive design
practices.

According to the Philippine Green Building Code, the critical part of green buildings is the
material that is used in the construction, and green building materials are for the most part is
composed of renewable rather than non-renewable assets and are ecologically responsible
because of their effects considered over the life of the material. The study focuses on one of the
sustainable design construction and operation strategies which is the application of green
building material. The green materials are environmentally responsible materials as they help in
reducing environmental impacts. Also, green building materials result in lower maintenance
costs over the life of the building, conserves energy, and improve occupant health and
productivity. Material sustainability administers all issues related to resource efficiency and
material selection and use with a minimal effect on the environment. Green building materials
can be chosen by evaluating characteristics such as reused and recycled content, zero or low off-
gassing of harmful air emissions, zero or low toxicity, sustainably and rapidly renewable
harvested materials, high recyclability, durability, longevity, and local production (Cullen, 2010).
Green building design aspects are site planning, building envelope design, building HVAC
design, indoor environmental quality (thermal, visual comfort, and air quality), and use of
ecologically sustainable, high recycled and renewable materials. (see figure 7 and 8, appendix B,
page 26).

Organic architecture is a philosophy of architecture which promotes harmony between human

habitation and the natural world. The building and the site have a special relationship in organic
architecture. The site should be enhanced by the building, and the building derives its form
partially from the nature of the site. Sometimes this is done by similarity, sometimes by contrast.
In natural settings, the buildings may open out, and in urban settings, turn inward. The building
grows out of the landscape as naturally as any plant; its relationship to the site is so unique that it
would be out of place elsewhere. Materials are used simply in a way that enhances their innate
character and optimizes their individual color, texture, and strength. The way a building comes
together, how one material joins another; the very form of the building should be an expression
of the nature of the materials used. In organic architecture, only a few materials are used, both
inside and outside. While modern architecture is an architecture concept that form should follow
function and an embrace of minimalism. The style is characterized by an emphasis on volume,
asymmetrical compositions, and elimination of ornament. Light filled, open plan interiors, with a
feeling of spaciousness.

The significance of the study is to serve as a reference for the proponent’s similar projects,
future researches, and for those who seek information related to the research topic of the retreat
center and green building materials. This study deals with the architectural work contributing to
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the innovation of integrating green building materials to a retreat center and to further expound
the comprehensive knowledge with regards to the study that would be used for ICM missionaries
of providing a Retreat Center. The research was conducted to contribute to the needs of the
religious leaders, users, staffs, guests, parishioners, retreaters, and the visitors coming from the
different cities and provinces, by providing an architectural design that can be used as a guide for
future projects of the proponent and the Province of Benguet.
The scope of the study deals with the architectural design of a retreat center integrating green
building materials. The study covers the scope of construction materials to justify the integration
of green building materials to the retreat center. Architectural design concepts of a retreat
facility, green design, and relevant case studies were considered. Business structure, venture
capital requirements, project cost, and the projected business growth were not covered.
The paradigm of the study explains the input, process, and output of the research. The input
and output are presented per problem, and specifically, it includes case studies, review of related
literature, observation and an ocular visit of existing retreat house functional areas, facilities, and
amenities (see figure 9).

INPUT PROCESS

For problem 1 For problem 1

Output
 Case studies  Classification and
 Review of related synthesis
 Observation and ocular visit of 
existing retreat house
Library research “A PROPOSED
 Architectural RETREAT
 Functional areas, facilities,
Programming CENTER
amenities
INTEGRATING
For problem 2 For problem 2
GREEN
 BUILDING
 SITE FACTORS Identify, sort,
-Climatic factors synthesize, MATERIALS”
-Topography incorporate
-Vegetation
-Environmental factors For problem 3
 Green Building Materials
 Site analysis
For problem 3  Architectural
programming
 Ocular visit of Existing Retreat
 Architectural design
Programs/ Activities and facilities
 Integration of retreat
 Technical Factor
-National Building code center and green
- Municipal and local ordinances architecture

Figure . Paradigm of the Study

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 The intent of this study is to come up with a design of the proposed retreat center
integrating green building materials. The main objective of the study aims to answer the
following, specifically:
1. To determine architectural features/character that would reflect a retreat center.
2. To incorporate green building materials to the retreat center in the overall design.
3. To come up with an architectural design of a retreat center integrating features/ character of
a retreat center and green building materials to the design.

Materials and Method

The methodology of this research includes multiple organization of framework which helped
to aid the step by step process of doing this study. Generally, a descriptive research method was
used for the review of related literature, documentary analysis from the site visits supported by
observation guides. Descriptive research portrays the attributes of the study, and thus, it
concentrates on the “what” of the research study for the exploration of the research. It obtains
information that is constructed and structured from the collected data from different sources of
the review of related literature. Moreover, descriptive research is reflected to qualitative research
which includes specific methods that provide detailed descriptions, information, and
interpretations from the data collections. Documentary analysis, site observation, architectural
programming, and SWOT analysis was done.

