Professional Documents
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FINAL COVERAGE
Compiled By: Oswaldo P. Lapena, MS.Crim.
TOPIC:
THE CLASSIFICATION FORMULA AND EXTENSION
3. Sub-Secondary Classification
4. Major Classification
5. Final Classification
6. Key Classification
KC MC PC SC SSC FC
KC MC PC SC SSC FC
MC PC SC SSC FC
CLASSIFICATION LINES- It refers to a long line, which is usually placed on the right
corner of the fingerprint card where the classification formula is exhibited.
Finger blocking
Arch . . . . . . . . . . . a
Tented Arch . . . . . t
Radial Loop . . . . . . r
r R W r
T C C D U
t W W W
U U C T D
W t W
W X A U R
WW W a a r
A. PRIMARY CLASSIFICATION
-is the summation of all numerical value assigned to Whorls (Plain Whorl, double
loop whorl, central pocket loop whorl and accidental loop whorl) appearing in the
fingerprint chart which are expressed as numerators and denominators plus the
pre established fraction of 1/1
ALL WHORLS- Plain whorl, central pocket loop whorl, double loop whorl
and accidental loop whorl.
1. PAIRING-
-The ten fingerprints from the corresponding finger are divided into five (5) pairs
are as follows:
a. The first pair is composed of the right thumb and the right index finger.
(Nos. 1 & 2).
b. The second pair is composed of the right middle finger and right ring
Finger. (Nos. 3 & 4)
c. The Third pair is composed of the right little finger and the left thumb
finger. (Nos. 5 & 6)
d. The fourth pair is composed of the left index finger and left middle finger. (7
& 8 ).
e. The fifth pair is composed of the left ring finger and the left little finger.
(Nos. 9 & 10).
1. 2. 3. 4 5.
6. 7 8 9 10.
16 16 8 8 4
4 2 2 1 1
2, 4, 6, 8 10 = numerators
FINGERS: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 = denominators
16 16 8 8 4
1 2 3 4 5
4 2 2 1 1
6 7 8 9 10
Example:
W W W W W
W W W W W
W W W W W
W W W W W
N- 16 D- 16
8 8 PC
4 4 32
2 2
1 1 32
-------- ---------
31 + 1 =32 31 + 1 = 32
R W U W A
r W W a
D T W C X
W T W W W
N- 16 D-
8 PC
4
2 32
1 1
-------- --------- 2
31 + 1 =32 1+1=2
A T R U W
a T r W
C D X X X
W W W W W
N- D–
PC
4 4
2 2
8
1 1
----------------- -----------------
8
7 +1 = 8 7+1=8
C U R A D
W r a W
D A C A U
W A W aa
N- D– 16 PC
7
4 4
2 21
____________ __________
6 +1 = 7 20 + 1 = 21
U T T U T
T t t
C A U U U
W A
N- D- PC
5
4 1
____________ _____________
4 +1 = 5 +1=1
There are five (5) basic types of patterns, which can appear:
1. Plain Arch - - - - - - - - A
2. Tented Arch - - - - - - T
3. Radial Loop - - - - - - R
4. Ulnar Loop - - - - - - U
5. Whorl - - - - - - - - - - W, (C, D, X)
A T R U W
C D X A T
SC
T
W
A T R U W
C D X A T
SC
aTr--
-W-at
R W C D T
r W W W t
U A X R T
A W r t
N- 16 D-
PC SC
8 8
27 rW--t
2
9 -A-rt
___________ __________
26 +1 = 27 8 +1 = 9
- This refers to the three types of fingerprint pattern namely: radial loop; plain
arch; and tented arch. Whenever any of this pattern appear in any fingerprint,
excluding the two index finger, each symbol in small letter be exhibited in the
classification line as : r - for radial loop , a - for plain arch, and t – tented
arch. Fingerprint patterns that are not under “rat” will be represented by a dash
in the classification line. Write them after the secondary classification by capital
letters depending on the finger of origin. The four fingers involved in the right
hand are the numerators and the four fingers at the left hand are denominators.
R R R R T
r R r r r
R R R R R
r R r r r
or
A R D D C
1 2 3 4 5
U U W T X
6 7 8 9 10
N- D-
8 8
4
2
1
___________ __________
11 + 1 = 12 12 + 1 = 13
W U A D R
C X D U A
PC SC
N- D - 16
-Ua-r
8
15
4
-W--a
2 2
19
_________ __________
14 + 1 =15 18 + 1 = 19
A T C D U
a T W W
R A T W X
r A t W W
PC SC
10 aT---
rAt--
10
C. SUB-SECONDARY CLASSIFICATION
- This is done by ridge counting of (radial or ulnar) and ridge tracing the whorls
( w,c,d,x) appearing in index, middle and ring finger of both right and left hand.
Whenever loops are found in the above mentioned fingers, each should be ridge
counted, the result of such count in number be displayed in the right upper corner
of the frame where found and later on deducted into symbols of the classification
line, Whorls are ridge traced but unlike the loops, the result of such tracing is
automatically brought into symbols in the upper corner of the frame where found
and later on the same symbol is exhibited into the classification, the right index,
middle and ring fingers are the numerators while the opposite finger from the left
hand are the denominators. Arches are merely represented by a dash (-) in
the classification line.