Population and Locale of the Study

As Lama Yeshe (1983) said that the retreat house should be situated in an isolated, tranquil
location and any buildings constructed there should be in harmony with the surroundings and the
intent. In this way, the environment will provide the meditation and spiritual growth of anybody
doing retreat. Wilderness is often a spectacular place to be on a retreat because it is evident to
find Gods beauty, creation, and presence there (Coracle, 2013). The location of the study is at
Tadiangan, Tuba Benguet, a 1st class municipality in the province of Benguet, Philippines. Some
of the industries found here are bamboo craft, metal craft, wood carving, and tigergrass craft.
Following the objectives of the Province of Benguet, which is to promote it as a must-see tourist
destination in the Cordilleras, the research proposal that would be added to the existing tourist
spots. Tadiangan Tuba Benguet is situated in a serene mountain, and it is 20 minutes away from
the City of Baguio that consists of shrines, falls, cascading rivers, museum, resorts which
promotes the place as tourist destination. Based on 2015 census, it has a number of 47,648
people. It is bordered on the north by Sablan and La Trinidad; east by Baguio and Itogon, and
south by Sison and San Manuel. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the
municipality has a land area of 295.97 square kilometers (114.27 sq mi) constituting 10.69% of
the 2,769.08-square-kilometre- (1,069.15 sq mi) total area of Benguet. The population of the
study is the ICM missionaries, an affiliated private institution, the locality and community of
Tadiangan as well.

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 Figure 10. Vicinity Map

Data Gathering Tools

The data gathering tools that was used is defined explicitly for each different problem that
needs exploration and investigation with critical analysis. Review of related literature was
associated as the primary tool together with building laws, regulation, and guidelines. Search
engines were used in gathering online references. A camera was used in observing the site. On-
site observation was used for the research proposal and the site analysis.
For problem (1) which is to determine architectural features/character that would reflect a
retreat center, the specific data gathered are the elements of design, principles of design, guided
with the case studies of existing retreat centers and review of related literature that would support
the necessary information. Observation of similar existing retreat center is done supported with
observation guides for an overview of the essential elements and principles of a retreat center.
For problem (2), which is to incorporate green building materials to the retreat center, the tools
used to identify green building materials are, library materials such as books (unpublished and
published), related articles and review of related literature to collect and review an example of
similar existing building with different trends and concepts of green building materials.
Electronic books and resources were utilized to gather information on case studies with regards
to green building materials, considering local and international context.
For problem (3), to come up with an architectural design of a retreat center integrating
features/ character of a retreat center and incorporate green building materials to the design,
design brief, design concepts, and design approach of existing related case studies was used as a
tool. Search engines were accessed to find a credible source from the internet and articles about
new trends and requirements for building a retreat center and green building materials.
Considering technical factors in designing, National Building Code, Philippine Green
Environmental laws, Green Building Code and other standards and guidelines.

Data Gathering Procedures

In order to come up with the architectural design of a retreat center integrating green building
materials, the study procedures are identified by indicating steps per problem.

7
 For problem (1), to determine architectural features/character that would reflect a retreat
center. The primary thing that was done was to use the collected data and review the information
from the case studies and literature of the elements and principles of design, sort and study the
different design concept and approach, fabricate the analysis and related review of literature that
includes studies where to get concepts and factors that was considered in the proposal. Second
was to sort all the data gathered and synthesized a solution for the indicated focus of the study.
For problem (2), incorporate green building materials to the retreat center. The data gathering
tools were used and reinforced with intensive research on the classification of green building
materials, listing, and data mining, sorting and identifying materials was performed and was
studied to be filtered out on what was applied to the architectural design of the retreat center.
For problem (3), to come up with an architectural design of a retreat center integrating
features/ character of a retreat center and incorporate green building materials to the design.
Architectural programming, site analysis, and architectural design process was done by
synthesizing the gathered data from the two objectives, and review of related literature was used
to provide design guidelines to be used as a reference to study.

Treatment of Data

The data collected and other relevant data was combined in order to establish a unified
solution for the design of integrating green building materials to the retreat center. All the
identified effect after gathering data helped in constructing the research and arrived with
solutions.
In problem one (1), which is to determine architectural features/character that would reflect a
retreat center, the treatment of data subjects to translate the data gathered by sorting, classifying
and applying in the design. The gathered data for objective one was extracted from the related
architectural feature and character of existing retreat centers.
For problem two (2), which is to incorporate green building materials to the retreat center, the
gathered data was selected, analyzed and utilized, the guidelines in the integration of green
building materials to the retreat center. Site observation helped in analyzing existing site
condition and natural features that was considered in the design of the retreat center.
For problem three (3), which is to come up with an architectural design of a retreat center
integrating features/ character of a retreat center and incorporate green building materials to the
design, the data gathered from the objective one (1) and two (2) was synthesized and was applied
to the design process.

Ethical Considerations

Research ethics was considered in the planning and conduct of the study. The gathered
data were treated to be confidential and used for research purposes only. Proper citation and
quotations were considered from the roots of information and data from books, online sources,
and other references. The research ethics serves as the guide to be fair and reasonable to all
relationship towards the population of the study.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this part, data gathered for each problem of this study are presented, analyzed and
interpreted focusing on the data on the architectural features and character to reflect a retreat
center and integrate green building materials. The data findings add on architectural solution to
be able to come up with a design of a retreat center, there are key points to consider. One is the
architectural feature and character (see table 1-A) of a retreat center, with the components,
elements and principles of design, and the functional spaces and areas (see table 1-A, appendix
B, page 28) that would reflect the sense of retreat. The necessary data, description and remarks
of different concepts with regards to the study are presented below.

Architectural Features and Character

Architectural features and details play several roles in defining the character of a
structure: they add visual interest, define certain building styles and types, and often showcase
superior craftsmanship and architectural design. Features such as window hoods, facades,
brackets and columns exhibit materials and finishes often associated with particular styles. The
architectural feature is associated to its character, style and integrity, and design concept. A
design style is portrayed by the highlights that make a building or other structure prominent and
truly recognizable. A style may incorporate such components as frame, technique for
development, building materials, and territorial character. Most architecture can be delegated as
a sequence of styles which changes after some time reflecting evolving designs, convictions and
religions, or the rise of new thoughts, innovation, or materials which make new styles
conceivable. Table 1-A shows the different architectural features and character of different
retreat center, along with its elements and principles.

Table 1-A
Architectural Features/Character of a Retreat Center

Retreat Center Features/Character Remarks/ Elements and

Principles

1. Gaia Retreat Center -The grand entrance opens up -Asymmetric

in Bali , Indonesia to marble and teak wood -Simplicity of geometric
` -Landscaped rice terraces forms
-Pool with decks and views -high ceiling
-semi open dining area
overlooking the rice terraces of Bali
- soft hot tub Jacuzzi
-wood construction

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2. Meditation Center at - vertical cedar slats and thick walls
Standford University with made of soil excavated from the - Interior finishes
rammed earth walls building site include dark-stained oak
- The heaviness of the earthen walls is flooring and slatted
contrasted with large expanses of wooden ceilings.
glass and screens made of thin cedar - skylights with
strips. motorised louvres
-the building features a series of enable natural light
galleries, flanked on one end by a
reflecting pool

3. Sunnylands garden and -dramatic desert landscape -simplicity in design

retreat center - character of the Sonoran Desert and -symmetrical
demonstrates a new ecological -open plan
aesthetic for landscapes
-features restored desert habitat
- high-efficiency capillary irrigation
system
-soil moisture monitoring
-on-site storm water retention
-geothermal wells, a significant
photovoltaic array and an on-site
green waste recycling program

4. Vajrasana Buddhist -use of simple materials that provide a - plywood and painted
Retreat balance between modesty and blockwork was used
reverence for the spiritual aspects of - pitched roofs provide a
the centre, the shrine room and sense of space and light
associated courtyards. - The result is one of
-victorian tiles and parquet flooring simplicity, ease and
unearthed in the original farmhouse serenity and a feeling of
-maximum seclusion and connection enclosure without losing
to its surrounding the sense of openness
and connection to the
wider countryside.

5. The Waterfront Retreat

- cantilevered concrete slabs that float
above a recessed stacked-stone
podium
- cantilevered balconies
- large floor-to-ceiling sliding doors
- skylights

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 6. U RETREAT / Heesoo -concrete mass can contrast with -Concrete as a neutral
Kwak and IDMM Architects irregular and varied lines of the nature background
-
- Diagonal column and cantilever and
upper and lower parts connected with
twist generate active shapes
harmoniously diversified with natural
scence.

Effects of the Elements and Principles of Architecture

Green Building Materials

The second objective of this study is to come up with an architectural design of a retreat
center incorporating green building materials. In building, environmentally-friendly materials
(also known as green building materials) are those in which, for their production, placing and
maintenance, actions of low environmental impact have been performed. They have to be
durable, reusable or recyclable, include recyclable materials in their composition and have to be
from resources of the area where the building activity will take place –they have to be local
materials. These materials also have to be natural (soil, adobe, wood, cork, bamboo, straw,
sawdust, etc.) and must not be spoilt by cold, heat or humidity. Table below shows different
green building materials used.
Table 2-A Green Building Materials

Green Building Materials Description Remarks

Straw bale
Straw bale is a low impact, low carbon Not Applicable
building material that has gained more - considering climate
mainstream acceptance by the and humidity level of
public. However, areas with extreme the locality. It is a
humidity and high rainfall may not be the fire resistant due to
appropriate choice for straw bale inability of air to
construction. flow through the
straw bales

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 Also known as “Sustainable Urban
Grass Crete Drainage”, Grass Crete is a green
alternative to standard concrete surfaces Applicable
for parking lots, driveway and other access -it can be used as bio
roads giving drainage benefits and swales
improving storm water absorption. Grass (to be used in
Crete is beneficial for businesses and courtyard/garden)
developers because it drains at about the
same rate (90%) as would an ordinary
lawn in the same location. With 47%
concrete and 53% holes filled with grass, it
will help to form a natural bio-filter to
significantly remove pollutants.
Hemp Crete
Made using the woody, balsa-like interior Not-Applicable
of the Cannabis sativa plant combined considering climate
with lime and water, Hemp Crete material and humidity level of
provides a natural airtight yet breathable the locality.
and flexible insulation. Hemp Crete is also
mold free and pest resistant as well as
nearly fireproof. Considered as a
sustainable building material, hemp can be
grown and replenished relatively quick.

Bamboo
Bamboo produces more oxygen and Applicable
absorbs more carbon dioxide, which is -manufactured
very ideal in combating global climate bamboo as
change. Apart from that, Bamboo is easily construction material
grown and harvested, making it one of the (balustrade)
most cost-effective construction materials
to date. Bamboo is also highly sustainable
and gives san aesthetic appeal in
construction for housing.