The two important factors in the classification of loops and whorls are done by
ridge counting and tracing. By ridge count it means the enumeration of the number of
ridge characters touching or passing between the core and delta, excluding core and
delta. In loops, it is suggested to begin the count from delta to the core.
RIDGE COUNTING
- Is the total number of ridge intervening between the delta and the core. Delta and
Core are not included in the count, the first ridge after the delta is counted as one
and all other succeeding ridges thereafter the core is reach and counted.
SSC
III
OOO
SSC
IIO
OIO
SSC
OIO
OOI
RIDGE TRACING (FOR WHORLS ONLY)
-It is the tracking or trailing the ridge commencing from the left delta
going across to the right delta or nearest in distance, the symbols to be write are
as follows: “I” for inner, “M” for meeting, “O” for outer.
1. Ridge tracing always from the left delta going to right delta or nearest
to that point.
2. When the ridge being traced ends abruptly, the next ridge below is its
continuity to effect the tracing.
3. When the left delta is at the end of a ridge or on a dot ridge, the
ridge below is tracked down to culminate the tracing.
4. When the ridge is traced forks into two branches the lower branch is
trailed until the tracing is consummated.
1. When the ridge being traced (from the left delta) goes inside
or in-front of the right delta and there are three (3) or more
intervening ridges, the tracing is known as inner and
represent by symbol capital letter I.
2. When the ridge traced goes either inside or outside of the
right delta and there are two (2) or less ridges intervening,
the tracing is known as MEETING and represented by symbol
capital letter M. The symbol be exhibited in right upper
corner of the frame found and also in the classification line.
3. When the ridge being traced goes OUTSIDE or below the
right delta and there are 3 or more ridges intervening, the
tracing is known as OUTER and represent by symbol capital
letter O.
Examples:
SSC
IOM
OIM
D 2 (O) C 2 (O) W 2 ()
W W W
C 6 (O) D 1 () C 5 (I)
W W W
SC SSC
MMM
OOI
U 20 A R1
X 6 (O) D 10 (O) T
SSC
O-I
OO-
U 20 A Amputation
X 6 (O) D 11 (O) T
SSC
O--
OO-
FINAL CLASSIFICATION
- It is by ridge count of the loops and whorls from the two little fingers. The result
of the ridge count is number be exhibited in the right upper corner of the frame
where found and also re-exhibited at the extreme right of the classification line. The
ridge count of the right little finger is the numerator while that of the little left finger
is the denominator. Arches are represented by dash (-) in the classification line.
Procedures:
- A plain whorl or a central pocket loop whorl is treated as an ulnar loop in the ridge
count.
- Double loop be ridge counted to an upright loop.
- An accidental loop whorl is ridge counted from the extreme corresponding delta to
the nearest core.
W (13)
C (11)
FC
13
11
- If all fingers are imputed or missing at birth, the classification will be:
M 32 W MMM
M 32 W MMM
13
11
25
11
10
6
.
KEY CLASSIFICATION- The key classification represent the ridge count of the first
loop appearing in a set of prints, beginning with the thumb
of the right hand, but excluding the little fingers. The Key,
no matter where it is found is always written at the
extreme left of the numerator. In a set of prints in which
no loops appear, but which have whorls in all fingers and
thumb, the key is obtained by making a ridge count of the
first whorl except finger involve for final classification.
Arches are represented by a dash in the classification line..
R (15)
KC
15
KC MC PC SC SSC FC
- - 1 aAaaa/ --- -
aAaaa
- 1 aAaaa/aA3a --- -
MAJOR CLASSIFICATION
- It is similar to the previous (sub-secondary classification) it applies only to the
thumbs. This is by the ridge counting the loop and ridge tracing the whorls
appearing from the thumbs. That a loop found therein is ridge counting, the result is
exhibited in the right upper corner of the frame where the loop is found and later on
expressed in symbol in the classification line. A whorl however, is ridge traced, as
done in the sub - secondary classification, with the same table for symbol used. Two
sets of table for symbols are used in the loops whenever loop from the left thumb is
17 or more. Arches are represented by a dash in the classification line. The right
thumb is the numerator and the left thumb is the denominator.
1. 1 to 11 inclusive = S (small)
2. 12 to 16 inclusive = M (medium)
3. 17 or more = L (large)
1. 1 to 17 inclusive = S (small)
2. 18 to 22 inclusive = M (medium)
3. 23 or more = L (large)
NOTE:
-IF THE VALUE OF THE LEFT THUMB IS 17 or more USE Table B/RULE II.
-Whorls are ridge traced and the symbols used in the sub secondary classification
should also be made applied in this major classification.
R (15)
U (20)
MC
S
M
W 1 (O)
R (18)
MC
M
L
W 5 (o)
W 2(i)
MC
O
M
Applications:
1.
U 19 R (9) U (10) R (13) W 13
2.
U 19 R (9) U (10) R (13) W 13
3.
Amputated R (9) U (10) R (13) W 13
(W (m))
4. M 32 W MMM
M 32 W
MMM
Scarred patterns