Recycled Plastic
Plastics are one of the most energy-
efficient materials over their entire life- Applicable
cycle. The fact being that the typical -manufactured
lifespan of plastic applications in building recycled plastics as
and construction is up to 30 to 50 years. construction material
(doors, countertops,
furniture, fixtures)

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Wood
Wood is a historic, classic and durable Applicable
green building material that has a -it has low carbon
longevity, aesthetics and flair to buildings impact and low
for thousands of years. Using wood as a embodied energy
material in building construction can have (exterior finishing,
significant environmental benefits. where it helps to
Manufacturing wood for construction is regulate people’s
less energy intensive than other materials, levels of stress )
including concrete, steel, cement or glass
production with some percentage of
recycled material. The finished product
also has lower embodied energy.

Rammed Earth Rammed earth provides several advantages -Applicable

such as superior thermal mass, temperature - as strong and
and noise control, strength and durability, durable as concrete
low maintenance, fire proofing, load and its source can be
bearing and pest deterrence. In terms of at the prompt site. It
aesthetics, Rammed earth offers a natural has ninety percent
and eco-friendly environmental ambience less embodied
because of its natural color made by energy than concrete.
aggregated earth substances. (walls)

Mycelium
Mycelium, a concrete which is capable of -Not Applicable
organic self-healing, reduces the need for -Could be used as
high price repairs. It’s an eco-friendly acoustic wall for
insulation material that outperforms insulation.
traditional fiberglass. Mycelium will be a -Concrete on its own
major step for biomass green building maintains a
materials. compressive strength
of concrete 4000
psi (28 MPa), up
to 10,000 psi (70
MPa) depending on
the requirements.
Comparatively, the
mushroom bricks can
only withstand 30
Psi, or 0.2 MPa.

Precast Concrete Slab The outer layers often envelop a Applicable

lightweight filler, like foam insulation. -resources are near
Other versions are made entirely of the site where it
concrete but have large, hollow air would lessen the
spaces, like concrete blocks. Precast carbon footprint of
concrete slabs commonly are used for delivery of material.
walls and building façades because they (floor slab)
hold up well to all kinds of weather, but

13
 certain types can be used for floors and
flat roofs, especially roof decks. Precast
concrete slabs’ sustainability factor is
even higher than many traditional
poured concrete options because the
slabs often take much less energy to
produce and assemble. Plus, recasting
concrete provides the opportunity to
properly cure the material in a
controlled environment, instead of
potentially exposing it to a variety of
unfavourable conditions while curing it
at a construction site.

Steel structures can last for hundreds of

years, making them cost-effective as well Applicable
Steel as sustainable. Steel is dimensionally -more durable, cost-
stable and will not warp, split or creep. effective choice for
Steel framing provides a significantly reliable, strong,
greater strength-to-weight ratio than wood. sustainable and
It does not expand or contract with efficient construction
moisture content, and is not vulnerable to (reinforcing steel
termites. Since steel is often fabricated off- bars)
site, it can reduce on-site labor, cycle time
and construction waste.

Steel is a resilient material, with reserve

strength and ductility that provide
significant advantages in natural disasters
such as hurricanes and earthquakes and in
other extreme events like fire and blast.
Steel is noncombustible and won’t
contribute to the spread of a fire, reducing
fire risk to occupants, fire-fighters and
property/business owners.

These materials are defined as green as long as it has one positive effect on the
environment. It is assessed with the evaluation criteria of green building material that has a point
system. These includes local availability of materials, embodied energy of materials, percentage
of recycled/waste materials used, rapidly renewable materials, contribution in energy efficiency
of buildings, recyclability of materials, durability, environmental impact ( see table ).
Architectural Analysis

Design Brief
In this part, for problem number one which to determine architectural features and character that
would reflect a retreat center, incorporate green building materials and come up with an architectural
design, the following are the results of what is significant solution to the design.

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Table 3-A
Design Brief

Description Findings Solution

Features and Simplicity in design
Character for Open floor plan -Organic Architecture
a retreat Sense of space and light
center Connection to the natural surroundings

-Strawbale -Bamboo
Green -Bamboo -Precast Concrete slab
Building -Precast Concrete slab -Wood
Materials -Mycelium -Grasscrete
-Rammed earth -Recycled Plastic
-Wood -Steel
-Grasscrete -rammed earth
-Recycled Plastic

-Green building materials

Architectural -Organic architecture -simplified forms
Programming -clean lines
and Analysis Shelter: serves as the protection of the inhabitants' -open floor plan
safety and privacy.

Space: The interior of a building is as much a part of -shelter

its decor and aesthetic as the furnishings. Spaces -space
should flow naturally from one area to the next -peacefulness
without formidable separation, yet no room or space -language
should be completely visible from any angle. The use -ornament
of alcoves and other elements will create a constant -simplicity
sense of discovery as one moves through the space. -mechanical components and
furniture
Nature: Inspiration should be drawn from the natural
surroundings, not in imitation of them, but as guides
to selecting materials, textures, and colors.
Peacefulness: The design should avoid jarring
contrasts with the landscape while providing
inhabitants with a sense of openness free of clutter
and offering a sense of tranquility.
Language: Wright saw the patterns and forms of a
building's designs as elements of grammar in the
building's language. When put together the design
speaks, but each construction much have its own
unique voice.
Ornamentation: If ornamentation is to be used on a
building, it must not appear as if it was a decorative
afterthought. Rather, it must be an integral part of the
structure, seamlessly joining with the overall form.

15
 Simplicity: Designs must be clear with a uniform
scheme.
Mechanical components and furniture: Whenever
possible, furniture should be a built-in part of the
space in order to integrate the unity of design.
Mechanical components, like light fixtures,
appliances, furnaces, and plumbing should be
considered as part of the space itself, not overly
obvious, but not a disjointed or hidden aspect.

Site Analysis
Site analysis is a preliminary phase of architectural and urban design processes dedicated to
the study of the climatic, geographical, historical, legal, and infrastructural context of the site.
(see figure 14)
Table 3-B
Site Analysis

Variables Conditions Implications

-The proposed retreat center -Alongside of Asin road
is located at Tadiangan Tuba, -Accessible by public and
Benguet. private vehicles.
-Adjacent lot use is
residential/agricultural
-Total lot area is 2591 sq.m.

--Tropical monsoon climate -existing trees would act as

-Above 18 °C in every month a buffer for prevailing hot
of the year winds and
- has 2 seasons - wet and dry.
The dry season starts in
November and lasts until April
while the wet season lasts
from May to October

16
 -existing structure -cleared out

-Relatively flat -unwanted weeds will be

removed
-trees will be preserved
-ideal location of building

-good mountainous view -buildings fenestration/

outdoor space should be
facing the vista.

-the site has its natural terrain -split level buidlings

where the gradient of the
slope from the road to the
end of the lot is 38 meters
high.

Table 3-C
Architectural Programming

Space Allocation/Computation

17
 Area Computation Result
Total Lot Area 8771 sq. m 8771 sq. m
Maximum Allowable 55% of TLA 4824.05 sq.m
Percentage of Site Occupancy
(PSO)
Maximum Allowable 30% of TLA 2631.3 sq.m
Impervious Surface Area
(ISA)
Minimun Unpaved Surface 15% of TLA 1315.65 sq.m
Area (USA)
Open Space within Lot (OSL) 45% of TLA 3946.95 sq.m
(ISA+USA)

Interelationship/Matrix Diagram
The figure below shows the interrelationship diagram of public space, semi- public space,
private space, quiet zones, noisy zones and common spaces and facilities of a retreat center. The
diagram identifies the various arrangements of the link and common relationship of related areas
and adjacency of each areas.

18
 Figure 11. Matrix Diagram

Bubble Diagram
The figure below shows the diagrammatic presentation of the relationship of spaces,
arrangements of areas, Zoning of public space, private space and common spaces and facilities of
a retreat center. This shows the planning phase of the space and it is necessary to analyze these
relationships for the process of design is based on these factors.

19
 Figure 12. Bubble Diagram

Conceptual Massing
The massing affects the zoning of space by the openings, the enclosures and the interior
and exterior form of the building considering the views, orientation of the sun, the wind, the
accessibility of each spaces and the natural terrain of the site. The massing of the building
exterior is inclined with the materials and the finishing considering its properties, the emphasis
of the building, harmony and the rhythm depicts the sense of space where the specific area is
complementary to the adjacent spaces (see figure 15, 16 appendix D). The “stairway to heaven” ,
from the idea of “stairs” where organic architecture can be seen as the unified space that appears
to grow and harmonize with the sloping terrain of the site, depicts the sense of solitude and peace
as you walk through the retreat center towards the meditation and contemplation spaces. When
you descend from the elevation where the main building and dining hall stands, the residence
symbolizes as a life of a person, the stairs symbolizes the negativities, and the meditation studio
depicts the transcendence of positivity through retreat programs that are practiced in the studio.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion/s
20
 The first problem which is to determine architectural features/character that would reflect a
retreat center, the elements and principle of design of each existing retreat centers are considered
and the concept of integrating green building materials, organic architecture is applied and its
design principle is applied.
The second problem, which is to incorporate green building materials to the retreat center in
the overall design, the green building materials to be used in the overall design are the, steel,
precast concrete slab, grass Crete, manufactured bamboo, wood, recycled plastic, and rammed
earth. The fundamental forms of the building yet distinctive style promotes the traditional
construction but in the use of green building material incorporated to the design.
Lastly, to come up with an architectural design of a retreat center integrating features/
character of a retreat center and incorporating green building materials to the design, the
principles and elements of organic architecture promotes the essence of green building material
and the harmony of the natural environment to the built environment.

Recommendation/s
1. Composition and form of spaces should be complementary to the physical character of
the building to foster and reflect a retreat center.
2. Local Availability of materials, embodied energy of materials, percentage of
recycled/waste materials used, rapidly renewable materials, contribution in energy
efficiency of building, recyclability of materials, durability, environmental impact shall
be used as part of the criteria in evaluating a green building material.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It is with immense gratitude that I acknowledge the support and help of my Adviser, Ar.
Emilandro G. Tadeo for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and honorable knowledge. I
would like to extend my gratefulness to the Panel Members, Ar. Elvis C. Palicdon, Ar. John
Glenn L. Abela and Ar. Jergen L. Patol for their encouragement, insightful comments and
questions to the study. This thesis would not have been possible without the guidance of my
Professor, Ar. Divina B. Rillera that helped me all the time of research and writing of this
thesis, and to Our Father in heaven who strengthens me all throughout.

REFERENCES
Books
Ching, D.K. (1996) Theory of Arhitecture
Chiara, J. Time Saver Standards
Foz, V. (2015) The National Building Code of the Philippines with its revised
implementing rules and regulations

21
Electronic Sources
Kumar, L. (2011). The design of a meditation centre for Chatsworth. Retrieved on August
4, 2018 from https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/8619

Holubchak, K. (2017) PRINCIPLES OF ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING

ARRANGEMENTS OF SPIRITUAL RETREAT CENTRES. DOI:
10.21005/pif.2017.31.B-03

Weber, R. (June 15, 2017). 10 of the world's best meditation retreats. Retrieved on August
4, 2018 from https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/best-meditation-
retreats/index.html

Jansen, E. & Lang, C. (2011).Transforming the Self and Healing the Body Through the Use of
Testimonies in a Divine Retreat center, Kerala. DOI 10.1007/s10943-011- 9564-7

Edginton, B. (2017). The Design of Moral Architecture at the York Retreat. Retrieved on
August 4, 2018 from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1316269 Ronnes, H. (2004). A
Solitary Place of Retreat: Renaissance Privacy and Irish Architecture. H
ttps://www.academia.edu/30891350/_A_Solitary_Place_of_Retrea
t_Renaissance_Privacy_and_Irish_A rchitecture

Images
https://www.vagabondtemple.com/7-spiritual-symbols-deepen-yoga-meditation-practice/
http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/symbols
http://www.architecture-student.com/architecture/architectural-characters-of-a-building/
https://www.archdaily.com/907628/the-waterfront-retreat-koichi-takada-
architects?ad_medium=gallery
https://www.archdaily.com/798645/vajrasana-buddhist-retreat-walters-and-cohen-architects
https://www.archdaily.com/868202/u-retreat-heesoo-kwak-and-idmm-architects

22
APPENDIX A
Existing Facilities

23
 Figure 1. Meditation Studio

Figure 2. Contemplation Space

24
Figure 3. Counselling Room

Figure 4. Laundry area

25
 Figure 5. Common Toilet

Figure 6. Meditation Studio

26
APPENDIX B
Literature Review

Typical Green Building

27
 Figure 7.
http://ecochicliving.ca/reno.html

Components of a green building

Figure 8.
(https://theconstructor.org/building/what-makes-a-building-green-green-building-
concept/7327/)

APPENDIX B

Table B-1
Areas and Facilities of a Retreat Center

28
 Area Description Remarks
1. Entry Foyer A hall that is generally located at the Applicable
front entrance of the retreat center
2. Multi-functional Spaces Multi-functional spiritual retreat Applicable
centers, which in addition to the
standard liturgical function, have a
number of new social functions
designed to provide recreational,
leisure, charitable, educational and
educational activities
3. Administration Office Office that is responsible for managing Applicable
reservations, inquiries and
transactions.
4. Kitchen Needs to be accessible by more than Applicable
one group of concurrent users.

Storage and room for books and

5. Library reading area Applicable

a room or building attached to a

6. Vestry church, used as an office and for Not-Applicable
changing into vestments.

7. Private Toilet Toilet for private use

Applicable
8. Meditation Studio For contemplation and spiritual Applicable
exercises

9. Outdoor Space In landscaping it is worth to use iconic Applicable

symbols, sculptures, small
architectural forms.
10. Conference Room Also called as meeting room is Applicable
a room provided for singular events
such as business conferences and
meetings

11. Sanctuary to increase the sense of participation Applicable

Contemplation and togetherness sanctuary should be
Space emphasized

Table B-2
Spiritual Symbolism

29
 Concept Description Remarks

1. Agnus Dei The lamb represents Jesus, "the Lamb Applicable

of God" (Agnus Dei). Lambs were
among the animals that were sacrificed
by the ancient Israelites as an
atonement for humanity's sins.
Sacrificial lambs took the place of a
human sinner, absorbing the cost of
sin, which is death.
- since retreat is also
for restoration of belief
and realization of sins,
this will represent
repentance.

2. Aureole
Applicable
An aureole (from a Latin word for -symbolize the
"gold") is a halo that envelopes the manifestation of
whole body, signifying a greater holiness.
degree of sanctity and divine power
than a regular halo, which only crowns
the head. Aureoles are often oval in
shape.
Aureoles are often yellow or white in
color in order to depict the purity of
the person that they surround. There
may be "rays" or other designs
projecting outward as part of the
aureole

3. Aum
Applicable
Aum is the most common and sacred -allows oneself to tune
symbol within different spiritual in to a deeper place
traditions. Many yogis believe Aum to inside of us and create
be the first uttered word. Considered to a clear vision of
mirror the sound of the cosmos, reality, one that lies
chanting Aum helps us open our third beyond the
eye and connect to the absolute and conditioned mind.
divine force of the universe. In -
practice, Aum is often used to open or
close a yoga asana or meditation class.

30
 4. Lotus Flower
The traditional symbol for yoga is Applicable
often the lotus flower or water lily. -increases
Buddhists consider the petals to depict concentration, one of
the opening of the heart. The flower the best for meditation
represents our ability to come from a
place of suffering into the light, much
like the lotus, whose roots start in the
muddy earth and rise up through the
water to the light of the sun. This
reminds us that we too can rise up
from any difficult situation and
reconnect to the light that surrounds
us.
5. Mandala

The literal meaning of mandala in Applicable

Sanskrit is “circle”, and it is often used - symbolizes unity and
to represent the universe, circle of life harmony of the mind,
and patterns of nature. body and soul in yoga.

6. ICHTUS The fish as a Christian symbol is Applicable

nearly as old as the Christian faith -represents
itself. The Christian fish symbol can be Christianism
seen in the past in art and architecture
and today it endures on bumper
stickers and business cards as a sign of
Christian faith.

Elemental Symbols Fire is associated with strength,

a. Fire activity, blood, and life-force. It is also
seen as highly purifying and Applicable
protective, consuming impurities and -for outdoor areas and
driving back the darkness. sanctuary place

Fire is traditionally seen as the most

rarefied and spiritual of the physical
elements because of its masculine
properties (which were superior to
female properties). It also lacks
physical existence, produces light, and
has a transformative power when it
comes in contact with

31
 a more physical
material

b. Air Air is the element of intelligence, Applicable

creativity, and beginnings. Largely -considering the view
intangible and without permanent and orientation of the
form, air is an active, masculine building
element

, superior to the more material

elements of water and earth.
c. Water
Water is the element of emotion and Applicable
the unconscious, as opposed to the -sounds of water is
conscious intellectualism of air. therapeutic
Represents cleansing and purity. Water
is one of two elements that have a
physical existence that can interact
with all of the physical senses. Water
is still considered less material (and
thus superior) to earth because it
possesses more motion and activity
than earth.

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE STANDARDS

Design Standards and Requirements as per National Building Code
of the Philippines
Table B-3
Classification and general requirements of all Buildings by Use or Occupancy.

Section 701.
Group B. Residentials, Hotels and Apartments
Occupancy Classified
Group B occupancies shall be multiple dwelling units
including boarding or lodging houses, hotels, apartment
buildings, row houses, convents, monasteries and other
similar building each of which accommodates more than
10 persons.

Table B-4
Schedule of Principal, accessory and Conditional Use/Occupancy of Buildings/Structure
U S E
General Classification Principal Accessory Conditional
of Use/Occupancy of

32
Buildings/Structure

Division B-1 1. All uses permitted 1. All customary 1. All conditional

in Divisions A-1 accessory useds uses in R-1 and R-
and A-2 (or for R- allowed in 2 with appropriate
1 class and R-2 Divisions A-1 regulations
class) and A-2 (or for
buildings/structure R-1 class and R-
2. Boarding and 2 class)
lodging houses buildings/struct
ure
Section 703. Mixed Occupancy
1. General requirements
When a building is of mixed-occupancy or used for more than one occupancy, the whole
building shall be subject to the most restrictive requirement pertaining to any type of
occupancy found therein except in the following:
a. When a one-storey building houses more than one occupancy, each portion of
the building shall conform to the requirement of the particular occupancy
housed therein and;
b. Where minor accessory uses do not occupy more than 10% of the area of any
floor or a building, nor more than 10% of the basic area permitted I the
occupancy requirements, in which case, the major use of the building shall
determine the occupancy classification.
Table B-5
Minimum Required Off-Street (Off-RROW) cum On-Site Parking Slot, Parking Area and
Loading/Unloading Space Requirements by Allowed Use of Occupancy.
Specific Uses or of Reference Uses or Character Minimun Required Parking
Occupancy of Occupancies or Type of Slot, Parking Area and
Buildings/Structures Loading Space Requirements

Group B Residential hotels and One (1) car slot for every five
Apartels (5) units or a fraction thereof;
and one (1) bus parking slot
for every sixty (60)
rooms/units or a fraction
thereof

Reference Table of Floor to Lot Area (FLAR) Designation/Rights

Type of Use or Occupancy Type of building/structure FLAR Designation/Rights

Residential Residential 2 (R-2)
a. Basic R-2 1.30 up to 1.50
at a 3-storey or 10.00 m BHL

33
 2.10 up to 3.00
b. Maximum R-2 at a 5 storey or 15.00 m BHL

Table B-6
Reference Table of Maximum Allowable PSO, Maximum Allowable ISA, the MACA, the
Minimum USA and the TOSL by type of Land Use Zoning per Lot
% of Total Lot Area(TLA)
Building/ Duly-Approved Maximum Maximum Minimum TOSL
Structure Use or Zoning Allowable Allowable USA (ISA+USA)
Occupancy (or PSO ISA (Unpaved
Land Use) (Paved Open
open Spaces)
spaces)
Residential Basic residential 55e 30 15 45
2 (R-2)/
Medium Density
Housing [single
family dwelling
unit with a
Building Height
Limit (BHL) of
10.00 meters] 60f 30% 10 40
Maximum R-2/ 60e 30 10 40
Medium Density
Housing
(multiple family
dwelling units
within one
building/structur 70f 20 10 30
e with a BHLA
of 15.00 meters
e- no firewall
f- with firewall
Lot Type/Location

34
Table. B-7
Minimum Setbacks for Residential Buildings/Structures
Type of residential
use/occupancy

R-2
YARD Basic (meters) Maximum (meters)
Front 3.00 8.00
Side 2.00 2.00
Rear 2.00 2.00

Total Space Requirements on Lots by Use/Occupancy, Type/Location and Suggested Minimun

Lot sizes, Lot Dimensions and Types by Use/Occupancy
Table. 1-H
Minimum TOSL Requirements by Lot Type/Location
Lot Type/ Location MINIMUM PERCENTAGE OF OPEN MINIMUM PERCENTAGE
SPACE BY OCCUPANCY TYPE** OF OPEN SPACE BY
(for Proposed Developments without OCCUPANCY TYPE**
Firewalls or Abutments) (for Proposed Developments
with Permitted Firewalls or
Allowed Abutments)
A&B A&B
(Residential or Institutional) & C, D, (Residential or Institutional)
E-2 and H (Institutional) & C, D, E-2 and H
(Institutional)
Corner through lots 40%
or cornet lots (for R-1 use or occupancy only)
abutting three (3) or 25%
more public open 30% (for R-2)
spaces such as (for R-2 use or occupancy only)
streets, alleys,
easements of 30%
lake/sea- (for other residential uses or
shores,rivers, occupancy)
esteros,

35
Table. B-8
Suggested Minimum Lot Sizes, Lot Dimensions and Types by Use or Occupancy
Use or Occupancy (preferably based on Lot Location/Type
Duly-Approved Local Zoning Ordinance)
Corner through lots or cornet lots abutting
three (3) or more public open spaces such as
streets, alleys, easements of lake/sea-
shores,rivers, esteros,
Basic Residential 2 (R-2) medium Density 96.00 sq. meters
Housing ( single family dwelling unit with a
BHL of 10.00 meters 9.60 meters
(w)
x 10.00 meters
Maximum R-2/ Medium Density Housing 261.00 sq. meters
(multiple family dwelling units within one
building/structure with a BHLA of 15.00
meters 14.50 meters
(w)
x 18.00 meters (d)

AREA ALLOCATION AS PER NBC AS COMPUTED

TOTAL LOT AREA

=8771 sq. m

36
Maximum Allowable 4824.05 sq.m 1518 sq. m
Percentage of Site Occupancy
(PSO)

Maximum Allowable 2631.3 sq.m 2532 sq. m

Impervious Surface Area (ISA)

Minimum Unpaved Surface

Area (USA) 1315.65 sq.m 4721 sq.m

Open Space within Lot (OSL)

3946.95 sq.m 7253 sq.m

Table B-9
Area Allocation as computed

37
APPENDIX C
Documents

38
39
 Figure 21. The lot

Figure 13. Tax Declaration of Real Property

40
Figure 14. Original Certificate of Title

41
Figure 15. Authorization Letter of the Proponent

Figure 16. Interview and Observation Guide

42
Figure 17. Interview and Observation Guide

43
Figure 18. Request Letter

44
Figure 19. Authorization Letter

45
Figure 19. Request Letter

46
Cadastral Map

Figure 20. Cadastral Map

47
APPENDIX D
Architectural Drawings

48
Figure 21. Site Analysis

49
 Figure 22. Conceptual Massing

Figure 23. Conceptual Massing (Lodging facility)

50
GERONIMO, STEPHANIE QUEEN H.

#83-A Nacnac St. Palma,

Baguio City

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth January 10, 1998

Place of Birth Tondo, Manila
Citizenship Filipino
Civil Status Single

EDUCATION

Tertiary Bachelor of Science in

Architecture
University of Baguio
May 2019
Secondary Baguio City National High School
March 2014
Elementary Baguio Central School
March 2010

ACHIEVEMENTS AND AWARDS

Commissioner on Internal Affairs- University of

Architecture Collegiate Society Baguio, Sept 2017

Invaluable Service and Exemplary University of

Contribution for “HANDOG NG PANAGBENGA Baguio, February 2017
SA PAMILYA BAGUIO 2017”

Invaluable Service for 2016 “UB University of

HUNGER GAMES SUPREME STUDENT COUNCIL/ Baguio, Sept 2016

51
STUDENT BODY SUPREME STUDENT GOVERNMENT
OATH TAKING & INAUGURATION CEREMONIES”

3rd year Representative of University of

Architecture Collegiate Society Baguio, Sept 2016

2nd year Representative of University of

Architecture Collegiate Society Baguio, Nov 2015

TRAININGS AND SEMINARS

“Form Follows Function” April 29, 2018

“Design Concepts: A Revitalized February 8, 2018

Approach to Design”
“Concordis 2.0” September 10, 2018

“2nd National Student Summit September 5, 2017

On Hospitals Safe from

Disasters”

“10 Steps to Sustainability” October 5, 2015

ORGANIZATIONAL MEMBERSHIP

Member United Architects of the Philippines Student Auxiliary December 2017-2018

Architecture Collegiate Society- University of Baguio August 2016-2017
Architecture Collegiate Society- University of Baguio August 2015-2016
Architecture Collegiate Society- University of Baguio August 2014-2015

52